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Journal articles on the topic 'Crude oil transportation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Tang, Hong, Ke Huang, and R. Tao. "Electrorheology Improves Transportation of Crude Oil." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 22, no. 15 (October 2011): 1673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x11421816.

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2

Brown, Gerald G., Glenn W. Graves, and David Ronen. "Scheduling Ocean Transportation of Crude Oil." Management Science 33, no. 3 (March 1987): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.33.3.335.

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3

Liu, Guo Li, Jun Zhao, and Wei Wang. "Optimal Policies for Crude Oil Purchasing." Advanced Materials Research 314-316 (August 2011): 2019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.314-316.2019.

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Since crude oil purchasing accounts for the largest part of the total costs in the petroleum industry, improving the efficiency of the process is of great significance in economy. In this paper, a novel mixed integer linear programming model is formulated for a large typical oil refinery to determine the purchasing, inventory and transportation quantities over a multi-period horizon while taking into account all the practical features of crude oil purchasing. The objective of the model is to minimize the total costs attributed to crude oil purchasing, i.e. the sum of ordering, purchasing, inventory and transportation costs. The constraints related to bill of materials, different capacities and different transportation modes are considered. A numerical example indicates the extensive application of the presented model.

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4

Mamonova, A. O., O. A. Plugatyreva, E. M. Khusnutdinova, and A. N. Khusnutdinov. "Features of very heavy crude oil transportation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 570 (August 15, 2019): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/570/1/012067.

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5

Klepikov, Vladimir Pavlovich, and Vladimir Vladimirovich Klepikov. "Oil refining and delivery in the Western European region." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 13, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 467–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-08-2018-0007.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the key trends in oil delivery and production and evaluate the capacities of crude oil transportation systems in the Western European region. Design/methodology/approach To meet these goals, qualitative data analysis was used to assess the contribution of countries in the region to the total crude oil production and delivery, the changes in concentration of crude oil deliveries and refineries’ capacities, the capabilities of the regional crude oil transportation system and the trends in crude oil supplies and processing from 2005 to 2015. Findings The study established that from 2013 to 2015 oil supply to the region’s refineries increased and generated additional stress on the transportation and refining infrastructure. Research limitations/implications This study examined the aggregate values of crude oil production, crude oil deliveries and refining capacities. In practice, different refineries are set to process certain types of crude oil. It is possible to use the described approach with a certain crude oil grade. Practical implications When developing the programmes for crude oil supply to refineries, it is vital to take into account the capacities of refineries and the capabilities of the crude oil transportation systems. Originality/value The study suggests that the region’s infrastructure has the necessary reserves to operate for the next few years without additional investments.

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6

Liu, Guo Li, Jun Zhao, and Wei Wang. "Optimal Policies for Crude Oil Selection." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.431.

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In this paper, we investigate the crude oil selection problem derived from the production of a large typical oil refinery. A deterministic mixed integer programming model for making purchasing decisions in the refinery is proposed in which practical transportation requirements are considered. The objective is to select the varieties of crude oil and determine the purchasing, production and inventory quantities under complicated material-balance constraints and capacity constraints for minimizing the sum of purchasing, order, inventory and transportation costs. A numerical example indicates the extensive application of the presented model.

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7

Sanni, Samuel Eshorame, A. S. Olawale, and S. S. Adefila. "Modeling of Sand and Crude Oil Flow in Horizontal Pipes during Crude Oil Transportation." Journal of Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/457860.

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Some oil and gas reservoirs are often weakly consolidated making them liable to sand intrusion. During upstream petroleum production operations, crude oil and sand eroded from formation zones are often transported as a mixture through horizontal pipes up to the well heads and between well heads and flow stations. The sand transported through the pipes poses serious problems ranging from blockage, corrosion, abrasion, and reduction in pipe efficiency to loss of pipe integrity. A mathematical description of the transport process of crude oil and sand in a horizontal pipe is presented in this paper. The model used to obtain the mathematical description is the modified form of Doan et al. (1996 and 2000) models. Based on the necessity to introduce a sand deposit concentration term in the mass conservation equation, an additional equation for solid phase was derived. Difference formulae were generated having applied Fick’s equation for diffusion to the mass conservation equations since diffusion is one of the transport mechanisms. Mass and volume flow rates of oil were estimated. The new model, when tested with field data, gave 85% accuracy at the pipe inlet and 97% accuracy at the exit of the pipe.

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8

Zaki, Nael N. "Surfactant stabilized crude oil-in-water emulsions for pipeline transportation of viscous crude oils." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 125, no. 1 (May 1997): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-7757(96)03768-5.

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9

Huang, Cheng, and I. A. Karimi. "Scheduling Tanker-Lightering Operations in Crude Oil Transportation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45, no. 24 (November 2006): 8063–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie060379j.

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10

Yaghi, Basma M., and Ali Al-Bemani. "Heavy Crude Oil Viscosity Reduction for Pipeline Transportation." Energy Sources 24, no. 2 (February 2002): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908310252774417.

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11

Wu, Yang, Meiyun Zhao, and Zhiguang Guo. "Multifunctional superamphiphobic SiO2 coating for crude oil transportation." Chemical Engineering Journal 334 (February 2018): 1584–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.080.

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12

Xiaoyan, Liu, Wang Zhonghua, Liu Lijun, Wu Chuanyan, and Mao Qianjun. "Experimental Study on Characteristics of Oil Particle Distribution in Water-Gelled Crude Oil Two-Phase Flow System." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 205860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/205860.

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The conventional gathering and transportation mode of heating the produced fluid of oil wells with hot water or steam may result in excessive energy consumption. In order to perform the unheated transportation, the idea of hydraulic suspension transport of the gelled crude oil is proposed based on the actual production of Daqing Oilfield, and the experimental system is established to test characteristics of oil particle distribution which have an important effect on the hydraulic suspension transportation. In the experiment, the image of gelled crude oil particle distribution was obtained in a horizontal pipe with inner diameter of 0.053 m, and then the law of particle distribution was investigated by the theoretical model. The results showed that the gelled crude oil hydraulic suspension transport could be achieved without any chemical reagent when the gelled crude oil was transformed into particles and dispersedly suspended in water. The results also showed that the gelled oil particles of 0–4 mm in size accounted for 92% or more of all particles, and the percentage of gelled crude oil particles of a size of 4 mm gradually increased with the increasing mixed flow rate.

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13

Xiao, Rong Ge, Dong Rui Yi, Pei Fen Yao, and Jia Quan Zhou. "Analysis of the Operation Mode and Instability on the Low-Flowrate Running of Hot-Oil Pipeline." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.550.

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Because the most of crude oil has the nature of "three-high" in China and the natural aging of crude oil in the part of oil field, the transmission of crude-oil has reduced, and the oil refining has increased in oil field, Thus the majority of pipelines laid in china are running at a low-flowrate. Analysis of the problems in the running of low-flowrate pipeline: with the temperature drops up, the viscosity increases; the accident of condensate tubes very easily occurs; the turnover point increases; the pressure load of pipeline increases; the supply of heat is shortage, the reliability of equipment is reduced; costs increases and so on. There is proposing the main operation mode to solve the pipeline in low-flowrate, including intermittent transportation, the transportation of mixing light oil, oil and gas batch transportation, the transportation with adding pour point depressant and so on, and has discussed the instability of the running of hot pipeline in the low-flowrate.

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14

Langevin, D., S. Poteau, I. Hénaut, and J. F. Argillier. "Crude Oil Emulsion Properties and Their Application to Heavy Oil Transportation." Oil & Gas Science and Technology 59, no. 5 (September 2004): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2004036.

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15

Li, Da Guang, Zeng Cai Li, and Ye Guo. "A Study on the Influence and Improvement Measures of Colloidal Asphaltene on Crude Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.571.

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Due to the composition of crude oil and partly due to the change of environment conditions, colloidal asphaltene in crude oil production, storage and transportation, post-treatment process prone to precipitation phenomenon, bring great influence of crude oil production and processing. This article analyzed from the aspects of reservoir, oil production, storage and transportation, etc the effects of colloid asphalt, the asphalt deposition analyses the influence factors, in view of the colloidal asphaltene harm, put forward the methods and measures to improve colloid asphalt influence.

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16

Marsden, S. S., Kiyoshi Ishimoto, and Lidian Chen. "Slurries and emulsions of waxy and heavy crude oils for pipeline transportation of crude oil." Colloids and Surfaces 29, no. 1 (January 1988): 133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(88)80176-8.

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17

Zhang, Fu Sheng, Da Long Shan, Xue Ning Li, Guo Liang Liu, and Zhuo Yan Zhu. "Macromolecular Flow Improver Used for the Crude Oil Development." Key Engineering Materials 842 (May 2020): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.842.285.

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To overcome the shear-resisting challenge encountered in crude oil transportation, this paper analyzed the chemical composition of the crude oil transported through the Xinjiang-exporting pipeline and the structure of wax contained in the oil. Then, on the basis of the aforementioned analysis, a shear-resisting agent that is able to significantly improve the shear-resisting performance of the pour point and viscosity of the crude oil beneficiated with flow improver, was developed. Moreover, a macromolecular flow improver was developed by mixing a specific flow improver with the shear-resisting agent according to optimized proportions. The simulation experiment indicates that with the proposed macromolecular flow improver, it is likely to satisfy the technical requirement of normal-temperature transportation of crude oil through the Xinjiang-exporting pipeline.

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18

Wang, Shuang, Jing Lu, and Liping Jiang. "Time Reliability of the Maritime Transportation Network for China’s Crude Oil Imports." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010198.

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To evaluate the transportation time reliability of the maritime transportation network for China’s crude oil imports under node capacity variations resulting from extreme events, a framework incorporating bi-level programming and a Monte Carlo simulation is proposed in this paper. Under this framework, the imported crude oil volume from each source country is considered to be a decision variable, and may change in correspondence to node capacity variations. The evaluation results illustrate that when strait or canal nodes were subject to capacity variations, the network transportation time reliability was relatively low. Conversely, the transportation time reliability was relatively high when port nodes were under capacity variations. In addition, the Taiwan Strait, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Strait of Malacca were identified as vulnerable nodes according to the transportation time reliability results. These results can assist government decision-makers and tanker company strategic planners to better plan crude oil import and transportation strategies.

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19

Siddiqui, Atiq W., and Manish Verma. "Assessing risk in the intercontinental transportation of crude oil." Maritime Economics & Logistics 20, no. 2 (September 23, 2016): 280–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41278-016-0048-2.

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20

Chen, Jie. "Logistics Network Optimization of Import Crude Oil in China Based on Genetic Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 3126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.3126.

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The primary goal of this paper is to save logistics cost and reach optimizing configuration of import crude oil transportation network. An optimization model is put forward with an objective function of minimum logistics expense. It is carried out by Genetic Algorithm (GA) and MATLAB with original data of 2012 and predicted data of 2017. Results indicate that large VLCC of 260000-320000 tons is the main tanker type in import crude oil transportation network. And crude oil logistics bases will be formed which are represented by Qingdao, Dalian, Tianjin, Ningbo-Zhoushan, Zhanjiang and Huizhou in coastal areas.

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21

Tudorica, Daniela. "A Comparative Analysis of Various Methods of Gas, Crude Oil and Oil Derivatives Transportation." International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 3, no. 1 (January 2014): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2014010102.

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This paper contains a comparative analysis of the various methods used for gas, crude oil and oil gaseous and liquid derivatives. The analysis is made in terms of quality, efficiency and safety criteria. Historical and statistical data is provided in order to support the conclusions of the paper: transportation via pipeline is the most efficient and safe method for the transportation of such products.

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22

Vanderschuren, M., R. Jobanputra, and T. Lane. "Potential transportation measures to reduce South Africa’s dependency on crude oil." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 19, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2008/v19i3a3330.

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Transportation, including the movement of people and freight, accounts for over 60% of all oil con-sumed globally, and the world’s transportation sys-tems are over 90% dependent on oil and oil by-products. Oil represents the single largest item on South Africa’s import account. Gasoline and diesel fuels, which are almost exclusively used for trans-portation services, form a significant proportion of these imports.Globally, transport systems have been built on an over-reliance on cheap oil, allowing towns, cities and the movement of people and goods to be designed around the automobile. People in most South African cities require the use of motorised transport in order to travel efficiently, as public transport systems either do not exist, are too sparse or are difficult to use in many areas. The predicted depletion of oil and thus rising prices will significantly affect the choice of trans-portation systems and their use, as well as increase South Africa’s vulnerability to ‘oil shocks’. Transport planning policies must, therefore, prepare for the likelihood of such shocks and ameliorate them via policy options. A precautionary approach needs to be adopted to reduce our dependency on oil. This paper addresses the global shift towards the reduction of transport’s dependency on, or reduc-tion in, oil consumption and describes potential ways in which South Africa can reduce its oil dependency along with an indication of a timeframe for implementation.

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23

Yao, Bin, Deyin Zhao, Zhi Zhang, and Cheng Huang. "Safety Study on Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipeline." Processes 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2021): 1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091572.

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The Shunbei crude oil pipeline is prepared to use the unheated transportation process to transport waxy crudes. However, the wax formation in the pipeline is unknown. In order to predict the wax deposition of the pipeline, the physical property experiment of Shunbei crude oil was carried out through field sampling. The density, freezing point, hydrocarbon composition, and viscosity–temperature characteristics of crude oil are obtained. The cloud point and wax precipitation characteristics of the crude oil were obtained using the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis method. Then, the wax deposition rate of the pipeline was predicted by two methods: OLGA software and wax deposition kinetic model. Finally, the optimal pigging cycle of the pipeline was calculated on this basis. The results show that: Shunbei crude oil is a light crude oil with low wax content, a low freezing point, and a high cloud point. Comparing the OLGA simulation results with the calculation results of the Huang Qiyu model, the development trend of wax deposition along the pipeline was the same under different working conditions. The relative error of the maximum wax layer thickness was 6%, proving that it is feasible for OLGA to simulate wax deposition in long-distance crude oil pipelines. Affected by the wax precipitation characteristics of Shunbei crude oil, there was a peak of wax precipitation between the pipeline section where crude oil temperature was 9.31–13.31 °C and the recommended pigging cycle at the lowest throughput was 34 days in winter and 51 days in spring and autumn.

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24

Han, Dongxu, Qing Yuan, Bo Yu, Danfu Cao, and Gaoping Zhang. "BFC-POD-ROM Aided Fast Thermal Scheme Determination for China’s Secondary Dong-Lin Crude Pipeline with Oils Batching Transportation." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 7, 2018): 2666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102666.

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Since the transportation task of China’s Secondary Dong-Lin crude pipeline has been changed from Shengli oil to both Shengli and Oman oils, its transportation scheme had to be changed to “batch transportation”. To determine the details of batch transportation, large amounts of simulations should be performed, but massive simulation times could be costly (they can take hundreds of days with 10 computers) using the finite volume method (FVM). To reduce the intolerable time consumption, the present paper adopts a “body-fitted coordinate-based proper orthogonal decomposition reduced-order model” (BFC-POD-ROM) to obtain faster simulations. Compared with the FVM, the adopted method reduces the time cost of thermal simulations to 2.2 days from 264 days. Subsequently, the details of batch transportation are determined based on these simulations. The Dong-Lin crude oil pipeline has been safely operating for more than two years using the determined scheme. It is found that the field data are well predicted by the POD reduced-order model with an acceptable error in crude oil engineering.

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25

Cheng, Qinglin, JinWei Yang, Anbo Zheng, Lu Yang, Yifan Gan, and Yang Liu. "Unavoidable Destroyed Exergy in Crude Oil Pipelines due to Wax Precipitation." Entropy 21, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010058.

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Based on the technological requirements related to waxy crude oil pipeline transportation, both unavoidable and avoidable destroyed exergy are defined. Considering the changing characteristics of flow pattern and flow regime over the course of the oil transportation process, a method of dividing station oil pipelines into transportation intervals is suggested according to characteristic temperatures, such as the wax precipitation point and abnormal point. The critical transition temperature and the specific heat capacity of waxy crude oil are calculated, and an unavoidable destroyed exergy formula is derived. Then, taking the Daqing oil pipeline as an example, unavoidable destroyed exergy in various transportation intervals are calculated during the actual processes. Furthermore, the influential rules under various design and operation parameters are further analyzed. The maximum and minimum unavoidable destroyed exergy are 381.128 kJ/s and 30.259 kJ/s. When the design parameters are simulated, and the maximum unavoidable destroyed exergy is 625 kJ/s at the diameter about 250 mm. With the increase of insulation layer thickness, the unavoidable destroyed exergy decreases continuously, and the minimum unavoidable destroyed exergy is 22 kJ/s at 30 mm. And the burial depth has little effect on the unavoidable destroyed exergy. When the operation parameters are simulated, the destroyed exergy increases, but it is less affected by the outlet pressure. The increase amplitude of unavoidable destroyed exergy will not exceed 2% after the throughput rises to 80 m3/h. When the outlet temperature increases until 65 °C, the loss increase range will not exceed 4%. Thus, this study provides a theoretical basis for the safe and economical transportation of waxy crude oil.

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26

Jia, Haiying. "Crude oil trade and green shipping choices." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 65 (December 2018): 618–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.10.003.

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27

Akhmedov, Erjan. "Crude oil and refined products transportation from the Caspian region to the European Union." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 14, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00578.

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This article provides in-depth description of the situation with crude oil and refined products transportation from the Caspian Region to the European Union. It describes demand and supply, main transportation routes and modes of transport. The article then addresses existing and potential issues and discusses the ways to resolve them. There are two knowledge gaps associated with the topic of this article: (i) transportation of crude oil and refined products from the Caspian region to the European Union receives limited attention of researchers, and (ii) the majority of related scientific publications consider mainly the aspects of geopolitics and the European energy security, but not the transportation itself. The author attempts to partially close these gaps.

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28

Gao, Xuedong, Qiyu Huang, Xun Zhang, Weidong Li, Yu Zhang, Rongbin Li, and Ruiqi Chen. "Estimating Wax Plug Transportation Force in Crude Oil Pipeline Pigging." Energy & Fuels 34, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 3110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b04466.

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29

Greene, Suzanne, Haiying Jia, and Gabriela Rubio-Domingo. "Well-to-tank carbon emissions from crude oil maritime transportation." Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 88 (November 2020): 102587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102587.

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30

Ashrafizadeh, S. N., and M. Kamran. "Emulsification of heavy crude oil in water for pipeline transportation." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 71, no. 3-4 (April 2010): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2010.02.005.

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31

Liu, Yang, Hongjun Xie, Lili Lv, Hao Wu, Guoyu Ma, Yuxin Wang, and Qinglin Cheng. "Exergoeconomic pricing strategy of crude oil gathering and transportation system." International Journal of Exergy 32, no. 1 (2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2020.10029793.

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32

Cheng, Qinglin, Yuxin Wang, Guoyu Ma, Hao Wu, Lili Lv, Hongjun Xie, and Yang Liu. "Exergoeconomic pricing strategy of crude oil gathering and transportation system." International Journal of Exergy 32, no. 1 (2020): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijex.2020.107742.

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33

Sanjay, Misra, Baruah Simanta, and Singh Kulwant. "Paraffin Problems in Crude Oil Production And Transportation: A Review." SPE Production & Facilities 10, no. 01 (February 1, 1995): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/28181-pa.

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34

YIN, Sisi, Tatsushi NISHI, and Tsukasa IZUNO. "A Heuristic Approach for International Crude Oil Transportation Scheduling Problems." Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 6, no. 5 (2012): 687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.6.687.

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35

Chu, Chengbin, Feng Chu, MengChu Zhou, Haoxun Chen, and Qingning Shen. "A Polynomial Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Crude Oil Transportation Planning." IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tase.2011.2164524.

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36

Hasan, Shadi W., Mamdouh T. Ghannam, and Nabil Esmail. "Heavy crude oil viscosity reduction and rheology for pipeline transportation." Fuel 89, no. 5 (May 2010): 1095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.12.021.

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37

Siddiqui, Atiq, Manish Verma, and David Tulett. "A periodic planning model for maritime transportation of crude oil." EURO Journal on Transportation and Logistics 2, no. 4 (August 29, 2013): 307–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13676-013-0033-1.

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38

Gunner, T. J. "Physical Behavior of Crude Oil During Transportation and Its Impact on the Carriage of Crude Oil by Sea." Marine Technology and SNAME News 39, no. 04 (October 1, 2002): 256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.2002.39.4.256.

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The content, purpose and findings of a research program undertaken between 1996 and 1999 into the behavior of crude oil during transport is reviewed. Crude oil, being the most complex liquid carried by sea, required investigation due to its behavioral characteristics that impact the efficiency of its transportation, handling and general tanker operations. The research program broke the subject matter down to the three phases of crude oil each of which, either on its own or in conjunction with other phases, creates problems onboard tankers. Clearly the three physical phases are those of the vapor, liquid and sludge phases. The program collected both data of diverse type/description from the numerous vessels participating in the program together with cargo samples of the various types of crude oil carried for each voyage. The samples were obtained at discrete points throughout the voyage and discharge of the diverse cargoes and were subsequently analyzed for their physico-chemical properties. With the analytical information of the various cargoes and the cargo and environmental reports from the vessels, researchers can gain an overview as to the diverse types of behavior occurring to the cargoes during their transportation. Subsequent empirical modeling of a proportion of the data has allowed equations to be created that would assist a vessel's command to gain an insight into cargo behavior that would assist in decision making for operational matters. This paper provides the initial information and models developed as a result of this extensive piece of data collection and work

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39

Jin, Guangya, and Zhijian Liu. "Computational Flow Dynamic Simulation of Micro Flow Field Characteristics Drainage Device Used in the Process of Oil-Water Separation." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8916313.

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Aqueous crude oil often contains large amounts of produced water and heavy sediment, which seriously threats the safety of crude oil storage and transportation. Therefore, the proper design of crude oil tank drainage device is prerequisite for efficient purification of aqueous crude oil. In this work, the composition and physicochemical properties of crude oil samples were tested under the actual conditions encountered. Based on these data, an appropriate crude oil tank drainage device was developed using the principle of floating ball and multiphase flow. In addition, the flow field characteristics in the device were simulated and the contours and streamtraces of velocity magnitude at different nine moments were obtained. Meanwhile, the improvement of flow field characteristics after the addition of grids in crude oil tank drainage device was validated. These findings provide insights into the development of effective selection methods and serve as important references for oil-water separation process.

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40

Li, Fu Zhang, Yang Liu, Zhong Hua Wang, Chuan Yan Wu, and Xiao Yan Liu. "The Experiment of Flushing Gelled Crude Oil which Stick on the Wall during Hydraulic Suspension Transportation." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.559.

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Gelled crude oil sticking on the wall during hydraulic suspension transportation will lead to large transport resistance and high energy consumption, such serious cases can cause pipeline plugging. In order to promote the technology of hydraulic suspension transportation of gelled crude oil, this paper built the text system of oil sticking on the wall, studied on effects of flushing pipe which oil sticking on with water directly, analyzed whether gelled crude oil sticking on the wall is uniform, the quantity of water for flushing , time for flushing etc the effects on flushing. Experimental results showes that, the effect of a few gelled crude oil particles sticking on the wall, being rinsed by cool water is good; the effect of flushing non-uniform sticking on the wall is better than uniform with large one. When the diameter of 53mm pipe’s wall adhesive 5mm thick (135g) of gelled crude oil (freezing point is 38°C), using the flow of 3.7 to 5.7 m3/h and water of 18°C to flush, the effects of flushing the uniform oil tube which oil stick on is between 2.8 to 5.9%, the effects of flushing the non-uniform one is between 9.5 to 23.3%; when the flow of tap water increased from 3.7 to 5.7m3/h, the quantity of flushed off oil uniform and non-uniform sticking on the wall was increased by 2.1% and 5.8%. For different types of flushing experiment, the effect is better in front 15min. Over time, flushing effect had gradually weakened, and the amount of flush out oil wasn’t increased significantly when time increased to 45min later.

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Hayder Al-Khayat, Rasha, Maher A. R. Sadiq Al-Baghdadi, Ragad Aziz Neama, and Muhannad Al-Waily. "Optimization CFD study of erosion in 3D elbow during transportation of crude oil contaminated with sand particles." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (July 11, 2018): 1420. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14180.

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The oil industry transport the crude oil, but with entrained solid particles. Throughout the production operations of the upstream petroleum, crude oil as well as sand particles corroded from the zones of the formation are regularly conveyed through pipes as a mixture up to the well heads and among well heads and flow stations. In this study, a three-dimensional CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) model has been developed that describes a turbulent transport of solid sand particles as well as crude oil through elbows to predict the erosions rates, where various physical aspects have been combined together including flow turbulence, particle tracking, and erosion simulation. The model has been used to investigate the different parameters that effect for crude oil and sand particles on the erosive wear rate on the pipe walls. Where, the parametric studied for crude oil are viscosity, density, velocity and temperature, also, the parametric studied for sand particles are parti-cles size, particles density and mass flow rate. Therefore, the investigation included evaluated the erosive wear rate on the pipe walls with different parametric studding by using numerical method with CFD technique. This model includes simulation of the three dimensional for turbulent flow, sand particle, and erosion rates modeling. Where, used three methods to evaluating the erosive wear rate on the pipe walls, The Finite Model, The Erosion Rate (E/CRC) Model and The Erosion rate (DNV) Model. Also, in this work can be prediction of the ero-sion position occur on the pipe wall with various parametric effect. Then, the results presented shown that the rate of erosion is increase with increasing the friction between the oil and pipe wall by variable the parametric of crude oil or sand particles. Also, the results are shown that the position of erosion variable dependent on the parametric of oil and sand. Finally, the work shown that the CFD technique is good tool can be used to evaluating the erosion rate and erosion position on pipe wall with various crude oil and sand particles parametric.

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Cardinal, Kaylyn M., Mohamed Khalafalla, and Jorge Rueda-Benavides. "Protocol to Assess the Impact of Crude Oil Price Fluctuations on Future Asphalt Prices." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2675, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198121992072.

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It is clear for the transportation industry that asphalt prices are heavily affected by changes in the crude oil market. This occurs because asphalt is a byproduct of the process of refining crude oil. However, there is still a lack of research on assessing the economic implications of this relationship. This paper assesses those implications through an innovative statistical process designed to quantify the economic correlation between asphalt and crude oil price fluctuations in Alabama. The proposed statistical process is used in this paper to model the relationship between the Alabama Department of Transportation’s (ALDOT’s) monthly asphalt price index and a national crude oil index published by the US Energy Information Administration. The process quantifies the relationship between these two commodities in relation to two metrics: (1) the time gap between an observed change in the crude oil index and its corresponding impact on the asphalt price index and (2) the magnitude of that impact. It was found that the most likely time gap between crude oil and asphalt price fluctuations in Alabama is 3 months, with a change ratio of 0.58. This means that a 1% increase in the price of crude oil would most likely affect the Alabama asphalt market 3 months later with a price increase of about 0.58%. Recognizing that these are just average values, the paper also presents a risk assessment tool that provides ALDOT with the probability of occurrence of different scenarios taking into consideration the observed variability in time gaps and change ratios.

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Audiba Karchely, Vindy, Arif Fadillah, and Shanty Manullang. "Analisis Angkutan Crude Palm Oil Multi Trip Dengan Kapal Tongkang." Jurnal Penelitian Transportasi Laut 22, no. 2 (March 5, 2021): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/transla.v22i2.1615.

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Crude palm oil (CPO) merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor andalan indonesia. Prospek pasar CPO masih cukup cerah dimasa yang akan datang, untuk pasar domestik maupun ekspor. Indonesia menjadi penghasil CPO terbesar di dunia dan untuk membutuhkan optimalisasikan armada angkutan CPO. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan 7 tongkang dengan muatan 3 armada bermuatan 5000 metrik ton (MT) dan 4 armada bermuatan 3500 MT, dimana sistem tarik menggunakan kapal tunda, yang tersedia sebanyak 7 kapal tug. Transportasi angkutan CPO ini memiliki multi alur pelayaran dimana CPO akan di supply ke titik pelabuhan Surabaya sebanyak 92.000 MT dan di pelabuhan Jakarta sebanyak 52.000 MT dari titik muat (Pelabuhan singgah) di Samarinda, Palembang, Bonemanjing, Rengat, Dumai. Seluruh rute akan dioptimalisasikan untuk mendapatkan rute terbaik dan biaya yang minimum dengan menggunakan metode simplex dan linier program. Total biaya Required Freight Rate (RFR) dari 7 tongkang mencapai Rp. 274.003.209.166. Hasil menunjukan bahwa dengan menggunakan rute terbaik dan menggunakan 6 tongkang, kapasitas supply CPO meningkat menjadi 38 Ton. Dengan biaya RFR sebesar Rp. 253.058.332.728 biaya dapat diminimalisir hingga 20 milliar rupiah. Dari hasil penelitian memperlihatkan transportasi menggunakan tongkang dengan sistem tarik oleh kapal tunda masih dapat menjadi pilihan transportasi yang efisien dan efektif.Analysis of Multi-Trip Crude Palm Oil Shipment by Towed Barge; Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of Indonesia's mainstay exports commdity. The prospect of the CPO market still bright in the future, both domestically and exports. Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of Indonesia's mainstay exports. The prospect of the CPO market looks bright in the future, both domestically and in exports. Indonesia is the largest CPO producer in the world therefore the CPO transportation fleet must be optimized. In this study, seven barges with a cargo where 3 fleets with 5000 MT and 4 fleets with 3500 MT, where the tug system uses tugboats, which are available as many as 7 tugboats. This transportation of CPO transportatison has multiple channels where CPO will be supplied to Surabaya port for 92,000 MT, and at Jakarta ports as much as 52,000 MT from loading points in Samarinda, Palembang, Bonemanjing, Rengat, Dumai.All routes will be optimized to get the best route and minimum costs using simplex method and linear programing. The total cost of the Required Freight Rate (RFR) of 7 barges reaches Rp. 274.003.209.166. The results show that using the best route and utilize only 6 barges CPO supply capacity increases by 38 tons. With an RFR cost only Rp 253,058.332.728 can minimize costs up to 20 billion rupiah. The result showed that transportation using barge with a pull system by tugboat still become efficient and effective transport choice.

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SHEN, QINGNING, HAOXUN CHEN, and FENG CHU. "MODEL AND ALGORITHM FOR AN INVENTORY ROUTING PROBLEM IN CRUDE OIL TRANSPORTATION." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 07, no. 02 (December 2008): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686708001462.

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In this paper, we study an inventory routing problem (IRP) in crude oil transportation with multiple transportation modes including pipeline and tanker. We consider the problem in a rolling horizon environment with multiple periods as well as the lead-time of transportation and propose a new mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP). Due to the complexity and large scale of the problem, an effective metaheuristic method GRASP is developed to find near-optimal solutions of the model. Numerical test results of the method are provided.

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Vahid, Amir. "Determination of H2S in Crude Oil via a Rapid, Reliable and Sensitive Method." Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry Journal 2, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/amecj.v2.i2.61.

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Determination of hydrogen sulfide, (H2S) in crude oil is very important due to the environmental impacts, industrial problems and legal international limitation of transportation. In the present work, H2S of crude oil is determined by liquid-liquid extraction followed by potentiometric titration. Three factors including dilution ratio of crude oil with toluene, extraction time of H2S into the caustic phase and API of crude oil was investigated via factorial design. The ANOVA results revealed that the dilution ratio, crude type and extraction time have the highest effect of the recovery of H2S from crude oil. The linear dynamic range of the method was from 1 up to 2000 ppm which can be manipulated for lower or higher concentration by further optimization of the above-mentioned parameters. This method is rapid, reliable, operator-independent which make it a useful technique for the field test of crude oil and overcome extreme uncertainty of H2S measurement.

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Xiao, Rong Ge, Bing Qian Wei, Pei Fen Yao, and Dong Rui Yi. "Study on the Pipeline Wax Deposition Mechanism and Influencing Factors." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 1018–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.1018.

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The phenomenon of wax deposition is an extremely important issue in the petroleum industry. Researching it is of great help for the oil exploration, gathering, and transportation. This paper described the phenomenon of wax deposition, discussed the mechanism, analyzed the influencing factors and proposed the positive significance of the phenomenon of wax deposition on crude oil production and safe operation in oil gathering and transportation pipeline.

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Li, Jingjing, Xiaodong Chen, Xiaodong Tang, Liuyang Deng, and Yutao Wei. "Upgrading heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by iron oil-soluble catalyst for transportation." Petroleum Science and Technology 35, no. 11 (June 3, 2017): 1160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2017.1314303.

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Sun, Zhengnan, Jing Zhang, Guolin Jing, Yang Liu, and Shuo Liu. "Research Progress and Discussion of Waxy Crude Pour Point Depressants: A Mini Review." Recent Innovations in Chemical Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Chemical Engineering) 13, no. 4 (June 2, 2020): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2405520413666200316162139.

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The crude oils exploited in oilfields are mainly high-wax crude oils. Paraffins precipitate, crystallize, and form a three-dimensional network structure, when the temperature falls below the Wax Appearance Temperature (WAT), which decreases crude oil fluidity. This poses huge challenges to oil exploitation and transportation, as well as cost control. To date, the addition of chemical pour point depressants has been a convenient and economical method to improve low-temperature fluidity in crude oils. This article reviews the types of pour point depressants of crude oil and their performance mechanisms, and introduces the main research methods and progress made in the study of the performance mechanisms of pour point depressants in waxy crude oils. Finally, the development direction of pour point depressants is prospected.

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GAO, Youshan. "Analyses of the Energy Consumption and Emissions of Crude Oil Transportation." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 48, no. 20 (2012): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2012.20.147.

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PENA, GABRIEL OLIVEIRA, CÉSAR AUGUSTO SODRÉ SILVA, and REJANE DE CASTRO SANTANA. "CRUDE OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIFICATION USING SOLID PARTICLE FOR PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION." Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2018): 0059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl4iss1pp0059-0064.

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