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Xu, He Kensinger John W. "Crude oil and crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5106.
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Xu, He. "Crude Oil and Crude Oil Derivatives Transactions by Oil and Gas Producers." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5106/.
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This study attempts to resolve two important issues. First, it investigates the diversification benefit of crude oil for equities. Second, it examines whether or not crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers can change shareholders' wealth. With these two major goals in mind, I study the risk and return profile of crude oil, the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions, and the systematic risk exposure effect of crude oil derivatives transactions. In contrast with previous studies, this study applies the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) methodology to measure the risk and return profile of crude oil. The results show that crude oil is negatively correlated with stocks so adding crude oil into a portfolio with equities can provide significant diversification benefits for the portfolio. Given the diversification benefit of crude oil mixed with equities, this study then examines the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers. Differing from traditional corporate risk management literature, this study examines corporate derivatives transactions from the shareholders' portfolio perspective. The results show that crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do impact value. If oil and gas producing companies stop shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, company stock prices increase significantly. In contrast, if oil and gas producing companies start shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, stock prices drop marginally significantly. Thus, hedging by producers is not necessarily good. This paper, however, finds that changes in policy regarding crude oil derivatives transactions cannot significantly affect the beta of shareholders' portfolios. The value effect, therefore, cannot be attributed to any systematic risk exposure change of shareholders' portfolios. Market completeness, transaction costs, and economies of scale are identified as possible sources of value effect. The following conclusions have been obtained in this study. Crude oil provides significant diversification benefits for equities. In the presence of market imperfections, crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers may change shareholders' wealth, even though crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do not have significant effect on the systematic risk exposures of companies.
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Liebmann, Karsten. "Integrated crude oil distillation design." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557127.
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Souck, Jenny. "Modelling of Crude Oil Distillation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146195.
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In the reservoir conditions, a petroleum fluid is defined by its thermodynamic and volumetric properties and by its physicochemical properties. Their behaviors are modeled from experimental data in order to properly simulate the processing of these fluids during the production. With the advent of new regulations and rigidity that exist at the custom regulations today, research centers have great difficulty in obtaining large amounts of samples. For these reason, although there are several methods to characterize the different components of crude oil, the laboratories are turning increasingly to techniques that requires lower amounts of samples: micro-distillation, gas chromatography (GC). The micro-distillation is a fast and completely computerized technique made to substitute the standard distillation for analysis of liquid petroleum products. Advantages of the method compared to the standard distillation are the reduction of working time by at least a factor of 4, the small sample volumes required for distillation (few micro liters). [24] This report is aimed to create a simple model that can predict yield curves of physical distillation, without using the micro-distillation technique. The results obtained through gas chromatography (GC) analysis by laboratory technicians enable the modeling of the fluid behavior. Having identified and treated practically all aspects of micro-distillation through simulations with PRO/II, I found out that, regardless of the setting and the thermodynamic method used, there are always significant differences between simulation results and those of the micro-distillation. The result shows that it’s still difficult to create a model which can replace micro-distillation and gas chromatography (GC) because of the huge gap between the simulation results and micro-distillation. Furthermore, the dynamics revealed that the micro distillation is not accurate. I had hoped to get additional results by studies the correlations with more samples, but that did not turn out to be the case. Regardless of that, I think that it would be interesting to study more samples and use another simulator to properly represent micro distillation. This could be an interesting topic for further studies.Under de föhållanden som reservoarens miljö erbjuder, definieras en petroleumvätska av dess termodynamiska och volymetriska egenskaper och av dess fysikalisk-kemiska egenskaper. För att korrekt simulera bearbetningen av dessa vätskor under produktion, deras beteende modelleras från experimentella data Med tillkomsten av nya regler och oflexibilitet som finns på tullbestämmelser vid gränserna idag, har forskningscenter stora svårigheter att få större mängder prover levererade. Av den anledningen, trots att det finns flera metoder för att karakterisera de olika komponenterna av råolja, tvingas laboratorier att vända sig mer och mer till alternativa analysmetoder som kräver mindre provvolymer: mikrodestillation, gaskromatografi, etc. Mikrodestillation, som är en snabb och helt datoriserad teknik, visar sig kunna ersätta standarddestillation för analys av flytande petroleumprodukter. Fördelar med metoden jämfört med standarddestillering är minskad arbetstidsåtgång med minst en faktor 4. Därtill krävs endast en begränsad provvolym (några mikroliter) i jämförelse med standarddestillation. [24] Denna rapport syftar till att skapa en enkel modell som kan förutsäga avkastningskurvan av fysisk destillation, utan att använda mikrodestillationsteknik. De resultat som erhölls genom gaskromatografiska analyser möjliggjorde modelleringen av det vätskebeteendet hos det analyserade provet. Efter att ha identifierat och behandlat praktiskt taget alla viktiga aspekter av mikro destillation genom simuleringar med PRO/II, fann jag att, oberoende av inställningen och den termodynamiska metod som används, det alltid finns stora skillnader mellan simulering och mikro destillation. Resultatet visar att det fortfarande är svårt att skapa en modell som kan ersätta mikrodestillering och gaskromatografi på grund av differensen mellan simuleringsresultaten å ena sidan, och resultaten från mikrodestillering å andra sidan. Dessutom visade resultaten att mikrodestillation som analysmetod inte ger tillförlitliga resultat. Min förhoppning var att få ytterligare användbara resultat genom att studerar potentiella korrelationer emellan fler prover, men detta visade sig inte vara fallet. Jag anser att det skulle vara intressant att studera fler prover och använda en annan simulator för att bättre representera mikrodestillation. Detta skulle kunna vara ett intressant ämne för vidare studier.
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Al-Mubarak, Nabeel Abdulaziz. "Inventory demand for crude oil." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292458.
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Kida, Yuko. "Supercritical Water desulfurization of crude oil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88904.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Supercritical Water (SCW) desulfurization was investigated for both model sulfur compounds and Arab Heavy crude. In part 1, the reactions of alkyl sulfides in SCW were studied. During hexyl sulfide decomposition in SCW, pentane and CO+CO₂ were detected in addition to the expected six-carbon products. A multi-step reaction sequence for hexyl sulfide reacting with SCW is proposed which explains the surprising products. Intermediate studies were performed to confirm that the key intermediate hexanal forms and rapidly decomposes to pentane and CO. In part 2, Arab Heavy crude was treated with SCW and analyzed with comprehensive gas chromatography (GCxGC) coupled with two detectors, sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD) and a flame ionization detector (FID). SCD is a sulfur specific detector that allowed detailed analysis of the reactions that occur during SCW treatment of real fuel mixtures. It was shown that SCW treatment had two effects on sulfur compounds: cracking of heavy sulfur compounds into smaller compounds, mainly benzothiophenes (BT) and dibenziophenes (DBT), and cracking of long alkyl chains on these BTs and DBTs causing a shift to lower molecular weight BTs and DBTs. SCW was found to be ineffective in breaking the stable aromatic rings of these thiophenic compounds. Work in this thesis shed light into molecular level reactions during SCW treatment rather than changes in bulk properties which are often reported in work in the field of SCW desulfurization.
by Yuko Kida.
Ph. D.
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Himona, Irene. "An investigation into crude oil pricing." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1986. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843762/.
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The scope of this study is to provide an understanding of crude oil price determination. The approach to this general problem starts by identifying the key areas that will help us achieve the specific objectives of the research which are the derivation of both a theoretical and an empirical framework of price formation. The areas examined are: depletion theory (chapter one), the evolution of the oil industry's structure and pricing practices (chapter two), the literature concerned with explaining that evolution (chapter three). A critique of that literature enables the derivation of the theoretical framework which can be called the transition period scenario - the transition from the centrally planned industry of the 1950s to the competitive market of the 1980s. Crude oil prices since .1970 have been determined not by a cartel of producers but by an imperfect market, within which inefficiencies, imperfect information, lags in adjustment and uncertainty together with the major oil companies fading power and the OPEC group following rather than leading the market - despite the perception of it as a cartel - have all combined to formulate prices. The attempt to confirm or reject that framework by empirical testing starts by choosing a specific methodology which is believed to be superior to conventional econometric techniques: The Box and Jenkin's approach to modelling time series, testing for causality patterns and determining lead and lag relationships, by thorough empirical investigation of the data rather than by arbitrary specification of causality directions and lag structures (chapter four). Application of that methodology to the data collected yields the results presented in chapters six and seven, which confirm the basic hypothesis and supply the functions which describe the true behaviour of the system and can therefore be used for forecasting. The major conclusion emerging from the study is that OPEC should not be thought of as a cartel. The demand for crude oil being a derived demand, it is the final consumers who will in the end dictate whether or not we are likely to face further price crises or whether spot markets will be calm and orderly. Nevertheless, the high proportion of world reserves in OPEC member countries means that OPEC can assist in the prevention of abrupt price changes by assuming a supervisory role rather than attempting in vain to assume an administrating role.
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Lopez, Yadira. "Integrated processing for heavy crude oil." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/integrated-processing-for-heavy-crude-oil(ec191370-cb4a-417f-995e-33f9ff053c1d).html.
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Energy based on non-renewable resources such as gas, oil, coal and nuclear fission, even with their serious problems of pollution, contributes to 86% of the global energy consumption. Oil will remain the dominant transport fuel: about 87% of transport fuel in 2030 will still be petroleum-based. Discoveries of conventional sources of light easy-to-access crude oil are becoming less common and current oil production levels are struggling to match demand, it is necessary to develop new non-conventional sources of oil in order to supplement conventional oil supply, whose demand is increasing continuously. A possible clue to solve this situation could be to take advantage of the extensive reserves of heavy crude oils existing in different places around the world, which could be an excellent source of more valuable hydrocarbons. In this context, some facilities called upgraders are used to process theses heavy crude oils to both increase the hydrogen-carbon ratio and improve their quality, reducing their density and decreasing their viscosity, sulphur, nitrogen and metals. The main objective in this work is to study the heavy crude oil upgrading processes in order to identify new operation schemes which explore different opportunities of integration between the upgraders and other processes or new schemes for upgraders that can sustain on its own through the production of a wide range of products. Each design alternative has been modelled with state-of-the-art commercial software packages. The crude oil dilution process was evaluated using naphtha and a light crude oil as diluents. Sensitivity analyses were done with the purpose of selecting the type and flow rate of diluent. Once the best diluent was selected, the integration of an upgrader to a refinery was studied. Heavy ends from both the upgrader and the refinery were taken as feedstocks to an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). The best operation schemes for IGCC, in order to achieve the requirements of power and hydrogen for the upgrader and the refinery was determined. Different schemes for heavy crude oil processing to produce transportation fuel instead of syncrude were proposed, too. Finally, economic evaluation of all the schemes was performed to find the best solution for heavy crude oils. The best results for the dilution process of heavy crude oils were obtained when naphtha was used as diluent. The configuration proposed for the upgrader allows producing a synthetic crude oil with 35.5 °API. The integration of the upgrader to a refinery allows the treatment of the heavy streams of the refinery and transforms them into products of higher qualities. The integration of the IGCC to the upgrader and the refinery permits a complete elimination of the heavy residues produced in these units and produces hydrogen and power to be used in the site or to export. Economic evaluation shows that all the proposed processing schemes studied are economically attractive. The proposed processing schemes chosen include the integration between upgrader refinery and IGCC unit with CCS.
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Kolodziej, Marek Krzysztof. "Crude oil prices: speculation versus fundamentals." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12795.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityBeginning in 2004, the price of crude oil fluctuates rapidly over a wide range. Large and rapid once increases have recessionary consequences and dampen long-term infrastructural investment. I investigate whether price changes are driven by market fundamentals or speculation. With regard to market fundamentals, I revisit econometric evidence for the importance of demand shocks, as proxied by dry maritime cargo rates, on oil prices. When I eliminate transportation costs from both sides of the equation, disaggregate OPEC and non-OPEC production, and allow for more than one cointegrating relation, I find that previous specifications are inconsistent with arguments that demand shocks play an important role. Instead, results confirm the importance of OPEC supply shocks. I investigate two channels by which speculation may affect oil prices; the direct effect of trader behavior and changes in oil from a commodity to a financial asset. With regard to trader behavior, I find evidence that trader positions are required to explain the spread between spot and futures prices of crude oil on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The inclusion of trader positions clarifies the process of equilibrium error correction, such that there is bidirectional causality between prices and trader positions. This creates the possibility of speculative bubbles. With regard to oil as a commodity and/or financial asset, I use a Kalman Filter model to estimate the time-varying partial correlation between returns to investments in equity and oil markets. This correlation changes from negative to positive at the onset of the 2008 financial crisis. The low interest rates used to rescue the economy depress convenience yields, which reduces the benefits of holding oil as a commodity. Instead, oil becomes a financial asset (on net) as the oil market changed from contango to backwardation. Contradicting simple political narratives, my research suggests that both market fundamentals and speculation drive large oil prices. Chinese oil demand is not responsible for large increases in oil prices; nor are they caused by behavioral idiosyncrasies by oil traders. Finally, oil will be treated largely as a financial asset so long as interest rates are held near their all-time lows.
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Ding, Zhao Ming. "Interfacial tension characteristics of pure oil and crude oil systems." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4702.
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Vatn, Karsten Dånmark. "Optimization of water-borne crude oil transport." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9544.
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A ship scheduling problem in optimization of water-borne crude oil transportation has been investigated. The classic optimization problem the most closely related to the problem at hand is the Multi-Vehicle-Pick-up-and-Delivery Problem with Time Windows (m-PDPTW). In addition to the basic characteristics of the m-PDPTW, the studied problem has an additional degree of freedom due to having pick-ups and deliveries that are not matched. This extra freedom gives new possibilities when creating effective heuristics when dealing with transportation problems. The studied problem has been presented in relation to carefully selected background literature. On this basis a proposed heuristic has been developed, and implemented using some already existing structures in the commercial decision support system TurboRouter. The studied problem is an industrial shipping problem, an operational mode where the shipper owns the cargo to be transported. No income is therefore made directly from transporting goods. Therefore the objective function chosen was net income, which in this mode is the same as minimizing the net expenses. A multi-start local search with pre-matching of pick-ups and deliveries heuristic was chosen based on an assessment of problem size, problem type, real life applicability and existing software. This heuristic consists of three main parts. First the pick-ups and deliveries are matched and merged in a pre-matching heuristic, and then a large number of initial solutions are generated by an insertion heuristic. The best initial solutions are then improved by a local search. Two strategies were developed for pre-matching and then tested. The one with the best test results was subsequently used in the heuristic. This multi-start local search with pre-matching of pick-ups and deliveries heuristic has been subject to rigorous testing and was compared to a single-start local search and multiple initial solutions heuristic. The solutions generated by the multi-start local search heuristic were superior compared to those of the other heuristics, but the computation time necessary was high and higher than those of the heuristics which it was compared to. This high computation time is partially believed to be a result of flexible data sets resulting in broad solution spaces. In addition some computationally expensive heuristics were deployed, increasing the computation time. In real life applications, finding a solution relatively quickly is of importance. Therefore the heuristic may need to be simplified and used on "tighter" data sets than some sets used in testing to be real life applicable.
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King, Tobias E. "Equilibrium - a ballast-free crude oil tanker." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-11578.
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Equilibrium is the name of a ballast-free oil tanker concept invented by naval architects at Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and further developed in this master’s thesis at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). The task is to analyze the conceptual design work done by DNV and further develop the concept. The main focus is on a cost comparison with a conventional tanker with a deadweight equal to Equilibrium and a conventional VLCC. The cost comparison focuses only on the costs that are expected to be different in these designs: Building costs, fuel costs and the cost of ballast equipment and operation. This comparison serves as an indicator of the profitability and thereby feasibility of the design. A trapezoid shaped hull and longitudinal cargo boundaries make Equilibrium independent of ballast in transit and during loading and discharging. The ballast-free return legs result in a significant annual saving of fuel and CO2 emissions. This is Equilibrium’s main advantage over a conventional design. Equilibrium’s main disadvantage is that the cargo capacity is about 60 000 tons lower than on a conventional VLCC. This again affects the cost efficiency of the ship. Since Equilibrium is bigger than the Suezmax limitations, the VLCC is regarded as the main competitor. A cost-efficiency index of the relevant life cycle costs over 10 years divided by the amount of cargo delivered in the same period, shows that Equilibrium is a profitable design. Further analyses needs to be done on the ship’s sea keeping abilities with special attention to accelerations in roll motion. The proposed Equilibrium design can compete against existing tankers on both cost-benefit and environmental impact.
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Gibb, Angela. "Bioremediation of crude oil in cold-climates." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38630.pdf.
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Stoyel, Jason Alexander. "Fundamentals of drop coalescence in crude oil." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312176.
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Chen, Lu. "Heat integrated crude oil distillation system design." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:228859.
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Heat-integrated crude oil distillation systems – the atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers and associated heat recovery system – are energy and capital intensive. The structures of the distillation columns are very complex and the distillation columns interact strongly with the preheat train. There are many degrees of freedom in this system, most of which are interlinked with each other and cannot be considered separately. A systematic design approach is necessary to exploit these design issues for increasing the efficiency with which energy and capital are employed in the overall system. This thesis develops an optimisation-based methodology for the simultaneous design of crude oil distillation systems. Both new design and retrofit scenarios are considered. This design approach considers some significant design issues and generates design solutions that are realisable and industrially practicable. Robust and more accurate models have been developed to represent the distillation columns and heat exchanger networks (HENs) within an optimisation framework, compared with previous work. Facilitated by the decomposition approach (Liebmann, 1996), simplified models (Suphanit, 1999; Gadalla et al., 2003a; Rastogi, 2006), based on the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland method, were developed previously to model the atmospheric distillation unit and the vacuum unit. This work extends and modifies these simplified models to account more accurately for the effect of pump-around location on the separation performance in atmospheric units. Moreover, the simplified model has been extended to consider an atmospheric distillation column with a pump-around located above the top side-stripper. This work also proposes a new methodology to incorporate product specifications following refining conventional in the simplified models. The proposed approach enables systematic identification of key components and associated recoveries to match specified boiling temperature profiles, as these are normally used as indicators of separation performance in the refining industry. The new simplified models are validated by comparison with rigorous simulation results of atmospheric distillation columns. Multi-segmented stream data are implemented in the design and analysis of heat exchanger networks, in which the thermal properties of streams are temperature dependent and cannot be assumed constant. Two existing promising HEN design approaches, the simulated annealing optimisation-based approach (Rodriguez, 2005)and the network pinch approach (Asante and Zhu, 1996), are modified and extended to apply to the HEN design with multi-segmented stream data. In the modified network pinch approach, the bottleneck of an existing HEN configuration is better overcome by varying stream split fractions and heat exchanger loads at the same time, rather than simply redistributing heat loads. The modified network pinch approach also combines structural modifications and cost optimisation in a single step to avoid missing cost-effective design solutions. An optimisation framework, applying a stochastic optimisation method – multiple simulated annealing runs – is developed to generate grassroots and retrofit designs of the heat-integrated crude oil distillation systems. The heat integration of the system is accounted for more accurately than previously by using multi-segmented stream data. Operating conditions and pump-around locations of distillation columns are optimised, together with structural options and continuous variables of heat exchanger networks as appropriate, in a single optimisation framework. The new degrees of freedom considered in this work include key components and associated recoveries (used in simplified models of distillation columns to express the separation of products) and operating pressures of distillation columns. The optimisation of key components and recoveries allow the systematic exploitation of product distributions and product slate in order to maximise net profit. Including operating pressures in the optimisation facilitates creation of heat recovery opportunities in configuration studies. Product specification constraints are imposed in the optimisation so that product quality is not compromised during design. A novel distillation configuration, with a liquid side-draw prefractionator column upstream of an atmospheric distillation column, is proposed in this work. The case study shows a very promising performance with respect to energy efficiency. Case studies illustrate the beneficial application of the proposed approach in both grassroots and retrofit design of crude oil distillation systems, with respect to energy demand and net profit improvement. Comparisons are made between different configurations, and results are given as proof of principle.
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Rastogi, Vikas. "Heat-integrated crude oil distillation system design." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503084.
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Hunt, Lisa Marie. "Gas dissolution phenomena in crude oil production." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361547.
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Downey, Imelda Louise. "Fouling of crude oil refinery preheat exchangers." Thesis, University of Bath, 1993. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760645.
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Huesing, Alex. "Crude Oil Volatility during the Shale Revolution." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1841.
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The purpose of this paper is to offer a review of the history of oil in order to build an understanding of the factors that make the commodity innately volatile. Then, we explain the recent development of US shale production, which may threaten to disrupt the status quo in oil markets. In the last decade, markets have endured two price collapses that are historic both in their frequency and individual magnitudes; however, recent volatility has remained low. We hypothesize that the shale revolution in the United States may have played a role in this new trend. Following the tradition of Pindyck (2004), we utilize a GARCH model in order to analyze crude-oil price volatility since 2004. In order to measure the effects of the shale revolution, we leverage a major news shock in August 2013, at which time Pioneer Natural Resources made the single largest announcement of new retrievable shale reserves in history. We find that the news announcement had a positive effect on the conditional variance of oil and a negative effect on daily returns. The limitations of our instrument for shale production constrain our interpretation of these results, preventing any definitive conclusions about shale companies’ possible role as a volatility-reducing swing producers.
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Lai, Lawrence Tin Chi. "Chemistry of alkylaromatics in crude oil upgrading." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122850.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 131-138).
Due to the rise in demand of crude oil over the long term, technologies to upgrade crude oil need to be developed to ensure maximum use efficiency of future oil sources. In typical carbon rejection processes, coke formation is a common phenomenon that would lead to decreased yield of upgraded oil. As a result, the chemical behavior of coke formation is a potent area of research. Due to the high complexity of the composition of crude oil and coke, this work simplifies the study of supercritical water upgrading of crude oil to a hexylbenzene pyrolysis system. The pyrolysis of hexylbenzene at process conditions of 450°C and 75 creates several hundred products resolved by GCxGC, and the analysis is intractable if one considers only the experimental data, which does not reveal reactive intermediates or reaction paths.
However, introducing theoretical considerations using the Reaction Mechanism Generator (RMG) allows analysis of a vast number of species while retaining information of elementary reaction steps and reactive intermediates. Information on these steps and intermediates can be obtained from Quantum Chemistry Hexylbenzene pyrolysis was characterized using RMG with key steps computed using Quantum Chemistry. The results indicate that the retro-ene reaction, previously thought to carry an important role in hexylbenzene pyrolysis, is much slower than reported in literature. Furthermore, alkylaromatic chemistry at 450°C is extremely sensitive to species thermochemistry. Further investigation was done on the formation of 2-ring aromatic species in hexylbenzene pyrolysis, likely precursors of coke.
Thermochemistry and rate calculations were made for 2-ring species as a result of the intramolecular and intermolecular addition pathways, resulting in 27 thermochemistry group additivity values to allow for extrapolation of this work's calculations to analogous species. In addition, 25 training reactions were added to allow rate rules calculated in this work to be extrapolated to similar reactions. Finally, all this new chemical knowledge was incorporated into RMG, and a detailed kinetic model for hexylbenzene pyrolysis was constructed. The generated model was able to predict the total molar yield of bridged 2-ring aromatics, and fused 2-ring aromatics. However, many individual species had inaccurate molar yield predictions, and some key pathways to form 2-ring species were found to be missing. Additional quantum calculations were performed after the construction of this kinetic model to attempt to resolve these mispredictions.
by Lawrence Tin Chi Lai.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering
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Al-Otaibi, Musleh B. "Modelling and optimising of crude oil desalting process." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2004. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8056.
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The history of crude oil desalting/dehydration plant (DDP) has been marked in progressive phases-the simple gravity settling phase, the chemical treatment phase, the electrical enhancement phase and the dilution water phase. In recent times, the proper cachet would be the control-optimisation phase marked by terms such as "DDP process control", "desalter optimisation control" or "DDP automating technology". Another less perceptible aspect, but nonetheless important, has been both a punch listing of traditional plant boundaries and a grouping of factors that play the essential roles in a desalting/dehydration plant (DDP). Nowadays, modelling and optimising of a DDP performance has become more apparent in petroleum and chemical engineering, which has been traditionally concerned with production and refinery processing industries. Today's desalting/dehydration technology finds itself as an important factor in such diverse areas as petroleum engineering, environmental concerns, and advanced technology materials. The movement into these areas has created a need not only for sources useful for professionals but also for gathering relevant information essential in improving product quality and its impact on health, safety and environmental (HSE) aspects. All of the foregoing, clearly establishes the need for a comprehensive knowledge of DDP and emulsion theories, process modelling and optimisation techniques. The main objective of this work is to model and qualitatively optimise a desalting/dehydration plant. In due course, the contents of this thesis will cover in depth both the basic areas of emulsion treatment fundamentals, modelling desalting/dehydration processes and optimising the performance of desalting plants. In addition, emphasis is also placed on more advanced topics such as optimisation technology and process modifications. At the results and recommendation stage, the theme of this work-optimising desalting/dehydration plant will practically be furnished in an applicable scheme. Finally, a significant compendium of figures and experimental data are presented. This thesis, therefore, essentially presents the research and important principles of desalting/dehydration systems. It also gives the oil industry a wide breadth of important information presented in a concise and focused manner. In search of data quality and product on-line-improvement, this combination will be a powerful tool for operators and professionals in a decision support environment.
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Sharma, Namit. "Forecasting Oil Price Volatility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36815.
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This study compares different methods of forecasting price volatility in the crude oil futures market using daily data for the period November 1986 through March 1997. It compares the forward-looking implied volatility measure with two backward-looking time-series measures based on past returns - a simple historical volatility estimator and a set of estimators based on the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) class of models.
Tests for the relative information content of implied volatilities vis-Ã -vis GARCH time series models are conducted within-sample by estimating nested conditional variance equations with returns information and implied volatilities as explanatory variables. Likelihood ratio tests indicate that both implied volatilities and past returns contribute volatility information. The study also checks for and confirms that the conditional Generalized Error Distribution (GED) better describes fat-tailed returns in the crude oil market as compared to the conditional normal distribution.
Out-of-sample forecasts of volatility using the GARCH GED model, implied volatility, and historical volatility are compared with realized volatility over two-week and four-week horizons to determine forecast accuracy. Forecasts are also evaluated for predictive power by regressing realized volatility on the forecasts. GARCH forecasts, though superior to historical volatility, do not perform as well as implied volatility over the two-week horizon. In the four-week case, historical volatility outperforms both of the other measures. Tests of relative information content show that for both forecast horizons, a combination of implied volatility and historical volatility leaves little information to be added by the GARCH model.
Master of Arts
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Booker, David Richard. "Volumetric shrinkage of spiked crude oils." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235968.
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Koski, A. (Anna). "Applicability of crude tall oil for wood protection." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287237.
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Abstract
Moisture content control is a very effective way of protecting timber. Treatments with environment-friendly, biodegradable tall oil are known to reduce the capillary water uptake of pine sapwood greatly, but despite the good results achieved there have been two problems that limit the use of tall oil for wood protection, the large amount of oil needed and the tendency for the oil to exude from the wood. This work was undertaken in order to obtain an understanding of the mechanism of wood protection by means of crude tall oil (CTO) and to find technical solutions to the main problems limiting its use for industrial wood protection.
It is shown that the emulsion technique is one way of solving the first problem, as it provides high water-repellent efficiency at considerably lower oil retention levels. The fact that water is used as a thinner in this technique instead of the commonly used organic solvents is beneficial from environmental, economic and safety points of view.
It is also shown that although the drying properties of CTO are inadequate for use as such in wood preservation, its oxidation and polymerization can be accelerated considerably by means of iron catalysts, which prevent the oil from exuding out of the wood. This also increases the water repellent efficiency of CTO treatment.
Most impregnation oils do not dry when applied in large quantities, because they hinder the diffusion of air through the wood, which supplies the necessary oxygen. Limiting of the oil uptake by the means of the emulsion technique disturbs the airflow to a lesser extent, and thus enhances the drying process. Hence, both the emulsion technique and the use of an iron catalyst improve both the water-repellent efficiency of tall oil treatment and the rate of drying of the oil, thus solving the two main problems related to wood impregnation with tall oil in one single-stage treatment which can be used in existing wood preservation plants. This is advantageous from both an industrial and an economic point of view.
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Van, Hamme Jonathan Douglas. "Crude oil biodegradation by a mixed bacterial culture." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0019/NQ53521.pdf.
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Karan, Arlene. "Separation of oryzanol from crude rice bran oil." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0010/MQ40908.pdf.
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Fingas, Mervin F. "The evaporation of crude oil and petroleum products." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40119.
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The physics of oil and petroleum evaporation are investigated. Literature on oil spill evaporation shows that most workers use boundary-layer equations adapted from water evaporation work. These equations predict a constant evaporation mass-transfer rate, dependent on scale size and wind speed. Evaporation was studied further by measuring evaporation of commercial oil products. An experimental apparatus for the study of evaporation was developed. Evaporation was determined by weight loss measured on a balance and recorded constantly on a computer. Examination of the data shows that most oil and petroleum products evaporate at a logarithmic rate with respect to time. This is attributed to the overall logarithmic appearance of many components evaporating at different linear rates. Petroleum products with fewer chemical components such as diesel fuel, evaporate at a rate which is square root with respect to time. The particular behaviour is shown to be a result of the number of components evaporating. Oils with greater than seven to ten components can be predicted with logarithmic equations, those with three to seven components, with square root equations. Evaporation of oils and petroleum products is not strictly boundary-layer regulated. This is largely a result of the high saturation concentrations of oil components in air, which is associated with a high boundary-layer regulated rate. Typical oil evaporation rates do not exceed that of molecular-diffusion, and thus turbulent diffusion does not increase the evaporation rates. Some volatile oils and petroleum products show some effect of boundary-layer regulation at the start of the evaporation process, but after several minutes, evaporation slows because of the loss of the more volatile components, at which point evaporation ceases to be boundary-layer regulated. Overall, boundary-layer regulation can be ignored in the prediction of oil and petroleum evaporation. A simple equation relating only the logarithm of t
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Gabrielides, Christos. "Risk management of crude oil using refined products." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296409.
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Ahmad, Norzalina. "Essays on the crude palm oil futures market." Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573701.
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This thesis contributes to the existing literature by presenting the substantive essays on the Malaysian CPO futures market. In the first essay, the market efficiency test for the long-run, short-run and relative efficiency is applied under both open-outcry and electronic trading systems in the Malaysian Derivatives Markets. The findings reveal that the Malaysian CPO futures market is efficient in the long-run but inefficient in the short-run for both trading systems. The relative efficiency ratio test suggests that the level of inefficiency is higher in the electronic trading system and tends to increase with time to maturity. The second essay examines price discovery by utilizing the cost-of-carry model with incorporating an endogenously convenience yield. This model also is able to detect the market characteristics whether in backwardation or contango. The main result shows that the futures price is the main contributor to the price discovery function in the Malaysian CPO market. Furthermore, the long-run backwardation is significantly exist in the CPO futures market. Another finding reveals the positive CPO convenience yields and its value increases with time to maturity. The third and final essay explores the long memory properties of futures-spot basis and interest cost on market efficiency. The empirical result shows that the CPO futures basis can be characterised by both long memory and structural breaks. Moreover, the interest cost also shows the evidence of the long memory component. These findings are not consistent with unbiasedness hypothesis and therefore, past prices can be used to predict the future spot price. A new finding reveals that the level of persistence in futures basis and interest cost, increases when time to maturity increases.
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Fernando, L. M. "Jet mixing of water in crude oil pipelines." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8650.
Full textAbstract:
The jet mixing of water in crude oil pipelines by single nozzle and
multi-nozzle mixers was studied by dividing the mixing domain into to
three regions. the penetration. near field and farfield regions. At
the penetration region the quantitative experimental data were aided
by a flow visualisation study in an attempt to to form fundamental
semi-empirical correlations to estimate the entrainment rate of
stratified water from the bottom and the Sauter mean diameter of
the entrained water droplets for a single nozzle jet mixer.
The flow field diagnostics into the near field region. defined as the
region where high level of swirl and mixing is occuring. were
conducted theoretically using computational fluid dynamic code
"Phoenics" and experimentally through LOA measurements and flow
visualisation. The entrainment rate found in penetration region was
treated as a source term for theoretical analysis.
Experimental analysis of this region was conducted in single phase
flow for two mixer nozzles i) Single nozzle mixer and ii). Existing
multi-nozzle mixer. Experimental results have revealed that the swirl
velocities decay faster for higher velocity ratios and their
dependence on Reynolds number (in the range 27600 to 48400) is weak.
Higher velocity ratios would generate and dissipate higher levels of
energy, therefore break up water droplets to smaller sizes and
increase the eddy viscosity. The dispersion strength due to swirl
decays faster and the gravity settling begins earlier.
As the flow reaches downstream. approximately four diameters. the
distribution of velocities (mean and RMS) flattens out and their
magnitude begins to close up for the two mixers. when their momentum
ratios are equal.
It
was also shown that the swirl velocities (at
axis) die away. approximately at the same axial point for both of the
nozzles. The multi-nozzle mixer is shown to be better in two
characteristics; i). The mixing is faster and ii) The jet energy is
more evenly distributed in the vicinity of the injection cross
section. hence improving the quality of the droplet size distribution.
Besides providing information to aid understanding of the complex flow
in the mixer zone. the experimental data is believed to be of
sufficient quality and quantity to improve the present simple
modelling procedures as well as to be used as test cases for
assessment of the predictive accuracy of more elaborate computational
models.
Comparision with computational results (of low velocity ratios) shows
the agreement with swirl velocities is reasonable. but not always
acceptable for mean axial velocities. However. the computational model
predicts the near field jet trajectory reasonably well. The flow
visualisation of dispersion of passive contaminant agrees
qualitatively with the contours of the passive contaminant.
In the far field region. where the swirl has decayed. the flow behaves
two dimensionally. Therefore. an exact solution was obtained for two
dimensional water conservation equation. The boundary conditions were
specified by using sticking probability constants. A relationship was
obtained to specify eddy viscosity through turbulent kinetic energy.
The turbulent kinetic energy and swirl decay were estimated from LDA
experimental data. This solution can be used to study the developing
characteristics of water concentration profiles along the far field
region of the pipeline.
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Al-Rabiah, Hassan. "Fractionation of petroleum crude oil using superheated water." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399875.
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Ishiyama, Edward Masato. "Modelling crude oil preheat networks subject to fouling." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611842.
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Shen, Qingning. "Logistics planning in the transportation of crude oil." Troyes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TROY0012.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la logistique pétrolière. Le problème étudié correspond au problème combiné du transport et de la gestion des stocks étudié dans la littérature. Mais les travaux existants prennent rarement en compte l'ensemble des caractéristiques du transport maritime : flotte hétérogène, multiples modes de transport, canaux de navigation etc. Nous étudions d'abord le problème dans un contexte réel de transport pétrolier, où le distributeur dispose d'une flotte hétérogène de pétroliers et peut en louer en cas de besoin. Les routes potentielles sont multiples : voies maritimes classiques, pipelines, canaux spéciaux. Les demandes des clients peuvent être livrées en retard mais avec une pénalité. La capacité de stockage chez les clients est limitée. Les coûts de stockage, de transport fixe et variable sont considérés. Le problème consiste à déterminer le nombre de départs et de retours de chaque type de pétroliers pendant chaque période sur chaque route, les quantités et les itinéraires de livraisons pour chaque client en minimisant le coût total logistique. Ce problème NP-difficile est modélisé en programmation linéaire en nombres mixtes. Ensuite, une méthode méta heuristique basée sur GRASP et Path Relinking et une approche de relaxation lagrangienne ont été développées. Les expériences numériques montrent l'efficacité des algorithmes proposés. Enfin, nous étudions un problème théorique où le distributeur dispose d'une flotte homogène de taille illimitée de pétroliers. Un algorithme polynomial de programmation dynamique est proposé pour ce problèmeIn this thesis, an inventory routing problem in crude oil transportation in real life is studied, in which crude oil is transported from an unlimited supply center to a set of customer harbors to satisfy their dynamic demands over multiple periods. In the problem, a heterogeneous fleet of tankers consisting of tankers owned by a distributor and tankers rented from a third party logistics provider, a pipeline, multiple types of routes are considered; both inventory level and shortage level at each customer harbor are limited. The objective is to determine in each period the number of tankers of each type dispatched on each route and their loads, the number of tankers of each type rented/returned at the supply center and the quantity of crude oil flowing through the pipe-line to minimize the total logistics cost. The problem is extremely complex, few papers studied it; as the problem is difficult to be solved exactly in a reasonable time, we first formulate the problem as a mixed-integer linear program model, and then develop two optimization methods, a GRASP enhanced with an intensification strategy Path Relinking and a Lagrangian relaxation approach to find near optimal solutions of the problem. Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods for solving the problem. In addition, we propose an O(T3) dynamic programming algorithm for a simplified version of the problem, in which the crude oil is delivered directly from a supply center to a single customer harbor with dynamic demand by unlimited identical tankers
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Alghanduri, Layla Mhemmed Mbrouk. "Rheological characterization of some Lybyan waxy crude oil." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/21175.
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Doutoramento em Engenharia QuímicaThe precipitation of wax in crude oils at temperatures below their pour point leads to the formation of a network structure of waxy crystals and the gelation of the oil. It is thus very important to have a good understanding of the behavior of waxy crude oils during transportation at low temperature, and the rheological behavior of the gelled crude, as this would be useful information for the design and operation of pipeline systems that would help decrease the costs of production and transportation. This thesis was motivated by the lack of information on the characteristics of the wax phase of Libyan waxy crude oils and of their rheological behavior at temperatures below the pour point. The characterization of the oil and wax provides useful information required for operational engineering, and process development, including modifications to the processing of the crude oils. This study used DSC to measure the wax appearance temperature for five Libyan crude oils; the carbon number distribution of these waxes was determined by GC-FID; extensive information about the structural composition of these waxes was obtained using C-NMR; and information about the crystalline structure of these waxes was obtained using X-ray diffraction. A better understanding and more detailed knowledge of the rheological behavior of some Libyan waxy crude oils was developed in this work. The characterization of the rheological characteristic of Libyan waxy oils is an important contribution to the Libyan oil industry. This can be illustrated by the fact that the rheological characterization of gelled waxy oils near their pour point is useful to extract information about the gel structure, the gel strength and to further explore the network stability due to wax deposition, i.e. the flowability of crude oils in pipelines by prediction of the successful start-up pressure and pump capacity required after shutdown. This will allow to avoid operational problems and reduce the cost of production by the use of hazardous chemicals, which are not only costly but also have negative environmental impacts, while minimizing losses by reduced production due to line blockage. Based on the considerations exposed above this thesis focus on the study of the flow behavior of the oils below their pour point temperatures. Furthermore the effect of stress applied on the gelling properties and the gel breakdown of crude oil samples after a specified aging time was investigated. Lastly, in order to explore the elasticity, stability and strength of the crude oils gels we have experimentally studied the viscoelastic properties of the oils above and below the pour point.
A precipitação de cera em petróleos brutos a temperaturas inferiores ao seu ponto de escoamento, conduz à formação de uma estrutura de cristais de cera e à gelificação do óleo. Assim, é muito importante ter uma boa compreensão do comportamento dos óleos brutos e da precipitação de cera durante o transporte a baixa temperatura, bem como do comportamento reológico do crude gelificado, já que esta seria uma informação útil para o projeto e operação de sistemas de oleodutos, e que permitiria diminuir os custos de produção e transporte. Esta tese foi motivada pela falta de informação sobre as características de óleos brutos parafínicos da Líbia e do seu comportamento reológico a temperaturas inferiores ao ponto de fluxão. A caracterização do óleo e da sua cera pode fornecer informação útil necessária para a engenharia operacional e o desenvolvimento de processos, incluindo a modificação do processamento dos petróleos brutos. Este estudo utilizou DSC para medir a temperatura de formação da cera em cinco óleos brutos de petróleo Líbio; a distribuição dos alcanos presentes nestas ceras foi determinada por GC-FID; extensa informação sobre a composição estrutural destas ceras foi obtida usando CRMN; e informações sobre a estrutura cristalina dessas ceras foi obtida usando difracção de raios-X. Neste trabalho tentamos desenvolver um conhecimento mais aprofundado acerca do comportamento reológico de alguns petróleos brutos parafínicos da Líbia. A caracterização reológica de petróleos parafínicos é uma contribuição importante para a indústria petrolifera Líbia. Isto pode ser explicado pelo facto de o comportamento reológico de óleos parafínicos próximo do ponto de fluxão ser útil para caracterizar a estrutura do gel, a sua resistência e a estabilidade da rede resultante da deposição de cera, permitindo assim prever os perfis de escoamento do petróleo em dutos, a pressão de arranque e a capacidade da bomba, minimizando problemas de operação, reduzindo o uso de produtos químicos perigosos e impactos ambientais negativos, e em geral, os custos associados ao processo. Baseado nestes argumentos expostos acima, esta tese foca-se no estudo do comportamento reológico dos óleos selecionados abaixo das suas temperaturas de ponto de fluxão. O efeito da tensão aplicada sobre as propriedades de escoamento e de gelificação e a quebra de gel de amostras de petróleo em bruto, após um tempo de envelhecimento especificado foi investigada. Por último, a fim de explorar a elasticidade, a estabilidade e a resistência dos géis formados por petróleos parafínicos, estudamos experimentalmente as propriedades viscoelásticas dos óleos acima e abaixo do ponto de fluxão.
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Abdullah, Siti Norbaiti binti. "Machine learning approach for crude oil price prediction." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/machine-learning-approach-for-crude-oil-price-prediction(949fa2d5-1a4d-416a-8e7c-dd66da95398e).html.
Full textAbstract:
Crude oil prices impact the world economy and are thus of interest to economic experts and politicians. Oil price’s volatile behaviour, which has moulded today’s world economy, society and politics, has motivated and continues to excite researchers for further study. This volatile behaviour is predicted to prompt more new and interesting research challenges. In the present research, machine learning and computational intelligence utilising historical quantitative data, with the linguistic element of online news services, are used to predict crude oil prices via five different models: (1) the Hierarchical Conceptual (HC) model; (2) the Artificial Neural Network-Quantitative (ANN-Q) model; (3) the Linguistic model; (4) the Rule-based Expert model; and, finally, (5) the Hybridisation of Linguistic and Quantitative (LQ) model. First, to understand the behaviour of the crude oil price market, the HC model functions as a platform to retrieve information that explains the behaviour of the market. This is retrieved from Google News articles using the keyword “Crude oil price”. Through a systematic approach, price data are classified into categories that explain the crude oil price’s level of impact on the market. The price data classification distinguishes crucial behaviour information contained in the articles. These distinguished data features ranked hierarchically according to the level of impact and used as reference to discover the numeric data implemented in model (2). Model (2) is developed to validate the features retrieved in model (1). It introduces the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) technique as an alternative to conventional techniques used for forecasting the crude oil market. The BPNN technique is proven in model (2) to have produced more accurate and competitive results. Likewise, the features retrieved from model (1) are also validated and proven to cause market volatility. In model (3), a more systematic approach is introduced to extract the features from the news corpus. This approach applies a content utilisation technique to news articles and mines news sentiments by applying a fuzzy grammar fragment extraction. To extract the features from the news articles systematically, a domain-customised ‘dictionary’ containing grammar definitions is built beforehand. These retrieved features are used as the linguistic data to predict the market’s behaviour with crude oil price. A decision tree is also produced from this model which hierarchically delineates the events (i.e., the market’s rules) that made the market volatile, and later resulted in the production of model (4). Then, model (5) is built to complement the linguistic character performed in model (3) from the numeric prediction model made in model (2). To conclude, the hybridisation of these two models and the integration of models (1) to (5) in this research imitates the execution of crude oil market’s regulators in calculating their risk of actions before executing a price hedge in the market, wherein risk calculation is based on the ‘facts’ (quantitative data) and ‘rumours’ (linguistic data) collected. The hybridisation of quantitative and linguistic data in this study has shown promising accuracy outcomes, evidenced by the optimum value of directional accuracy and the minimum value of errors obtained.
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Everly, Kyle, Jarrod Kujawski, Megan McGuckin, Derek Peterson, Kyle Everly, Jarrod Kujawski, Megan McGuckin, and Derek Peterson. "Design of an Early Crude Oil Production Facility." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625093.
Full textAbstract:
The Team has been contracted by Mordor Oil to plan, design, and evaluate the feasibility of an
early production facility (EPF) in Batman, Turkey that will produce 10,000 barrels per day
(BPD) of crude oil that meets industry standards. The 10,000 BPD is split evenly between two
types of crude: heavy and light. The heavy crude has the following inlet conditions: it will
produce 1,000 BPD of water, has an American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of 16 degrees, a
gas/oil ratio (GOR) of 150, a delivery temperature range of 20-30 degrees Celsius, a delivery
pressure range of 250 to 450 psia, 13% H2S in the gas phase, and a high salt content. The light
crude has the following inlet conditions: it will produce 1,000 BPD of water, has an API gravity
of 37 degrees, a GOR of 600, a delivery temperature range of 18 to 40 degrees Celsius, a
delivery pressure range of 250 to 700 psia, 23% H2S in the gas phase, and a high salt content.
Despite the differing inlet conditions, the product sales specifications are the same: a basic
sediment and water (BS&W) content of less than 0.5 weight percent, a relative vapor pressure
(RVP) of less than 10 psia, an H2S concentration of less than 20 ppm, a salt concentration of less
than 10 pounds per barrel (PTB), and an overall sulfur concentration of less than 2 weight
percent.
In order to achieve these specifications, the Team designed two processes that run in parallel,
meaning that the light and heavy crudes remain separate. Within the process, the crude
encounters a phase separator to extract the free flowing water and natural gas that enters from the
well, two electrostatic coalescers (ECs) in series to remove emulsified water and salts, and a
stripping tower to absorb hydrogen sulfide into nitrogen gas. Between these major pieces of
equipment, additional features like heaters, mixers, valves, and flares are used to reduce the
viscosity of the oil, mix in freshwater, control pressure drops, and burn excess gases,
respectively. Wastewater is piped off site to a wastewater treatment facility and then returns to
the facility as process water. The nitrogen used to strip hydrogen sulfide is produced via a
nitrogen generation process. Because this is a grassroots plant, the Team also included designs
for housing, office space and a cafeteria. Each piece of equipment is designed and optimized.
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Peterson, Derek Ryan, Kyle Everly, Jarrod Kujawski, Megan McGuckin, Derek Ryan Peterson, Kyle Everly, Jarrod Kujawski, and Megan McGuckin. "Design of an Early Crude Oil Production Facility." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625121.
Full textAbstract:
The Team has been contracted by Mordor Oil to plan, design, and evaluate the feasibility of an early production facility (EPF) in Batman, Turkey that will produce 10,000 barrels per day (BPD) of crude oil that meets industry standards. The 10,000 BPD is split evenly between two types of crude: heavy and light. The heavy crude has the following inlet conditions: it will produce 1,000 BPD of water, has an American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity of 16 degrees, a gas/oil ratio (GOR) of 150, a delivery temperature range of 20-30 degrees Celsius, a delivery pressure range of 250 to 450 psia, 13% H2S in the gas phase, and a high salt content. The light crude has the following inlet conditions: it will produce 1,000 BPD of water, has an API gravity of 37 degrees, a GOR of 600, a delivery temperature range of 18 to 40 degrees Celsius, a delivery pressure range of 250 to 700 psia, 23% H2S in the gas phase, and a high salt content. Despite the differing inlet conditions, the product sales specifications are the same: a basic sediment and water (BS&W) content of less than 0.5 weight percent, a relative vapor pressure (RVP) of less than 10 psia, an H2S concentration of less than 20 ppm, a salt concentration of less than 10 pounds per barrel (PTB), and an overall sulfur concentration of less than 2 weight percent. In order to achieve these specifications, the Team designed two processes that run in parallel, meaning that the light and heavy crudes remain separate. Within the process, the crude encounters a phase separator to extract the free flowing water and natural gas that enters from the well, two electrostatic coalescers (ECs) in series to remove emulsified water and salts, and a stripping tower to absorb hydrogen sulfide into nitrogen gas. Between these major pieces of equipment, additional features like heaters, mixers, valves, and flares are used to reduce the viscosity of the oil, mix in freshwater, control pressure drops, and burn excess gases, respectively. Wastewater is piped off site to a wastewater treatment facility and then returns to the facility as process water. The nitrogen used to strip hydrogen sulfide is produced via a nitrogen generation process. Because this is a grassroots plant, the Team also included designs for housing, office space and a cafeteria. Each piece of equipment is designed and optimized.
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Cranford, Richard John 1960. "Characterization and azeotropic distillation of crude wood oil." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277197.
Full textAbstract:
The batch distillation of crude wood oil by direct liquefaction was studied; azeotropic distillations and some characterization were also performed. It was found that 26-33 percent of the crude wood oil could be distilled by simple batch vacuum distillations with pressures from 50-300 mm Hg. With the use of ethylene glycol and glycerol 29-85 percent more oil was distilled partly due to the azeotrope formed which allows the oil to boil at a reduced pressure. The water liberated and the polymerization which took place during the distillations were studied. It was found that fluid catalytic cracking bottoms eliminates polymerization when it is co-distilled with the crude wood oil. A novel scheme for the separation of the phenolic fraction by azeotropic distillation is presented.
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Espig, Sam. "Removal of crude oil films by aqueous detergents." Thesis, University of Bath, 1997. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362261.
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Mehta, Shweta D. "Making and breaking of water in crude oil emulsions." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3286.
Full textAbstract:
An understanding of the processes involved in oil spills, and how they interact to alter the composition and behavior of the oil with respect to time is essential to determine an effective oil spill response. The review of past research has shown more focus on the laboratory methods and computerized modeling schemes to estimate the formation and breaking of emulsions after an oil spill. However, relatively less effort has gone into the study of emulsions corresponding to actual field conditions. This research aims to simulate an oil spill at sea by developing a new technique to make water in oil emulsions, without disturbing the marine wildlife. Further, this research also attempts to analyze the viscosities of water in oil emulsions and determine appropriate emulsion breakers for different crude oil emulsions. The overall test design for the study includes a test apparatus for spreading and evaporation, three different crude oils, a mixing chamber to form the emulsion, and emulsion breakers. Experiments in this research attempt to gain a better understanding of the processes that occur after oil spills at sea. In particular, the rate of evaporation of different crude oils and the formation of crude oil emulsions on the sea surface have been investigated. It was observed that different crude oils behave differently when subjected to the same weathering procedure. Results indicate that the behavior of the crude oil on the sea surface, subjected to spreading, evaporation, and emulsification, can be predicted by using the new technique developed in this research. This technique can also assist the development of effective recovery equipments and materials.
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Nasif, Ammar. "Hyphenated mass spectrometry methods for the direct characterisation and quantification of polar molecules in crude oil or modified crude oils." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/414109/.
Full textAbstract:
Crude oil is arguably one of the most complex organic mixture in nature. Therefore, crude oil characterisation requires the use of high resolution and high mass accuracy mass spectrometer such as FT-ICR MS; needed to resolve thousands of ions and assign their elemental formulae. Different heteroatom containing compounds classes are present in crude oil such as N1, S1 and O2 containing compounds. These compounds cause variety of different problems such as N containing compounds cause catalyst deactivation for processes such as hydrodesulfurisation. The choice of the ionisation technique and its polarity is critical to the type of compounds that are observed in a crude oil mass spectrum. Two main studies for crude oil samples are covered in this thesis. The first is crude oil-1, 2 and 3 characterisation using ESI and APPI. The second is structural elucidation of nitrogen containing compounds in crude oil-2. Positive ion ESI FT-ICR MS ionises basic molecules in crude oils. In the literature crude oil samples are dissolved using different ratios of toluene:methanol. The effect of using different solvent composition is often not regarded as important factor to consider. One of the reasons is the addition of ionisation enhancing additive such as formic acid, thought to normalise the ionisation response across different sample solvent composition. However, the solvent composition study data show that different toluene:methanol ratios play a critical role on the ionisation response of nitrogen containing compounds in different crude oils even with the addition of formic acid. Three different ratios were used which are toluene:methanol solvent ratios of 1:9, 3:7 and 6:4 with and without the addition of 0.1% formic acid for the analysis of crude oil-1, 2 and 3. The highest ionisation for N1 containing compounds are achieved through using toluene:methanol ratio of 1:9 with 0.1% formic acid. Further to this the increase of toluene content in the sample solvent decreased the ionisation of N1 containing compounds in the analysed crude oils even with the addition of formic acid. However, the rate of decrease in the ionisation of N1 containing compounds is more significant for crude oil-1 and 2 compared to crude oil-3. Thus, comparing nitrogen containing compounds among different crude oils should be undertaken using the solvent composition, toluene:methanol ratio of 1:9 with 0.1% formic acid. Another aspect for the solvent composition study is that multimer formation is not only concentration driven but as well sample solvent composition dependent. The data showed that multimer formation in N1 DBE versus carbon number plots are reduced with acid addition and methanol content increase in the sample solvent. The use of positive ion ESI allowed the ionisation of basic compounds in crude oil-1, 2 and 3. To ionise non-polar classes such as aromatics and thiophene containing compounds in crude oil-1, 2 and 3 positive ion APPI is used. Aromatics and thiophene were the most abundant ions in crude oil-1, 2 and 3 mass spectra. No significant difference in ion intensities for these ions were observed for crude oil-1, 2 and 3 mass spectra. However, the use of negative ion APPI showed major differences in the ions intensities of crude oil-1, 2 and 3 regarding HC, HC-R, N1, S1 and S1-R classes. Further, comparable data for the O2 class were obtained using negative ion ESI and APPI Orbitrap MS for crude oil-1, 2 and 3. Thus, negative ion APPI Orbitrap MS can be used to compare the O2 class relative abundance among different crude oils. Further to the characterisation study, structural elucidation of nitrogen containing compounds in crude oil-2 using positive ion ESI FT-ICR MS/MS was undertaken. Understanding the chemical structure might have applications in designing more effective catalysts for HDN process. At first a method development approach was undertaken to reduce the analysis time to 4.5 min and increase detection of low m/z low intensity fragment ions. This aim was achieved through increasing the ion accumulation time from 0.05 s to 5 s with averaging 40 spectra. Different N1 precursor ions were isolated at different DBE values and degree of alkylation. A collision energy of 60 V was required to observe characteristic fragment ions such as N expulsion for N1 precursor ion with DBE value of 13.5. While for N1 precursor ion at DBE value of 6.5 a CE 40 V was enough to observe characteristic fragment ions. However, different approach was used for N1 precursor ion with low DBE values, isolating the precursor ion with the lowest degree of alkylation. This approach was essential to observe N expulsion fragment ions for N1 precursor ion with DBE value of 6.5. The core aromatic structure for N1 precursor ions from DBE values of 3.5 to 10.5 were suggested. This suggestion was based on N expulsion fragment ion and the dealkylated fragment ion. Furthermore, N expulsion from the aromatic ring supports the postulation that the nitrogen in the various precursor ions discussed is pyridinic. This was further confirmed for N1 precursor ion with DBE value of 6.5 using a model compound, 2-butlyquinoline.
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Adenfelt, Elin. "What happens when we have no more crude oil?" Thesis, Konstfack, Industridesign, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-866.
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Hu, Ruien. "The rheology of crude oil and carbon dioxide mixtures." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/40417.
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The rheology of crude oil mixtures at equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) was studied at elevated pressures and temperatures, similar to those found for oil reservoir conditions. The focus of the work presented in this thesis concerns the measurement of the rheological properties of CO2 saturated mixtures of crude oil. The rheology measurements were made using a high-pressure rheometer coupled to a fluid flow system designed and built in this project. The flow system comprised a mixing vessel and fluid flow loop that allowed the test fluid to be brought into equilibrium with CO2 by stirring and circulating through the rheometer measurement geometry under the pressure and temperature required. Measurements were made for three different fluids saturated with CO2: a light crude oil from the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), Zuata heavy crude oil, and an emulsion of Zuata crude oil with deionized water. The rheological measurements for the GoM crude oil were performed at temperatures of 23 °C and 50 °C and pressures from ambient to 220 bar. The CO2 addition did not change the Newtonian behaviour of the light crude oil, but reduced its viscosity until the phase equilibrium points of CO2. Beyond the CO2 phase equilibrium points, the CO2 mixture viscosity increased with increasing CO2 pressure, which was expected when the fluid density increased without change in composition. The experiments using the Zuata heavy crude oil and its dilutions with toluene were done at temperatures from 23 °C to 50 °C and pressures from ambient to 220 bar. The Zuata crude oil was changed from a non-Newtonian fluid to Newtonian by CO2 dissolution. All of its toluene dilutions behaved as a Newtonian fluid, as well as their CO2 saturated mixtures, except for one sample. The exception was a diluted crude oil with 30 wt% toluene, which was found to be shear-thinning when CO2 dissolved into it in a certain pressure range. It is believed that the non-Newtonian behaviour in this diluted crude oil was not caused by asphaltene precipitation but instead by the formation of asphaltene micelles or by the multiphase behaviour with liquid CO2. The viscosity of the heavy crude oil and its dilutions was exponentially reduced by CO2 addition until the CO2 phase equilibrium points, above which the viscosity was increased with CO2 pressure. Furthermore, a view cell system was built to study the phase behaviour of the CO2 saturated mixtures with the GoM crude oil, Zuata crude oil and the toluene dilutions of Zuata crude. When brought to equilibrium with CO2, it was found that the CO2 solubility and the oil rich phase volume were inversely correlated to the mixture viscosity. The Zuata crude oil emulsion was prepared by mixing 50 wt% Zuata heavy crude oil and 50 wt% deionized water using a high-shear mixer. The rheology measurement of the emulsion saturated with CO2 was made at 50 °C and pressures up to 120 bar. The emulsion without dissolved CO2 was found to be slightly shear thinning below a critical shear rate, above which the viscosity jumped to a much lower value. After the viscosity jump the shear thinning effect was still observed. The CO2 dissolution not only reduced the emulsion viscosity at low shear while preserving the shear thinning behaviour, but also increased the critical shear rate at which the viscosity jump occurred. The dissolved CO2 eliminated the shear thinning effect after the viscosity jump. The emulsion viscosity jumped to a lower level than that of the original continuous phase (oil), indicating that the viscosity jump occurred due to phase inversion. However, direct evidence of phase inversion was very difficult to provide. In addition, a new correlation to evaluate Newtonian viscosity of hydrocarbons is proposed. In this correlation the hydrocarbon viscosity can be calculated based on its density. This correlation requires less experimental data to work out the parameters compared to the methods given in the literature. The proposed correlation was tested with pure alkanes, alkane mixtures and gas-saturated hydrocarbons, and the prediction gave a reasonable accuracy.
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Ibrahim, Ashraf Samir Abdel-Aziz. "Biodegradation of crude oil and individual hydrocarbons by microorganisms." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27943.
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Samples collected from Kuwait were screened for microorganisms capable of oil degradation. A wide range of bacteria and fungi were able to degrade oil. The bacterial and fungal isolates differed in their ability to degrade crude oil. Rhodococcus isolates were more active than fungi in n-alkane biodegradation. Fungi also utilised one or more of the aromatic hydrocarbons studied while bacteria failed to do so.
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Roy, Julie L. "Soil water repellency at old crude oil spill sites." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ46912.pdf.
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Propst, Erin Althaia. "Methods of Cultivation of Hyperthermophiles that Utilize Crude Oil." MSSTATE, 2005. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-07072005-222012/.
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This study demonstrated the presence of hyperthermophilic organisms in the upper Jurassic Smackover formation in Womack Hills, AL. Evidence for the presence of these organisms was shown by the cultivation of an aerobic and an anaerobic, oil-degrading hyperthermophilic culture from the cuttings of an oil well in the Jurassic Smackover at 90¢ªC. Viability of microorganisms in the formation was established through electron microscopy, by carbon dioxide production, and by protein production during incubation in medium at 90¢ªC. Not only was the presence of viable microorganisms in the reservoir established, but as a result of this study, new cultivation methods were also developed that may prove useful in future studies of these types of organisms.
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Rikka, Pratap. "Spectrometric identification of naphthenic acids isolated from crude oil /." View online, 2007. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/bchemtad/1.
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Ugochukwu, Uzochukwu Cornelius. "Biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons supported on clay minerals." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1329.
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Clay minerals are the most abundant minerals near the earth’s surface and play very important roles in biogeochemical processes. They have been found very useful in various industrial applications. The surface properties of clay minerals such as high specific surface area (SSA) and cation exchange capacity (CEC) make them able to act as catalysts, supports and sorbents of toxic and radioactive chemicals. However, their role during the biodegradation of crude oil hydrocarbons is not well understood. The main aim of this research project was to investigate the capabilities of the various forms and types of clay minerals in supporting the microbial degradation of crude oil hydrocarbons so as to gain better understanding of their potential role in the bioremediation of oil polluted sites. The role of clays in hydrocarbon removal was investigated in aqueous clay/oil microcosm experiments with a hydrocarbon degrading microorganism community. The clays used for this study were bentonite, palygorskite, saponite and kaolinite. Clays were treated to produce acid activated clays and organoclays; homoionic interlayer bentonites were also used in this study. The study identified volatilization and adsorption as processes that will take place alongside biodegradation and therefore needed to be accounted for in the assessment of the effects of the clays. The study indicated that acid activated clays, organoclays, untreated kaolinite, K-bentonite, Zn-bentonite and Cr-bentonite were inhibitory to biodegradation of the hydrocarbons, via different mechanisms, whereas Ca-bentonite and Fe-bentonite were stimulatory to biodegradation with about 80% removal of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) due to biodegradation. The ‘local bridging effect’ and polarization of the interlayer water were identified as two opposing influences arising from the interlayer cations of clay minerals that probably determine the extent of biodegradation of the hydrocarbons. Adsorption of hydrocarbons was significant during biodegradation especially with unmodified palygorskite, Zn-bentonite and K-bentonite as each of them caused more than 40% removal of TPH by adsorption in the experimental microcosm containing 5:1 ratio (w/w) of clay to oil. The process of adsorption of aromatic compounds in the crude oil was believed to take place via cation-π interactions. The correlation between extent of biodegradation and surface area is more robust than that between extent of biodegradation and CEC. The same trend applies with adsorption indicating that both biodegradation and adsorption are more surface area dependent than CEC.
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Gadalla, Mamdouh Ayad. "Retrofit design of heat integrated crude oil distillation systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2003. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:230187.
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Heat-integrated crude oil distillation systems are energy and capital intensive, and have a very complex structure with strong interactions between the individual units. Retrofit of these systems is of major interest to petroleum refiners. Retrofit objectives are various and preferably achieved with minimum capital expenditure, while equipment constraints are met. Traditional approaches to retrofit design of crude oil distillation systems identify promising modifications based on experience or pinch analysis. Later, sequential approaches to retrofit design were developed, in which distillation and heat recovery units are modified individually. Recent approaches considered simultaneously the distillation column and heat integration targets, rather than the existing heat recovery system. That shortcut models for retrofit design of distillation columns are not available is an additional limitation of established methodologies. In this thesis, a new approach is presented for retrofit design of heat-integrated crude oil distillation systems. Shortcut models are developed for distillation retrofit, including reboiled and steam-stripped columns. These models are based on the Underwood equation and are appropriate for retrofit design of simple columns and various complex column arrangements. Models are also proposed for exchanger network retrofit, addition of new columns to the existing distillation unit, modifying column internals, enhancing heat transfer in exchanger tubes and for evaluating CO2 emissions in existing crude oil distillation units. The retrofit design methodology is optimisation-based, and considers the existing distillation process simultaneously with the details of the associated heat recovery system. Existing equipment limitations, such as the hydraulic capacity of the distillation column, exchanger network pressure drop and bottlenecked exchangers, are accounted for. The approach considers various structural modifications and design options resulting in significant benefits. Examples of these are the installation of preflash and prefractionator units to the existing column configuration, replacement of column internals with packing, enhancement of exchanger heat transfer and integration of a gas turbine with an existing furnace. The optimisation framework comprises column and exchanger network retrofit models, cost models and suitable objective functions. The approach optimises all operating conditions of the existing distillation process and any new columns to minimise or maximise a specified objective function, while satisfying existing constraints. The objective function is flexible and varies according to retrofit objectives. Several objectives are taken into account, such as reducing energy consumption and overall cost, increasing capacity, improving profit and reducing CO2 emissions. The approach allows these objectives to be met by considering several design alternatives. The new retrofit approach is applied to different industrial cases of crude oil distillation units, for energy and total cost savings, throughput enhancement, product yield changes, profit increase and emissions reduction. Typical results conclude that retrofit goals can be achieved with substantial savings in energy and total cost, and improved profit with minimal capital investment.
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Höök, Mikael. "Depletion and decline curve analysis in crude oil production." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129246.
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Oil is the black blood that runs through the veins of the modern global energy system. While being the dominant source of energy, oil has also brought wealth and power to the western world. Future supply for oil is unsure or even expected to decrease due to limitations imposed by peak oil. Energy is fundamental to all parts of society. The enormous growth and development of society in the last two-hundred years has been driven by rapid increase in the extraction of fossil fuels. In the foresee-able future, the majority of energy will still come from fossil fuels. Consequently, reliable methods for forecasting their production, especially crude oil, are crucial. Forecasting crude oil production can be done in many different ways, but in order to provide realistic outlooks, one must be mindful of the physical laws that affect extraction of hydrocarbons from a reser-voir. Decline curve analysis is a long established tool for developing future outlooks for oil production from an individual well or an entire oilfield. Depletion has a fundamental role in the extraction of finite resources and is one of the driving mechanisms for oil flows within a reservoir. Depletion rate also can be connected to decline curves. Consequently, depletion analysis is a useful tool for analysis and forecasting crude oil production. Based on comprehensive databases with reserve and production data for hundreds of oil fields, it has been possible to identify typical behaviours and properties. Using a combination of depletion and decline rate analysis gives a better tool for describing future oil production on a field-by-field level. Reliable and reasonable forecasts are essential for planning and nec-essary in order to understand likely future world oil production.