Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crusades

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Crusades'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Crusades"

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Gada, Muhammad Yaseen. "Why the Crusades Failed? Narrating the Episode After the Fall of Jerusalem." ICR Journal 6, no. 4 (October 15, 2015): 533–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v6i4.301.

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The fall of Jerusalem to the Muslims in 1187 CE1 stood as a severe psychological jolt on the Christian West as they lost after an 88-year-long hegemony over Jerusalem. The subsequent preaching for Crusades invoked the Holy Land but each time the outcome turned to disappointment. The Fourth Crusade resulted in the sack of Constantinople, an act that Christians bemoaned as the crusaders became killers of their fellow Christians. The increasing schism between Byzantium and the Latin-West was coupled with the unity and expansion of the Muslims in the East to ultimately end crusader rule in the Levant with the fall of Acre in 1291. Notwithstanding, the crusading ideology persists today and is often echoed in Muslim as well as non-Muslim voices. The present paper re-tells the story with new insights based on contemporary scholarship on the Crusades following the fall of Jerusalem to Muslim forces. It focuses mainly on the military history and narrates about the ‘how’, ‘what’, and ‘why’ from the Third through to the Ninth Crusade. It also attempts to show that the Crusades were more than just confrontations since considerable cooperation and cultural exchange developed between the protagonists from the reign of Salah al-Din, particularly after the Third Crusade. The paper envisions that the current East-West dissent may be alleviated if scholars and policy makers on both sides attempt to find concrete examples of positive cooperation instead of highlighting instances of conflict from their historical perspectives.
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Sokolov, Oleg A. "Unsheathing Poet’s Sword Again: The Crusades in Arabic Anticolonial Poetry before 1948." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 2 (2022): 335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.211.

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Both Arab and Western scholars agree that, starting in the mid-20th century, the correlation of Western Europeans with the Crusaders and the extrapolation of the term “Crusade” to modern military conflicts have become an integral part of modern Arab political discourse, and are also widely reflected in Arab culture. The existence of works examining references to the theme of the Crusades in Arab social thought, politics, and culture of the second half of the 20th century contrasts with the almost complete absence of specialized studies devoted to the analysis of references to this historical era in Arab culture in the 19th century and first half of the 20th. An analysis of references to the era of the Crusades in the work of Arab poets before 1948 shows that, already in the period of the Arab Revival, this topic occupied an important place in the imagery of anti-colonial poetry, and not only in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, historically attacked by the Crusaders, but also in other regions of the Arab world. If, before World War I, Arab poets only praised the commanders of the past who defeated the Crusaders, then afterwards the theme of the Crusades was also used to liken the European colonialists to the “medieval Franks”. The authors of the poems containing images from the era of the Crusades were, among others, the participants of the Arab Uprising of 1936–1939 and the Arab-Israeli War of 1947–1949, who set their goal with the help of poetry to mobilize the masses for the struggle.
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Соколов, Олег. "The Memory of the Crusades in the Arabic Folk Epics: Images and Patterns." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 6 (2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021277-1.

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Considering the importance of the topos of the Crusades for the Arab discourses of the 19th - 21st centuries and its influence on the collective memory in modern Arab countries, the challenge of finding the roots of this phenomenon is of vital importance. This problem can be solved only through the analyses of the memory of the Crusades in Arab culture from the late 13th to the beginning of the 19th centuries. Proceeding from this, it seems relevant to study the preservation of the memory of the Crusades in one of the most important types of works of Arabic literature, Arabic Folk Epics. The analysis of the image of the Franks in this kind of sources shows that during the era of the Crusades itself and in the subsequent centuries a huge number of the Arab tribal pre-Islamic narratives and passages about the struggle against Byzantium were transformed into the ones dedicated to Jihad against the Franks. Thus, first the Crusades reshaped this kind of narratives, and then the Arab tradition itself began to support and reproduce the image of the Christian-European-Crusader in the collective memory in Egypt and Levant due to the high popularity of the Folk Epics, which might have created a horizon of expectation for the perception of the European colonial policy of the 19th-20th centuries, i.e. “the return of the Crusaders”.
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PORTNYKH, VALENTIN. "God Wills It! Supplementary Divine Purposes for the Crusades according to Crusade Propaganda." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 70, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 472–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046918002610.

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It is well known that the crusades were represented as wars sanctioned by God, who helped the crusaders. At the same time, according to crusade propaganda, the liberation of the Holy Land was most probably not the only purpose of the crusades. Some sources allow us to affirm that the papacy and preachers had the idea that God would allow the crusaders to settle in Outremer only when they would merit it by the absence of sin. Furthermore, in the second half of the twelfth and, to a greater extent, in the thirteenth century, there was a spread of the idea that God could destroy the Saracens on his own, but was testing his faithful. In fact, all these ideas together suggested that, according to the propaganda, the liberation of the Holy Land was not considered to be God's only goal, for he also wished to bring to this land faithful people without sin who would settle there, elected by God.
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Lee, Dongchoon. "Crusade Reflected in “The Knight’s Tale”." Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Literature Studies 90 (May 31, 2023): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22344/fls.2023.90.105.

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Although original fervor of religious idealism was cooling somewhat and a sense of practicality was taking over, the crusades were far from a dead issue among the commoners as well as the nobles during the fourteenth century. As this century is called 'the real age of propaganda for the crusade,' some writings including late Middle English romances and chivalric treatises stress the justice of the crusades and urge people, in particular, the knights, to action. Chaucer, who was in a precarious position at court and had a perfect understanding of the crusades deeply embedded in the knights' mind, adds two real crusaders in The Canterbury Tales: the Knight and his son, the Squire. While eulogizing crusading as an admirable pursuit of the knight, Chaucer does not ignore a natural contradiction between the brutal violence or killing that military campaigns required and the religious motivation of converting the infidel into Christianity. Such an ambivalence is revealed implicitly in his portrait of the Knight as well as in The Knight's Tale.
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Chandra, Okky. "The Fourth Lateran Council as the Main Agenda for the Preparation of the Fifth Crusade." Diligentia: Journal of Theology and Christian Education 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/dil.v2i1.2201.

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<p>The Latin Church in medieval time regarded crusades as holy wars against paganism and heretics. Pope Innocent III was one of the church leaders who strongly believed that Christians need to regain the Holy Land. After initiating the Fourth Crusade and was disappointed by the failure of the crusaders, Innocent III organised the Fourth Lateran Council for the main purpose of launching the Fifth Crusade. While some scholars maintained that the reform of universal church was one of the main agenda of the Council, this paper shows that it was ancillary to the preparation of all elements within the Church for the next Crusade.</p>
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Sokolov, Oleg. "The Crusades in the Arab Discourse on Palestine (1917-1948): cultural aspect." Человек и культура, no. 3 (March 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2020.3.33315.

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In the late XX &ndash; early XXI century, the Arab discourse on the issue of Palestine remains saturated with references to the Crusades (1099-1291), and likening the current tribulation of the history of Palestine to the medieval events. Modern historiography traces the growth in popularity of such reminiscences beginning from 1948, while modern literature practically has no mentions of the used of the &ldquo;anti-Crusades rhetoric&rdquo; by the Arab cultural figures prior to this data. The object of this research is the mobilization of historical memory in Arab culture of the first half of the XX century; the subject is reference to the topic of the Crusades in the Arab literary texts of 1917-1948 dedicated to the Palestinian issue. Analysis of literary works of the Arab cultural figures of the early XX century demonstrated that way before Arab-Israeli War of 1948-1949, such events as Balfour Declaration (1917) and Arab revolt (1936-1938) were being actively compared by the Arab poets and dramaturgists to the era of the Crusades. In the period from 1917 to 1948, the author highlights the following types of references of the Arab cultural figured to the era of the Crusades in relation to the Palestine issue: blaming of Europe for conducting a new Crusade, manifestations of which were declared the activity of the mandate administrations and arrival of the Jewish settlers; reminding of failure of the Crusades, which should have served as the warning for the modern Europeans; revival of heroic memory of the Palestinians in confrontation of the European crusaders in the Middle Ages, which should have inspire the contemporaries to fight for their land.
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Sokolov, O. A. "The Crusades in the Arab Anti-Colonial Rhetoric (1918–1948)." Minbar. Islamic Studies 12, no. 4 (January 12, 2020): 924–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2019-12-4-924-941.

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In search for the historical examples to mobilize the masses for the anti-colonial struggle, during the period from 1918 to 1948 Arab public, political and religious fi gures regularly appealed to the history of the Crusades. They developed the interpretations proposed by public and religious fi gures of the 19th – early 20th century and found new excuses and contexts for the use of references to the era of the Crusades. After World War One, Arab public, political, and religious leaders for the fi rst time began to criticize European interpretations of the events and consequences of the Crusades. Simultaneously, they challenged European attempts to legitimize their presence in the Arab world by referring to this historical period. Such criticism was expressed not only in publicist works and public speeches, but also in the offi cial high-level political dialogue. Arab public fi gures also considered the end of the Crusades, lamentable for Europe, as a warning to modern European colonialists, while, according to their opinion, the victories of Muslim commanders who expelled the Crusaders from the Middle East, should have served as an example for the Arab politicians of their time. The transition of “anti-crusader rhetoric” to anti-Christian one in the speeches of a number of Arab nationalists led to disunity in their ranks, as it was perceived by Christian Arabs as their exclusion from the national struggle. At the same time, the Maronite Christians appealed to the history of the Crusades to confi rm their long-standing ties with France in order to enlist its support.The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
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Pavón Benito, Julia. "Communicating the Crusading Activity of the Kings of Navarre in the 14th and 15th Centuries." Religions 14, no. 10 (October 17, 2023): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel14101304.

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The mediaeval historiographical memory of the Crusades in the Kingdom of Navarre is unique precisely because two of its monarchs, the Counts of Champagne—Theobald I and II—actively participated in the Crusader campaigns during 1239–1241 and in 1270, respectively. Despite the importance of the Crusades which, starting from the early twelfth century, also encompassed the connection of this kingdom with Jerusalem’s paradigms of the warrior and religious pilgrimage, it can be asserted that there are scarcely any traces of narrative communication in Navarre about the Crusades, either politically or ideologically. This paper analyses the question of documentation and communication about the Crusades from the study of the chronicles of the Kingdom of Navarre in the Late Middle Ages. The purpose is to identify the characteristics and keys of the texts, dissimilar to the welcoming impact of the Crusades in Hispanic and European political, cultural and religious spheres.
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Sokolov, Oleg. "CRUSADES IN ARABIC THEATRE AND MOVIES (1914-1948)." Odysseus. Man in History 30, no. 1 (July 12, 2023): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1607-6184-2023-30-1-264-281.

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The article is devoted to the study of the image of the Crusades in the works of Arabic visual art of 1914–1948, in which the action takes place during the Third (1189–1192) and Seventh (1248–1254) Crusades. Analysis of the plays «Abṭāl al-manṣūra» («Heroes of Mansura», 1915) and «Ṣalāḥ al-dīn al-ayyūbī munqiḏ falisṭīn» («Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi, Savior of Palestine», 1948), as well as the films «Šajarat al-durr» («Shajarat ad-Durr», 1935) and «Ṣalāḥ al-dīn al-ayyūbī» («Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi», 1941) showed that if in plays created before the First World War, Arab authors only praised the commanders of the past who defeated the Crusaders, then starting from this global military conflict, the theme of the Crusades began to be used also in order to liken modern Europeans to the Crusaders and draw analogies between the Crusades and the colonial presence in the Middle East. At the same time, the film industry continued to reproduce the romanticized image of the Crusades that emerged in the 19th century. In the analyzed works, the trend towards the Arabization of the past, which developed within the framework of the Arab Revival, also continued: non-Arab heroes, primarily Salah ad-Din, are most often referred to in the works as «Arab leaders».
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crusades"

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Gustafsson, Camilla. "Nature during the Crusades : Physical and psychological affects from the environment in crusader narratives." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61611.

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In this study, I have investigated what some of the crusaders thought of and how they were affected by the nature they encountered during the crusades. This have been done based on written sources from the crusades using the concept of Environmental imagination in medieval texts. The texts in this study have been chosen depending on their availability and their translation. The crusaders found themselves in a new nature that they were not prepared for and in which the enemy could hide in. The nature could also work as a moral boost for the crusaders confirming that God was on their side or work as a death-trap when they were led astray. It is clear that the crusaders experienced both physical and psychological effects from the nature that they encountered during the crusades.
I denna studien så har jag undersökt vad några korsfarare ansåg om naturen och hur de blev påverkade av den när de mötte den under korstågen. Detta har undersökts med hjälp av skrivna källor som härstammar från tiden då korstågen genomfördes. Texterna har valts ut beroende på deras tillgänglighet och hur väl de har varit översatta. Den använda metoden och teorin som har använts är ’Environmental imagination’. Korsfararna hamnade i en Natur de inte var beredda på att möta och som deras fiender kunde använda sig av för att gömma sig i. Naturen kunde också vara moraliskt upplyftande då de ibland tolkade som att Gud var på deras sida genom händelser i naturen men naturen kunde också fungera som en dödsfälla när de var på okänd mark. Det är klart att korsfararna blev både fysiologiskt och psykologiskt påverkade av naturen.
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Throop, Susanna Anne. "Vengeance and the crusades 1095-1216." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/226852.

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Through textual analysis of specific medieval vocabulary it has been possible to clarify the course of the concept of vengeance in generala ss well as the more specific idea of crusading as an act of vengeance. The concept of vengeance was intimately connected with the ideas of justice and punishment. It was perceived as an expression of power, embedded in a series of commonly understood emotional responses, and also as a value system compatible with Christianity. There was furthermore a strong link between religious zeal, righteous anger, and the vocabulary of vengeance. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance largely originated in the aftermath of the First Crusade, as contemporaries struggled to assign interpretation and meaning to its success. Three themes in early twelfth-century sources promoted the idea of crusading as vengeance: divine vengeance on the unfaithful, a connection between crusading and anti-Jewishs sentiment, and the social obligation to provide vengeance for kith and kin indicated by the key vocabulary of auxilium and caritas. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance expanded noticeably through the later twelfth century. This corresponded substantially with increasing papal power, theories of material coercion, and a broad definition of the injuries comnitted by Muslims. The social obligation to provide vengeance was still expressed in familial terms but also was linked increasingly with lordship relations. The texts strongly downplayed the distinction between Jews and Muslims in a number of ways centring around the crucifixion of Christ, and in so doing contributed to the ideology of crusading as vengeance. In sources from the early thirteenth century, particularly papal correspondence, the idea of crusading as an act of vengeance was applied to a variety of crusading expeditions. Analysis of the idea demonstrates a strong emphasis on Christian unity and also the continued contribution of notions of social obligation. The sources continued to blur the distinctions between Jews, Muslims and heretics, again using as a binding event the crucifixion of Christ. By the early thirteenth century, the vocabulary of vengeance was an established part of crusading rhetoric.
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Baldwin, Philip Bruce. "Pope Gregory X and the crusades." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2506.

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This study examines the crusading movement during the reign of Pope Gregory X in the latter part of the thirteenth century, before the Latin presence in the Levant came to an end. It seeks to demonstrate the important position of this little-known pope, who formed the bridge between what can now be seen as two separate eras in the crusading period, namely, the era of the traditional passagium generale, and the ‘new’ era of the passagium particulare. To do this, it will study Western and Muslim sources to understand the condition of the Holy Land during Gregory’s pontificate to see the effect it had on the manner in which he organised his crusade, using both traditional and ‘new’ methods. By drawing on sources from crusading in Iberia, it will show that Gregory approached the crusade flexibly, and was not, as commonly described by historians, wholly obsessed with the Holy Land. It also seeks to dispel one of the more popular myths surrounding Gregory, which is that he wanted to change the government of the kingdom of Jerusalem by putting Charles of Anjou in charge there. A study of the Angevin chancery records – little used by crusade historians – will demonstrate that it was not Gregory’s idea, but rather Charles’ own. Finally, using Gregory’s papal registers and chronicle evidence, this study will attempt to imagine the crusade that would have occurred had Gregory not died prematurely. This includes a discussion of the unprecedented scope of its recruitment as evidence of Gregory’s exceptional ability as a crusade organiser, as well as the evidence and reasons for a dramatic change in direction away from Egypt.
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Jensen, Janus Møller. "Denmark and the Crusades, 1400-1650 /." Leiden : Brill, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410255447.

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Mower, Andrew James. "English historiography of the Crusades, 1550-1660." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634034.

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This thesis explores English writings about the crusades from 1550 to 1660. It focuses particularly on the political and religious contexts in which matiyrologist John Foxe, schoolmaster Richard Knolles, and Anglican divine Thomas Fuller wrote about the Holy War to comprehend the emergence of three distinct strands of crusade representation in English historiography. These approaches demonstrate that the crusades were repeatedly remoulded and reimagined in early modem England as part of intra-Protestant polemics fought to define the Anglican Church, and to determine how the nation would position herself politically within an increasingly fractured Christendom. Crusade scepticism, coloured by diverse agendas, competed with a conservative vision of the movement that stylistically owed most to medieval historiography, but that was often driven by a growing feat· of radical religious reform. This balanced perspective on attitudes is reinforced by consideration of key crusading themes in plays, sermons, and other 'non-historical' genres. Taking these texts into account acknowledges that early modem readers absorbed lessons about the past from a broad spectrum of sources, while demonstrating the complex relationship between the Reformation and images of the Holy War in English writings. Finally, the thesis argues that continuity in representations was no less important than change; striking within this diverse portfolio of texts is the coherence with which they viewed the crusades' consequences as pertinent to the Ottoman Empire's continuing attacks on Christian lands. This thesis suggests that only at the end of the seventeenth century, in conjunction with a perception that the Ottoman threat to the West had withered, did English writers detach themselves from the emotions of the crusades, to write about them as a distinct historical phenomenon.
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Chamberlin, John M. "Imagining defeat an Arabic historiography of the crusades." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FChamberlin.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Abbas Kadhim. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68). Also available in print.
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Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben Marie. "The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147-1254." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272117.

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Ingram, Jared S. "Creeks and Open Spaces: Ned Fritz's Environmental Crusades." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703302/.

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Edward C. Fritz was one of the most influential environmentalists in Texas history. Although he took a circuitous route to environmental activism, Fritz evolved into a powerful force fighting on behalf of Texan nature. Participating in substantial actions throughout the second half of the twentieth century, Fritz's contributions to environmental activism resulted in the successful preservation of thousands of acres and multiple wildlife species. Fritz parlayed his legal background into effective activism, beginning his career with a successful lobbying campaign for protection of Harris Hawks. He led the campaign to stop a decades old plan for canalization of the Trinity River. The creation of COST combined Fritz's environmental focus with the concerns of economic conservatives to prevent a billion dollar government funded project that would have significantly altered the river. Fritz then led a cadre who took over efforts to establish a preserve in the Big Thicket national forest. He oversaw the foundation of a protected area far larger than original expectations, capitalizing on the growing awareness of environmental issues in the 1970s. Fritz's interest in the Big Thicket led to a fight against the Forest Service's practice of clearcutting and its effect on Red Cockaded Woodpeckers. Through litigation and legislation, Fritz fostered a grassroots movement aimed at reforming management of the national forests, saw the establishment of the state's first wilderness, and saved the declining population of the woodpeckers. For his tireless approach and lifelong achievements, Fritz was given the title of "Father of Texas Conservation."
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Trotter, D. A. "Medieval French literature and the crusades : 1100-1300 /." Genève : [Paris] : Droz ; diff. Champion-Slatkine, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34929503g.

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Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben. "The popes and the baltic crusades 1147-1254 /." Leiden : Brill, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41025557k.

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Books on the topic "Crusades"

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Jones, Terry. Crusades. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1995.

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Terry, Jones. Crusades. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1995.

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Phillips, Jonathan, Iris Shagrir, Nikolaos G. Chrissis, and Benjamin Z. Kedar. Crusades. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003342120.

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Alan, Ereira, ed. Crusades. London: BBC Books, 1994.

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Jeffrey, Gary. Crusades. New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2014.

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Madden, Thomas F. Crusades. New York: Metro Books, 2004.

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ill, Phillipps Francis, ed. Crusades. New York: Marshall Cavendish, 1991.

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Bird, Jessalynn, ed. Papacy, Crusade, and Christian-Muslim Relations. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462986312.

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This book examines the role of the papacy and the crusade in the religious life of the late twelfth through late thirteenth centuries and beyond. Throughout the book, the contributors ask several important questions. Was Innocent III more theologian than lawyer-pope and how did his personal experience of earlier crusade campaigns inform his own vigorous promotion of the crusades? How did the outlook and policy of Honorius III differ from that of Innocent III in crucial areas including the promotion of multiple crusades (including the Fifth Crusade and the crusade of William of Montferrat) and how were both pope’s mindsets manifested in writings associated with them? What kind of men did Honorius III and Innocent III select to promote their plans for reform and crusade? How did the laity make their own mark on the crusade through participation in the peace movements which were so crucial to the stability in Europe essential for enabling crusaders to fulfill their vows abroad and through joining in the liturgical processions and prayers deemed essential for divine favor at home and abroad? Further essays explore the commemoration of crusade campaigns through the deliberate construction of physical and literary paths of remembrance. Yet while the enemy was often constructed in a deliberately polarizing fashion, did confessional differences really determine the way in which Latin crusaders and their descendants interacted with the Muslim world or did a more pragmatic position of ‘rough tolerance’ shape mundane activities including trade agreements and treaties?
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Nicolle, David. The Crusades. Oxford: Osprey, 2003.

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1965-, Jotischky Andrew, ed. The Crusades. New York: Routledge, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Crusades"

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Hurlock, Kathryn. "Political Crusades." In Britain, Ireland and the Crusades, c.1000–1300, 91–112. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29273-5_5.

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Mallett, Alex. "The Crusades." In Routledge Handbook on Christian–Muslim Relations, 126–34. New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315745077-15.

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Gordon, Helen Cameron. "The Crusades." In Syria As It Is, 174–87. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003325840-16.

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Abbott, G. F. "The Crusades." In Israel in Europe, 83–104. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003325796-7.

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Nicholson, Helen J. "After the Crusade." In Women and the Crusades, 129–56. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806721.003.0005.

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Abstract After a crusade, crusaders and their families would remember their own part in the crusade and the impact that the crusade had had on their lives; and wanted to ensure that future generations would be aware of these events, either to glorify their deeds or as a warning for the future. Women certainly played a role in this memorializing, although in most cases we do not know who initiated an event or monument in memorial of the crusades. Noble women created memorials for deceased crusaders which referenced their and their family’s dedication to the crusade, and they commissioned sculptures which alluded to crusading. They also founded churches and religious houses and made donations to religious institutions in thanks for divine assistance during a crusade. Some noblewomen recorded events from the crusades in writing: in her biography of her father Emperor Alexios Komnenos, the Byzantine princess Anna Komnene described the arrival of the First Crusade at Constantinople. Elite women’s interest in the crusades was reflected in their patronage of cultural objects, such as psalters with illustrations of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Nunnery libraries included books recording events of the crusades and saints associated with the crusades. Women of every social status could take part in ceremonies commemorating significant events during the crusades. Although most of these women, like most men, would never travel to the Holy Land or join a crusade, the crusades were part of their everyday world.
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Nicholson, Helen J. "The Home Front." In Women and the Crusades, 97—C4P63. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806721.003.0004.

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Abstract Women who did not join crusade expeditions with their families had many difficulties to surmount. Women who remained at home to administer their family estates often had to combat the rival claims of relatives or other claimants to their property; although as members of crusaders’ families they were under papal protection, this protection was not always enforced by secular and ecclesiastical authorities. If their crusading relatives were captured, they would have to raise the ransom for their relief; if their crusading relative died on campaign, they would have to implement their will. It was difficult to establish whether alleged deathbed bequests were genuine, as such claims could be an attempt by a dead crusader’s companions to defraud his widow and children of their property. Women, like men, helped to finance crusades by taking a crusade vow and then redeeming it for a money payment rather than joining a crusade in person; they also financed institutions which supported crusaders, such as the military religious orders, the Templars and Hospitallers, and religious orders which gave charitable support to captives and negotiated ransoms for them. Women also gave spiritual support for crusades: taking part in religious rituals to support the crusade, making donations to religious houses, and venerating saints; while holy women supported the crusade through prayer and their writings.
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Angold, Michael. "The Venetian Chronicles and Archives as Sources for the History of Byzantium and the Crusades (992–1204)." In Byzantines and Crusaders in Non-Greek Sources, 1025-1204. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197263785.003.0005.

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This chapter discusses the Venetian Chronicles and archives as potential sources of information regarding the history of Byzantium and the Crusades. It shows that the histories of the crusades, Venice, and Byzantium are interlinked, and the scholarly approaches to this relationship are presented. The Venetian sources are categorized into three main groups – narrative sources, diplomatic sources, and commercial documents – which are discussed in the chapter. The Fourth Crusade and the Crusader states are also examined.
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Golden, Rachel May. "Situating the Holy Land: Juxtapositions and Circular Paths." In Mapping Medieval Identities in Occitanian Crusade Song, 120–54. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948610.003.0004.

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In endowing the Holy Land with sanctity, the Crusades established it as an object of territorial desire and a site of spiritual transcendence. Cultivating this desire for the Holy Land involved several interrelated Crusade concepts: the power of pilgrimage traditions, perceptions of the Eastern enemy, fear and curiosity about the unknown, and delineations of the position of the Holy Land within a larger globe. These factors converged to redefine Jerusalem within a sacred landscape, where Crusaders sought to walk in the very steps that Christ had impressed in the sacred terrain. Such concepts were explored in Crusader maps, and articulated in Crusade lyric. The rhetoric of Crusade song variously relied upon circular and linear motions, dualistically juxtaposed nearness and distance, sameness and difference, and yearning and attainment. This chapter demonstrates ways in which Crusade songs, such as Ara pot hom conoisser by Raimbaut de Vaqueiras, mapped space, articulated geographic beliefs, and explored physical and spiritual senses of movement.
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"Medieval — Crusades — Crusader Kingdoms." In A Cumulative Bibliography of Medieval Military History and Technology, 173–82. BRILL, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789047401018_034.

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"Crusades:." In Asphalt, 116–49. Nebraska, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mq844p.10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crusades"

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Jacazzi, Danila, and Raffaela Fiorillo. "Castelli e arsenali delle isole balcaniche nella Peregrinatio di Bernhard von Breydenbach." In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.18077.

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The voyage across the Mare Nostrum has had many meanings over the centuries: from the devotional purposes predominant in the pilgrimages of the Middle Ages, from the commercial exchanges that saw the establishment of merchant colonies in the main cities and harbour ports, to the movement of armies during the crusades and the diplomatic missions of ambassadors, nobles and knights during the Renaissance. From the 15th century onwards, relations between Italian courts and Mediterranean countries were not limited to mercantile aspects: scholars, clergymen and men of culture, driven by the Renaissance season and the rediscovery of the classical world, visited the Holy Land. Renaissance travellers of Franco-Renaissance culture left some of the most interesting depictions of the cities they visited in their diaries. The Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam published in 1486 by Bernhard von Breydenbach, canon of Mainz, represents one of the main models of an itinerary in the Holy Land accompanied by some of the greatest expressions of the cartographic culture of the end of the century.
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Trokal', T. V. "The problem of Christian justification for the use of violence in the process the emergence of medieval ideology of the Crusades." In Scientific dialogue: Questions of philosophy, sociology, history, political science. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/spc-01-08-2019-02.

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Dave, Bharat P. "CRUSADE." In the conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/307418.307461.

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Falus, Orsolya. "Crusader Knight Orders as Medieval NGOs. Legal History Lessons for 21st Century Legal Practitioners." In Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.56-71.

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During the centuries of the Middle Ages the special organizations of Crusader knight orders have been founded in order to achieve goals of public utility. They also disposed of their own properties needed for achieving those goals of public utility, just like modern NGOs. Their nonprofit activities were: military defense and public safety, administration (“locus credibilis authenticus”), and healing (hospitals, “leprosoriums”). The king, the superior ecclesiastical dignities, entrant members and individuals could equally support these organizations with their donations in the course of their latter functioning. The donations could be paid in one sum or on an annual basis; inter vivos (between the living), as a property benefit, or with a provision in the event of death, through a testament. In the course of carrying out public benefit activities, the Crusaders also committed abuses in the course of using the benefits provided to their organizations, similar to today’s nonprofit organizations. Within the framework of a “lesson” in legal history, the present study shows – mainly illustrated with Hungarian examples from the Arpad-era – the reasons that led to the disappearance of some knight orders, while how other organizations were able to survive – even until the present day.
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Mammadova, J. V. "The Fourth Crusade, deviated from its goal." In Global science. Development and novelty. НИЦ «Л-Журнал», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gdsn-25-12-2019-33.

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Sopok, Samuel, G. Pflegl, C. Rickard, P. O'Hara, S. Dunn, and D. Coats. "LC-Cr Plated Crusader Gun System Erosion Modeling." In 36th AIAA Thermophysics Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-4044.

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Sopok, Samuel. "Erosion Modeling of HC Chromium Plated Crusader Gun System." In 38th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-4167.

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Rikma Dewi S, Nenden. "Third Crusade and “Assassins Creed: Bloodlines” Video Game Universe." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business, Economic, Social Science and Humanities (ICOBEST 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icobest-18.2018.60.

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Caine, Moshe, Doron Altaratz, Lindsay Macdonald, and Amit Reem. "The Riddle of the Crosses: The Crusaders in the Holy Sepulchre." In Electronic Visualisation and the Arts. BCS Learning & Development, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/eva2018.28.

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Norrie, David G., and Mark Jeffs. "Optical technology utilized in the design of the Crusader HMD system." In Optical Instrumentation & Systems Design, edited by Joseph J. M. Braat. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.246686.

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Reports on the topic "Crusades"

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Byrd, Martha. Kenneth N. Walker: Airpower's Untempered Crusader,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada324090.

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Graves, V., G. Bader, M. Dolecki, S. Krupski, and R. Zangrando. Crusader solid propellant best technical approach. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/179267.

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Kring, C. T., V. K. Varma, and W. B. Jatko. Crusader Automated Docking System: Technology support for the Crusader Resupply Team. Interim report, Ammunition Logistics Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/208313.

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Jatko, W. B., J. S. Goddard, R. K. Ferrell, S. S. Gleason, J. S. Hicks, and V. K. Varma. Crusader Automated Docking System Phase 3 report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/230272.

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Vicari, George, and Jr. The Secular Motivations of the First Crusade. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada420657.

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Osborne, Teresa. Politics and Education: The Nicaraguan Literacy Crusade. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2037.

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AIR FORCE ACADEMY COLORADO SPRINGS CO. Winged Crusade: The Quest for American Aerospace Power. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417268.

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Ölbei, Tamás. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: Reconnaissance, Spying on Mercenaries and Crusaders. Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/itma.2020.14.11.

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Jacobson, Ellen. New crusaders renewable energy education program. Final technical report for project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/804530.

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Davis, James L. The Cancellation of Crusader: A Study in the Dynamics of Decision-Making. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada414123.

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