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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crusades'
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Gustafsson, Camilla. "Nature during the Crusades : Physical and psychological affects from the environment in crusader narratives." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-61611.
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In this study, I have investigated what some of the crusaders thought of and how they were affected by the nature they encountered during the crusades. This have been done based on written sources from the crusades using the concept of Environmental imagination in medieval texts. The texts in this study have been chosen depending on their availability and their translation. The crusaders found themselves in a new nature that they were not prepared for and in which the enemy could hide in. The nature could also work as a moral boost for the crusaders confirming that God was on their side or work as a death-trap when they were led astray. It is clear that the crusaders experienced both physical and psychological effects from the nature that they encountered during the crusades.I denna studien så har jag undersökt vad några korsfarare ansåg om naturen och hur de blev påverkade av den när de mötte den under korstågen. Detta har undersökts med hjälp av skrivna källor som härstammar från tiden då korstågen genomfördes. Texterna har valts ut beroende på deras tillgänglighet och hur väl de har varit översatta. Den använda metoden och teorin som har använts är ’Environmental imagination’. Korsfararna hamnade i en Natur de inte var beredda på att möta och som deras fiender kunde använda sig av för att gömma sig i. Naturen kunde också vara moraliskt upplyftande då de ibland tolkade som att Gud var på deras sida genom händelser i naturen men naturen kunde också fungera som en dödsfälla när de var på okänd mark. Det är klart att korsfararna blev både fysiologiskt och psykologiskt påverkade av naturen.
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Throop, Susanna Anne. "Vengeance and the crusades 1095-1216." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/226852.
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Through textual analysis of specific medieval vocabulary it has been possible to clarify the course of the concept of vengeance in generala ss well as the more specific idea of crusading as an act of vengeance. The concept of vengeance was intimately connected with the ideas of justice and punishment. It was perceived as an expression of power, embedded in a series of commonly understood emotional responses, and also as a value system compatible with Christianity. There was furthermore a strong link between religious zeal, righteous anger, and the vocabulary of vengeance. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance largely originated in the aftermath of the First Crusade, as contemporaries struggled to assign interpretation and meaning to its success. Three themes in early twelfth-century sources promoted the idea of crusading as vengeance: divine vengeance on the unfaithful, a connection between crusading and anti-Jewishs sentiment, and the social obligation to provide vengeance for kith and kin indicated by the key vocabulary of auxilium and caritas. The idea of crusading as an act of vengeance expanded noticeably through the later twelfth century. This corresponded substantially with increasing papal power, theories of material coercion, and a broad definition of the injuries comnitted by Muslims. The social obligation to provide vengeance was still expressed in familial terms but also was linked increasingly with lordship relations. The texts strongly downplayed the distinction between Jews and Muslims in a number of ways centring around the crucifixion of Christ, and in so doing contributed to the ideology of crusading as vengeance. In sources from the early thirteenth century, particularly papal correspondence, the idea of crusading as an act of vengeance was applied to a variety of crusading expeditions. Analysis of the idea demonstrates a strong emphasis on Christian unity and also the continued contribution of notions of social obligation. The sources continued to blur the distinctions between Jews, Muslims and heretics, again using as a binding event the crucifixion of Christ. By the early thirteenth century, the vocabulary of vengeance was an established part of crusading rhetoric.
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Baldwin, Philip Bruce. "Pope Gregory X and the crusades." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2506.
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This study examines the crusading movement during the reign of Pope Gregory X in the latter part of the thirteenth century, before the Latin presence in the Levant came to an end. It seeks to demonstrate the important position of this little-known pope, who formed the bridge between what can now be seen as two separate eras in the crusading period, namely, the era of the traditional passagium generale, and the ‘new’ era of the passagium particulare. To do this, it will study Western and Muslim sources to understand the condition of the Holy Land during Gregory’s pontificate to see the effect it had on the manner in which he organised his crusade, using both traditional and ‘new’ methods. By drawing on sources from crusading in Iberia, it will show that Gregory approached the crusade flexibly, and was not, as commonly described by historians, wholly obsessed with the Holy Land. It also seeks to dispel one of the more popular myths surrounding Gregory, which is that he wanted to change the government of the kingdom of Jerusalem by putting Charles of Anjou in charge there. A study of the Angevin chancery records – little used by crusade historians – will demonstrate that it was not Gregory’s idea, but rather Charles’ own. Finally, using Gregory’s papal registers and chronicle evidence, this study will attempt to imagine the crusade that would have occurred had Gregory not died prematurely. This includes a discussion of the unprecedented scope of its recruitment as evidence of Gregory’s exceptional ability as a crusade organiser, as well as the evidence and reasons for a dramatic change in direction away from Egypt.
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Jensen, Janus Møller. "Denmark and the Crusades, 1400-1650 /." Leiden : Brill, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410255447.
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Mower, Andrew James. "English historiography of the Crusades, 1550-1660." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634034.
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This thesis explores English writings about the crusades from 1550 to 1660. It focuses particularly on the political and religious contexts in which matiyrologist John Foxe, schoolmaster Richard Knolles, and Anglican divine Thomas Fuller wrote about the Holy War to comprehend the emergence of three distinct strands of crusade representation in English historiography. These approaches demonstrate that the crusades were repeatedly remoulded and reimagined in early modem England as part of intra-Protestant polemics fought to define the Anglican Church, and to determine how the nation would position herself politically within an increasingly fractured Christendom. Crusade scepticism, coloured by diverse agendas, competed with a conservative vision of the movement that stylistically owed most to medieval historiography, but that was often driven by a growing feat· of radical religious reform. This balanced perspective on attitudes is reinforced by consideration of key crusading themes in plays, sermons, and other 'non-historical' genres. Taking these texts into account acknowledges that early modem readers absorbed lessons about the past from a broad spectrum of sources, while demonstrating the complex relationship between the Reformation and images of the Holy War in English writings. Finally, the thesis argues that continuity in representations was no less important than change; striking within this diverse portfolio of texts is the coherence with which they viewed the crusades' consequences as pertinent to the Ottoman Empire's continuing attacks on Christian lands. This thesis suggests that only at the end of the seventeenth century, in conjunction with a perception that the Ottoman threat to the West had withered, did English writers detach themselves from the emotions of the crusades, to write about them as a distinct historical phenomenon.
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Chamberlin, John M. "Imagining defeat an Arabic historiography of the crusades." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FChamberlin.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Abbas Kadhim. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-68). Also available in print.
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Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben Marie. "The popes and the Baltic crusades, 1147-1254." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272117.
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Ingram, Jared S. "Creeks and Open Spaces: Ned Fritz's Environmental Crusades." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1703302/.
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Edward C. Fritz was one of the most influential environmentalists in Texas history. Although he took a circuitous route to environmental activism, Fritz evolved into a powerful force fighting on behalf of Texan nature. Participating in substantial actions throughout the second half of the twentieth century, Fritz's contributions to environmental activism resulted in the successful preservation of thousands of acres and multiple wildlife species. Fritz parlayed his legal background into effective activism, beginning his career with a successful lobbying campaign for protection of Harris Hawks. He led the campaign to stop a decades old plan for canalization of the Trinity River. The creation of COST combined Fritz's environmental focus with the concerns of economic conservatives to prevent a billion dollar government funded project that would have significantly altered the river. Fritz then led a cadre who took over efforts to establish a preserve in the Big Thicket national forest. He oversaw the foundation of a protected area far larger than original expectations, capitalizing on the growing awareness of environmental issues in the 1970s. Fritz's interest in the Big Thicket led to a fight against the Forest Service's practice of clearcutting and its effect on Red Cockaded Woodpeckers. Through litigation and legislation, Fritz fostered a grassroots movement aimed at reforming management of the national forests, saw the establishment of the state's first wilderness, and saved the declining population of the woodpeckers. For his tireless approach and lifelong achievements, Fritz was given the title of "Father of Texas Conservation."
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Trotter, D. A. "Medieval French literature and the crusades : 1100-1300 /." Genève : [Paris] : Droz ; diff. Champion-Slatkine, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34929503g.
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Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben. "The popes and the baltic crusades 1147-1254 /." Leiden : Brill, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41025557k.
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Christie, Niall G. F. "Levantine attitudes towards the Franks during the early Crusades (490/1096 - 564/1169)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2741.
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The period of the Crusades was one of the most important periods in the history of both Western Europe and the Middle East, for it was during this period that the peoples of Western Europe made their first major incursion on eastern soil. The result of this was that an unprecedented amount of contact was established between East and West, forcing each side to become more closely acquainted with the culture of the other. As far as this cultural exchange is concerned, one of the most significant parts of the crusading period was that encompassing the first two crusades and their aftermath (490/1096-564/1169), as it was during this period that crusaders and easterners first clashed with each other, and were forced to learn much about each other. This sudden clash and forced acquaintance resulted in the development of certain attitudes on each side towards the other. This thesis concerns itself with the development of the attitudes of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities towards the Franks (western crusaders) in the major theatre of conflict of the area, the Levant. In the thesis as many texts as possible from the literature of the period are examined, in order to extract information from them concerning the developments in Levantine knowledge of and attitudes towards the Franks. The texts examined include both contemporary and later historical, geographical and judicial texts from the area, and also local works of literature. In addition to the Muslim, Christian and Jewish texts, and for the sake of comparison and completeness, brief consideration is also given to a number of works of Byzantine and Frankish writers. Naturally, use is also made of secondary works by modern scholars. In this way this thesis provides a detailed examination of cross-cultural inter-faith relations during this formative period.
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Rippon, Haydn R. "The digital crusades: The media and western European nationalists." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/95503/11/Haydn_Rippon_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis investigates strategic media practices of the ‘new nationalist’ political parties in Western Europe. It provides an extensive literature review, interviews and a review of media artefacts, to establish how the parties have achieved substantial public support. It uses four case studies: the French Front National (FN), the Flemish Vlaams Belang (VB), Danish Dansk Folkeparti (DF) and the Europeanist-regionalist movement, Bloc Identitaire (BI). It draws on work by Cas Mudde, to define the parties as authoritarian, nativist and populist – ANPs. It describes their central concern with Islam in Europe (mass immigration, integration or otherwise of Muslim populations, and associated tensions), and their developing of the issue to gain support. The research concludes that the ANPs have been successful in campaigning through mass media to substantially improve their political position.
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Lamey, Emeel S. "The Idea of ‘Holy Islamic Empire’ as a Catalyst to Muslims’ Response to the Second Crusade." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2359.
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The oral traditions in the Islamic world presented only the moral benefits of Jihad. Yet, the fact is that, though the moral benefits continued to exist before and after the First Crusade, though the interest seemed to have been present and the necessary intellectual theories continued on, Muslims did not advance the practical Jihad. Nonetheless, the disastrous Second Crusade struck a powerful chord among Muslims. It forced Muslims to battle for their very survival, and to do so they would have to adapt, but equally they could only survive by drawing on their imperial inheritance built up over centuries. A number of concerns identified with the “golden age” of the Islamic empire influenced the Jihad movements for Muslims associated the imperial traditions with Islam itself. Given the examples of the First and Second Crusades, this study proposes that the idea of “Islamic Empire” constituted Muslims’ practical response to the crusades.
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Ucar, Gulnur. "The Crusader Castles In Cyprus And Their Place Within The Crusading History." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605612/index.pdf.
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With the confrontation of opponents, cultures and religions, the different spiritual and material possessions of sides end up with a synthesis. Such a unity may be one of the rare benefits of events like warswhile the main objection is to destroy the other. The crusades where the idea was to rescue the Holy Lands not only generated a culture of Levant but also furnished the lands of near east with the art and architecture of the crusading Latin Kingdom. Cyprus, as support and stronghold had been an important and strategic place where the Latins took advantage and granted back with beautiful Gothic churches and strongly built inaccessible castles. The castles, especially the three hilltop castles of St Hilarion, Buffavento and Kantara on the north probably perfectly reflect the crusading culture and exemplify the architecture which the Latins built in Cyprus. The crusader castles in Cyprus are certainly the products of a synthesis which combine the war and castle building experiences of the west, which crusaders brought with them when they came and the east which they faced with in the Holy Lands. In order to comprehend on the castles in Cyprus, subjects like the idea of crusading, the feudal system and knighthood in Europe and Levant are also important to enlighten the context as well as the characteristics and the types of the crusader castles in Levant. Therefore this study aims to find out the place and the importance of crusader castles in Cyprus in the crusading history.
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Nelson, Laura M. "The Byzantine perspective of the First Crusade a reexamination of alleged treachery and betrayal /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5361.
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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2007.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iii, 94 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-94).
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Hurlock, K. S. "Wales and the Crusades in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521643.
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Maxson, Brian. "The Crusades and the Lost Literature of the Italian Renaissance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6225.
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Vertannes, Benjamin Stephen. "Crusade and reform : the language of Christian martyrdom, c.1095-1190." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708024.
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Price, Jennifer Ann. "Cruce signatus : the form and substance of the crusading vow, 1095-1216 /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10394.
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Cook, B. J. "The transmission of knowledge about the Holy Land through Europe 1271-1314." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356101.
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Carr, Michael. "Motivations and response to Crusades in the Aegean c.1300-1350." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/740c3fde-bef4-80f0-0168-9a0addf7562b/9/.
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This thesis examines the interaction between the conflicting ideologies of crusade and commerce, during the period when the Turkish maritime emirates of Anatolia became the primary target of western crusading endeavour. Through the close study of papal documents and archival evidence from the Italian mercantile republics, two principal areas are focussed on: firstly, the extent to which the temporal and spiritual mechanisms (e.g. trade licences and indulgences) introduced by the popes of the fourteenth century encouraged the Italian mercantile republics to participate in a crusade; secondly, the analysis of the policies of commercial exchange and military opposition adopted by the Latin states with regard to the Turks in the Aegean. The crusades in the Aegean are discussed in six chapters which broadly reflect the activities of the principal participants: 1) crusade negotiations during the pontificates of Clement V and John XXII: distractions to an Aegean crusade under Clement V; extrication from French influence under John XXII; gradual replacement of Byzantium as a target of the Aegean crusades during the 1320s; and the temporal and spiritual concessions granted by the popes to those Latin resisting the Turks in the Aegean; 2) the Zaccaria of Chios: their defence of the Aegean from Turkish attacks and the privileges they received from the papacy for this; 3) Venetian commercial activities in the Aegean: their alliances with and activities against the various Turkish emirates; 4) the 1334 naval league: the first anti-Turkish coalition; 5) the neglect of the Aegean crusades under Pope Benedict XII (1335-1342); 6) the Crusade of Smyrna and the climax of Latin efforts against the Turks in the first half of the fourteenth century (1343-1351). Although trade and crusade have often been regarded as incompatible by historians of the crusades (such as Stephen Runciman and Aziz Atiya), they both formed an integral, and inseparable, aspect of crusade policy and of western perceptions of the Turks.
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Zwick, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Maritime Logistics in the Age of the Northern Crusades / Daniel Zwick." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1181096812/34.
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Dutton, Claire Maria. "Aspects of the institutional history of the Albigensian Crusades, 1198-1229." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263341.
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Evans, Michael. "The Crusades and society in the English Midlands, c.1160-1307." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339807.
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Mitchell, Piers Dominic. "Trauma and surgery in the Crusades to the mediaeval eastern Mediterraenean." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401713.
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Slack, C. K. "Regular canons and the Crusades in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238548.
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Gosselin, Kyle. "Rhetorical Tales Of Jerusalem And Constantinople: Cities And Strategies Of The Crusades." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/827.
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This thesis will demonstrate that the modern understanding of the four primary crusades (1095-1204) has been influenced by a fundamentally flawed framework. Defining the crusades as a conflict between two monolithic at-war religious groups (Christians and Muslims) results in an incorrect conception of the period. Therefore, in order to deconstruct this belief, this thesis will view the crusades through the prism of two cities: Constantinople and Jerusalem. The rhetorical relationship that developed between these two cities during the crusading period demonstrates that the moment was defined by political and pragmatic relationships that cut across religious lines. Modern historians, through oversimplifications and assertions of a binary religious relationship, have buttressed public misperceptions of the crusades. Thus, historians have allowed the moment to be used as a rhetorical justification for modern political issues like imperialism and terrorism.
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Spacey, Beth Catherine. "Miracles and marvels in Latin narrative histories of the Crusades, 1095-1204." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7267/.
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This thesis examines the form and function of the miraculous as it appears in Latin narrative histories of the crusades of 1095-1204. It addresses an important scholarly lacuna by approaching crusading through the lens of the miraculous, a theme of critical importance to many historical representations of the crusades. Three core lines of analysis are pursued: how the miraculous, as the ultimate epistemological tool for the discernment of divine will, was employed by the authors of crusade narratives as a component in their rhetorical strategies; how representations of the miraculous can reflect changing contemporary attitudes towards the crusading movement; and whether the miraculous of crusade texts can mirror parallel changes to the intellectual landscape of western Europe. The importance of supernatural themes to the narrativisation of the crusades is revealed through the exploration of three thematic dichotomies: miracles and marvels; visions and dreams; and signs and augury. It will be shown that the miraculous represents a previously undervalued source for understanding how the crusades were conceptualised, represented, and memorialised in this period. Further, the findings of the thesis exemplify how crusade narratives represent rich and hitherto largely overlooked sources for the study of medieval western European intellectual culture more broadly.
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Elias, John Marcel Robert. "The emotional rhetoric of the later Crusades : romance in England after 1291." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267731.
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This thesis offers an assessment of late medieval public response to the crusades through an investigation of emotional rhetoric in the Middle English crusading romances. It argues that the prevailing climate after the fall of Acre in 1291 and the evacuation of the last Christian strongholds in the Levant was characterized by a mixture of enduring enthusiasm and fascination, but also of concern, anxiety, and self-questioning, engendered by the enterprise's failures. The loss of the Holy Land had enduring repercussions on Christian crusading mindsets, marking a culminating point in Islam's seemingly relentless victories in wars believed to be ordained by God, and the collapse of Christendom's ambitions to secure lasting dominion over Christ's patrimony. The late thirteenth century was also a turning point in the history of insular romance, with the progressive displacement of Anglo Norman by Middle English, expanding the genre's audience. Reworking the emotional depictions of their sources, authors or adaptors of late medieval English crusading romances engaged with, and elicited reflection on, the cultural anxieties of the time: man's relation to God, the workings of divine providence, Christianity's ascendency over Islam, human agency, the connection between morality and fortune, the bearing of motives on actions, and the moral limitations of violence.
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Sbisa', Tiziana. "The Cathedral at Nicosia in the Age of Frederick II and Louis IX: Issues of Patronage, Structure, and Meaning." Cleveland, Ohio : Case Western Reserve University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1243841684.
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Thesis(Ph.D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2009Title from PDF (viewed on 2009-11-23) Department of Art History Includes abstract Includes bibliographical references and appendices Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center
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Shimoda, Kyle S. T. "The "Gateways" of the Crusader Peloponnese: Castles, Fortifications, and Feudal Exchanges in the Principality of Achaea, 1204-1432." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524060867817435.
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Boysel, Nicholas. "Bernard of Clairvaux and the Knights Templar the new knighthood as a solution to violence in Christianity /." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1249053482.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Akron, Dept. of History, 2009."August, 2009." Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed 10/14/2009) Advisor, Constance Bouchard; Co-Advisor, Michael Levin; Department Chair, Michael Sheng; Dean of the College, Chand Midha; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Byer, Silvia Giovanardi Cervigni Dino S. "Celestial crusades and wars in heaven the Biblical epics of the late 1500s /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1851.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 11, 2008). " ... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of in the Department of Romance Languages." Discipline: Romance Languages; Department/School: Romance Languages.
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Nimri, Hisham. "The Maronite Church from its establishment to the period of the first crusades." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2000. http://www.tren.com.
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Romanova, Mariya. "La défense de l'État arménien de Cilicie (1073-1375)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON30079.
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La Cilicie – improprement appelée «Petite Arménie » - est un État, qui a eu une histoire riche mais relativement courte (fin XIe - fin XIVe siècle). La principauté roubênienne de Cilicie (à partir de 1198 – un royaume) se trouve dans le sud-est de l'Asie Mineure.Disposée à la croisée des voies commerciales et stratégiques, la Cilicie est la zone charnière et pratiquement incontournable entre l'Europe méditerranéenne et le Proche-Orient. La Cilicie arménienne - un État plus ou moins de issu de migrations forcées – affronta tout au long de son existence des attaques, voire des invasions innombrables.Au long de son histoire trois fois séculaire, elle fut exposée aux attaques venant de divers côtés: Europe, Byzance, sultanat de Roûm, émirats syriens et Égypte ayyoûbide, puis, surtout, mameloûke. Pendant toute son existence, la Cilicie essaie de maintenir son indépendance et de défendre son territoire contre les envahisseurs. Ainsi, l'Art militaire (stratégie, tactique, armement, composition de l'armée etc.) des Arméniens de Cilicie, ainsi que leur idée national se développe avec l'esprit de défense.La défense, ou stratégie défensive, constitue, avec l'offensive, l'une des deux formes principales de la stratégie opérationnelle. Elle implique une posture de résistance utilisant l'ensemble des moyens d'interdiction de l'action adverse. Bien qu'elle ait recours à l'ensemble des fonctions tactiques nécessaires à la réalisation des opérations militaires (contre-attaque, raid, offensive), c'est à la protection qu'elle confère le rôle majeur. Le choix stratégique d'une posture défensive détermine les modalités d'engagement pour chacune des dimensions : opérations, bataille, combat et chacun des éléments de la guerre.L'étude de la défense de l'Arménie cilicienne est un sujet novateur. Avec le plan de la recherche bien développé, nous avons tenté d'étudier non seulement l'histoire militaire de la Cilicie, mais aussi son contexte sociale et politique, les détailles techniques et le rôle de l'église dans l'affaire militaire.Pour notre recherche nous avons exploité de nombreuses sources d'origines diverses. En effet, outre les sources arméniennes, nous avons examiné les sources latines, grecques, arabes, syriaques (pour les deux dernières en traduction). Seule, la méthode de croisement des sources et de comparaison des traditions militaires nous a permis de compléter les lacunes de l'information nous fait espérer que nous sommes parvenue à des conclusions novatrices.Le dépouillement des sources nous a permis de commencer à traiter certains points jamais étudiés, par exemple le costume et l'armement d'un combattant arméno-cilicien (y compris l'utilisation et la typologie des armes blanches), la stratégie et la tactique dans l'armée cilicienne, la poliorcétique et les machines de siège. D'autres thèmes (comme pendant la période de la Reconquête byzantine), peu étudiés jusqu'ici, ont également été traités, comme l'espionnage en Cilicie, ou encore la guerre navale conduite par les Arméniens ciliciens. Parmi les autres questions, le rôle de l'Eglise dans l'armée arménienne est également abordé.La nouveauté de notre thèse consiste peut-être dans la méthode appliquée. Dans notre recherche, nous avons essayé non seulement de déterminer les éléments historiques (les rencontres et les batailles) mais aussi de développer la problématique qui existe autour de ces conflits, en cherchant à trouver leurs racines. En nous posant les questions comment ? et pour quel but ?, nous pouvons livrer beaucoup plus d'informations et, ainsi, nous arrivons à expliquer les événements historiques du point de vue militaireCilicia - also known as the Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilician Armenia, Kingdom of Cilicia or New Armenia - was a medieval State, which had a rich, but relatively short history (from the end of XI till late fourteenth century). The principality of Armenian princes' roubênienne of Cilicia (from 1198 - a kingdom) was located in the southeast of Asia Minor.Placed at the intersection of commercial and strategic roads, Cilicia was an unavoidable area between Mediterranean Europe and the Middle East. Throughout its existence Armenian Cilicia - a state formed more or less from forced migration - faced attacks or numerous invasions.Throughout a history spanning across three centuries, Cilicia was exposed to attacks from various sides: Europe, Byzantium, Sultanate of Rum, Ayyubid emirates, Egypt and Syria, and, above all, Mamluk. In the period of three centuries Cilicia tries to maintain its independence and defend its own territory against invaders. Thus, the Military Art of the Armenians of Cilicia (tactical strategy, weaponry, composition of the army etc.), and their national idea develops with spirit of defense.Defense, or defensive strategy, along with the offensive, is one of the two main forms of military strategy. It involves a posture of resistance using all the means for preventing the opposing action. Event that the defensive strategy uses all tactical functions necessary to achieve the military conflict (against attack, raid, offensive), that is the defense it gives the major role. The strategic choice of a defensive posture determines all dimensions or military Art of Cilicians: operations, battle and each element of the war.The study of the defense of Cilician Armenia is an innovative topic. We tried to study not only the military history of Cilicia, but also its social and political context, the technical details as and the role of the church in the military case.For our research we used many different original sources. In fact, besides the Armenian sources, we examined the Latin, Greek, Arabic, Syriac (the last two in translation) texts. Only the method of crossing of sources and comparing military traditions gave us hope that we have succeeded in innovative conclusions.This method has allowed us to instigate some issues never discussed, for example the armor and weapons of Cilician Armenian fighter (including the use and types of knives), strategy and tactics in the Cilician army, siege warfare and siege machines. We also treated other topics such as espionage in Cilicia, or naval warfare conducted by the Cilician Armenians. Among other questions, the role of the Church in the Armenian army is also discussed.The method applied in our research is perhaps the novelty of this work. In our investigation, we tried not only to determine the historical events (encounters and battles) but also to develop the problem that exists around these conflicts, trying to find their origins. By asking the questions how? and for what?, we can deliver a lot more information, and thus we can explain the historical events from a military point of view
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DUCHESNE, David George. "THE CHANGING POSITION OF THE SERVING BROT HERS AND THEIR CARITATIVE FUNCTIONS IN THE ORDER OF ST JOHN IN JERUSALEM AND ACRE, ca 1070-1291." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4086.
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Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)Study of the serving brothers of the Order of St John and of the way in which the original idealism of their hostel in Jerusalem was altered by forces of change has been neglected. The ultimate result of these forces was to change the main ideology of the brotherhood into an organisation which was dominated by knights and their desire to defend the Catholic Faith and the Crusader states. The importance of the original brothers and their position within the growth of the Order of St John changed. They became second class citizens in their own Order and this has been largely overlooked. In order to appreciate how this development took place it is necessary to trace the changing circumstances of the serving brothers within the various stages of the history of the Order and the way these affected their caritative service to pilgrims, the poor and the sick. The purpose and ideals which formulated the Hospice of St Mary of the Latins are the essential beginnings of such a study. Following the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099, the Hospice launched into a different phase of its history. The number of poor sick pilgrims visiting Jerusalem and being accommodated in the hospice or hospital, eventually forced the Hospital to become independent from its mother monastery. However, this became possible only after Pope Paschal II settled the problems of church and state experienced in the early years of the Kingdom.
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Packard, Barbara. "Remembering the First Crusade : Latin narrative histories 1099-c.1300." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2011. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/30bc10ac-ba25-0f0e-cef0-76af48433206/9/.
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The success of the First Crusade by the Christian armies caught the interest and arrested the imagination of contemporaries, stimulating the production of a large number of historical narratives. Four eyewitness accounts, as well as letters written by the crusaders to the West, were taken up by later authors, re-worked and re-fashioned into new narratives; a process which continued throughout the twelfth century and beyond. This thesis sets out to explore why contemporaries continued to write about the First Crusade in light of medieval attitudes towards the past, how authors constructed their narratives and how the crusade and the crusaders were remembered throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. It will analyse the development in the way the First Crusade was recorded and investigate the social, religious, intellectual and political influences dictating change: How, why and under what circumstances was the story re- told? What changed in the re-telling? What ideas and concepts were the authors trying to communicate and what was their meaning for contemporaries? The thesis will also aim to place these texts not only in their historical but also in their literary contexts, analyse the literary traditions from which authors were writing, and consider the impact the crusade had on medieval literature. The focus will be on Latin histories of the First Crusade, especially those written in England and France, which produced the greatest number of narratives. Those written in the Levant, the subject of these histories, will also be discussed, as well as texts written in the Empire and in Italy.
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Perry, Guy J. M. "The career and significance of John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, emperor of Constantinople." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6efad77d-921d-499a-8fa6-eccabcb0c608.
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This thesis is a biographical study of John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and later Latin emperor of Constantinople (d. 1237). John’s extraordinary career is touched on by many commentators concerned with the crusades and the Latin East in the early thirteenth century, but it has not been properly re-assessed for more than seventy years. A comprehensive re-examination opens up new angles on the political structures and social landscapes that produced it. John’s career illustrates some residual strengths of the Jerusalemite monarchy just before the start of the Hohenstaufen epoch. It also sheds light on a period in the history of the Latin empire all too easily regarded as largely a void. But within the biographical context, the thesis’s focus is more on the complex interplay between the Latin West and East in the early thirteenth century. A principal theme in this regard is the mobility, in geographical and politico-hierarchical terms, of a specific echelon of the high aristocracy in early thirteenth-century Europe, building on Bartlett’s conception of the contemporaneous western European ‘aristocratic diaspora’. Aristocrats who are ‘not quite first rank’ can be discerned on the make in regions, both west and east, distant from their original homelands. Much of the significance of that lies in the context, the variety of opportunities, and also the limitations on such figures. Whilst this thesis dwells on John’s experience of patronage and dependency, it also identifies grounds for tensions in his ‘new’ environments, as well as highlighting the opportunities and pitfalls presented by ‘dynastic interstices’. In this way, the thesis unpacks many of the ‘more normal’ features of the aristocratic diaspora out of John’s exceptional career. The thesis links together the thematic material to focus, in particular, on the interactions between various Western great powers and John as a client figure.
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Leopold, Antony Richard. "Crusading proposals of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries." Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/977/.
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DUCHESNE, David George. "The changing position of the serving brothers and their caritative functions in the Order of St. John in Jerusalem and Acre, ca. 1070-1291." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4086.
Full textAbstract:
Study of the serving brothers of the Order of St John and of the way in which the original idealism of their hostel in Jerusalem was altered by forces of change has been neglected. The ultimate result of these forces was to change the main ideology of the brotherhood into an organisation which was dominated by knights and their desire to defend the Catholic Faith and the Crusader states. The importance of the original brothers and their position within the growth of the Order of St John changed. They became second class citizens in their own Order and this has been largely overlooked. In order to appreciate how this development took place it is necessary to trace the changing circumstances of the serving brothers within the various stages of the history of the Order and the way these affected their caritative service to pilgrims, the poor and the sick. The purpose and ideals which formulated the Hospice of St Mary of the Latins are the essential beginnings of such a study. Following the capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders in 1099, the Hospice launched into a different phase of its history. The number of poor sick pilgrims visiting Jerusalem and being accommodated in the hospice or hospital, eventually forced the Hospital to become independent from its mother monastery. However, this became possible only after Pope Paschal II settled the problems of church and state experienced in the early years of the Kingdom.
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Mack, Merav. "The merchant of Genoa : the Crusades, the Genoese and the Latin East, 1187-1220s." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/236169.
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The Merchant of Genoa is a study of the Genoese engagement in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean during the late Middle Ages. In particular, the dissertation examinesGenoa's involvement in three crusades following the fall of the first kingdom ofJerusalem as well as the role played by Genoese in commerce and in the re-establishmentof the Latin society in the crusader states. The research focuses on the people of Genoa,merchants and travellers who explored the Mediterranean Sea, crusaders and theGenoese who settled in the crusader states, far away from Genoa. What these peoplehad in common, apart from being Genoese, is that they left records of their activitiesin the form of notarial documents. This is probably the earliest time in the history ofEurope in which such documents were not only recorded but also preserved forposterity. The existence of this collection of documents from the time of the crusades,many of which are as yet unpublished, is therefore an opportunity for a freshexamination of the events from the perspective of individual merchants and exploringthe economic interests of the commune. This dissertation addresses questions about the connection between crusade andcommerce. What motivated the Genoese to help the crusaders in 1187-1192? Why didthey not provide ships for the participants of the Fourth Crusade? How did the crusadeaffect Genoa's web of commerce? Special attention is given to individual and families ofGenoese who settled in the Latin East. The case of the aristocratic Genoese family of theEmbriaco is particularly interesting because of that family's integration into thearistocracy in the kingdom of Jerusalem. Issues concerning the loyalties and identities ofGenoese settlers in the crusader states are addressed and examined in parallel with theexamination of the activities of other Genoese, merchants and travellers, who wereinvolved in commerce in Muslim centres in the same period.
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Petro, Theodore D. "Returning home from the first crusade : an examination of three crusaders : Stephen of Blois, Robert Curthose, and Robert II of Flanders." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1100450.
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Pilhage, Olof. "The power of God : A study of power in medieval religious discourse regarding the crusades." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Historiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157290.
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Korstågen har haft stor inverkan på världshistorien. De stora krigshärarna som drog ut i strid i främmande områden lämnade ett blodigt spår efter sig där de drog fram i Mellanöstern, Baltikum, Spanien såväl som i södra Frankrike. Korstågen gestaltar dessutom det kontroversiella ämnet om relationen mellan religion och politik som har genomsyrat historien och som är av lika stor vikt i modern tid. Korstågen har därför en särskild plats inom historievetenskap, fiktion såväl som modern politisk agenda. Denna studie ämnar lyfta fram användandet av Gud och religiösa uttryck i påvliga brev mellan 1145 och 1215 för att, genom en adaptering av Foucaults diskurs- samt maktanalys, påvisa hur makt användes genom religiösa uttryck och vad Foucault kallar för pastoral makt. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en större förståelse för religiöst inflytande under medeltiden samt hur den religiösa makten manifesterades i påvliga brev.
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Lindsay, Sadé L. "Drug Epidemics and Moral Crusades: The Role of Race in Framing Issues of Substance Abuse." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492511444362458.
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Ryan, Matthew James. "Law, Legislation, and Lending: An Examination of the Influence of the Crusades on the Usury Prohibition." NCSU, 2008. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04302008-233731/.
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The focus of this work is an exploration of the potential impact of the economic necessities of crusading on the usury prohibition of the Latin Church. Throughout the twelfth-century, one sees an amplified rhetoric and an increasing intolerance of lending at interest. The question remains as to why, especially in a period of corresponding commercial growth. The protection of combatants became an area of critical importance, as highlighted by the canonical legislation of the period. Property protection, the continuance of fair market practices, and the extended policy of limiting trade with the Saracens each played a crucial role in the enforcement of usury statues. It also inspired a sense of "Christian Universalism" that was significant to the crusading movement.
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Izant, Christopher L. "The Crusades and Jihad: Theological Justifications for Warfare in the Western and Islamic Just War Traditions." Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1560.
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Thesis advisor: Ali BanuaziziThis thesis is a comparative analysis of the varying approaches by which modern Islamist militancy movements attempt to justify their respective use of violent jihad within Islamic doctrine. This ultimate focus is contextualized by a broader study of the historical role of religion in the development of modern ethical standards for warfare. Justifications for horrific bloodshed and injustice in the Just War traditions of both Christianity and Islam have manifested themselves in the actual military campaigns of the Crusades and jihad respectively. These historical and modern examples demonstrate the precarious complexity of the dual role of religion to both restrict and require warfare in the cause of justice
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Society Honors Program
Discipline: Islamic Civilization and Society
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Smith, Thomas William. "Pope Honorius III and the Holy Land Crusades, 1216-1227 : a study in responsive papal government." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.591920.
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This thesis is a study of medieval papal government and the Holy Land crusades under Pope Honorius III (I216•27). Based on the systematic study of the unpublished manuscripts of Honorius's papal registers (Vatican City, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Registra Vaticana 9-13) and supplemented with contemporary diplomatic evidence and chronicles, it examines the institutions of papal government that were central to Honorius's administration of crusade affairs in the East and the West. This thesis seeks to repair the significant historiographicai gap for Honorius Ill's pontificate and fa analyse the pope's reign on its own terms. It also puts forward a new view of the nature of papal crusade government, arguing that Honorius's administration of the Holy Land crusades was primarily responsive rather than proactive in its operation. This thesis contends the prevailing view in the current historiography that the papacy played a proactive role in formulating, implementing, and modifying a coherent and premeditated crusade policy. Instead it is demonstrated that Honorius pursued his crusade policy responsively. which was defined by input from outside the papal curia. It is established that the direction of most papal crusade decisions was determined in an ad hoc fashion in response to petitioners and diplomats presenting business at the curia. Part one of the thesis is formed of three chapters which provide a chronological framework and propound a detailed political narrative of Honorius's diplomacy with the lay powers between 1216 and 1227. Part two of the thesis consists of three chapters arranged thematically to consider the institutions of papal government under Honorius, investigating the theology in his letter arengae, his deployment of papal legates, and the management of the crusade tax respectively.
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Rapana, Jessica. "Cost, risk, legal practitioners and ‘personal crusades’ – Empirical research on why commercial litigants settle their disputes." Thesis, Rapana, Jessica (2021) Cost, risk, legal practitioners and ‘personal crusades’ – Empirical research on why commercial litigants settle their disputes. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2021. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/62944/.
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This thesis will explore the primary factors which drive litigants to settle their commercial legal disputes, within the bounds of Western Australia. This thesis will broadly examine the existing literature on settlement and litigation, then compare and contrast this against empirical research carried out by the author to determine why litigants settle, and what factors they take into consideration when settling. This is important because in WA, the vast majority of civil disputes are resolved using alternative methods of dispute resolution. Very often, this will result in a private settlement agreement between the parties ending the dispute.
A key reason for settlement is that commercial litigation is a complex and complicated process for most litigants. It requires significant time, energy and resources to undertake. Because litigants are frequently presented with different choices, possibilities and risk throughout their dispute, it can be difficult for them to know what decisions to make in order to maximise their outcome. In addition to this, they will have varying priorities, aims and expectations which will shape their decision-making processes. This research, then, asks lawyers about what factors have an impact on their clients’ decisions. Ultimately, the overarching categories of factors which litigants consider when settling include: cost, risk, various roles of legal practitioners and emotional drivers.
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Bouskill, Robert H. (Robert Howard). "Exempla and lineage : motives for Crusading, 900-1150." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23710.
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From 900 to 1150, major institutional and political changes took hold in Europe. With the advent of the castellans and consolidation of the agnatic noble family, new terms of reference were deployed by writers to reflect these changes. Contributing to the militarization of the aristocracy were exempla and descent myths in house histories and hagiography. Public recitation of this literature thus familiarized the arms-bearer with his heroes, nourished his martial piety and motivated him to defend his patria. Patria also carried an anagogical significance: the heavenly Jerusalem. This permitted its earthly counterpart--Palestine and the literal Jerusalem--to be incorporated into this concept of patria. With the unforseen taking of Jerusalem in 1099, clerical chroniclers in France took the opportunity to cast the pilgrimage and victory in epic terms, reverting to the use of certain conventions of epic intended to motivate arms-bearers in the twelfth century and beyond to defend the Holy Land.
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Upton, Todd Patrick. "Sacred topography: Western sermon perceptions of Jerusalem, the Holy Sites, and Jews during the Crusades, 1095--1193." Connect to online resource, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3256407.
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