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1
Mazur, Marcin. "Determination of crushing energy during vibratory crushing." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 1 (October 1, 2019): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0030.
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Abstract The paper presents a new method of determining the energy consumption for vibratory crushing. Using the laboratory vibratory jaw crusher with kinematic actuation of the jaws, the study of determining power consumption while crushing limestone and diabase was conducted. During the study, electrical energy used on the crushing process was measured as a function of changing design and kinematic parameters of the vibratory crusher, i.e.: jaws stroke, the outlet gap size and frequency of jaws vibration. The article presents program of the research, the laboratory test stand of the vibratory jaw crusher KW 40/1 and the test results. Comparing the theoretical crushing energy requirements, determined by the Bond hypothesis, with the values measured during tests a large differences were observed. Using the Bond hypothesis the Vibratory Work Indexes were determined for the tested materials. Their values are higher than limestone and diabase Work Indexes available in the known literatures. The explanation may be greater amount of energy transferred to the material during vibratory crushing, which results in much higher efficiency of the crushing process.
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Otahanov, Bakhrom Sadirdinovich, Nasimjon Abdulhakimovich Abdumannopov, Jamshidbek Abduzhabbor ugli Juraev, and Kakhramonjon Akramzhon ugli Giyosov. "Work on crushing soil cobles and lumber." Interactive science, no. 2 (36) (February 22, 2019): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-475586.
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The article discusses the issue of the destructibility of soil lumps and lumps depending on the processing speed and the definition of rational values, proposed a method for evaluating the working bodies in terms of the energy intensity of the process.
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Kica, Joanna, and Kenneth D. Rosenman. "Multi-source surveillance for work-related crushing injuries." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 61, no. 2 (December 4, 2017): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22800.
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Ciężkowski, Paweł, Jan Maciejewski, Sebastian Bąk, and Arkadiusz Kwaśniewski. "Application of The New Shape Crushing Plate in Machine Crushing Processes." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 42, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2019-0029.
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AbstractThe results of studies of the crushing process in a double toggle jaw crusher are presented. This process was carried out on six sets of crushing plates. The first three of them are used in industrial crushers – plates with a flat working surface and a triangular profile (in this work, under consideration were profiles with teeth angle γ = 90°). The fourth and fifth type refer to plates with a variable pitch t and teeth height with a triangular shape of the teeth. In the sixth solution, plates with variable pitch and width of the wedged teeth are proposed.The results of the basic process parameters are shown, that is, average degree of fineness n, technical performance Wt, crushing energy L and crushing force F, sieve analysis of crushing product. The obtained results are the basis for the assessment of the suitability of various types of plates, especially plates with a new profile, which have an altered shape in comparison with the plates used in crushers so far.The crushing tests were carried out with the same dimension of outlet slot er = 24 mm, close to the pitch size for plates with triangular profile. Tests were performed on the “Mucharz” sandstone. Samples from a series of blocks of different size and geometric shape were prepared. This work also presents feed mass influence on crushing process efficiency.The plates with variable pitch and width of teeth are beneficial because of lower crushing force and energy.
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Sakharov, D. F., and А. V. Vitushkin. "POWER ANALYSIS OF THE CRUSHING PROCESS IN A CONE CRUSHER." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 12 (January 16, 2019): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-12-980-986.
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The literature devoted to cone crushers design and research of its crushing process is generally based on empirical observations, therefore it is commonly considered that material is crushed under the influence of squeezing forces exclusively. Above mentioned liter ature, in turn, theoretical base forms for crushing units design. Based on common understanding, variety of designs of cone crushing machines existing today is characterized by integrity of principles of their work. Majority of theoretical works devoted to cone crushers are focused on such characteristics as efficiency, extent of crushing, increase in percent of useful fraction in ultimate product, or on operational parameters of separate structural elements such as lining armor resistance, increase in endurance of supporting and power nodes, etc. To increase those characteristics crushing cameras with irregular shape of lining armor are designed, design of an active crushing member combines elements of active members of other crushing machines (roll, cheek crushers). However effectiveness of kinematics of active member movement is considered only from the point of view of squeezing forces generation in crushed material and minimization of its slide against it. The uppermost ener gy brought to any crushing machines is spent on loa ding destroying crushed material. Authors of this article consider that under particular circumstances such work conditions can be provided in cone crushers under which energy efficiency of materials crushing process will increase considerably. One of such conditions is creation of multi-axial stress in crushed material. Some reference designs of cone crushers are considered in the article as well as range of their app lication. Mechanism of multi-axial stress generation in crushed material promoting decrease in energy consumption of crashing process is described. Recommendations on development of operating conditions of crushing machine creating multi-axial stress in crushed material are provided.
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Nezere, Norhafizan, and Al Emran Ismail. "Crushing Behaviour of Empty Steel Tubes under Oblique Loading." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.11.
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<span><p><span lang="EN-GB">This paper presents numerically the empty tube response subjected to oblique loading. According to literature survey, there have large number of works discuss on the crushing performance when subjected to axial loading. However, lack of work available on the crushing behaviour under oblique loading.</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB">Therefore, this work presents the numerical studies on the crushing behavior of empty tube subjected to oblique loading. ANSYS Finite element program was used to model and solve the problem. The developed model was firstly validated with the previous result and it is found that the results obtained were acceptable. There were two important parameters were used such as tube geometry and oblique loading. According to the present results, when oblique angles were increased, the crushing performance decreased. However, when the elliptical ratios were increased, the energy capabilities increased. </span></p>
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B, Ganbat, Mungun J, Zol-Erdene D, and Davaadorj D. "The results of the study for operating regime effect of the machine tractor assembly to the quality of soil cultivation." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 26, no. 01 (April 30, 2019): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v26i01.1210.
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Due to identify the impact of work speed of CPA-3,8a cultivator in soil crushing and remove weed control, so that completed the experience on field, the soil crushing rate and working speed are identified. By using statistic analyzing methods, to indicate the correlation between data and indicators, it is given the cultivation to the quality of work. For the soil crushing rate and work speed was impacted directly, and once examine with students criteria, those had direct and linear correlation. The mathematical correlation between cultivation work speed and soil crushing rate says to identify that work speed and soil crushing rate are have suitable ratio. When working with this good working regime, the soil is well soil crushing, which is one of the opportunities to grow favorable conditions for crop cultivation.
Хөрс сийрүүлэлтийн чанарт угсрааны ажлын горим нөлөөлөх байдлыг судалсан үр дүн (кубота м 9000+кпэ-3.8а угсраа дээр)
Хураангуй: КПЭ-3.8А сийрүүлүүрийн хөрсийг буталж сийрүүлэх, хог ургамал устгах байдалд угсрааны ажлын хурны үзүүлэх нөлөөг судлaх зорилгоор талбайн туршилт тавьж хөрсний бутралтын зэргийг угсрааны ажлын хурдаас хамааруулж тодорхойлсон. Статистик шинжилгээний арга зүй ашиглан тоон үзүүлэлтүүдийн хоорондох хамаарлыг тогтоож, сийрүүлэх ажлын чанарт үнэлгээ өгөв. Хөрсний бутралтын зэрэгт, ажлын хурд хүчтэй нөлөө үзүүлж байсан бөгөөд Стьюдентийн шинжүүрээр шалгахад тэдгээр нь шууд, шугаман хамааралтай байна. Угсрааны ажлын хурд, хөрсний бутралтын зэргийн хоорондох математик хамаарал, загвараас харахад хурд, бутралтын зэргийн зохистой харьцаа тодорхойлогдож байна. Ажлын горимын оновчтой үзүүлэлтийг баримтлан угсрааг ажиллуулбал хөрс сайн бутарч үйрэх бөгөөд энэ нь таримлын ургах таатай нөхцөл бүрдүүлэх юм.
Түлхүүр үг: Сийрүүлүүр, бутралтын зэрэг, туршилт, ажлын хурд, корреляц, регресс, загвар
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Chakule, Rahul, Supriya Patil, and Poonam Talmale. "Design and Development of Can Crushing Machine." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 9, no. 1 (May 5, 2020): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2020.9.1.1082.
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A can crusher machine is used to crush the cans for storing in bin efficiently. The crushing of cans plays a significant role in economy and ultimately helps to society. The process of cans crushing is also human and environment friendly. From literature studies it was learnt that the existing cans crushing machines are automated and can overcome the limitation of manually crushing but cost of automated cans crushing machine is high. In present study, the can crusher machine is developed economically which is automatic and eco-environment friendly. The experiments were conducted for finding the optimal pressure and force values required for effectively crushing the cans. This work helps to increase the storing capacity of cans for user. Thus, transportation cost reduces significantly due to process improvement efficiency.
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Ciężkowski, Paweł, Jan Maciejewski, and Sebastian Bąk. "Analysis of Energy Consumption of Crushing Processes – Comparison of One-Stage and Two-Stage Processes." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 39, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sgem-2017-0012.
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Abstract This paper presents experimental comparison of two machine crushing technologies: one-stage and two-stage. The study was carried on a model double-toggle jaw crusher which allows crushing forces, energy and toggle displacement to be measured. The main aim of the work was to determine the energy consumption of crushing process assuming a given level of fragmentation. Studies were performed on three rocks: granite “Strzegom”, limestone “Morawica” and sandstone “Mucharz”. The material tested had a cubic shape and average dimension of 90 mm. One-stage crushing was carried out for outlet slot er = 11 mm, and two-stage crushing for er = 24 mm and 11 mm. In the tests special design of variable profile moving jaw was used and fixed jaw was flat. The analysis of the results shows that taking into account energy consumption, it is better to use two-stage crushing process. For given materials energy consumption in the two-stage crushing process was reduced by 30%.
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Ismail, Mohd Azizan, and Al Emran Ismail. "Crushing Behaviour of Empty Steel Tubes under Eccentric Loading." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.16.
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This present paper describes numerically the tube responses subjected to eccentric loading using ANSYS finite element program. According to literature review, tremendous amount of works available on discussing the axial crushing of empty tube under axial loading. However, lack of work related with the crashworthiness aspect of tube crushing under eccentric loading was identified. Therefore, the eccentric compressive loading on the empty tubes were focused. There have important parameters were studied such as the eccentric loading. According to the present result, the behaviour of crashworthiness expected to increase when the increment of eccentric loading was introduced. The crashworthiness behaviour and energy absorption capabilities demonstrated efficiently by the collected data mean crushing force and peak crashing force.
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Wang, Tao, Zhen Li, Liangmo Wang, Zhengdong Ma, and Gregory Hulbert. "Dynamic Crushing Analysis of a Three-Dimensional Re-Entrant Auxetic Cellular Structure." Materials 12, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12030460.
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Dynamic behaviors of the three-dimensional re-entrant auxetic cellular structure have been investigated by performing beam-based crushing simulation. Detailed deformation process subjected to various crushing velocities has been described, where three specific crushing modes have been identified with respect to the crushing velocity and the relative density. The crushing strength of the 3D re-entrant auxetic structure reveals to increase with increasing crushing velocity and relative density. Moreover, an analytical formula of dynamic plateau stress has been deduced, which has been validated to present theoretical predictions agreeing well with simulation results. By establishing an analytical model, the role of relative density on the energy absorption capacity of the 3D re-entrant auxetic structure has been further studied. The results indicate that the specific plastic energy dissipation is increased by increasing the relative density, while the normalized plastic energy dissipation has an opposite sensitivity to the relative density when the crushing velocity exceeds the critical transition velocity. The study in this work can provide insights into the dynamic property of the 3D re-entrant auxetic structure and provides an extensive reference for the crushing resistance design of the auxetic structure.
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Nikitin, A. G., Yu A. Epifantsev, K. S. Medvedeva, and P. B. Gerike. "POWER ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF BRITTLE MATERIALS DESTRUCTION IN UNIVERSAL CRUSHING MACHINE WITH ROLL LOCKER." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 4 (June 20, 2019): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-4-303-307.
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The processing of friable materials used in metallurgical industry for production of definite size classes requires operation of crushing machines, including single-roll machines. Parameters of crushing process are degree and efficiency of crushing. The crushing degree is estimated by the ratio of dimensions of the initial crushing and resulting pieces and depends on the size of gap between the roll and the fixed jaw. Crushing efficiency is determined by mass of material crushed by consumed electric energy unit, and depends mainly on strength of crushed material. In order to reduce energy consumption needed for crushing, a single-roll crusher was developed at Siberian State Industrial University with forced feeding of crushing piece into the fracture zone due to the locker located on the roll. Forces of technological resistance appearing during machine operation are the main initial values for machine drive power and structural elements strength testing, thus, the operation power analysis is an integral stage in the design of any machine, including a crushing one. In the present work, forces acting on a crushing piece from roll side and fixed jaw in vertical and horizontal planes are identified. Based on the results obtained, it was determined that internal compressive forces acting on piece of crushing material cause action of normal compressive stresses in a piece, as well as an internal torque effect, which causes shearing stresses action, i.e. a complex stress state is generated in a fractioned piece with simultaneous action of normal and shearing stresses, under which action a fractioning piece is destroyed. Thus reduction in energy consumption for crushing is achieved, with all other conditions being equal. It reduces energy consumption of a single-roll crusher with forced feeding of material into the crushing zone.
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Patay, István, and Virág Sándor. "Energetic relationships for crushing of soil clods." Progress in Agricultural Engineering Sciences 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2006): 51–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/progress.2.2006.1.3.
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Clod crushing is a principal problem with soils of high clay content. Therefore, there is a need for determining the conditions for clod breaking and clod crushing. The objective of the work was to develop a special purpose tool for single clod breaking both by rigid support of the clod and by a single clod supported by soil and to develop a machine for clod crushing. Furthermore, the purpose was to determine the relationship between the specific energy requirement for clod crushing in the function of soil plasticity and the soil moisture content by the means of the developed tool and machine. The main result of the experiments is summarized in a 3D diagram where the specific energy requirement for soil clod crushing is given in the function of the moisture content and the plasticity index for different clay soils.
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Wang, Bo, and Xian Chang Mao. "Radial Crushing System of Exhaust Pipe." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 629–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.629.
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According to the characteristics of exhaust pipe, a radial crushing system was designed in this paper, and the focus was laid on the design and analysis of the bulging tooling and hydraulic system. Moreover, overflow pressure was calculated in detailed, and the joint strength between mandrel and hydraulic pipe was checked. The results show that the radial crushing system has the advantages of simple structure, rational design, reliable work and adaptable.
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Derevyashkin, I. V., and A. A. Sadykov. "Scientific justification of commercial amber production without crushing in work face." Mining Informational and analytical bulletin 11 (2019): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2019-11-0-81-93.
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Lai, CH, KL Tsui, and CW Kam. "Work-Related Crushing Injuries with Amputations of Digits, Hands and Forearms." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 1 (January 2007): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790701400105.
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Lee, L. S., Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin, and Reza Afshar. "Simulation and Experimental Work on a Thin-Walled Structure Under Crushing." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2010): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11668-010-9330-2.
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Deepak, B. B. V. L., and M. V. A. Raju Bahubalendruni. "Numerical analysis for force distribution along the swing jaw plate of a single toggle jaw crusher." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-07-2016-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this research work is helpful for recognizing the crushing characteristics of a single toggle jaw crusher during its operation. It is useful for designing a new prototype of this kind of machine with optimal dimensions of the jaw crusher frame and the crushing chamber. Design/methodology/approach The efficiency of the jaw crusher primarily depends on the kinematic characteristics of the swing jaw plate during the crushing process. The present research work deals with the kinematic analysis of the swing jaw plate of a single toggle jaw crusher. Findings During the analysis, the system is considered as a four-bar crank rocker mechanism. The force distribution is analyzed based on the results obtained from the motion analysis of the swing jaw plate. Originality/value The movement of the swing jaw plate is explained in detail while the machine is in operation. Kinematic analysis of the liner has been performed by considering some points along the swing jaw plate. The results obtained from the movement analysis of the swing jaw plate force distribution along the liner are analyzed. From this analysis, the chamber geometry can be optimized according to the requirement for the crushing motion of different zones in the crushing chamber.
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Liu, Ying, and Ke Long Yu. "Tire Crushing Equipment Hydraulic Workstation Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 1417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.1417.
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Tire crushing equipment in crushing the whole tire processing machinery, plastic blocks larger particles using a hydraulic motor driven mechanical crushing. Tire crushing confidential solving process running overload and load startup. The main problem of large particles of plastic blocks using a motor-driven mill is overload protection and load startup. Fluctuation range of shear crushing big tires, large particles occurred requires the use of shears occur when the machine shut down and set the material inside the machine clean. The machine can be restarted. Hydraulic motor with commutation convenience and load startup characteristics. Hydraulic fluid power source as a workstation can provide power for each processing machinery and complete sets of equipment. Working pressure of hydraulic station design includes a power driven mechanical calculations, the hydraulic system. Choice and control hydraulic system, control the temperature of the hydraulic oil , mechanical work , such as the determination of the content of the component.
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Wang, Xiao-Bo, Wen-Jie Xu, Bing-Yin Zhang, and Qi-Cheng Sun. "Particle crushing simulations with improved discontinuous deformation analysis." Engineering Computations 31, no. 7 (September 30, 2014): 1321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-02-2013-0051.
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Purpose – Rock-fill dams are embankments of compacted free-draining granular earth containing an impervious zone. Earth utilized in such dams often contains a high percentage of large particles – hence the term rock-fill. Mass stability of these dams results from friction and particle interactions rather than through a cementing agent binding the particles together. However, high-stress conditions and prolonged exposure to the elements can severely damage rock-fill. Therefore, understanding and modeling rock-fill breakage is important for dam engineering. The purpose of this paper is to improve discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) techniques for modeling rock-fill breakage, proving the new method using simulations of spherical particle crushing. Design/methodology/approach – This work models rock-fill as bonded ellipsoid particles, and develops an improved DDA method to model the breakage of particle assemblies. The paper starts by describing the principles of three-dimensional DDA for spherical particles, and then derives the submatrices for normal contact, shear contact, and frictional force. The new algorithm incorporates a bond model with a revised open-close iteration algorithm into the DDA method to simulate particle crushing. To validate the improved DDA method, calculated particle contacts and movements are validated against theoretical results. Finally, this work performs a series of point-loading experimental tests for cement ellipsoid particles of both high and low compression strengths, with the test results compared against the results from corresponding DDA simulations. Findings – In particle crushing tests, the force and displacement show an approximately linear relationship until the crushing point, at which point low compression ellipsoid particles split into several large pieces while the high-compression particles break into many small fragments. The DDA simulation results are in good agreement with the crushing tests, demonstrating the validity of the DDA method for solving particle crushing problems. Although the improved DDA model is applicable to rock-fill particle crushing studies, some issues remain, particularly in increasing calculation efficiency and performing large-scale computations and long real-time simulations. Future research should address these issues. Originality/value – A bond model with a revised open-close iteration algorithm is incorporated into the DDA method. The simulated results shed insight into rock-fill crushing mechanisms, an element of concern in engineering practices.
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Rahma, Afif. "Modélisation du comportement du milieu granulaire en fonction de l'écrasement des grains." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t97-083.
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The influence of grain crushing under high stress levels is introduced in the elasto-plastic constitutive law (Hujeux's model) using additional variables that change with the physical and mechanical properties of the grains. These variables are defined as functions of the amount of dissipated plastic work, which is proposed as a parameter for describing the material yield. The results of computer simulations along oedometric and triaxial paths indicate a very good agreement between the experimental curves and the numerical solutions. The proposed modifications are therefore validated.Key words: correlation, grain crushing, constitutive law, modelization, plastic work.[Journal translation]
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Zeghal, Morched, and Tuncer B. Edil. "Soil structure interaction analysis: modeling the interface." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t02-016.
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The sandstructure interface, developed under monotonic loading, was modeled based on physical observations. The model takes into account the macroscopic conditions to yield a general constitutive law applicable to a wide range of contact problems and the microstructural considerations constitute the specialization of the general equations to a specific problem. The surface of slippage was idealized to be sinusoidal based on an intensive numerical simulation program that made use of the discrete element technique. The model incorporates the effect of grain crushing found to play a major role in the behavior of the interface. Analysis of laboratory data revealed a close relationship between grain crushing and the work dissipated plastically during shear. The proposed elastoplastic model, requiring a limited number of parameters, predicts the shear stresses for the modified direct shear test and reproduces the shaft resistance of the shaftsand interface pullout tests in a satisfactory manner.Key words: sand-structure interface, microstructure, grain crushing, plastic work.
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Dam, Chuong Q., Rasto Brezny, and David J. Green. "Compressive behavior and deformation-mode map of an open cell alumina." Journal of Materials Research 5, no. 1 (January 1990): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1990.0163.
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Compressive behavior of an open cell, porous ceramic has been examined and compared to a prior theoretical model. The study involved (i) microstructural characterization, (ii) crushing strength and Young's modulus measurements, and (iii) construction of a deformation-mode map. Initially, the crushing behavior was found to be different than predicted theoretically. Weaker struts throughout the material fractured during the loading and this damage was accumulated until a macroscopic crack or cracks propagated through the material at the crushing stress. Further work showed the discrepancy was related to the uniformity of loading in these porous materials. The use of compliant faces on the loading rams improved the loading uniformity, leading to a substantial reduction in the experimental scatter and increasing the likelihood of unstable crack propagation events rather than damage accumulation. Both crushing strength and Young's modulus were found to be dependent on cell size, but this was considered to be a result of strut cracking at the smallest cell size. A deformation-mode map was constructed using the average stress/strain values at critical points such as the onset of crushing, the minimum crushing stress, and the densification stress. Although some of the details of the deformation map were different from that expected theoretically, the map did appear to be a useful guide to the compressive behavior.
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Aryanny, Enny, and Bayyinah Baitil. "ANALISIS BEBAN KERJA OPERATOR DI BAGIAN PRODUKSI DENGAN METODE CARDIOVASCULAR LOAD (CVL) DAN BOURDON WIERSMA UNTUK MENGURANGI KELELAHAN DI CV. XYZ." Tekmapro : Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 16, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/tekmapro.v16i1.150.
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The workforce of plastic crushing and product printing at CV. XYZ experiences fatigue most quickly, so when working often makes mistakes and lacks concentration at work which causes a decrease in work output. The workload on the operator of the plastic crushing section has oxygen consumption of 0.953 liters / minute categorized by Weight, with a Cardiovascular Load percentage of 30.54% categorized as required for improvement based on the results of Bourdon Wiersma 10.4 seconds speed level category Good Enough, accuracy level 12.7 Doubtful category, a constant level of 5.7 seconds Fair category. The operator of the product printing section has an oxygen consumption of 1,083 liters / minute categorized by Weight, with a percentage of Cardiovascular Load of 35.71% categorized as needed an improvement based on the results of the Bourdon Wiersma speed level of 10.9 seconds the category Good Enough, the level of accuracy 17.6 Doubts category - Doubt, a constant level of 7.01 seconds in the Doubt-free category. Improvements that can be made to plastic crushing and product printing operators are adding rest periods, rolling workers' systems, improving workplace conditions to be more ergonomic, and managing work shifts..
Keywords: Oxygen Consumption, Accuracy, Speed, Constant.
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Jordaan, Ian J., and Garry W. Timco. "Dynamics of the Ice-Crushing Process." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000007085.
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AbstractDuring fast indentation tests on ice sheets at constant rates, crushing is commonly observed at appropriate combinations of speed and aspect ratio. An analysis is made of this mode of failure, using as a basis a recently conducted test on an ice sheet under controlled conditions. The variation of load with time is given special attention, and cyclic variation of load is associated with periodic crushing (pulverization) events, followed by clearing of the crushed ice particles. An analysis of the clearing process is summarized in the paper, treating the crushed ice as a viscous material. A detailed analysis of the energy exchanges during the indentation process is given. Elastic variations of stored energy in the indenter and in the ice sheet are calculated; these are relatively minor. The dissipation of energy during a typical load cycle (3 mm movement during 0.05 s) is about 8 J. The energy required to create surfaces of the crushed ice particles is small (0.006 J), as is the work of crushing based on mechanical testing (0.09 J). It is concluded that the process of viscous extrusion of crushed ice is the main seat of energy dissipation, basically as a frictional process. A relationship for the mean thickness of the crushed ice layer is developed, based on energy-balance considerations.
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Guida, Giulia, and Francesca Casini. "Packing density of bi-disperse mixtures under one-dimensional compression." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 07012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124907012.
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This work aims to investigate the effect of fines in different type of bi-disperse grain size distributions in terms of minimum/maximum density, compressibility and crushing. The material adopted is the Light Expanded Clay Aggregate (LECA), an artificial granular material characterized by light, porous and crushable grains. The bi-disperse grading are firstly analysed in terms of packing density, measuring experimentally the minimum and the maximum porosity for different combination of sizes and volume proportions. Then, some selected mixtures are subjected to one-dimensional compression tests up to high pressures. Evolution of grain size due to grain crushing phenomena and compressibility are therefore measured and interpreted. Finally a theoretical model is adopted in order to predict the mechanical material response accounting grain crushing and granular microstructure.
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Jeong, Sueng-Won, Kabuyaya Kighuta, Dong-Eun Lee, and Sung-Sik Park. "Numerical Analysis of Shear and Particle Crushing Characteristics in Ring Shear System Using the PFC2D." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010229.
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The shear and particle crushing characteristics of the failure plane (or shear surface) in catastrophic mass movements are examined with a ring shear apparatus, which is generally employed owing to its suitability for large deformations. Based on results of previous experiments on waste materials from abandoned mine deposits, we employed a simple numerical model based on ring shear testing using the particle flow code (PFC2D). We examined drainage, normal stress, and shear velocity dependent shear characteristics of landslide materials. For shear velocities of 0.1 and 100 mm/s and normal stress (NS) of 25 kPa, the numerical results are in good agreement with those obtained from experimental results. The difference between the experimental and numerical results of the residual shear stress was approximately 0.4 kPa for NS equal to 25 kPa and 0.9 kPa for NS equal to 100 kPa for both drained and undrained condition. In addition, we examined particle crushing effect during shearing using the frictional work concept in PFC. We calculated the work done by friction at both peak and residual shear stresses, and then used the results as crushing criteria in the numerical analysis. The frictional work at peak and the residual shear stresses was ranged from 303 kPa·s to 2579 kPa·s for given drainage and normal stress conditions. These results showed that clump particles were partially crushed at peak shear stress, and further particle crushing with respect to the production of finer in shearing was recorded at residual shear stress at the shearing plane.
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Jordaan, Ian J., and Garry W. Timco. "Dynamics of the Ice-Crushing Process." Journal of Glaciology 34, no. 118 (1988): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000007085.
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Abstract During fast indentation tests on ice sheets at constant rates, crushing is commonly observed at appropriate combinations of speed and aspect ratio. An analysis is made of this mode of failure, using as a basis a recently conducted test on an ice sheet under controlled conditions. The variation of load with time is given special attention, and cyclic variation of load is associated with periodic crushing (pulverization) events, followed by clearing of the crushed ice particles. An analysis of the clearing process is summarized in the paper, treating the crushed ice as a viscous material. A detailed analysis of the energy exchanges during the indentation process is given. Elastic variations of stored energy in the indenter and in the ice sheet are calculated; these are relatively minor. The dissipation of energy during a typical load cycle (3 mm movement during 0.05 s) is about 8 J. The energy required to create surfaces of the crushed ice particles is small (0.006 J), as is the work of crushing based on mechanical testing (0.09 J). It is concluded that the process of viscous extrusion of crushed ice is the main seat of energy dissipation, basically as a frictional process. A relationship for the mean thickness of the crushed ice layer is developed, based on energy-balance considerations.
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Gajewski, Tomasz, Tomasz Garbowski, Natalia Staszak, and Małgorzata Kuca. "Crushing of Double-Walled Corrugated Board and Its Influence on the Load Capacity of Various Boxes." Energies 14, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 4321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14144321.
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As long as non-contact digital printing remains an uncommon standard in the corrugated packaging industry, corrugated board crushing remains a real issue that affects the load capacity of boxes. Crushing mainly occurs during the converting of corrugated board (e.g., analog flexographic printing or laminating) and is a process that cannot be avoided. However, as this study shows, it can be controlled. In this work, extended laboratory tests were carried out on the crushing of double-walled corrugated board. The influence of fully controlled crushing (with a precision of ±10 µm) in the range from 10% to 70% on different laboratory measurements was checked. The typical mechanical tests—i.e., edge crush test, four-point bending test, shear stiffness test, torsional stiffness test, etc.—were performed on reference and crushed specimens. The residual thickness reduction of the crushed samples was also controlled. All empirical observations and performed measurements were the basis for building an analytical model of crushed corrugated board. The proven and verified model was then used to study the crushing effect of the selected corrugated board on the efficiency of simple packages with various dimensions. The proposed measurement technique was successfully used to precisely estimate and thus control the crushing of corrugated board, while the proposed numerical and analytical techniques was used to estimate the load capacity of corrugated board packaging. A good correlation between the measured reduced stiffness of the corrugated cardboard and the proposed analytical predictive models was obtained.
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Hyodo, Masayuki, Yang Wu, Noritaka Aramaki, and Yukio Nakata. "Undrained monotonic and cyclic shear response and particle crushing of silica sand at low and high pressures." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54, no. 2 (February 2017): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0212.
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A series of undrained monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests were performed on silica sand at two initial densities and different confining pressures from 0.1 to 5 MPa to investigate their shear response and crushing behaviour. The influence of particle crushing on the undrained shear strength and pore-water pressure was examined. To clarify the evolution of particle crushing, undrained monotonic and cyclic tests were terminated at several distinctive stages and sieving analysis tests were subsequently performed on the tested specimens. In the undrained monotonic test, specimens exhibited remarkable dilation behaviour and experienced no apparent particle crushing at low confining pressures. An increase in the mean stress suppressed the dilatancy due to a faster increase of the pore-water pressure, giving rise to the occurrence of particle crushing. In the undrained cyclic test, a higher confining pressure and cyclic stress ratio resulted in a much higher relative breakage. At a specific cyclic stress ratio, the relative breakage increased as the cyclic loading progressed. The confining pressure and shear strain amplitude played a significant role in controlling the evolution of particle breakage. The correlation between the relative breakage and plastic work for specimens under isotropic consolidation, undrained monotonic, and cyclic loadings has been validated experimentally.
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Lonsky, O. V., and M. Yu Liskova. "Safety issues in the crushing and sorting mills of quarries based on the results of forensic technical examinations." Mining informational and analytical bulletin, no. 3-1 (March 20, 2020): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25018/0236-1493-2020-31-0-116-126.
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The state of mining enterprises of the Russian Federation, despite the development of high-performance equipment and high-efficiency technologies, the use of modern technical means of monitoring the production environment and other measures, is characterized by the preservation of a high level of severe and fatal injuries. An analysis of the accident investigation shows that prior to 90 % injuries and accidents are caused by staff misconduct, including 60 % due to misconceptions about the actual level of danger. This is because the lack of reliable information at all levels of the production system hierarchy does not allow reliable forecasting and timely prevention of dangerous production situations. It is known that the conduct of forensic technical examinations on labour protection in criminal cases related to accidents at work greatly facilitates the work of the investigator. The purpose of this work was to identify safety problems at crushing and sorting factories of quarries based on the results of forensic technical examinations. The work includes an analysis of the results of technical examinations on labor protection of two fatal accidents that occurred in 2016-2017 at transport systems of crushing mills of two quarries of Perm region and conclusions on them are drawn. The main safety problems at the crushing and sorting mills of quarries were identified and recommendations were proposed.
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Pedro, Diogo, Jorge de Brito, and Luís Evangelista. "Influence of the Crushing Process of Recycled Aggregates on Concrete Properties." Key Engineering Materials 634 (December 2014): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.634.151.
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This work intends to evaluate the (mechanical and durability) performance of concrete made with coarse recycled concrete aggregates (CRCA) obtained using two crushing processes: primary crushing (PC) and primary plus secondary crushing (PSC). This analysis intends to select the most efficient production process of recycled aggregates (RA). The RA used here resulted from precast products (P), with strength classes of 20 MPa, 45 MPa and 65 MPa, and from laboratory-made concrete (L) with the same compressive strengths. The evaluation of concrete was made with the following tests: compressive strength; splitting tensile strength; modulus of elasticity; carbonation resistance; chloride penetration resistance; capillary water absorption; and water absorption by immersion. These findings contribute to a solid and innovative basis that allows the precasting industry to use without restrictions the waste it generates.
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van Thu, N., R. A. Pearson, T. R. Preston, and P. Fajersson. "Effect of work crushing sugarcane on pregnancy and lactation in cattle and buffaloes." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 9, no. 4 (August 1, 1996): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1996.427.
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Kim, Young S., Jun B. Lee, Sung-Keun Kim, and Jeong H. Lee. "Development of an automated machine for PHC pile head grinding and crushing work." Automation in Construction 18, no. 6 (October 2009): 737–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2009.02.008.
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Sadighi, M., M. Z. Mahmoudabadi, and A. Karamnejad. "A quasi-static and low-velocity impact crushing investigation on a metal square tube." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 4 (April 2011): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2382.
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The crushing of a metal square tube under quasi-static and low-velocity impact loading is investigated, theoretically and numerically. A modified Wierzbicki's static model in the crush analysis of hexagonal honeycomb is extended to the crushing of metal square tubes. Rewriting the internal energy terms and the external work in the energy method through the basic element folding by considering the true cylindrical curvature effects and the flow stress of the tube material leads to a better prediction of the mean crushing force and the half-wavelength of the folding mode of these energy absorbers under quasi-static loading. Afterwards, the present static model is extended to the low-velocity impact crushing of the metal square tube, and for the first time, an analytical model is presented for the study of the low-velocity impact crushing of these energy absorbers. The required initial velocity of the projectile for decreasing the length of these structures from the initial value to a desired value is calculated. A finite-element model (FEM) is developed in the ABAQUS software and the validity of the FEM is demonstrated by comparisons of numerical results with the experimental data available in the literature. Afterwards, results for mean crushing load and half-wavelength of the folding mode in the static loading and initial velocity of the projectile in the impact loading are compared to those of the present and previous theoretical models for various wall thicknesses and widths. A good agreement between results obtained using FEM and present models are observed.
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Evangelho, T. B., and E. Bittencourt. "Consideration of reinforced concrete crushing through cohesive models." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 7, no. 3 (June 2014): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952014000300004.
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In this work, the overlapping crack mode is considered. It permits the modeling of concrete crushing through cohesive surfaces, in a similar way used to simulate fracture. The material is considered in damage when the surfaces interpenetrate each other. Besides simplicity, the big advantage of the methodology is the fact that constitutive relations are independent of the material scale. A generalization is here introduced to consider mixed crushing. Exploratory applications are made considering super-reinforced beams. The effects of the height of the beams, compressive rebars and stirrups are investigated. A good fitting with experiments is obtained.
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Zheng, Wen Xiang, Ming Sun, and Wan Dong Han. "Experimental Research on Critical Force of Crushing and Sorting Coal Mine Gangue." Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (June 2013): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.26.
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First, The pressure test on two actual coal mine irregular and different particle sizes of coal and gangue, through the experimental data, using MATLAB software to give a graphic simulation and assumptions test of normal distribution, by the graphics and hypothetical test confirmed that coal and gangue had obvious demarcation, namely the critical force of crushing and storing coal gangue. In a coal mine as an example,and acquisiting more irregular and different particle sizes of coal and gangue were broken by static experiments and dynamic crushing experiment, using the experimental data obtained pressure distribution and pressure distribution curve equation,by equation to solve the crushing critical force FL of the size of 50-90mm coal and gangue,through mathematical and graphical analysis proved the rationality of FL,and providing a basic data for the future work.
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Abuhasel, Khaled Ali. "A Comparative Study of Regression Model and the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Conjecture Systems for Predicting Energy Consumption for Jaw Crusher." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183916.
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Crushing is a vital process for different industrial applications where a significant portion of power is consumed to properly blast rocks into a predefined size of fragmented rock. An accurate prediction of the energy needed to control this process rarely exists in the literature, hence there have been limited efforts to optimize the power consumption at the crushing stage by a jaw crusher; which is the most widely used type of crusher. The existence of accurate power prediction as well as optimizing the steps for primary crushing will offer vital tools in selecting a suitable crusher for a specific application. In this work, the specific power consumption of a jaw crusher is predicted with the help of the adaptive neuro-fuzzy interference system (ANFIS). The investigation included, aside from the power required for rock comminution, an optimization of the crushing process to reduce this estimated power. Results revealed the success of the model to accurately predict comminution power with an accuracy of more than 96% in comparison with the corresponding real data. The obtained results introduce good knowledge that may be used in future academic and industrial research.
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Wang, Hai-Bo, Jia-Ling Yang, and Hua Liu. "Lateral Crushing of Circular Rings Under Wedge Impact." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 08, no. 03 (April 2016): 1650031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825116500319.
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The present work is concerned with the dynamic behavior of a circular ring loaded between a wedge-shaped indenter and a rigid plate. First, an analytical model using the rigid-plastic theory is established. The effects of strain-hardening and strain-rate are incorporated. The history of displacement, velocity and reaction force of the wedge-shaped indenter and energy absorbed by the circular ring are obtained. Further, to verify the proposed analytical model, numerical simulations and experiments are performed and compared with the analytical predictions. It is found that the analytical solutions compare well with the numerical simulations and experiments. This study provides a better understanding of the energy dissipation behavior of circular rings.
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Potapov, V. Ya, A. I. Afanasyev, V. V. Potapov, D. S. Stozhkov, and A. A. Chirkova. "Increasing efficiency of equipment work for preliminary separation of non-ferrous metals." E3S Web of Conferences 177 (2020): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017703002.
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The article provides an overview of the methods for pre-sorting sulfide ores, as well as the design of separators for implementing these methods. The practical prospects of the use of radioresonance and X-ray fluorescence separation for the preliminary preparation of sulfide ores are shown. The use of not one, but two or more different physical properties of the separated ore components during radiometric beneficiation opens up additional possibilities in increasing the selectivity of this process and expanding the scope of its application. It is proposed to reduce the energy intensity of crushing processes, due to the impact on the rock electrical breakdown of ore in order to reduce its strength. In this case, the processes of crushing and grinding are replaced by processes of selective destruction along the boundaries of inclusions of the useful component. The substantiation of the technology for the separation of poor copper-zinc ores is presented. The relationship of sulfide content and electrical breakdown voltage is shown.The results of experiments in determination the specific energy consumption for the electrical processing of lean ore, depending on the sulfide content, are presented. The principle is substantiated, and a simulation model of the separation process is developed. The block diagram of the separation process algorithm is given.A description of the methodology for working with software is done. The energy costs of a new technology for the separation of poor sulfide ores are determined.
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Rind, T. A., H. Karira, A. A. Jhatial, S. Sohu, and A. R. Sandhu. "Particle Crushing Effect on The Geotechnical Properties of Soil." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 3 (June 8, 2019): 4131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2730.
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Foundations are considered as the backbone of a structure. Most of the times, the foundation is laid on the soil. For the foundation design of any structure, we need to know beforehand the soil conditions such as shear strength and permeability. These parameters help us determine the bearing capacity of the soil. The soil conditions are determined by performing various laboratory tests such as shear box test or tri-axial shear test. However, we cannot design the foundation considering these data as the ground conditions will change once the loads are applied to the soil as there are some soil particles with angularity or sharp edges will break. Once they will break, soil conditions will not remain the same as they were before since the gradation will change. This work is carried out in order to know the impact soil breakage brings to the soil (granular soil). For this purpose, actual ground conditions were simulated in the laboratory by applying one-dimensional compression to soil particles for about 45 minutes in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Different crushing loads to soil particles were applied and the change in the soil behavior was monitored. It was found that due to particle breakage of soil, the engineering properties of sand altered. This research work aims to analyze the effect of particle breakage only in the case of sand.
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Lagunova, Yuliya, Victor Shestakov, and Nazira Ibrayeva. "The study of the movement of a piece on the camera crushing in network type bases as applied to the workflow of the FCC." E3S Web of Conferences 177 (2020): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017703011.
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The paper considers a software-modelling structure for solving the problem of crushing of solid materials, mountain mineral raw materials of different strength and composition. The task is to study the movement of a piece along the crushing chamber of a cone crusher, the stages of destruction of pieces are considered. Setting the main parameters of the FCC, the working process of the crusher and the parameters of the destruction of pieces in the crushing chamber. The study of the basic characteristics of the movement process, the interaction and destruction of pieces is the main aspect of the work process. More precisely, the issues were examined, on the basis of which the dependencies were compiled, which are used in the algorithm of the model of the working process of FCC at the beginning of the cycle of the mode of movement. One of the processes considered in the article is squeezing a piece between the armors with a subsequent decrease in the distance between the armors.
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López-Yerena, Anallely, Antonia Ninot, Núria Jiménez-Ruiz, Julián Lozano-Castellón, Maria Pérez, Elvira Escribano-Ferrer, Agustí Romero-Aroca, Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós, and Anna Vallverdú-Queralt. "Influence of the Ripening Stage and Extraction Conditions on the Phenolic Fingerprint of ‘Corbella’ Extra-Virgin Olive Oil." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (May 30, 2021): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060877.
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The ancient ‘Corbella’ olive variety from the center-north of Catalonia is being recovered to obtain quality extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) with unique organoleptic properties. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of agronomic and technical factors on the phenolic fingerprint of EVOO and to establish the optimum harvesting time and crushing and malaxation conditions for ‘Corbella’ olives. Therefore, three different ripening indices (0.3, 1.2, and 3.2) and three crushing temperatures (10, 18, and 25 OC) were studied. Additionally, a factorial design to optimize the phenolic concentration of the EVOO was developed, applying a range of sieve diameters (4 and 6 mm), and malaxation time (30 and 60 min) and temperature (27, 32, and 37 °C). The phenolic profile was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in a tandem detector. The level of secoiridoids, the major phenolic compounds in the oil, was higher when using olives harvested earlier. Oleuropein aglycone and ligstroside aglycone were degraded during crushing at high temperatures, resulting in the formation of oleacein and oleocanthal. The best processing conditions in terms of total phenolic content were found to be 30 min of malaxation at 37 OC, the crushing size not having any affect.
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Nykyforova, Valentyna, Ernest Yefremov, Ihor Kratkovskyi, and Volodymyr Kurinnyi. "Influence rocks mass and explosives properties on dissipative energy losses during blasting." E3S Web of Conferences 109 (2019): 00064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910900064.
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The factors affecting the energy explosion loss on rock crushing on con-tact with explosives have been established. This makes it possible to substantiate ways to increase low explosion efficiency. Theoretical estimates of the explosion energy losses during the rocks destruction have been carried out taking into account the explosives properties and heterogeneities in the rocks structure. It has been established that homogeneities in the form of mineral grains of various strengths determine the mechanism of their destruction and crushing during blusting. A thermodynamic loss has been estimated during the expansion of gaseous detonation products, on which the maximum explosion work depends. These losses characterize the theoretical possibility of the transfer of energy stored in an explosive into mechanical work. The explosion losses associated with the origination of shock waves in rocks are also have been determined.
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Chirkin, Aleksei A., and Valerii D. Kantemirov. "Rationale for mobile crushing plants design methodology." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii Gornyi zhurnal 7, no. 7 (November 11, 2020): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2020-7-33-40.
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Introduction. Modern mining enterprises in Russia and abroad use opencast mining on a wide scale making the best use of the cyclic-flow technology with mobile crushing plants (PDPU) of various designs. Research aim is to substantiate the methodology of designing mobile crushing plants. Methodology. The work of designers and constructors in choosing the type of PDPU layout scheme and elements of its design, as well as in improving the installation as a whole, is difficult due to the lack of a unified methodological approach to the design of mobile crushing plants in a modular (block) design. Multiple layout solutions in mobile crushing plants design required the formulation of general principles for such plants. PDPU structures were analyzed in the article, and the optimal layout of the plant in a modular design was substantiated as a part of the open-pit transport scheme. Results. The research, including the research carried out in IM UB RAS, made it possible to develop initial requirements for such plants design. In accordance with the requirements the designers of the Uralmash Machine-Building Corporation developed the technical design of the PDPU-2000 mobile unit with a capacity of 2000 m3/ h, consisting of three modules based on the cone crusher KKD 1500/180. Conclusions. Two and three-module plants equipped with large-sized jaw and cone crushers are promising modular PDPU designs currently being developed. The transfer of installation modules to a new location is carried out using a multi-purpose tracked conveyor with a lifting capacity of up to 1000 tons. Recently, there has been an increased interest in this type of PDPU, as evidenced by the large number of patented technical solutions.
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Artamonov, E. V., D. V. Vasil'yev, and M. O. Chernyshov. "Chip Breaking During Automated Processing by Cutting Hard-to-Work Steels by Integrated Use of Chip Breaking Tools and High-Temperature Embrittlement." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 24, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2020-24-1-8-22.
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Purpose of research is to increase productivity when cutting hard-to-work steels by integrated use of chip breaking tool geometry and cutting modes, which reduce the viscous properties of the chips and the processed material. The article discusses the problems of mechanical processing of parts of oil production equipment at enterprises in Western Siberia. It is presented the main condition for ensuring chip crushing and revealed the problem of low efficiency of existing methods in modern industry, to one degree or another guiding, curling and chip-cutting method.Methods. Simulation modeling, calculation of chip direction and crushing were performed; effective methods for solving the problem of chip crushing during the machining of parts made of materials with corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant properties were identified; laboratory, persistent tests of the complex method were carried out.Results of studying the mechanism of chip formation during processing by cutting heat-resistant and corrosionresistant alloys are given here. To solve the problem, we have formulated two tasks that were solved using information taken from the theory of material resistance, tensile diagrams when testing samples of corrosionresistant, heat-resistant materials with high operational properties. A chip breaking exchangeable insert with a variable rake angle is designed and presented. The results and analysis of laboratory test data, in which a plate with chip breaking geometry of the front surface is used, are presented, the operating conditions of effective chip breaking are shown. The conclusions on the solution of the first problem are formulated, it is shown that the determining factor in chip breaking is the physical and mechanical characteristics of the processed material, which vary with different cutting conditions.Conclusion. The work shows that chip removal from the cutting zone prevents it from entering the cutting edge area, reducing impact loads on it and improving the quality of machining. It is possible to form stress concentrators in the chips, leading to chip self-destruction even when processing viscous heat-resistant alloys. The hypothesis is used that the temperature conditions for the maximum workability of heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant steels and alloys correspond to the conditions of high-temperature embrittlement, with the help of which it is possible to create conditions for effective chip crushing and conditions for maximum workability when cutting heat-resistant steels and alloys.
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Garbowski, Tomasz, Tomasz Gajewski, Damian Mrówczyński, and Radosław Jędrzejczak. "Crushing of Single-Walled Corrugated Board during Converting: Experimental and Numerical Study." Energies 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14113203.
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Corrugated cardboard is an ecological material, mainly because, in addition to virgin cellulose fibers also the fibers recovered during recycling process are used in its production. However, the use of recycled fibers causes slight deterioration of the mechanical properties of the corrugated board. In addition, converting processes such as printing, die-cutting, lamination, etc. cause micro-damage in the corrugated cardboard layers. In this work, the focus is precisely on the crushing of corrugated cardboard. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted, in which the different types of single-walled corrugated cardboards were pressed in a fully controlled manner to check the impact of the crush on the basic material parameters. The amount of crushing (with a precision of 10 micrometers) was controlled by a precise FEMat device, for crushing the corrugated board in the range from 10 to 70% of its original thickness. In this study, the influence of crushing on bending, twisting and shear stiffness as well as a residual thickness and edge crush resistance of corrugated board was investigated. Then, a procedure based on a numerical homogenization, taking into account a partial delamination in the corrugated layers to determine the degraded material stiffness was proposed. Finally, using the empirical-numerical method, a simplified calculation model of corrugated cardboard was derived, which satisfactorily reflects the experimental results.
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Burg, Patrik, and Jiří Souček. "The classification of wood chips parameters by crushing of waste cane from different varieties of grapevine." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 56, no. 2 (2008): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200856020051.
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This work deales with exploitatives parameters monitoring of wood shreder PEZZOLATO 110 Mb by crushing of waste cane of six varieties. The results shows that the wood shreders efficiency, fuel consumption and the wood chips elements size can be influenced by varieties characters of cane. The valued machines efficiency was 230–470 kg . h−1 by average volume 40.70 % water in wood. The highest values by cane crushing had the variety Saint Laurent (0.47 t . h−1) and the lowest variety Blauer Portugieser (0.23 t . h−1). The specific consumption of petrol Natural 95 was 4.52.10−3–8.12.10−3 l . kg−1. The average middle elements lenght was 6.64 mm by crushed varieties.
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Khasanov, E. R., D. I. Maskulov, and R. Z. Musin. "SUBSTANTIATION OF WORK QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE EASTERN GALEGA SEEDS SCARIFICATOR." VESTNIK OF THE BASHKIR STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY 51, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/1684-7628-2019-51-3-114-120.
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Based on the studies, a seed scarifier has been created that sequentially performs two operations – scarification and treatment with a microbiological preparation. The shape of the blades and their changing installation angle on a rotating disk allows to adjust the angle of contact of the seeds with the abrasive surface and thereby improve the quality of processing. The use of the developed device for scarification of Eastern galega seeds ensured highquality pre-sowing treatment of seeds. Compared with the existing scarifier, in the recommended range of disc speeds of 900...1100, the proposed scarifier showed a decrease in the degree of crushing of seeds by 0,2...0,4 %, an increase in the degree of scarification by 2...3 % and the degree of germination by 4...5 %.
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Khieu, Trang, and Jacob Daubé. "O7C.4 Use of control measures among construction workers when performing dusty work." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A65.2—A65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.175.
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Respirable dust, including respirable crystalline silica (RCS), is a common risk to health for construction workers. New Zealand and international literature has shown that construction workers are likely exposed to high levels of dust in the performance of their work. However, very little is known about the prevalence of controls used to minimise the dust exposure. An on-site survey of 250 construction workers was undertaken in Hamilton, New Zealand. Respondents were asked how frequently they completed any of six common high-risk activities for dust exposure: [1] cutting or drilling concrete, [2] grinding or polishing concrete, [3] jackhammering, [4] crushing concrete, [5] cutting or sanding wood, [6] cutting or sanding plasterboard or fibre cement board. For each activity completed more than once a month, workers were asked about the controls they used to minimise exposure to dust and their consideration of the risks to their health. Low levels of controls were reported across the high-risk activities. The majority of workers did not usually use water suppression when jackhammering (79.6%) or crushing concrete (56.3%). Nearly two thirds (62.8%) of workers did not use dry dust extraction when cutting or sanding wood, and over a quarter of respondents used neither water suppression nor dry dust extraction when cutting/drilling concrete (30.1%) or grinding/polishing concrete (25.0%). Half of the workers (50%) often or always wore respirators when performing dusty work but fewer than half of ever-wearers were fit-tested or clean-shaven. Younger workers (<25 years) were significantly less likely to consider risks to their health or wear a respirator compared to older workers (≥25). This study provides an insight into the use of dust controls in the construction industry in New Zealand. Future work should investigate how to encourage or enable uptake of stronger dust controls.