Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Crustacea - Growth'

The diversification of current aquaculture practise in South Africa is crucial for the future development of the industry. The rock lobster, Jasus lalandii has been identified as a possible candidate species for shore based culture in systems similar to those used for abalone farming. Reduced Total Allowable Catch (TAC's) and an increased minimum legal size were implemented as management strategies to relieve fishing pressure on natural stocks of J. lalandii, and in turn led to increased market demand and a possible niche for farmed lobsters. High puerulus settlement along the Namibian coast, together with other favourable aquaculture attributes, indicate that the commercial grow out of wild harvested juveniles could be feasible. The aim of study was to investigate the feasibility of growing out rock lobsters in shore based systems in Namibia and South Africa. The experimental objectives of the project were to investigate the nutritional requirements, as well as the effect of stocking density and tank design on growth and survival of J. lalandii. The economic viability of shore based rock lobster farming was then evaluated based on the experimental results and typical capital requirements of an abalone farm in South Africa. Puerulus and early juvenile rock lobsters were collected in Luderitz, Namibia and transported to HIK Abalone Farm in Hermanus, South Africa where they were acclimated in black fibre glass tanks in a flow through system. The pueruli were stocked at 50, 75, 100 and 125/m² and early juveniles at 20, 30, 40 and 50/m² to test the effect of density on growth and survival. A comparative dietary study with both size classes was conducted using a mussel diet (Choromytilus meridionalis and Mytilus galloprovincialis), a commercial shrimp feed diet and a rotational diet comprising both mussels and shrimp feed. Tanks provided with "v-shaped" asbestos hides, PVC hides and no hides were compared to test the effect on growth rate and survival of pueruli. All treatments were conducted in triplicate. Temperatures were recorded twice daily while water quality parameters were tested every second week. The results indicate that density had a significant effect on growth and survival on post-pueruli. An initial stocking density of 75 post-pueruli/m² is regarded as optimal both in terms of the growth rate and biomass production per tank. No differences in growth and survival rates were attained in the early juvenile size class. This indicates that higher densities can be used to rear juvenile J. lalandii. No significant differences were obtained in growth rate when reared under different hide conditions although asbestos hides yielded significantly higher survival rates (93.3 %) compared to the tanks provided with PVC hides (74.04 %) and no hides (77.8 %, p≤0.05). As a result of the high survival rate observed in tanks provided with "V-shaped" asbestos hides, these tanks also yielded higher biomass production per tank (297.8 grams) compared to the tanks provided with PVC hides and no hides (261.09 and 260.5 grams respectively). In the diet trials, growth rates of post pueruli and juvenile lobsters fed the mussel and rotational (mussel and shrimp feed) diets did not differ significantly, however, growth rates of lobsters fed the shrimp feed only diet was significantly lower than both the mussel and rotational diets (p≤0.05). Lobsters fed the mussel diet yielded significantly higher survival rates compared to lobsters fed either the rotational diet or shrimp feed diet only. An imbalance in the fatty acid profile of the shrimp feed could have been a major contributing factor to the poor growth and survival in lobsters fed the shrimp feed only diet as the level of linoleic acid (LOA) was exceptionally high resulting in a high (n -6):(n-3) ratio (1.01) compared to the mussel and rotational diets (0.17 and 0.56 respectively). The low level of arachidonic acid (ARA) in the shrimp feed diet could be a further contributing factor explaning for the poor growth and survival of juvenile rock lobsters. An economic feasibility study was conducted at the end of the experimental phase by modelling a hypothetical shore based rock lobster farm. A projection of production costs and revenues was based on the typical costs of a shore based abalone farm and the current market prices for wild harvested J. lalandii. The economic viability was evaluated using benefit-cost ratios, payback period, internal rate of return and breakeven analysis. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the projected lobster growth and survival rates were the main biological factors influencing the economic feasibility of the hypothetical rock lobster farm. An assumed four year grow out period at a low stocking density yielded more lucrative internal rate of return (IRR), benefit-cost ratio, payback period and net present values (NPV) than a five year grow out period at a high density. The four year grow out scenario proved to be more robust to the fluctuating Rand/US$ exchange rate and could accommodate a lower lobster survival rate. Results presented in this study indicate that rock lobster farming is a marginal commercial prospect based on current production performance and costs. Further research to develop effective puerulus collection techniques as well as to make lobster grow out technology more cost effective is required.

The focus of my thesis research is on the interplay between individual behavior, population dynamics and community-level processes within zooplankton communities in coastal Maine. The target organisms of my thesis work are marine copepods. Copepods are small (1-10 mm) crustaceans that perform the essential ecosystem function of consuming and assimilating primary production (phytoplankton) making it available to higher trophic levels such as commercially important fishes. Therefore, copepod population growth is of critical importance to marine food webs. Fertilization limitation has been suggested as a constraint on copepod population growth but field surveys describing the prevalence of fertilization limitation are lacking. During my doctoral research, I explored the in situ fertilization success of two marine copepod species, Temora longicornis and Eurytemora herdmani in coastal Maine. I collected monthly zooplankton samples and analyzed clutches from field-caught females using an egg-staining technique. My results indicate that both species exhibit fertilization limitation in nature and the factors correlated with their fertilization span population, community and ecosystem level factors. To determine a causal relationship between predator density and copepod mating success, I conducted laboratory experiments to assess the effects of a common mysid shrimp predator, Neomysis americana on Eurytemora herdmani mating success. I subjected males and females to predators or predator cues. I found that the presence of a mysid predator, or only a predator cue, reduced copulation frequency and spermatophore transfer leading to a 38-61% decrease in E. herdmani nauplii production. These results suggest that mysid predators can constrain copepod population growth through non-consumptive processes. To determine the effects that resources can impose on copepod behavior, I explored the behavioral and fitness consequences of Temora longicornis ingesting Alexandrium fundyense, a phytoplankton species that forms harmful algal blooms in coastal Maine. My results suggest that ingesting A. fundyense causes copepods to swim faster and with more directional persistence compared to control algae. Temora longicornis increased their average swimming velocity by 24%, which leads to a 24-54% increase in their theoretical encounter rate with predators. Therefore, these findings suggest behaviorally mediated copepod-algal interactions may have significant impacts on harmful algal bloom dynamics and the fate of toxins in marine food webs.

A análise de uma população em longo prazo permite a identificação da ausência ou presença de variações nos padrões de ciclo de vida, de distribuição espaço-temporal e dinâmica populacional. O ciclo de vida do camarão sete-barbas Xiphopenaeus kroyeri foi investigado na Enseada de Ubatuba, litoral norte do Estado de São Paulo (23º25\' - 23º27\'S / 45º00\' - 45º03\' W) ao longo de um intervalo de treze anos. Amostras de material biológico, de água de fundo e de sedimento foram coletadas em quatro pontos de amostragem em três períodos de 12 meses cada: janeiro a dezembro de 1998, julho de 2006 a junho de 2007 e setembro de 2010 a agosto de 2011. Dados obtidos em 1999 foram incluídos para as análises de crescimento individual, de longevidade e de idade de maturação. Altas abundâncias de fêmeas maduras e de jovens foram respectivamente associadas a valores de temperatura da água de fundo acima e abaixo da média da região. Indivíduos adultos predominaram em pontos com variação temporal da composição granulométrica do sedimento enquanto que os jovens se estabeleceram naqueles em que o sedimento permaneceu fino entre os períodos. Em 1998, a abundância de jovens, o peso individual de machos e fêmeas de todas as categorias demográficas, a idade de maturação morfológica e fisiológica e a longevidade foram maiores do que nos outros períodos. Os parâmetros da função de crescimento de machos e fêmeas variaram entre os períodos, sem apresentarem uma tendência temporal clara. Os padrões anuais de reprodução e recrutamento foram bastante semelhantes entre os períodos. As alterações nos fatores ambientais provocadas por variações na dinâmica de massas de água, pela ocorrência de El Niño e alterações na intensidade de pesca foram consideradas como possíveis agentes relacionadas às variações nos padrões do ciclo de vida da espécie na região
Long-term studies on a population provide detection of the presence or absence of interannual variation in patterns of its life cycle, spatio-temporal distribution, and dynamics. This study investigate the population of the seabob shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri within a period of 13 years in Ubatuba Bay, northern coast of São Paulo state, Brazil (23º25\' - 23º27\'S / 45º00\' - 45º03\' W). Shrimp, bottom water and sediment samples were collected from four sampling sites during three 12-month periods: January-December 1998, July 2006-June 2007, and September 2010-August 2011. Monthly data collected in 1999 were included in growth, longevity and maturation age analyses. High abundance of mature females and juveniles were associated to the occurrence of temperature values below and above the region average, respectively. Adults predominated in sites that showed temporal variation of sediment texture while juveniles occurred in sites where sediment remained fine between the study periods. In the 1998 period values of juveniles were more abundant, individual weight of all demographic categories was higher, both morphological and physiological maturity was attained later and lifespan was longer than on the following periods. Growth function parameters of males and females varied between periods with no clear temporal trend. Monthly patterns of reproduction and recruitment were similar between the study periods. Changes in the environmental conditions caused by variations in the dynamics of the local water masses, occurrence of El Niño and fishery intensity were considered as possible factors related to the interannual variations in the life cycle pattern of X. kroyeri in the study region

This study aims to evaluate some aspects of the biology of a new species of aeglid at Jaguari River basin (in process of description), such as the population structure, the morphological sexual maturity and somatic growth in natural environment. These investigations were conducted from November/2007 to October/2008, in a section of stream Perau in Jaguari county-RS. Monthly collections were made and individuals were captured in two ways, with the help of 25 traps trap, and these were arranged in the late afternoon of one day and removed in the following morning. The second method of sampling was a surber placed in the opposite direction to the stream flow so that with the revolving stones vegetation and all kinds of substrate and the animals were dragged into the capture equipment. The Surber sampling was made with a sampling effort of 30 minutes. The organisms collected were sexed based on the presence of pleopods in females and absence of those in males and / or position of the genital openings. Individuals had the following body dimensions measured with a digital caliper with 0.01 mm of precision: cephalothoracic length (CL), cephalothoracic width (CW), width of the second abdominal somite (AW), length of propodus chela left (LLC), length of propodus right chela (LRC) and height of the larger chelae (HC). After sexing and measurements the animals were returned to the same location that where collected. During working hours we sampled 1774 individuals (1259 males, 512 females and 03 individuals not sexed). Males and females were grouped into size classes of CL, where was observed a bimodal distribution. Males has significantly larger sizes than females, according to the Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). The sex ratio was significantly different from 1:1 in most sampling periods (p <0.05) when considering the general data (surber + trap), but followed the expected in most months sampled with Surber (p<0,05). The highest incidence of ovigerous females occurred in autumn (65.11%), followed by winter (5.81%) and spring (1.75%). Although the juveniles had been found in all seasons, the highest frequencies of these in relation to adults were observed in autumn (20.43%) and winter (17.29%). The smallest ovigerous female sampled in the field measured 10.45 mm of CL. The size of individuals at the beginning of morphological sexual maturity was estimated, using the program REGRANS, in 12.78 and 10.78 mm CL for males and females respectively. Males Aegla sp. n exhibit heterochely, with a preponderance of left chela laterality, while females have isoquelia. After the pubertal changes, an additional change in the level of allometry in relation to the dimensions of the chelae was detected in adult males. As a result, two groups of morphotypes in adult males, here designated as morphotype I and II were recognized according to the state of development of the chelipeds. The growth curves of the cephalothorax, estimated for males and females, are described by the following equations: Ct = 26,57[1 e -0,0064(t+18,14) e Ct = 21,71[1 e-0,008(t+30,25), respectively. Males reached larger sizes than females and showed higher growth rates than those. The estimated longevity for males was 670 days while that for females was 736 days. This study seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the biology of a new species of aeglid, it is expected that it can provide inputs for further research on these crustaceans and also direct efforts to preserve the species of the family Aeglidae and therefore all headwater areas where these animals live.
O presente trabalho visa avaliar alguns aspectos da biologia de uma nova espécie de eglídeo da bacia do Rio Jaguari (em processo de descrição), como a estrutura populacional, a maturidade sexual morfológica e o crescimento somático em ambiente natural. As amostragens foram realizadas de novembro/2007 à outubro/2008, em um trecho do Córrego Perau, no município de Jaguari-RS. Foram realizadas coletas mensais e os indivíduos foram capturados de duas maneiras, com o auxílio de 25 armadilhas tipo covo, sendo que estas foram dispostas no final da tarde de um dia e retiradas pela manhã do dia seguinte. O segundo método de amostragem foi com auxílio de um surber disposto em sentido contrário à correnteza de modo que, com o revolvimento das pedras, vegetação e todo tipo de substrato, os organismos fossem arrastados para dentro do equipamento de captura. Na coleta com surber adotou-se um esforço amostral de 30 minutos. Os organismos coletados foram sexados com base na presença de pleópodos nas fêmeas e ausência destes nos machos e/ou posição das aberturas genitais. Os indivíduos tiveram as seguintes dimensões corporais mensuradas com um paquímetro digital com precisão de 0,01mm: comprimento do cefalotórax (CC), largura do cefalotórax (LC), largura do segundo somito abdominal (LA), comprimento do própodo quelar esquerdo (CPE), comprimento do própodo quelar direito (CPD) e altura do maior própodo quelar (ALT). Após registradas as medidas e a sexagem, os organismos foram devolvidos no mesmo local de onde coletados. Durante o tempo de trabalho foram amostrados 1774 indivíduos (1259 machos, 512 fêmeas e 03 indivíduos não-sexados). Machos e fêmeas foram agrupados em classes de CC, onde foi observada uma distribuição bimodal. Os machos apresentam tamanhos significativamente maiores que fêmeas, de acordo com o teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0,05). A proporção sexual foi significativamente diferente de 1:1 na maioria dos meses de amostragem (p<0,05) quando considerados os dados gerais (armadilha + surber), porém seguiu a esperada na maioria dos meses quando considerados indivíduos amostrados somente com surber (p>0,05). A maior incidência de fêmeas ovígeras ocorreu no outono (65,11%), seguido do inverno (5,81%) e primavera (1,75%). Embora os juvenis tenham ocorrido em todas as estações do ano, as maiores freqüências destes, em relação aos adultos, foram observadas no outono (20,43%) e no inverno (17,29%). A menor fêmea ovígera amostrada em campo mediu 10,45 mm. O tamanho dos indivíduos no início da maturidade sexual morfológica foi estimado, utilizando o programa REGRANS, em 12,78 e 10,78mm de comprimento cefalotoráxico para machos e fêmeas respectivamente. Machos de Aegla sp. n. exibem heteroquelia, com preponderância de lateralidade da quela esquerda, enquanto fêmeas apresentam isoquelia. Após a muda puberal, uma mudança adicional no nível de alometria em relação as dimensões das quelas foi detectada em machos adultos. Como resultado, dois grupos de morfotipos em machos adultos, aqui designados como morfotipo I e II foram reconhecidos de acordo com o estado de desenvolvimento dos quelípodos. As curvas de crescimento do cefalotórax, estimadas para machos e fêmeas, são descritas pelas seguintes equações Ct = 26,57[1 e -0,0064(t+18,14) e Ct = 21,71[1 e-0,008(t+30,25) , respectivamente. Os machos atingiram tamanhos maiores que as fêmeas e apresentaram taxas de crescimento maiores que essas. A longevidade estimada para os machos foi de 670 dias e enquanto que para as fêmeas foi de 736 dias. O presente estudo busca contribuir com o conhecimento da biologia de uma nova espécie de eglídeo, espera-se que este possa servir de subsídios para novas investigações sobre estes crustáceos e também possa direcionar esforços para a preservação das espécies da família Aeglidae e, por consequência, de todas as áreas de nascentes onde vivem estes animais.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The aim of this study was to evaluate some aspects of the biology of the anomuran crab Aegla sp. n.., for example: the size of onset of sexual maturity, the median size between males and females, the sexual proportion (monthly and in size classes), the reproductive period (based on ovigerous females frequency), recruitment, spatial and seasonal distribution and growth in natural environment. This crustacean is a new species which is in process of description. The study was realized in Passo Taquara brook, situated in São Pedro do Sul municipality, in central region of Rio Grande do Sul State. Samplings were monthly realized, from May/2005 to April/2006 in three sections of the stream. Traps containing bovine liver as lure and dip nets were used to collect the animals. Eight traps were placed in each section, with a distance of 10 meters between them. In each section a sampling effort of 20 minutes was realized.. All the captured specimens were sexed by inspection of the presence of pleopods in females and and/or position of the sexual gonopores (coxae of the third pereopods in females and coxae of the fifth pereopods in males). Specimens with less than 3 mm of cephalothoracic length were considered unsexed juveniles due to the impossibility of visualizing pleopods and genital pores. The following corporeal dimensions were measured using a digital caliper with 0.01 mm of precision: cephalothoracic length (CL), cephalothoracic width (CW), width of the second abdominal somite (AW), length of the right chela (RC), length of the left chela (LC) and height of the larger chela (HC). After the data register, crabs were returned to the stream, to the same places where they were collected. A total of 916 specimens was sampled, 17 unsexed juveniles, 601 males (166 juveniles and 435 adults) and 298 females (101 juveniles, 182 adults and 25 ovigerous). The size at the onset of sexual maturity was esteemed, using Mature I and II software, in 13.60 and 10.84 mm of cephalothoracic length for males and females, respectively. Males presented sizes significantly larger than females. The distribution in size classes showed was bimodal for both sexes indicating more than one age-group in the population. The sexual proportion was in agreement with the expected value (1:1) when analyzing the specimens sampled with nets, but differed when analyzing the total data. Ovigerous females were sampled in all stations of the year, but they were more frequent in winter. Juveniles were also sampled in all stations of the years, but more frequently in winter and spring. The water temperature registered in Passo Taquara brook was similar among sections (p>0.05), but it was statistically more elevated in summer (p<0.05). The values of pH registered in section 02 were slightly more alkaline than in the other sections, and statistic differences among seasons were also observed (p<0.05). The concentrations of dissolved oxygen in water did not differ among sections, but the values observed in summer were significantly smaller (p<0.05). The outflow did not show statistic differences among sections and seasons (p>0.05). observed relationships in The linear regression analysis did not present any relationship between the abundance of eglids and the abiotic parameters, including precipitation (p>0.05). The type of substrate seems to be the principal factor explaining the distribution of this species, as revealed by the values of the linear regression between quantity of rocks and abundance of Aegla sp. n.. (F1,11 = 19.53 p = 0.0016). The size of rocks did not affect the abundance of eglids at the sections sampled. The growth curves of cephalothorax estimated for males and females are described by the following equations: Ct = 28.00 [1 e-0.0047(t+10.63)] and Ct = 25.16 [1 e-0.0051(t+17.65)], respectively. The males were larger than females and the estimated longevity was three years for males and two and half years for females. Differences were observed in the mean and median sizes of the chelipeds, besides a differential growth of the right and left chelae of Aegla sp. n.. The objective of this work was to contribute for the knowledge about some biology aspects of Aegla sp. n.., aiming the conservation of the species.
O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar alguns aspectos da biologia de Aegla sp. n.., tais como: tamanho do início da maturidade sexual morfológica, tamanho mediano de machos e fêmeas, distribuição etária, proporção sexual geral e nas classes de tamanho do comprimento cefalotoráxico, período reprodutivo, recrutamento, distribuição espacial, temporal e crescimento em ambiente natural. Este crustáceo é uma espécie nova em processo de descrição. O presente estudo foi realizado no Arroio Passo Taquara, localizado no município de São Pedro do Sul, região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de maio de 2006 a abril de 2007 em três trechos do referido córrego. Os organismos foram coletados com o auxílio de armadilhas plásticas, sendo que foram dispostas oito por trecho a uma distância de dez metros uma da outra, e com um puçá de 30 x 40 cm de tamanho, fundo de 60 cm e panagem com malha de 0,2 mm, sendo que em cada trecho foi realizado um esforço amostral de 20 minutos por duas pessoas. Os organismos coletados foram sexados com base na presença de pleópodos nas fêmeas e ausência destes nos machos e/ou posição das aberturas genitais (na coxa do 3º par de pereiópodes das fêmeas e 5º par nos machos), quando não era possível a visualização de pleópodos uma lupa foi utilizada para a visualização dos poros genitais. Indivíduos com menos de 3 mm de comprimento cefalotoráxico foram considerados jovens não sexados por não apresentarem pleópodos e poros genitais desenvolvidos o suficiente para a uma visualização com confiabilidade. Os indivíduos tiveram as seguintes dimensões corporais mensuradas com um paquímetro digital com precisão de 0,01mm: Comprimento do cefalotórax (CC - da ponta do rostro até a borda posterior da carapaça), largura do cefalotórax (LC tomada na altura da sutura posterior a região gástrica), largura do segundo somito abdominal (LA), comprimento do própodo quelar esquerdo (CPE), comprimento do própodo quelar direito (CPD) e altura do maior própodo quelar (ALT). Obtidas as medidas e a sexagem, os organismos foram devolvidos no mesmo local de onde coletados. Foram amostrados 916 indivíduos, sendo 17 juvenis não sexados, 601 machos (166 juvenis e 435 adultos) e 298 fêmeas (101 jovens, 172 adultas e 25 ovígeras). O tamanho do início da maturidade sexual morfológica foi estimado, utilizando os programas Mature I e II, em 13,60 e 10,84mm de comprimento cefalotoráxico para machos e fêmeas respectivamente. Machos e fêmeas apresentaram dimorfismo sexual quanto ao seu tamanho mediano. A distribuição em classes de tamanho se mostrou bimodal para machos e fêmeas, o que indica mais de um grupo etário na população. A proporção sexual seguiu o padrão esperado de 1:1, considerando-se os organismos coletados com puçá, fato que não foi observado com o conjunto total dos dados. Foram amostradas fêmeas ovígeras em todas as estações do ano, porém com maior intensidade no inverno, da mesma forma o recrutamento em Aegla sp. n.. apresentou-se de forma contínua ao longo do ano, porém com uma alta intensidade no inverno e primavera. A temperatura da água registrada no Arroio Passo Taquara não apresentou diferenças entre os trechos (p>0,05), porém no verão os valores foram estatisticamente mais elevados (p<0,05). Os valores de pH registrados no trecho 02 foram levemente mais alcalinos que nos demais trechos, da mesma forma foram observadas diferenças nos valores de pH entre as estações do ano (p<0,05). Os teores de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) na água não variaram significativamente entre os trechos (p>0,05), porém os valores de OD foram estatisticamente menores no verão (p<0,05). Não foi observada diferença estatística da vazão entre os trechos e estações do ano (p>0,05). Não foram observados valores significantes na análise de regressão linear entre a abundância de eglídeos e os parâmetros abióticos analisados (p>0,05). Não foi visualizada relação entre a precipitação pluviométrica e a abundância de Aegla sp. n.. no Arroio Passo Taquara (F1,11 = 0,02 p = 0,87). O tipo de substrato parece ser o principal fator que explica a distribuição dessa espécie no Arroio, esse fato fica mais evidente quando observamos o valor da regressão linear entre a quantidade de pedras e a abundância de Aegla sp. n.. (F1,11 = 19,53 p = 0,0016). O tamanho das pedras não se relaciona com a abundância nos três trechos amostrados. As curvas de crescimento do cefalotórax estimadas para machos e fêmeas são descritas pelas seguintes equações Ct = 28,00 [1 e-0,0047(t+10,63)] e Ct = 25,16 [1 e-0,0051(t+17,65)], respectivamente. Os machos atingiram maiores tamanhos que as fêmeas e a longevidade foi estimada em três anos para os machos e dois anos e meio para as fêmeas. Foram verificadas diferenças no tamanho médio e mediano dos quelípodos, além de um crescimento diferencial das quelas direita e esquerda em machos e fêmeas de Aegla sp. n.. O presente estudo busca contribuir para o conhecimento sobre os aspectos da biologia populacional na espécie Aegla sp. n.., visando a criação de medidas conservacionistas.

Eurypanopeus depressus and Eurypanopeus dissimilis, two estuarine species of xanthid crabs, were raised under laboratory conditions. Four zoeal stages and one megalopal stage were observed in both species. The larvae of E. dissimilis have a longer intermolt period and grow to a larger size than E. depressus. E. dissimilis can be distinguished from E. depressus on the basis of three main features: 1) greater telson armature, 2) longer endopod in relation to the protopod of the antenna in the fourth zoeal stage, and 3) presence of the frontal horns on the carapace of the megalopa. Distinctions between larvae of E. dissimilis and Panopeus herbstii were negligible, except for the endopod of the maxilla in the megalopal stages. These results and others suggest that the current taxonomic placement of E. dissimilis may be incorrect and should be reassigned into the genus Panopeus.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é contribuir para a preservação e/ou manejo da única população conhecida de Aegla strinatii e reforçar ainda mais a necessidade de preservação da área de ocorrência da espécie. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas mensais ao longo de dois anos de trabalho de campo no Parque Estadual de Jacupiranga, considerado a segunda maior unidade de conservação do Estado com 150.000 hectares, englobando os municípios de Jacupiranga, Barra do Turvo, Cananéia, Iporanga, Eldorado e Cajati (CLAUSET, 1999). Os espécimes foram coletados com peneiras e armadilhas, no rio das Ostras (S 24°38\'16.2\" ; W48°24\'05.2\"),situado no núcleo Caverna do Diabo, no município de Eldorado. Os objetivos da presente contribuição eram: determinar a razão sexual, composição da população, período de recrutamento e crescimento da espécie; quantificar do grau de heteroquelia; verificar o padrão reprodutivo e determinar a fecundidade; verificar uma possível variação do tamanho dos ovos durante o desenvolvimento embrionário; verificar a ocorrência de desovas sucessivas; avaliar, macroscópica e microscopicamente, as gônadas de fêmeas, caracterizando assim os estágios de desenvolvimento gonadal; determinar a primeira maturação de machos e fêmeas; avaliar a distribuição geográfica de Aegla strinatii, visando definir sua área de ocorrência e localização de novas populações; avaliar o status de risco de extinção da espécie com base em critérios sugeridos pelo IUCN (2001). Esta tese de Doutorado está dividida em quatro capítulos, cada qual abrangendo um assunto pertinente à biologia de A. strinatii, a fim de proporcionar uma leitura mais dinâmica e objetiva e facilitar o encaminhamento dos artigos para publicação em revistas científicas. O Capítulo 1 trata da estrutura populacional e biologia reprodutiva de A. strinatii. Para tanto, foram amostrados 867 indivíduos, sendo 401 machos e 466 fêmeas (razão sexual 1:1,16) que apresentaram comprimentos médios da carapaça em machos e fêmeas foram 19,08 e 18,01 mm, respectivamente. O período reprodutivo da espécie pode ser caracterizado como periódico, estendendo-se de maio a setembro. A fecundidade média foi de 186 ovos; os ovos possuíam formato levemente elíptico, com tamanho médio e coloração variando de acordo com o estágio de desenvolvimento embrionário. A análise macroscópica das gônadas permitiu distinguir quatro estágios de maturação. Cortes histológicos mostraram uma sincronia entre esses estágios e o desenvolvimento progressivo das células ovarianas. Espermatozóides bem formados foram observados apenas em machos com comprimento da carapaça superior a 14,49 mm. No segundo capítulo foram analisados a lateralidade, o crescimento relativo do primeiro par de pereópodes e as proporções biométricas entre a largura do abdome, o peso e o comprimento da carapaça em machos e fêmeas de Aegla strinatii. Todas as comparações demonstraram que as quelas de A. strinatii são assimétricas, em termos de comprimento e largura, em machos e fêmeas. Além disso, foi observada uma maior prevalência de maior desenvolvimento da quela esquerda em ambos os sexos. O tipo de crescimento alométrico positivo predominou nas relações biométricas de machos e fêmeas de A. strinatii. Nos machos, todas as relações biométricas apresentaram diferença significativa na comparação entre espécimes jovens e adultos, enquanto os jovens e adultos do sexo feminino diferiram significativamente apenas nas relações entre o comprimento da carapaça e a largura do quelípode maior, largura do abdome e peso. A partir de cada relação biométrica estudada estabeleceu-se um tamanho da maturidade morfométrica para machos e fêmeas. No capítulo 3 são apresentados resultados sobre o crescimento em comprimento de Aegla. Para tanto, distribuiu-se os comprimentos de carapaça (CC) de machos e fêmeas em classes de tamanho separadamente para os animais capturados com peneira e armadilha. As coortes foram reconhecidas através do método de Bhattacharia, utilizando-se o programa de computador FISAT II (versão 1.2.2) e a curva de crescimento foi ajustada segundo o modelo de von Bertalanffy, com o auxílio do programa de computador CAJUS. A idade da primeira maturação dos machos foi baseada no tamanho de maturação obtido através de análises do crescimento relativo (Cap. 2), enquanto que para as fêmeas utilizou-se o tamanho no qual 50% das fêmeas estavam maduras (Cap. 1). A longevidade de A. strinatii foi calculada com base no valor de CC abaixo do qual 95% da população amostrada está representada. Machos e fêmeas apresentaram taxas de crescimento semelhantes (L¥ = 27.51, K = 0.73 para machos; L¥ = 26.96, K = 0.73 para fêmeas). A idade da primeira maturação foi estimada em 16,5 meses para machos e 16,8 para fêmeas e a longevidade estimada em 33,52 e 34,04 meses em machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. As informações obtidas sobre a biologia reprodutiva, dinâmica populacional, distribuição geográfica, habitat ocupado e ainda, inferências sobre as possíveis ameaças à população foram utilizados para calcular o grau de risco de extinção de A. strinatii, que corresponde ao capítulo 4. Neste último capítulo concluiu-se que a espécie pode ser classificada como \"Ameaçada\" uma vez que sua distribuição geográfica é restrita (ocorrência registrada em apenas três localidades), com uma área de ocupação estimada em menos de 500 km², população de adultos estimada em menos de 2.500 indivíduos e declínio contínuo da qualidade do habitat. Este trabalho representa um desdobramento de um projeto mais amplo, que vigorou de 1998 a 2003, denominado \"Levantamento e Biologia de Crustacea, Insecta e Mollusca de água doce do estado de São Paulo\", integrante do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP. Com o término deste projeto, o conhecimento da fauna de crustáceos decápodes do Vale do Ribeira avançou sobremaneira, contudo o estudo de aspectos da biologia, particularmente dos eglídeos da região, ainda era escasso. O presente trabalho visa contribuir para um maior conhecimento da biologia deste maravilhoso e intrigante grupo de crustáceos decápodes.
This study aims to contribute for preservation of the only known population of Aegla strinatii and to reinforce the necessity to preserve the areas where this species occur. Therefore, monthly collections were realized during a two year period at Jacupiranga State Park which is considered to be the second largest conservation unit of São Paulo State. The specimens were sampled with the aid of sieves and traps, in the Ostras stream (S 24°38\'16.2\"; W 48°24\'05.2\"), Eldorado County. The objectives of this study were: to determine the sex ratio, recruitment period and growth in length and weight of the species; to check heterochelous condition; to verify the reproductive period and fecundity; to check the possibility of egg size variation during embryonic development and the occurrence of successive spawning; to evaluate macroscopic and microscopically the gonads of females; to calculate the size at onset maturity in males and females; to determine the geographical distribution of Aegla strinatii with the finding of new populations; to establish the risk of extinction of the species based on criteria established by the IUCN Species Survival Commission. This PhD Thesis is divided into four chapters, each one focused in a subject of the biology of A. strinatii, so that the readers can have a much more dynamic reading. In Chapter 1 there are information about population structure and reproductive biology of A. strinatii. To achieve the results, 867 individuals, being 401 males and 466 females (sexual reason 1:1.16) were sampled with mean carapace length of 19.08 mm (males) and 18.01 mm (females). The reproduction of the species occurred from May to September and the mean fecundity was 186 eggs. The eggs showed variation in both size and color during the embryonic development. The macroscopic analysis of the gonads allowed distinguishing four maturation stages. Histological sections showed a synchronism between those macroscopic stages and the development of ovarian cells. Spermatozoids completely formed were observed in males with carapace length superior to 14.49 mm. In Chapter 2 there is information on the preferential handedness and the relative growth of the first pair of pereopods, carapace length with and without the rostrum, weight and abdomen width of males and females of Aegla strinatii. All comparisons revealed significant differences and demonstrated that claws of A. strinatii are markedly asymmetrical in terms of both length and width in both sexes. The prevalence of a more developed chela was significantly higher in the left chela than in the right one. Positive allometric growth was predominant in all biometric relations of males and females of A. strinatii. In males, all biometric relationship showed significant difference between adult and young specimens. In females only the relative growth of major claw width, abdomen width and weight showed statistical difference between young and adults. The size at the onset of morphometric maturity for males and females was established for each biometric relation studied. Chapter 3 presents the study on the growth in length of Aegla strinatii. The data on the carapace length of males and females were distributed in size classes for animals captured with sieve and trap. Cohorts were recognized using the method of Bhattacharya and the software FISAT II (version 1.2.2). The von Bertalanffy growth function was adjusted on modal CC vs. time plots with the aid of CAJUS software. Estimation of maturation age was based on the maturation size obtained by relative growth analysis (males) (Cap. 2) and on the size which 50% of all females are considered to be mature (Cap. 1). Longevity was based on the CC below which 95% of the sampled individuals were represented. Males and females presented similar growth patterns (L = 27.51, K = 0.73 for males; L = 26.96, K = 0.73 for females). Males and females attained maturation size in 16.5 and 16.8 months respectively. Longevity was estimated as 33.52 months for males and 34.04 for females. The information obtained on the reproductive biology, population dynamics, geographical distribution and possible threats to the population were used to calculate the risk of extinction of A. strinatii, which is the scope of Chapter 4. Through the analysis of all data the species was classified as \"Threatened\". Its geographical distribution is restricted (only three localities), the area of occupation in less than 500 km², the estimated size of adult population was less than 2.500 individuals and a constant decline on the quality of the habitat was detected. This study is a continuation of BIOTA / FAPESP Program that took place from 1998 and 2003. With the end of this program there was an increment of the knowledge of the decapod crustacean fauna from Ribeira do Iguape River Basin. However, the studies on biology and ecology of these crustaceans, particularly eglids, were still scarce. The present contributes to the knowledge increment on the biology and ecology of a aeglid species.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus possui ampla distribuição no litoral brasileiro, é intensamente capturado como fauna acompanhante (bycatch) na pesca dos camarões peneídeos, mas não apresenta valor comercial. No entanto, está sujeito aos mesmos impactos causados à espécie alvo. Em vista disso, a dinâmica populacional foi investigada no presente estudo, com enfoque nos seguintes aspectos: proporção sexual, maturidade sexual morfológica e gonadal, período reprodutivo, recrutamento juvenil, crescimento e longevidade dos indivíduos. Foram realizadas coletas mensais na região de Cananéia/SP entre julho/2012 e junho/2014 em sete estações de coleta, por meio de um barco camaroeiro equipado com duas redes de arrasto do tipo “otter trawl”. Temperatura e salinidade da água de fundo, o teor de matéria orgânica, granulometria do sedimento e a pluviosidade foram averiguados. Foram amostrados 1.650 espécimes. Os machos apresentaram-se maiores que as fêmeas. A proporção sexual foi desviada em favor das fêmeas. O tamanho estimado para a maturidade sexual morfológica e gonadal, respectivamente (LC50) foram 42,26 mm e 48,97 mm para machos e 43,09 mm e 47,15 mm para as fêmeas. As fêmeas reprodutivas ocorreram em todo o período e os juvenis foram amostrados na maioria dos meses. Ambas as categorias demográficas correlacionaram-se positivamente com a temperatura. Os parâmetros de crescimento apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos sendo: LC∞ = 78,91 mm, k = 0,0066/dia, t0 = 0,0965 para os machos e LC∞ = 67,68 mm, k = 0,0064/dia, t0 = 0,0032 para as fêmeas. A longevidade foi estimada em 1,91 anos e 1,98 anos para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. O dimorfismo sexual possivelmente está relacionado às diferenças comportamentais entre machos e fêmeas. A proporção sexual desviada a favor das fêmeas provavelmente está relacionada à diferentes taxas de crescimento e mortalidade, restrição de alimento e uso distinto do habitat por cada sexo. Os valores estimados para maturidade morfológica foram maiores para as fêmeas, o qual favorece o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie pois, fêmeas com uma maior cavidade cefalotorácica podem produzir e exteriorizar um número superior de ovos em relação às menores. Em contrapartida, para maturidade gonadal estimou-se um maior tamanho para os machos, o que também pode ser favorável à reprodução da espécie, uma vez que, machos maiores se beneficiariam quanto a proteção e manipulação das fêmeas durante a cópula. Os resultados sugerem uma reprodução e recrutamento contínuos, os quais são típicos de regiões tropicais e subtropicais quentes, corroborando com o paradigma do efeito latitudinal, bem como os parâmetros de crescimento e longevidade. Os dados apresentados fornecem um maior entendimento a respeito do ciclo de vida da espécie. Adicionalmente, visto que as redes não são seletivas, o presente estudo também disponibiliza subsídios para um possível plano de manejo e gerenciamento mais abrangente da pesca de arrasto, abordando não só os camarões, mas também as espécies acessórias.
The crab Hepatus pudibundus is wide distributed in the Brazilian coast. The species has no commercial value but is intensely captured as bycatch of penaeid shrimp fishery, so it suffers the same impacts of the target species. In this view, the present study investigates the population dynamics, focusing on the following aspects: sex ratio, morphological sexual maturity and gonads, reproductive period, juvenile recruitment, growth and longevity of individuals. Sampling was performed monthly in the region of Cananéia/SP, from July/2012 to June/2014 in seven stations, with a shrimping boat equipped with otter trawl nets. Temperature and salinity of the bottom water, the organic matter content, sediment granulometry and rainfall were investigated. A total of 1,650 specimens were captured. Males were larger than females. The sex ratio skewed towards females. The estimated sizes for morphological and gonadal sexual maturity (CW50) were 42.26 mm and 48.97 mm for males, and 43.09 mm and 47.15 mm for females, respectively. Reproductive females occurred throughout the studied period and juveniles were captured in most months. Such demographic categories were positively correlated with temperature. Growth parameters showed differences between sexes: CW∞ = 78.91 mm, k = 0.0066/day, t0 = 0.0965 for males and CW∞ = 67.68 mm, k = 0.0064/day, t0 = 0.0032 for females. Longevity was estimated at 1.91 years and 1.98 years for males and females, respectively. The sexual dimorphism found in this study is possibly related to behavioral differences between males and females. The sex ratio skewed towards females may be related to different growth and mortality rates, food restriction and different use of habitat for each sex. The estimated values for morphological maturity were higher for females, which favor the reproductive success of the species; females with a larger cephalothorax cavity can produce and externalize a higher number of eggs in relation to minors. In contrast, the size of gonadal maturity estimated was higher in males, which may also be favorable to the reproduction of the species; larger males are in advantage when protecting and manipulating the female during copulation. The results suggest a continuous reproduction and recruitment, which are typical of warm tropical and subtropical regions, corroborating the paradigm of latitudinal effect as well as the parameters of growth and longevity. The data presented provide a greater understanding of the life cycle of the species. Additionally, since trawl nets are not selective, this study also provides information for a better trawl fishery management, addressing not only the target shrimp but also the bycatch species.
FAPESP: 2015/20382-0

Orientador: Rogério Caetano Costa
Resumo: O caranguejo Hepatus pudibundus possui ampla distribuição no litoral brasileiro, é intensamente capturado como fauna acompanhante (bycatch) na pesca dos camarões peneídeos, mas não apresenta valor comercial. No entanto, está sujeito aos mesmos impactos causados à espécie alvo. Em vista disso, a dinâmica populacional foi investigada no presente estudo, com enfoque nos seguintes aspectos: proporção sexual, maturidade sexual morfológica e gonadal, período reprodutivo, recrutamento juvenil, crescimento e longevidade dos indivíduos. Foram realizadas coletas mensais na região de Cananéia/SP entre julho/2012 e junho/2014 em sete estações de coleta, por meio de um barco camaroeiro equipado com duas redes de arrasto do tipo “otter trawl”. Temperatura e salinidade da água de fundo, o teor de matéria orgânica, granulometria do sedimento e a pluviosidade foram averiguados. Foram amostrados 1.650 espécimes. Os machos apresentaram-se maiores que as fêmeas. A proporção sexual foi desviada em favor das fêmeas. O tamanho estimado para a maturidade sexual morfológica e gonadal, respectivamente (LC50) foram 42,26 mm e 48,97 mm para machos e 43,09 mm e 47,15 mm para as fêmeas. As fêmeas reprodutivas ocorreram em todo o período e os juvenis foram amostrados na maioria dos meses. Ambas as categorias demográficas correlacionaram-se positivamente com a temperatura. Os parâmetros de crescimento apresentaram diferenças entre os sexos sendo: LC∞ = 78,91 mm, k = 0,0066/dia, t0 = 0,0965 para os machos e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The crab Hepatus pudibundus is wide distributed in the Brazilian coast. The species has no commercial value but is intensely captured as bycatch of penaeid shrimp fishery, so it suffers the same impacts of the target species. In this view, the present study investigates the population dynamics, focusing on the following aspects: sex ratio, morphological sexual maturity and gonads, reproductive period, juvenile recruitment, growth and longevity of individuals. Sampling was performed monthly in the region of Cananéia/SP, from July/2012 to June/2014 in seven stations, with a shrimping boat equipped with otter trawl nets. Temperature and salinity of the bottom water, the organic matter content, sediment granulometry and rainfall were investigated. A total of 1,650 specimens were captured. Males were larger than females. The sex ratio skewed towards females. The estimated sizes for morphological and gonadal sexual maturity (CW50) were 42.26 mm and 48.97 mm for males, and 43.09 mm and 47.15 mm for females, respectively. Reproductive females occurred throughout the studied period and juveniles were captured in most months. Such demographic categories were positively correlated with temperature. Growth parameters showed differences between sexes: CW∞ = 78.91 mm, k = 0.0066/day, t0 = 0.0965 for males and CW∞ = 67.68 mm, k = 0.0064/day, t0 = 0.0032 for females. Longevity was estimated at 1.91 years and 1.98 years for males and females, respectively. The sexual dimorphism found in this ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

The western king prawn (Penueus Zarisulcutus) is one of the most economically valuable species of crustacean in Australia. The experiment was carried out for 60 days to determine the growth, survival, haemolymph osmolality and organosomatic indices of the western lung prawn (2.95 f 0.26 g mean initial weight) reared at 10, 22, 34 and 46 g L of salinities. In addition, haemolymph osmolality and osmoregulatory capacity (OC) of the western king prawn (5.37 f 0.1 g mean initial weight) reared at salinities (10, 22, 34 and 46 g/L) were determined following 7, 14 and 21 minutes of air exposure and compared with the brown tiger prawn (P, esculentus). Mean final weight, total length, carapace length and specific growth rate (SGR) of the western king prawn were highest at a salinity of 34 g/L. Moult increments (in weight and total length) of the western king prawn were not significantly different (P > 0.05) when reared at four different salinities. Food conversion ratios were lowest in prawns reared at salinities of 22 and 34 g/L. Survival of the western king prawn was highest at a salinity of 22 g/L and lowest at a salinity of 10 g/L. Haemolymph osmolality of the western king prawn increased with an increase in salinity and weight. Isosmotic points of the western king prawn calculated from regression lines between haemolymph and medium osmolality were 28.87, 29.46 and 31.73 g / L at 0, 20 and 60 days of rearing (accordingly to 2.95 f 0.26; 4.02 f 0.47; 5.79 f 0.64 g body weight), respectively. Tail moisture content of the western king prawn decreased with the increase of salinity. After 60 days of rearing, the lowest hepatopancreas moisture content of the prawns was at a salinity of 22 gL. Wet weight and dry weight hepatosomatic indices of the prawns were highest when reared at a salinity of 22 gL.
Wet weight and dry weight tail muscle indices of the prawns were highest at a salinity of 34 gL. Isosmotic points of the western king prawn were 33.79; 33.29; 32.75 and 33.10 g/L at 0, 7, 14, and 21 minutes of air exposure, respectively. Isosmotic points of the brown tiger prawn were 30.89; 31.89; 32.09 and 31.07 g/L at 0, 7, 14, and 21 minutes of air exposure, respectively. Air exposure reduced OC of both the western king prawn and brown tiger prawn. OC of both species at a salinity of 10 giL was reduced significantly after 14 minutes of air exposure. Twenty-one minutes of air exposure did not change OC of the western king prawn reared at salinities of 22, 34 and 46 g/L. OC of brown tiger prawn reared at 22 g/L decreased after 21 minutes of air exposure while OC of the brown tiger prawn reared at 46 g/L decreased after 7 minutes of air exposure. The results indicate that both species spent less energy on osmoregulation at 34 gL salinity than at other salinities. The results suggest that the optimum salinity for rearing of western king prawns ranges from 22 g/L to 34 g/L. Salinities of 10 and 46 gL are unsuitable for rearing brown tiger prawns and salinity 10 g/L is unsuitable for rearing western king prawns. Furthermore, a salinity range from 30 g/L to 32 gL is suitable for the culture of brown tiger prawns.

This thesis examines protein metabolism and growth in decapod crustaceans; protein synthesis being investigated by a flooding dose of tritiated phenylaline. Using three isoproteic diets, the effect of dietary protein on protein synthesis and growth of juvenile shrimps Penaeus vannamei was investigated. Survival, specific growth, and protein synthesis rates were higher (and protein degradation was lower) in shrimps fed a fish/squid/shrimp meal diet, or a 50% laboratory diet/ 50% soybean meal variant diet, than in those fed a casein-based diet. The efficiency of whole body protein retention was 94% for shrimps fed the fish meal diet suggesting that crustaceans have a low protein turnover and a high protein growth efficiency. These data suggest lower costs and consistent availability of soybean meal provides an attractive alternative to a more expensive, fish protein based, feed. However protein retention was only 80% for those fed the casein diet, the amino acid profile of which was poorly correlated with that of the shrimps. The effects of low and high rations on food consumption and protein synthesis in crabs (Carcinus maenas) fed either mussels or salmon were examined. With the mussel diet, the daily variability in the amount of food obtained by individuals decreased as the quantity of food provided to the group was increased. The opposite occurred for the salmon diet; i.e. the diet with the enriched protein source. Thus the nutritional status of the diet influenced appetite. The effect of feeding frequency on growth and protein metabolism in the European lobster, Hommarus gammarus, was investigated. A feeding regime comprising of a single daily ration of 10% of body weight, of an artificial diet, resulted in optimal growth. This was found to be the result of decreased protein degradation, rather than increased protein synthesis. The results suggest that lobsters are slow, periodic feeders and that growth can be readily increased by manipulation of particular environmental factors such as feeding frequency, space and photoperiod.

Molting in arthropods is a complex process governed by regulatory mechanisms that have evolved and adapted over millennia to allow these animals to grow, despite being confined by a hardened exoskeleton. We isolated the molt-regulating Y-organs (YO) from the common shore crab Carcinus maenas at molt stages B, C1-3, C4, and D0 to assess how changes in protein abundances might underline the unique physiology of each of these stages. We found that changes in protein abundance were most notable in the postmolt stages (B and C1-3), where an increase in energy metabolism and the reactive oxygen species stress (ROS) response proteins was observed. An increase in triosephosphate isomerase and transketolase suggest that the postmolt YO is participating in triglycerides storage and is also actively recycling excess ribose sugars manufactured during the YO’s previously activated state. We also propose as mechanism through which ROS-induced release of cyclophilin A may contribute to YO atrophy during postmolt through the remodeling of structural proteins such as collagen. We support the standing observation of YO atrophy during postmolt by drawing attention to hemolymph protein abundances, especially those of cryptocyanin isoforms, which dropped precipitously in intermolt (C4) and remained at low abundances into early premolt (D0). Finally, though our evidence is preliminary, we propose that future investigations into the YO proteome address the significance of the protein glutamate dehydrogenase. Glutamate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme involved in the formation of glutamate, represents a potential nutrient-sensing checkpoint that might be involved in YO activation. Historically, most attention has gone to the acute molt stages, where signaling mechanisms involved in the activation of the YO have been the focus. Here, we present data suggesting that other regulatory mechanism may be governing the atrophy the postmolt YO. A better understanding of crustacean physiology has the potential to benefit ecosystems and economies worldwide.

Abstract Arthropod photoreceptors are versatile sense organs. Any investigation of these organs has to consider that their structure and functional limitations at the moment of fixation depend on many factors: species, sex, developmental and nutritional state of the animal, time of day and ambient light. The microscopic image of an arthropod photoreceptor is always a sample frozen in time and space. Quite often publications on arthropod photoreceptors only provide the name of the species studied, but nothing beyond that. At least the developmental status of the study animals ought to be noted, possibly even the sex and body size. Forty publications on insect and 54 on crustacean photoreceptors were checked for the information that was given about the investigated animals: Out of these papers 40% provide only information on the name of the studied species and nothing else. The aim of this thesis, thus, was to investigate, to what extent the developmental state and the sex of the animal as well as the ambient light conditions affect the structure of the eye of a given species. Five species of arthropods were chosen: (a) the semi-terrestrial isopod Ligia exotica and two aquatic Branchiuran fishlice, Argulus foliaceus and A. coregoni, to represent the Crustacea, and (b) the stick insect Carausius morosus and the spittle bug Philaenus spumarius, both terrestrial, to represent the Insecta. The addition of new ommatidia was studied in a paper on L. exotica, which also dealt with the site of newly added ommatidia. It was found that all of these species had two sessile, large compound eyes firmly positioned on their heads (but fishlouse compound eyes were bathed in haemocoelic liquid). In all species, the compound eye was found to be of the apposition type. The gross structural organization of the ommatidia stayed approximately the same during the whole post-embryonic development. Lateral ocelli of the A. coregoni nauplius eye changed from elongated to spherical between the metanauplius and the 8th stage pre-adult. The sex of the specimens was not found to affect the structure of the eye. In all species, it turned out that the larger the animal and hence the eye, the better its sensitivity. The addition of new ommatidia in the L. exotica compound eye was concluded to take place in the anterior and ventral marginal areas of the eye.

The performance of the computer programs Compleat ELEFAN, MIX, ELEFAN I, SLCA and PROJMAT was investigated using real data of six species: the bivalves Cerastoderma edule, Abra alba and Tellina tenuis; the gastropods Acteon tornatilis and Rissoa parva and the crustacean Carcinus maenas. The preciseness of estimates produced by these programs has been verified by comparing with results obtained from age-based analyses (using annuli) in C.edule and A.alba. The age-based analyses support the accuracy of both Compleat ELEFAN and MIX whose estimates were shown to be nearly identical to each other. Estimates by ELEFAN I (LFDA), which utilises a non-seasonalised version of the von Bertalanffy growth model, were generally less close to the age-based estimate and to these two programs. Relatively poorer estimates were also obtained when SLCA or PROJMAT was employed. In C.edule, using modal class progression analysis Compleat ELEFAN overestimate L_∞ by 3.9% and underestimate K by 4.5%. MIX overestimate both L_∞ and K by only 0.9% and 1.5%, respectively. ELEFAN I (LFDA) overestimate L_∞ by 7.1%, and K by 6.1% SLCA overestimate L_∞ by 10.4% and underestimate K by 24.2% while PROJMAT overestimate L_∞ by 10.4% but underestimate K by 39.4%. The general pattern of results obtained in C.edule was repeated in A.alba and the other species, although in the latter no verification can be carried out.

Ce travail de thèse présente des analyses isotopiques Lu-Hf par MC-ICP-MS combinées de zircons ignés et de roches totales d'une importante collection de granitoïdes archéens appartenant à la suite des Tonalite-Trondhjémite-Granodiorite (TTG) afin d'apporter un regard nouveau sur la croissance de la croûte continentale et tout particulièrement dans le début de l'histoire de la Terre. Nos données indiquent un bon accord général entre les zircons ignés, mesurés par ablation-laser et par solution, avec leurs roche-hôtes. Nous démontrons que le rapport Lu/Hf intégré dans le temps de la source mantellique des TTG est près de la valeur chondritique et n'a pas significativement changée au cours des 4 derniers milliards d'années. Par conséquent, les continents se sont formés à partir d'un matériel primitif non fractionné extrait du manteau profond par l'intermédiaire de panaches qui après fusion partielle ont laissés un résidu appauvri dans le manteau supérieur. Les cristaux de zircon extraits des TTG ont des compositions isotopiques en Hf cohérentes au sein d'une même population alors que le système U-Pb, dans les mêmes grains, est souvent perturbé résultant ainsi en l'obtention de valeurs d'εHf initial erronées. Ce problème est endémique aux cristaux de zircon détritiques archéens et en accord avec des résultats expérimentaux sur la mobilité préférentielle de l'Hf en fonction de celle de l'U et du Pb au sein du zircon. Nous suggérons que ce problème biaise l'enregistrement détritique archéen en faveur de valeurs d'εHf initial négatives qui contrastent avec les valeurs obtenues pour les TTG mais peuvent être expliquées par l'utilisation d'âges 207Pb/206Pb non-magmatiques. Si l'on considère les cristaux de zircon de Jack Hills au vu de ces résultats, la source des continents serait restée inchangée depuis 4,3 Ga.

The thesis deals with variation in age and size at maturation in Saduria entomon and Pontoporeia affinis along a depth gradient in the Gulf of Bothnia, Sweden. I have analysed at what sizes and ages animals should mature in relation to growth and mortality conditions. The thesis also deals with predator-prey interactions within and between the two species. The isopod Saduria entomon matured during winter at an age of three years at 5 m depth in the Norrby archipelago (63° 30'N, 19° 50'E). Males matured eariier and at larger sizes (27-48 mm) than females (23-36 mm). The offspring were released in early summer. The adult size increased with increasing depth. Outside the archipelago, at 125 m depth, the sexes reached a size of 84 and 54 mm respectively. No evidence for temporal restriction in the release of the young was found at the deep area. The species was shown to have a high capacity for cannibalism on small conspecifics, although the small ones have the potential to avoid aggregations of large conspecifics. The number of small conspecifics eaten was related both to the absolute and relative densities of the alternative prey Pontoporeia affinis. The cannibalistic behaviour have the potential to act as a stabilizing mechanism in the Saduria-Pontoporeia system. Fourhom sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) was the fish species of utmost importance as a predator on S.entomon, and it mainly preferred large specimens. The amphipod Pontoporeia affinis matured at an age of two years in the littoral zone and at a very deep (210 m) locality. Between these depths it mainly reached maturation at an age of three years. In some years in densely populated areas, they delayed reproduction another year and reproduced as four year old. The variation in age at maturation in P.affinis in relation to depth could be quantitatively predicted by maximizing fitness in the Euler-Lotka equation. The size variation at maturation in S.entomon could be qualitatively predicted by maximizing fitness in the Euler-Lotka equation. The general condition for a smaller size at maturity to be adaptive at high temperatures (i.e. shallow areas) is that mortality rate should increase faster than growth rate with increasing temperature. When mortality is higher in young stages than in older and larger ones the pattern is also predicted when growth increases faster than mortality. Small animals may prefer warmer habitats than large ones, because of the presence of a size dependent trade-off between temperature induced growth and mortality. More exactly, the optimum solution of the trade-off between growth and mortality in hazardous environments was suggested to approach maximization of the expression s(W+g)/W, where s is survival rate, W is body weight, and g is growth rate.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1990, härtill 6 uppsatser

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Le massif du Mayo Kebbi au sud-ouest du Tchad est localisé entre le craton du Congo au Sud, le craton Ouest Africain à l'Ouest et le Métacraton du Sahara à l'Est. Formé au cours de l'orogenèse panafricaine, entre 800 et 570 Ma, il est constitué de deux ceintures de roches vertes (Zalbi et Goueygoudoum), trois complexes magmatiques (Chutes Gauthiot, Léré et Figuil) et des intrusions post-tectoniques distingués sur la base de leurs caractères structuraux, pétrologiques, géochimiques et géochronologiques. L'évolution géodynamique de ce massif comprend les phases suivantes:Phase 1: Mise en place d'un complexe mafique et intermédiaire (CMI) dont la métadiorite de Boloro datée à 748 ± 4 Ma (U-Pb sur zircon). Cette métadiorite, riche en terres rares, se caractérise par LaN/YbN ~ 12, Sr/Y > 32, teneurs en LILE, Cr, Ni élevées et des anomalies négatives en Nb-Ta. Ces caractéristiques sont attribuées à la fusion partielle de la plaque océanique plongeante et interaction des magmas produits avec le coin mantellique au cours de leur ascension.Phase 2: Mise en place des métagabbros et métabasaltes (700 ± 10 Ma: U-Pb sur zircon) de la série métavolcano-sédimentaire de Zalbi. Ces roches sont caractérisées par un découplage LILE/HFSE, des anomalies négatives en Nb-Ta et des rapports LaN/YbN indiquant un fractionnement faible à modéré des terres rares. En particulier, leurs caractères géochimiques sont similaires à ceux des bassins arrière-arcs modernes. La signature isotopique en Sr et Nd de ces roches exclut toute contamination par une croûte continentale ancienne au moment de leur mise en place. CMI et série métavolcano-sédimentaires, regroupés dans le cadre des ceintures de roches vertes, représentent ainsi une accrétion juvénile en contextes d'arc insulaire/bassin arrière-arc.Phase 3: La métadiorite quartzique syntectonique du complexe magmatique des chutes Gauthiot (665 ± 1 Ma: âge U-Pb sur zircon, Penaye et al., 2006) correspond à la mise en place de magmas contemporains d'une première collision, qui implique le massif du Mayo Kebbi et le bloc rigide de l'Adamaoua-Yadé à l'Est. Cet évènement marque le début de la fermeture du bassin arrière-arc de Zalbi et d'un épaississement crustal.Phase 4 : L'épaississement est responsable de la différentiation intracrustale par fusion partielle des roches accrétées au cours des phases précédentes à la base de l'arc. Pendant cette phase se mettent en place des magmas tonalitiques, dont la tonalite à hornblende-biotite de Guegou (complexe magmatique de Léré) datée à 647 ± 5 Ma (U-Pb sur zircon). Les magmas produits ont des caractères de magmas TTG et laissent un résidu à grenat à la base de la croûte continentale.Phase 5: La tonalite syntectonique du complexe magmatique de Figuil, datée à 618 ± 6 Ma (U-Pb sur zircon), se distingue par eNd initial = -3 et 87Sr/86Sr initial = 0,7073. Les signatures isotopiques de cette tonalite démontrent l'implication dans le magmatisme d'une croûte Pré-Néoprotérozoïque. Elle est contemporaine d'une deuxième collision qui fait intervenir le massif du Mayo Kebbi et le domaine Occidental de la Ceinture Orogénique d'Afrique Centrale.Phase 6: La mise en place du granite de type A de Zabili à 567 ± 10 Ma (âge U-Pb sur zircon) est associée aux dernières manifestations magmatiques du cycle orogénique panafricain (intrusions post-tectoniques). Les caractères géochimiques (appauvrissement extrême en Sr, Eu, Ca, Mg, Ni) et isotopiques (eNd initial = +3 à +7) de ce granite indiquent une origine par cristallisation fractionnée à partir de magmas d'origine mantellique et contamination de ceux-ci au cours de leur mise en place dans la croûte supérieure par une composante crustale ancienne
The Mayo Kebbi massif (south-western Chad) is located between the Congo craton, the West African craton and the Saharan Metacraton. It consists of two greenstone belts (Zalbi and Goueygoudoum), three magmatic complexes (Gauthiot falls, Lere, Figuil) and post-tectonic intrusions distinguished on the basis of their structural, petrological, geochemical and geochronological characteristics. The geodynamic evolution of this massif includes the following phases:Phase 1: Emplacement of a Mafic to Intermediate Plutonic (MIP) complex. Boloro metadiorite, which belongs to this complex, is dated at 748 ± 4 Ma (U-Pb zircon age). This metadiorite is enriched in REE and characterized by LaN/YbN ~ 12, Sr/Y > 32, high LILE, Cr and Ni contents but negative anomalies in Nb-Ta. These features are attributed to partial melting of the slab followed by interaction of the produced magmas with the mantle wedge during their ascent.Phase 2: Emplacement of metagabbros and metabasalts (700 ± 10 Ma: U-Pb zircon age) of the Zalbi metavolcanic-sedimentary group. These rocks are characterized by a decoupling of LILE and HFSE, negative Nb-Ta anomalies, weak to moderate LREE fractionation relative to HREE. In particular, their geochemical characteristics are similar to modern back-arc basins. The isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd of these rocks preclude contamination by old continental crust of the related magmas during their emplacement. Accordingly, the MIP complex and the Zalbi metavolcanic-sedimentary group are associated to juvenile accretion in an island arc/back-arc basin tectonic setting.Phase 3: The syntectonic quartz metadiorite of Gauthiot Falls magmatic complex (665 ± 1 Ma: U-Pb zircon age, Penaye et al., 2006) is emplaced during a first collision event, which involves the Mayo Kebbi massif and the Adamaoua-Yade domain to the east. This event marks the beginning of the closure of the Zalbi back-arc basin and crustal thickening.Phase 4: The thickening is responsible of intra-crustal differentiation by partial melting of rocks accreted during the previous phases at the base of the arc. During this phase, several tonalitic intrusions are emplaced, including hornblende-biotite tonalites of Gauthiot Falls and Guegou tonalite (Lere magmatic complex). The latter is dated at 647 ± 5 Ma (U-Pb zircon age). The produced magmas have typical features of TTG magmas, leaving a garnet bearing residue at the base of the continental crust.Phase 5: The syntectonic tonalite of Figuil magmatic complex dated at 618 ± 6 Ma (U-Pb zircon age), is characterized by initial ?Nd = -3 and initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7073 attesting for the involvement of pre-Neoproterozoic crust on its origin. It marks a second collision event between the Mayo Kebbi massif and the Western domain of the Central African Orogenic Belt to the west.Phase 6: The Zabili A-type granite emplaced at 567 ± 10 Ma (U-Pb zircon age) and is related to the last magmatic events of the Pan-African orogenic cycle (post-tectonic intrusions). The geochemical (low Sr, Eu, Ca, Mg, Ni) and isotopic compositions (initial ?Nd = +3 à +7) of this granite point to an origin involving extreme fractionation of mantle-derived magmas which interacted with an old crustal component during their emplacement in the upper continental crust

The blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, represents an ecologically and economically important component of marine and estuarine ecosystems. In Florida, blue crab landings accounted for $9.6 million dollars during the 2010 fishing season. Accurate stock assessments for this valuable fishery are essential. Age is a critical biological component of accurate stock assessments; however, blue crabs and other crustaceans are especially difficult to age because of the complex nature of discrete growth. Biochemical extraction of an aging pigment, lipofuscin, was developed using blue crab eyestalks. The current study investigated the effects of freezing preservation on lipofuscin extracts and examined whether the extraction methodology, developed by Chesapeake Bay researchers, was useful for aging Tampa Bay blue crabs populations. Significant differences in lipofuscin index were found between samples frozen (2 weeks at -80°C) prior to analysis and those processed and assayed immediately (p < 0.001). Quarterly assays of the cohort of known-age individuals revealed a negative linear trend (y = -0.12x + 0.49, p < 0.001) in lipofuscin index over a 12-month period. This result suggests that extraction of lipofuscin is not appropriate for age determination of Florida blue crabs. Investigations into possible causes of the negative trend in lipofuscin suggest this method deserves further examination and refinement before it is acceptable as a reliable method for age determination in Florida blue crabs. Growth data of the known-age population collected during this study revealed that blue crabs in Tampa Bay can reach exploitable size in under sixth months and female crabs can reach sexual maturity within seven months of hatching. These growth patterns have the potential to enhance future Florida stock assessments.

Cette thèse est consacrée à la croissance et à la remobilisation crustales au Pan-Africain dans le Sud du massif du Ouaddaï au Tchad, situé à la marge Sud du Métacraton du Sahara et au Nord du Craton du Congo. La cartographie du secteur d'étude a permis de distinguer des roches métasédimentaires comprenant des niveaux d'amphibolites et intrudées par des roches plutoniques de composition intermédiaire à felsique. Les amphibolites correspondent à des basaltes tholeiitiques dérivés de la fusion partielle d'un manteau appauvri (ƐNd540= 4). Les roches felsique, représentées par des leucogranites de type-S, donnant des âges U-Pb sur zircon de 635 ± 3 Ma et 612 ± 8 Ma, sont issues de la fusion partielle des métasédiments. Les granitoïdes potassiques calco-alcalin de type-I, donnant un âge U-Pb sur zircon à 538 ± 5 Ma, incluant une monzonite à pyroxène de nature shoshonitique datée autour de ca. 540 Ma, sont caractérisées par des signatures isotopiques radiogéniques (ƐNd620= -4 et -15) et sont attribuées à la fusion partielle d'un manteau enrichi plus ou moins contaminé. Les roches métasédimentaires sont caractérisées par une foliation composite S0 /S1-2 de direction NE-SW qui est associée à des plis isoclinaux P1 et P2 d'échelle centimétrique à hectométrique et qui porte une linéation L1-2 plongeant faiblement vers le NW. Cette foliation est également affectée par des plis droits ouverts P3 associés à une schistosité de plan axial S3 fortement pentée vers le NNW ou le NW. La présence de grains de zircon détritiques et leurs signatures Hf comprenant une composante héritée Archéenne à Paléoprotérozoique indique que les roches métasédimentaires sont issues de l'érosion des cratons voisins et un dépôt au début du Néoprotérozoique.[...]
This thesis is devoted to crustal growth and Pan-African reworking in the south of the Ouaddaï massif in Chad, located at the southern margin of the Sahara Metacraton and north of the Congo Craton. Geologic mapping has allowed to identify metasedimentary units alternating with amphibolites and intruded by plutonic rocks with intermediate to felsic composition. Amphibolites correspond to pre-tectonic tholeiitic basalts derived from the partial melting of the depleted mantle (ƐNd540= 4). The felsic rocks, represented by S-type leucogranites yielding U-Pb zircon ages of 635 ± 3 Ma and 612 ± 8 Ma, are derived from the partial melting of metasediments. High-K calc-alkaline I-type granitoids yielding U-Pb zircon ages at 538 ± 5 Ma, and including a shoshonitic pyroxene-monzonite yielding U-Pb zircon ages at 538 ± 5 Ma are characterized by radiogenic isotopic signatures (ƐNd540= -4 et -15) and are partial melting of an enriched mantle with a potential impact of mixing of mantle and crustal-derived magmas. Metasedimentary rocks display a NE-SW trending S0/S1-2 foliation associated with centimeter to hectometer scales F1 and F2 isoclinal folds delineating hook type interferences pattern and bearing a L1-2 lineation weakly dipping towards the NW. The S0/S1-2 foliation is also affected by upright open F3 folds marked by the development of a faint axial planar S3 schistosity variably dipping to the NNW or NW. Zircon detrital grains with Hf signatures pointing to an Archaean to Paleoproterozoic inheritance indicates that metasedimentary rocks are derived from erosion of the surrounding cratons and were deposited in the early Neoproterozoic. These rocks were subsequently affected by deformation and metamorphism dated at 627 ± 7 Ma (by Th-U-Pb on monazite) and at 602 ±3 Ma (by U-Pb on zircon), typical of green schist facies and amphibolite facies. [...]

L'uranium, élément lithophile et incompatible, peut être utilisé en traceur géochimique pour discuter des différents modèles de formation et d'évolution de la croûte continentale. Ce travail de thèse, ciblé sur la ceinture Pan-Africaine du Lufilien en Zambie, caractérise le cycle de l'U et les minéralisations d'U pour ce segment de croûte continentale. Les séries silicoclastiques/évaporitiques de la ceinture du Lufilien, encaissant les minéralisations d'U, se sont déposées en contexte de rift (bassin du Roan) lors de la dislocation du supercontinent Rodinia au Néoprotérozoïque inférieur. Les âges U-Pb des grains de zircon détritique de ces séries métasédimentaires soulignent une source principalement Paléoprotérozoïque. Ces mêmes grains de zircon présentent des signatures isotopiques epsilonHf inférieures au CHUR (entre 0 et -15) et des âges modèles TDM Hf, compris entre ~2.9 et 2.5 Ga. Ces données suggèrent donc la formation d'une croûte continentale précoce, et donc une extraction mantellique de l'U dès la fin de l'Archéen puis une remobilisation par déformation et métamorphisme au cours du Protérozoïque. L'U aurait donc été remobilisé et re-concentré au cours d'orogenèses successives jusqu'au cycle Pan-Africain. Durant ce cycle Pan-Africain, la datation U-Pb et la signature REY (REE et Yttrium) des cristaux d'uraninite caractérisent un premier évènement minéralisateur, daté vers 650 Ma, associé à la circulation de fluides de bassin expulsés des évaporites du Roan, circulant à l'interface socle/couverture, dans ce contexte de rift continental. Un second événement minéralisateur, daté vers 530 Ma et contemporain du pic métamorphique, est assuré par des fluides métamorphiques issus de la dissolution des évaporites, en contexte de subduction/accrétion continentale. Quelques remobilisations tardives de l'U sont observées lors de l'exhumation des roches métamorphiques
Uranium is an incompatible and lithophile element and can be used as a geochemical tracer to discuss the generation and the evolution of continental crust. This thesis, focused on the Pan-African Lufilian belt in Zambia, characterizes the U cycle for this crustal segment. Silici-clastic and evaporitic sediments have been deposited within an intracontinental rift during the dislocation of the Rodinia supercontinent during the early Neoproterozoic. U-Pb ages on detrital zircon grains in these units indicate a dominant Paleoproterozoic provenance. The same zircon grains show subchondritic epsilonHf (between 0 and -15) and yield Hf model ages between ~2.9 and 2.5 Ga. These data suggest that the continental crust was generated before the end of the Archean associated with U extraction from the mantle. This old crust has been reworked by deformation and metamorphism during the Proterozoic. U has been remobilized and re-concentrated during several orogenic cycles until the Pan-African orogeny. During this Pan-African cycle, U-Pb and REY (REE and Yttrium) signatures of uranium oxides indicate a first mineralizing event at ca. 650 Ma during the continental rifting. This event is related to late diagenesis hydrothermal processes at the basement/cover interface with the circulation of basinal brines linked to evaporites of the Roan. The second stage, dated at 530 Ma, is connected to metamorphic highly saline fluid circulations, synchronous to the metamorphic peak of the Lufilian orogeny. These fluids are derived from the Roan evaporite dissolution. Some late uranium remobilizations are described during exhumation of metamorphic rocks and their tectonic accretion in the internal zone of the Lufilian orogenic belt

La composition chimique de la croûte continentale a significativement évolué à la transition Archéen-Protérozoïque (3000-2500 Ma), témoignant de changements géodynamiques majeurs à cette époque. Afin d'étudier l'expression et les origines de ces changements, qui sont encore mal contraints, j'ai étudié une diversité de granitoïdes qui se sont mis en place dans cette gamme d'âges à la marge Nord du craton du Kaapvaal, en Afrique du Sud. Ce travail a permis de préciser la typologie et l'origine des granitoïdes tardi-archéens ; ceux-ci peuvent être classés dans trois grands groupes : (1) Les sanukitoïdes, représentés en Afrique du Sud par le pluton de Bulai, sont des magmas dérivant de l'interaction entre une péridotite mantellique et un composant riche en éléments incompatibles (TTG, liquide issu de la fusion de sédiments, et, plus rarement, fluide aqueux). Les sanukitoïdes peuvent être classés en deux groupes distincts, selon les mécanismes de cette hybridation : les low-Ti sanukitoids proviennent d'une simple hybridation du liquide silicaté avec la péridotite, alors que les high-Ti sanukitoids sont issus de la fusion d'un assemblage métasomatique à amphibole et phlogopite, résultant de ces interactions. Enfin, les mécanismes de différenciation des suites sanukitoïdes au niveau de la croûte sont contrôlées par des mécanismes de cristallisation fractionnée ou (moins vraisemblablement) de fusion partielle. (2) Les sanukitoïdes " marginaux ", représentés dans le craton du Kaapvaal par les plutons de Mashashane, Matlala, Matok et Moletsi, sont des granitoïdes résultant de l'interaction entre des sanukitoïdes et des magmas provenant de la fusion de croûte préexistante. Etant donné la large gamme de sources possibles (TTG, métasédiments, roches mafiques) d'un craton à l'autre, ce groupe est extrêmement diversifié. Leurs mécanismes de différenciation sont contrôlés par la cristallisation fractionnée. (3) Certains granites, tels que le batholite de Turfloop en Afrique du Sud, sont directement issus de la fusion de lithologies crustales (TTG, métasédiments et amphibolites). Au sein du craton du Kaapvaal, l'évolution spatio-temporelle du magmatisme tardi-archéen suit un schéma très caractéristique : les TTG se mettent en place entre ~3300 et ~2800 Ma, puis laissent la place à la genèse de l'ensemble des granitoïdes présentés ci-dessus, qui se déroule entre 2780 et 2590 Ma. Cette séquence d'évènements est reproduite au sein de tous les cratons du monde à la fin de l'Archéen. Elle témoigne de l'avènement des processus de recyclage crustal, puisque, par opposition aux TTG archéennes qui dérivent de métabasaltes juvéniles, les magmas tardi-archéens sont issus à la fois de la différenciation intracrustale et de l'interaction entre une péridotite et du matériel continental introduit dans le manteau. Cette dualité de processus pétrogénétiques est aussi très typique des épisodes magmatiques qui ont lieu à la fin des cycles de subduction-collision post-archéens. Ainsi, l'évolution de la composition des granitoïdes entre 3000 et 2500 Ma traduit vraisemblablement l'initiation d'une forme de tectonique des plaques proche du régime actuel. Celle-ci serait liée au refroidissement planétaire global, qui a probablement entraîné un " effet de seuil " dans l'évolution de l'épaisseur de la croûte océanique ainsi que la rhéologie et le volume de la croûte continentale, permettant ainsi à la subduction et à la collision de ne devenir thermo-mécaniquement stables qu'à partir de la fin de l'Archéen.