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Journal articles on the topic 'Crustacean ectosymbionts'

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Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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GELDER, STUART R. "An ongoing saga: Endemic branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on translocated commercial North American crayfish." Zoosymposia 17, no. 1 (2020): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.17.1.13.

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Over the last 130 years demand for crayfish has exceeded regional supplies around the world, so stocks, primarily from North America, have been imported to satisfy this need. These demands are human based and include gastronomy, sport fishing bait, food for rearing animals, educational aides, ornamentation in waterbodies, and more recently a significant increase in pet crayfish sales. The three most common commercial species from North America are Pacifastacus leniusculus, Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes limosus, although four other species are increasing in importance as they become more widely distributed. All of these crayfish in their endemic range have been reported to carry branchiobdellidan annelids. Therefore, when the crayfish are translocated, their ectosymbionts likely accompany them. Eighty-six potentially transportable branchiobdellidans are recognized in this paper, along with the distribution of six species known to have been translocated. Moreover, branchiobdellidans endemic to the translocation regions have adopted introduced crustacean hosts, which demonstrates that branchiobdellidan host species specificity is not as restrictive as many researchers believe. On the evidence to date, these translocated branchiobdellidans appear to have the same relationship and cause the same amount of damage, if any, as those on their endemic crayfish hosts. The geographical distribution of endemic branchiobdellidan—crayfish species associations are unique to each of four disjunct regions as defined by Bănărescu: Euro-Mediterranean, East Asian, western North American and eastern North American; the latter includes eastward drainages from Canada to Costa Rica.

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Boancă, Filip, Claire Chauveau, Jean-François Flot, Maria Pop, and Sanda Iepure. "Identification of sulfur–oxidizing Thiothrix bacteria on microcrustaceans from the sulfidic groundwaters of Mangalia (southeastern Romania)." ARPHA Conference Abstracts 5 (July 14, 2022): e90001. https://doi.org/10.3897/aca.5.e90001.

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Movile Cave, located in southeastern Romania close to the Black Sea, is one of the most remarkable diversity hotspots worldwid with 52 species of invertebrates of which 37 are endemic (Brad et al. 2021). Due to the high concentration of hydrogen sulfide in its water, the primary production of organic matter in Movile Cave relies almost entirely on the chemoautotrophic activity of microorganisms, notably sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria belonging to the genus Thiothrix. In the presence of oxygen, these filamentous bacteria can oxidize hydrogen sulfide and reduce it into various sulfidic compounds, generating energy in the process. In sulfidic ecosystems, Thiothrix bacteria are frequently found free-living but also as epibionts or ectosymbionts growing on other organisms, such as amphipods (Flot et al. 2014). However, it is unclear whether Thiothrix bacteria also grow on microcrustaceans such as copepods or ostracods, of which several species are known from the sulfidic mesothermal aquifer of Mangalia, where Movile Cave is located. To find it out, we combined DNA sequencing using the reference bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene with morphological observations (including fluorescence microscopy). Our results reveal that Thiothrix bacteria are indeed present on microcrustaceans from Movile Cave and surrounding wells in the Mangalia region, highlighting the versatility of Thiothrix-crustacean associations in sulfidic ecosystems. This is the first report of an association between Thiothrix and groundwater microcrustaceans, and the second report of an association between Thiothrix and a nonmarine ostracod (Khalzov et al. 2021).

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Heirina, Anna, Sri Murtini, and Neksidin. "MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF ECTOPARASITES AND ECTOSYMBIONTS THAT INFECT BLUE SWIMMING CRABS (PORTUNUS PELAGICUS)." Jurnal Agroqua: Media Informasi Agronomi dan Budidaya Perairan 22, no. 2 (2024): 204–15. https://doi.org/10.32663/ja.v22i2.4740.

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The decline in blue swimming crab populations can be caused by overfishing and several factors of the aquatic environment, such as anthropogenic pollution, water quality and the presence of ectoparasite in the crab. Molecular studies are essential to validate a particular species of ectoparasites and ectosymbionts that infect Crab. A total of 143 crabs were sampled from fishermen in Demak, Muara Gembong and Labuhan Maringgai. Six ectoparasite and ectosymbionts species, Chelonibia testudinaria (Crustacea), Dianajonesia tridens (Crustacea), Octolasmis angulata, O. warwicki (Crustacea), Ostrea puelchana (Mollusca) and Thompsonia sp. (Crustacea) were isolated. Three ectoparasite and ectosymbionts species that were successfully validated based on the COI mtDNA genes were C. testudinaria, D. tridens, Oc. angulata. Validation of isolated ectoparasites infecting P. pelagicus was performed using the mtDNA marker COI gene to identify three ectoparasite species molecularly, namely C. testudinaria, D. tridens, and Oc. angulata. The results of the five sample analyses of ectoparasites based on the number of specific nucleotide sites in each sample show that the suspected species C. testudinaria, D. tridens and Oc. angulata had missense mutations.

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Damborenea, Cristina, and Francisco Brusa. "A new species of Temnosewellia (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on Villopotamon thaii (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae) from Vietnam." Zoosystema 31, no. 2 (2009): 321–32. https://doi.org/10.5252/z2009n2a5.

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Damborenea, Cristina, Brusa, Francisco (2009): A new species of Temnosewellia (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on Villopotamon thaii (Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae) from Vietnam. Zoosystema 31 (2): 321-332, DOI: 10.5252/z2009n2a5, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/z2009n2a5

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Seixas, Samantha A., Suzana B. Amato, José F.R. Amato, and Cristina Damborenea. "New species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae) ectosymbiont on decapod crustaceans Aegla jarai (Aeglidae) from Brazil and Samastacus spinifrons (Parastacidae) from Chile." Zootaxa 5209, no. 1 (2022): 139–50. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.8.

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Seixas, Samantha A., Amato, Suzana B., Amato, José F.R., Damborenea, Cristina (2022): New species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae) ectosymbiont on decapod crustaceans Aegla jarai (Aeglidae) from Brazil and Samastacus spinifrons (Parastacidae) from Chile. Zootaxa 5209 (1): 139-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.8

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Ohtaka, A., S.R. Gelder, M. Nishino, et al. "Distributions of two ectosymbionts, branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) and scutariellids (Platyhelminthes: "Turbellaria": Temnocephalida), on atyid shrimp (Arthropoda: Crustacea) in southeast China." Journal of Natural History 46, no. 25-26 (2012): 1547–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.692826.

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Ohtaka, A., Gelder, S.R., Nishino, M., Ikeda, M., Toyama, H., Cui, Y.-D., He, X.-B., Wang, H.-Z., Chen, R.-B., Wang, Z.-Y. (2012): Distributions of two ectosymbionts, branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) and scutariellids (Platyhelminthes: "Turbellaria": Temnocephalida), on atyid shrimp (Arthropoda: Crustacea) in southeast China. Journal of Natural History 46 (25-26): 1547-1556, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.692826, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.692826

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Cannon, LRG, and JB Jennings. "Occurrence and nutritional relationships of four ectosymbiotes of the freshwater crayfish Cherax dispar Riek and Cherax punctatus Clark (Crustacea : Decapoda) in Queensland." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 3 (1987): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870419.

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The occurrence and nutritional relationships of a suite of four ectosymbiotes from the freshwater crayfishes, C. dispar and C. punctatus in Queensland have been studied. The suite comprises the temnocephalid flatworms Temnocephala minor and Craspedella spenceri, the rhabdocoel flatworm Didymorchis cherapsis and the polychaete Stratiodrilus novaehollandiae. Occurrence of all four symbiotes appears to be independent of host species, host size and the presence of other members of the suite. As crayfish become scarcer in cooler, drier weather, worm numbers per host decline. The largest ectosymbiote, T. minor, lives on the external body surface and appears to be more susceptible to dry conditions than do the other symbiotes from within the branchial chamber. This species has no nutritional relationships with the other three species and uses its host primarily as a feeding platform from which it captures annelids and small arthropods; there is some evidence of supplementary opportunistic ectocommensalism. S. novaehollandiae feeds on the microflora of the branchial chamber; its eggs may be eaten by C. spenceri but this species feeds predominantly on co-symbiotic protozoa. D. cherapsis, in contrast, feeds mainly on the eggs and has small crustaceans as its secondary food resource. S. novaehollandiae beyond the egg stage is not attacked by either flatworm. The digestive physiology and food reserves of all four species conform to the pattern known for related ectosymbiotic and free-living species.

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Ložek, Filip, Jiří Patoka, and Martin Bláha. "Another hitchhiker exposed: Diceratocephala boschmai (Platyhelminthes: Temnocephalida) found associated with ornamental crayfish Cherax spp." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 422 (2021): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2021023.

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There are known plenty tiny invertebrate species associated with decapod crustaceans. Our contribution documents the first record of New Guinean ornamental Cherax crayfish epibiont, Diceratocephala boschmai (Platyhelminthes: Temnocephalida) found in pet trade in the Czech Republic. Correct species assignment was confirmed by genetic barcoding. The pathway for introductions of organisms unintentionally moved in association with ornamental crayfish via the international trade has been highlighted. Although Cherax species survive in thermal waters in Europe, even potential introduction to these habitats posed threat to native crayfish ectosymbionts (branchiobdellids) thought similar ecological niche.

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Itani, Gyo, Makoto Kato, and Yoshihisa Shirayama. "Behaviour of the shrimp ectosymbionts, Peregrinamor ohshimai (Mollusca: Bivalvia) and Phyllodurus sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda) through host ecdyses." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 1 (2002): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402005180.

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The behaviour of two ectosymbiotic animals, Peregrinamor ohshimai (a bivalve attached to the ventral cephalothorax of the host), and Phyllodurus sp. (a bopyrid isopod attached to the second pleopod of the host), during ecdyses of the host thalassinidean Upogebia shrimps was studied by time-lapse video of infested shrimps. In the intermoult stages of the hosts, both ectosymbionts did not move. However they moved on to the newly emerged body of the host at the time when the host moulted. Peregrinamor ohshimai began to move just after the host started moulting, whereas Phyllodurus sp. moved prior to ecdysis of the host and waited near the fissure from which the newly moulted body emerges first. There are highly correlated morphological relationships between the symbionts and the hosts. It is suggested that both ectosymbionts grow with the same host individuals after infection, keeping morphological affinity with their hosts without being discarded during ecdyses of the hosts.

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WILLIAMS, BRONWYN W., and PATRICIA G. WEAVER. "A historical review of the taxonomy and classification of Entocytheridae (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Podocopida)." Zootaxa 4448, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4448.1.1.

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Ostracods of the family Entocytheridae are obligate ectosymbionts of other crustaceans, including crayfishes, isopods, amphipods, and a species of freshwater crab. Entocytheridae, with five subfamilies, 35 genera, and 213 currently accepted species, represents one the most diverse groups of extant freshwater ostracods. Here, we present the results of an extensive literature review, documenting the often complex historical taxonomic activity and resulting classification of Entocytheridae. This overview highlights inconsistencies, errors, and additional sources of confusion that have been inadvertently introduced into the literature, a number of which have remained uncorrected for decades. Also provided is a comprehensive checklist of taxonomic nomenclature and a list of currently accepted names in Entocytheridae.

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Boschetti, Matilde, Alessandro Culicchi, Monica Guerrini, Filippo Barbanera, and Giulio Petroni. "Preliminary data on the distribution, morphology and genetics of white-clawed crayfish and on their ectosymbionts in Lunigiana (Tuscany, Italy)." Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, no. 419 (2018): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2018013.

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The white-clawed crayfish is a complex of species (Austropotamobius pallipes plus A. italicus, Crustacea) pivotal to riverine environments. Regrettably, it is endangered in many European countries due to a recent massive decline. We carried out a fine-scale survey on white-clawed crayfish distribution, morphology and genetics in an under-investigated region of central Italy (Lunigiana, Tuscany) to improve local knowledge and aid conservation management of the species. The torrential fauna of Lunigiana is scarcely known and habitat alterations due to the anthropic exploitation of the territory represent a potential threat to its persistence. We investigated crayfish occurrence in eight streams of the Magra River Basin. We performed nocturnal and diurnal transects, took morphometric measurements, collected samples for genetic analysis and checked for the occurrence of ectosymbionts. Crayfish were disclosed in two streams (Civasola, Verdesina). Morphometric and phylogenetic analysis (mtDNA COI gene Bayesian tree reconstruction) concurrently identified both populations as Austropotamobius italicus carinthiacus. In the Verdesina stream, crayfish were heavily infested by branchiobdellidans (Annelida). Verdesina crayfish were also significantly smaller than those found in the Civasola stream, where branchiobdellidans were absent. Hence, we hypothesized that such difference in size might be related to the high density of ectosymbionts. In the light of habitat features and of data herein provided, we propose that both Civasola and Verdesina streams should be considered as “natural ark sites” for A. italicus, with the Magra River Basin representing a regional stronghold for the conservation of the species.

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Brito-Fonseca, Vanessa, Carlos Alencar, Savio Moraes, Valéria Vale, and Fúlvio Freire. "New altitudinal distribution record and updated geographic distribution of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 (Crustacea, Trichodactylidae)." Check List 14, no. 6 (2018): 977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/14.6.977.

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The freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 is recorded here for the first time, at an altitude above 1000 m a.s.l. Sampling was performed in the Grota stream in Campos das Vertentes, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This new record extends the known altitudinal distribution to 1115 m a.s.l., which significantly contributes to understanding the conditioning limits and factors for this species’ distribution. Moreover, the occurrence of an ectosymbiont platyhelminth of the genus Temnocephala is also reported on the crabs collected.

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Brito-Fonseca, Vanessa, Carlos Alencar, Savio Moraes, Valéria Vale, and Fúlvio Freire. "New altitudinal distribution record and updated geographic distribution of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 (Crustacea, Trichodactylidae)." Check List 14, no. (6) (2018): 977–84. https://doi.org/10.15560/14.6.977.

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The freshwater crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 is recorded here for the first time, at an altitude above 1000 m a.s.l. Sampling was performed in the Grota stream in Campos das Vertentes, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This new record extends the known altitudinal distribution to 1115 m a.s.l., which significantly contributes to understanding the conditioning limits and factors for this species’ distribution. Moreover, the occurrence of an ectosymbiont platyhelminth of the genus Temnocephala is also reported on the crabs collected.

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Damborenea, Cristina, and Francisco Brusa. "A new species ofTemnosewellia(Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont onVillopotamon thaii(Crustacea, Decapoda, Potamidae) from Vietnam." Zoosystema 31, no. 2 (2009): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/z2009n2a5.

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Gale, K. S. P., and H. C. Proctor. "Diets of two congeneric species of crayfish worm (Annelida: Clitellata: Branchiobdellidae) from western Canada." Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, no. 4 (2011): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-003.

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Crayfish worms (Branchiobdellidae) are obligatory ectosymbionts of crustaceans, primarily crayfish. Little is known about their diets or ecology. A single crayfish can host several species and age classes of branchiobdellidans at one time, creating the potential for intra- and inter-specific competition. Coexistence of competitors can be promoted through dietary differences; therefore, we examined gut contents of Cambarincola chirocephalus Ellis, 1919 and Cambarincola vitreus Ellis, 1919, two species of branchiobdellidan occasionally found on the same host (the crayfish Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870) in Western Canada) to assess evidence of dietary niche partitioning. We also compared gut contents of conspecific adults and juveniles to determine whether diets differed with age. We found a range of diatoms and invertebrates, particularly rotifers, in the guts of both Cambarincola species. The species appear to have different diets, in that guts of C. chirocephalus contained more invertebrate material than did those of C. vitreus. There was no statistical difference in composition of gut contents between adult and juvenile conspecifics. We found very limited evidence of dietary niche expansion in C. vitreus in the absence of C. chirocephalus. The observed dietary differences between species may promote their continued coexistence in areas where their ranges overlap.

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Amato, José F. R., Suzana B. Amato, and Samantha A. Seixas. "Temnocephala lutzi Monticelli (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on two species of Trichodactylus Latreille (Crustacea, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) from southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22, no. 4 (2005): 1085–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752005000400038.

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Temnocephala lutzi Monticelli, 1913, ectosymbiont on brachyuran freshwater crabs of the genus Trichodactylus Latreille, 1828 is recorded for the first time in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Two hundred and seventy-nine crabs of two species were examined: 211 Trichodactylus panoplus (von Martens, 1869) and 68 Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 of which 51 (24.17%) and 28 (41.17%) were positive for T. lutzi, respectively. Crabs of both species carried eggs fixed, exclusively, on the floor of the branchial chambers and/or on the lower side of the gills. Adult as well as young specimens were found inside and outside the branchial chambers. The temnocephalans were always devoid of body pigmentation, although they kept the red eye pigment undiluted in specimens fixed by formalin. The cirrus of T. lutzi showed the typical shape for the species, while the dorsolateral, post tentacular 'excretory' syncytial plates, demonstrated by two special techniques (silver nitrate staining and SEM), appeared with an elliptical shape and a central nephridiopore.

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Amato, José F. R., Suzana B. Amato, and Samantha A. Seixas. "A new species of Temnocephala Blanchard (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille (Crustacea, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) from southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 23, no. 3 (2006): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752006000300026.

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Temnocephala trapeziformis sp. nov., ectosymbiont on Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828 is described from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Sixty-eight crabs were examined, of which 61 (89.7 %) were positive for this species of the genus Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849. Eggs, as well as adult and young specimens, were found on the pleural areas of the carapace, in the orbital cavities, and, usually, on the fourth pair of pereiopods. The temnocephalans were always devoid of body pigmentation, although they kept the red eye pigment, undiluted in specimens fixed by hot (90ºC) phosphate buffered 10% formalin. The most distinctive characters of the new species are: 1) the shape and size of the cirrus and the characteristics of its introvert section; 2) the trapezoidal shape of the dorsolateral post-tentacular 'excretory' epidermal syncytial plates, with the nephridiopore in the lower inner corner of the plate; and 3) the number, size, and distribution of the rhabdite producing glands, as observed in very young specimens.

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Ohtaka, A., S. R. Gelder, M. Nishino, et al. "Distributions of two ectosymbionts, branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) and scutariellids (Platyhelminthes: “Turbellaria”: Temnocephalida), on atyid shrimp (Arthropoda: Crustacea) in southeast China." Journal of Natural History 46, no. 25-26 (2012): 1547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.692826.

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Amato, José Felipe Ribeiro, Suzana B. Amato, and Luiz Carlos Campos Daudt. "New species of Temnocephala Blanchard (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on Aegla serrana Buckup & Rossi (Crustacea, Anomura) from southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 20, no. 3 (2003): 493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752003000300021.

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SEIXAS, SAMANTHA A., SUZANA B. AMATO, JOSÉ F. R. AMATO, and CRISTINA DAMBORENEA. "New species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae) ectosymbiont on decapod crustaceans Aegla jarai (Aeglidae) from Brazil and Samastacus spinifrons (Parastacidae) from Chile." Zootaxa 5209, no. 1 (2022): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5209.1.8.

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A new Neotropical temnocephalan species is described from Aegla jarai Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 from Santa Catarina, Brazil and recorded on Samastacus spinifrons (Philippi, 1882) from five locations (Región de Biobío, Región de la Araucanía, and Región de Los Lagos) in Chile. Temnocephala catarinensis sp. nov. differs from 10 other species of Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849 epibionts on Aeglidae Dana, 1852 and/or Parastacidae Huxley, 1879 by having the following combination of characters: 1. a long and slightly curved cirrus; 2. an introvert with two distinct portions, a proximal one with grooves and no spines and a distal one with small spines with a strong base; 3. a single vaginal sphincter, well-developed and slightly asymmetrical; 4. a very short vagina with a weak muscular wall; 5. an almost triangular epidermal ‘excretory’ syncytial plates, with external margin in half circumference, sometimes reaching laterally the margin of body. The specimens of S. spinifrons have slightly larger measurements than specimens of A. jarai. The cirrus total length and introvert length, despite being larger, have almost the same number of spines in the distal portion. The shape of the EPs is similar in specimens from both hosts. The new species share some similarities with Temnocephala axenos Monticelli, 1898, Temnocephala mexicana Vayssière, 1898, Temnocephala kingsleyae Damborenea, 1994, and Temnocephala mertoni Volonterio, 2007, but the characters that differentiate them are presented and discussed. The new species has a wide geographic distribution represented by a large distance between the sampled locations (2,637 km) and separated by the Andes. This is not the only species with very distant records from each other as Temnocephala iheringi Haswell, 1893 and T. axenos or separated by the Andes as Temnocephala chilensis (Moquin-Tandon, 1846) and Temnocephala monticellii Ponce de León, Rudolph and Volonterio, 2020.

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Lenis, Carolina, Freddy Ruiz, Carlos Muskus, Antonio Marcilla, and Imelda Vélez. "A new flatworm species of Temnocephala (Rhabdocoela, Temnocephalidae) ectosymbiont on the freshwater crab Valdivia serrata (Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) from Amazonas, Colombia." ZooKeys 918 (March 12, 2020): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.918.38201.

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A new species of temnocephalan is described from the branchial chambers of Valdivia serrata in Colombia as Temnocephala ivandarioi sp. nov. The most distinctive characters of the new species are in the cirrus and the epidermal 'excretory' syncytial plates. In the present study, the terminology to describe the cirrus of species of Temnocephala is updated. Comparison between the shape of the cirrus of the temnocephalans associated with trichodactylid crabs is also provided.

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Sewell, K. B., and I. D. Whittington. "A light microscope study of the attachment organs and their role in locomotion ofCraspedellasp. (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela: Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont from the branchial chamber ofCherax quadricarinatus(Crustacea: Parastacidae) in Queensland, Australia." Journal of Natural History 29, no. 5 (1995): 1121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222939500770471.

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Landler, Lukas, James Skelton, Michael S. Painter, et al. "Ectosymbionts alter spontaneous responses to the Earth’s magnetic field in a crustacean." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38404-7.

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Martins, Déborah Elena Galvão, Christopher B. Boyko, Israel Hidenburgo Aniceto Cintra, and Flavio de Almeida Alves-Júnior. "First report of the ectosymbiont Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela) on two Macrobrachium species (Decapoda: Caridea) from the Brazilian Amazon." Nauplius 33 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e20250542.

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Abstract In aquatic environments, the presence of biological relationships occurring in different levels of the trophic chain is widely observed and reported in the literature, especially for invertebrates using other organisms as temporary or definitive hosts. These relationships are types of symbiosis, classified as parasitism, mutualism, or commensalism. The last frequently occurs in Platyhelminthes, including the symbiotic flatworm genus Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849, that are observed living on aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates in Central and South America. However, despite an extensive list of symbiotic relationships recorded for species in this genus, no Temnocephala species has ever been reported as an ectosymbiont of Amazon prawns. Herein we report the first occurrence of Temnocephala sp. adhered to Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) and Macrobrachium surinamicum Holthuis, 1948, collected in the Brazilian Amazon. The prawn species and their ectosymbionts were collected in the Guamá River (01°27’54.2”S 048°26’02.6”W), between May and September 2023, using a local trap called “matapi”. We examined 108 specimens of M. amazonicum and 24 individuals of M. surinamicum; the prevalence for Temnocephala sp. was 12.96% and 16.67%, respectively, covering between one and three symbiotic flatworms per prawn. In addition, we discuss the temnocephalan/host interaction, and provide a list of Brazilian records of Temnocephala spp. on crustacean hosts.

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Movile Cave, located in southeastern Romania close to the Black Sea, is one of the most remarkable diversity hotspots worldwid with 52 species of invertebrates of which 37 are endemic (Brad et al. 2021). Due to the high concentration of hydrogen sulfide in its water, the primary production of organic matter in Movile Cave relies almost entirely on the chemoautotrophic activity of microorganisms, notably sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria belonging to the genus Thiothrix. In the presence of oxygen, these filamentous bacteria can oxidize hydrogen sulfide and reduce it into various sulfidic compounds, generating energy in the process. In sulfidic ecosystems, Thiothrix bacteria are frequently found free-living but also as epibionts or ectosymbionts growing on other organisms, such as amphipods (Flot et al. 2014). However, it is unclear whether Thiothrix bacteria also grow on microcrustaceans such as copepods or ostracods, of which several species are known from the sulfidic mesothermal aquifer of Mangalia, where Movile Cave is located. To find it out, we combined DNA sequencing using the reference bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene with morphological observations (including fluorescence microscopy). Our results reveal that Thiothrix bacteria are indeed present on microcrustaceans from Movile Cave and surrounding wells in the Mangalia region, highlighting the versatility of Thiothrix-crustacean associations in sulfidic ecosystems. This is the first report of an association between Thiothrix and groundwater microcrustaceans, and the second report of an association between Thiothrix and a nonmarine ostracod (Khalzov et al. 2021).

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Hayes, Floyd E., Sean T. Richards, Antonio I. Robles, Robert A. Gouveia, and Gillund G. Fayard. "The role of the length spines of echinoids in their association with crustacean and fish in Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico." Revista de Biología Tropical 70, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v70i1.49587.

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Introduction: Echinoids (sea urchins) provide shelter for a variety of facultative or obligatory ectosymbionts. Objective: To evaluate the hypothesis that decapods and fishes prefer to associate with echinoid individuals and species that have longer spines. Methods: We visually studied the frequency of decapod crustaceans and fishes associated with echinoids in shallow water (< 4 m) and deeper water (5-20 m) at Los Cabos, Baja California Sur, Mexico, during 1-6 January 2019. Results: We inspected 1 058 echinoids of six species. Five decapod species associated with three species of echinoids. When compared with other echinoid species, in shallow water, decapods associated 5.1 times more often with the longest-spined echinoid Diadema mexicanum (7.0 times more decapods per individual D. mexicanum); in deeper water, association frequency was similar for all echinoid species. Fourteen fish species associated with four echinoid species. In shallow water, fishes associated 2.6 times more with D. mexicanum (4.5 times more fishes per individual). There was no preferred echinoid species in deeper water. Longer-spined D. mexicanum had more decapods and fishes. Associations were more frequent in shallow water. Multiple individuals and species of decapods and fish often associated together with a single D. mexicanum. The decapod that presumably is Tuleariocaris holthuisi showed a possible obligatory association with one of the equinoids (D. mexicanum); the other decapods and all fish species are facultative associates. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that decapods and fishes associate most frequently with echinoid with the longest spines, presumably to reduce the risk of predation.

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Corcino, Russel Christine B., Sheldon Rey Boco, Phuping Sucharitakul, et al. "Hitchhikers and anglers: novel ectosymbioses and predatory interactions with carybdeid box jellyfishes (Cnidaria: Cubozoa: Carybdeida) confirmed by citizen science and digital morphological analyses." Symbiosis, March 24, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13199-025-01045-2.

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Abstract Inter-species interactions with carybdeid cubomedusae (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) remain poorly understood for most members of this group. Given this knowledge disparity, we examined ectosymbiotic and predatory interactions with carybdeid cubomedusae using in situ and citizen science data. Photos of carybdeids with symbionts and prey in the Philippines were obtained from local scuba diver-photographers. These photos were authenticated using digital image analyses and cubozoan literature records. Here, only 18.8% (n = 6) of the recorded carybdeids engaged in ectosymbiosis with “hitchhikers” (i.e., symbionts exhibiting phoresy or swimming with carybdeids). The majority (81.3%) of the carybdeids were “anglers”, consuming a variety of prey such as fishes, crustaceans, bristleworms, and squids. Alatina alata had the highest prey diversity (fish, squid, shrimp, bristleworms, crab megalopa, mantis shrimp), while Carukiidae members (Malo spp., Morbakka virulenta) were recorded to consume fish only, suggesting predominant piscivory by these carybdeids. Ectosymbiont taxa were also identified as prey, suggesting that these interactions exist in a symbiosis-predation continuum. Our study highlights the significance of citizen science in expanding our knowledge in the diet and ecology of cryptic and sporadically distributed organisms like carybdeid cubozoans and their inter-species interactions.

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Creed, Robert P., Michael J. Thomas, April L. Meeks, and Bryan L. Brown. "Ectosymbionts improve host gill function in a freshwater cleaning symbiosis." Symbiosis, November 23, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13199-024-01025-y.

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AbstractMutualisms are common interactions that involve a diverse array of taxa. An important aspect in the study of mutualisms is determining the mechanisms that underlie benefits in survival, growth and reproduction of the partner species involved. Crayfish are engaged in mutualisms with ectosymbiotic worms called branchiobdellidans. These worms benefit by using their crayfish hosts as safe habitat and sites for feeding and reproduction. Some of these worm species can improve crayfish survival and growth. We hypothesized that the worms influenced crayfish survival and growth by cleaning their gills of debris and fouling biota and that this cleaning would increase rates of host gas exchange and ammonia excretion. Using surveys and experiments, we examined the effect of the worms on crayfish ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption. There were positive effects of increasing worm density on ammonia excretion by crayfish hosts in both our survey and experiment. No effect of worm density was observed on oxygen consumption in either our survey or experiment. However, molt status of the surveyed crayfish (intermolt/premolt vs. recently molted) did affect oxygen uptake. Recently molted crayfish, which should have gill epithelia largely free of fouling organisms and debris, had higher levels of dissolved oxygen uptake than intermolt/premolt crayfish which should have had higher levels of gill fouling. Increased ammonia excretion at moderate worm densities likely underlies the increased survival and growth responses observed at these densities in previous experiments. Increased growth of crayfish hosting worms probably influences the impacts of these crustaceans on the benthic communities they occupy.

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Seixas, Samantha Alves, Norton Dametto, and Eduardo Périco. "New species of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalida) ectosymbiont on vulnerable species of aeglids (Crustacea, Anomura) from the Neotropical Region." Biota Neotropica 18, no. 4 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2017-0475.

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Abstract: A new species of the genus Temnocephala Blanchard, 1849 from southern Brazil was found on two species of anomuran crustaceans, Aegla spinipalma Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994 and Aegla grisella Bond-Buckup & Buckup, 1994, the latter classified as a vulnerable species by the "Lista de Referência da Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção no Rio Grande do Sul. Decreto no 41.672, de 11 junho de 2002". The crustaceans were collected from a tributary creek of the Forqueta river, Perau de Janeiro, Arvorezinha and a tributary creek of the Fão river, Pouso Novo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; both localities belong to the Sub-Basin of Forqueta River. The new species differs from seven other temnocephalans epibionts on Aegla Leach, 1820, by having the following characters: 1. a long and slightly curved cirrus, 2. two vaginal sphincters, one proximal, big and asymmetric, and one distal, smaller and symmetric, and; 3. longer than wide, elongated epidermal 'excretory' syncytial plates (EPs), with a almost horizontally central excretory pore, displaced to the anterior portion of the plate. The new species' EP is the largest in total length among epibionts temnocephalans in crustaceans already registered. Regarding the similarities with the male reproductive system of Temnocephala axenosMonticelli, 1898, the new species has important differences in the female reproductive system. It has a larger proximal vaginal sphincter, located in the middle of the vagina, while the smaller distal one is at the extreme end of the organ. Besides that, the vaginal portion between the proximal and distal sphincters is conspicuous, with a strong muscular wall. This is the first record of a species of Temnocephala in the Taquari Valley, as well in the 'Perau de Janeiro', which is an area with a rich endemic fauna.

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