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Journal articles on the topic 'Crutches – Design and construction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Frizziero, Donnici, Liverani, Alessandri, Menozzi, and Varotti. "Developing Innovative Crutch Using IDeS (Industrial Design Structure) Methodology." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (2019): 5032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235032.

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The present study wants to bring to light a new type of crutch designed for a chronic patient with perennial limited mobility, who must use this support every time a move is needed. The main purpose of the project consists in recommending a correct use of the crutch through technology, limiting the damage normally caused by a bad use of crutches and giving a support both for the patient and for the doctor. All of the features of the crutches were defined through relationship matrices and a benchmarking, which helped us for defining the requirements; other important features were defined, taking a look to the technological progresses applied to new, patented crutches. The result is a sensorized crutch, functional and oriented to meet the user’s needs in order to prevent an incorrect use of the support avoiding the growth of other pains.

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2

Torres, Mauricio Plaza, and William Aperador. "Prosthesis Design for Bilateral Hip Disarticulation Management." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.423.

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Hip disarticulation is an amputation through the hip joint capsule, removing the entire lower extremity, with closure of the remaining musculature over the exposed acetabulum. Tumors of the distal and proximal femur were treated by total femur resection; a hip disarticulation sometimes is performance for massive trauma with crush injuries to the lower extremity. This article discusses the design a system for rehabilitation of a patient with bilateral hip disarticulations. The prosthetics designed allowed the patient to do natural gait suspended between parallel articulate crutches with the body weight support between the crutches. The care of this patient was a challenge due to bilateral amputations at such a high level and the special needs of a patient mobility.

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3

Torres, Ing Mauricio Plaza, and Ing William Aperador. "Self-mobility System Design for Paraplegic Patients." MRS Proceedings 1765 (2015): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.805.

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ABSTRACTTumors of the distal and proximal femur are treated by total femur resection. A hip disarticulation sometimes is a result of massive trauma with crush injuries to the lower extremity. This article discusses a system designed for patient rehabilitation with bilateral hip disarticulations. The prosthetics designed allowed a patient to attain natural gait suspended between parallel articulate crutches with the body weight supported between the crutches. The design is patent pending and it could be used in people with a simple ankle sprain, people with partial immobilizations in inferior members, or people with bilateral hip disarticulation. The final design system allows patients with bilateral hip replacement or partial immobilizations to attain mobility in a natural way.

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4

Han, Jimin, Dong Jin Hyun, Kyungmo Jung, Kye Yoon Kim, and Seokyoung Youn. "Ergonomic Design Strategy for Crutches of a Lower-limb Exoskeleton for Paraplegic Individuals: An Experimental Study." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (2018): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621233.

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This paper presents a design strategy for crutches used to operate paraplegic exoskeletons. With Hyundai Medical Exoskeleton (H-MEX) and its controller crutch, we conducted an experiment performing a series of movements with 30 subjects followed by post-interviews. With regard to previous design of crutches, significant design issues such as operational logic and button layout were identified. We suggest HMI strategies to improve the crutch in four specific directions: simple operation, comfortable shape and arrangement, clear information feedback, and enhanced convenience. A new design has been proposed by applying the HMI strategy and will help patients more effectively by reducing burden and fatigue when using crutch.

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5

Seeley, Matthew K., Iain Hunter, Thomas Bateman, Adam Roggia, Brad J. Larson, and David O. Draper. "A Kinematic Comparison of Spring-Loaded and Traditional Crutches." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 20, no. 2 (2011): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.20.2.198.

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Context:A novel spring-loaded-crutch design may provide patients additional forward velocity, relative to traditional axillary crutches; however, this idea has not yet been evaluated.Objective:To quantify elastic potential energy stored by spring-loaded crutches during crutch–ground contact and determine whether this energy increases forward velocity for patients during crutch ambulation. Because elastic potential energy is likely stored by the spring-loaded crutch during ambulation, the authors hypothesized that subjects would exhibit greater peak instantaneous forward velocity during crutch–ground contact and increased preferred ambulation speed during spring-loaded-crutch ambulation, relative to traditional-crutch ambulation.Design:Within-subject.Setting:Biomechanics laboratory.Participants:10 healthy men and 10 healthy women.Interventions:The independent variable was crutch type: Subjects used spring-loaded and traditional axillary crutches to ambulate at standardized and preferred speeds.Main Outcome Measures:The primary dependent variables were peak instantaneous forward velocity and preferred ambulation speed; these variables were quantified using high-speed videography and an optoelectronic timing device, respectively. Between-crutches differences for the dependent variables were evaluated using paired t tests (α = .05). Elastic potential energy stored by the spring-loaded crutches during crutch–ground contact was also quantified via videography.Results:Peak forward velocity during crutch–ground contact was 5% greater (P < .001) for spring-loaded-crutch ambulation than for traditional-crutch ambulation. Preferred ambulation speed, however, did not significantly differ (P = .538) between crutch types. The spring-loaded crutches stored an average of 2.50 ± 1.96 J of elastic potential energy during crutch–ground contact.Conclusions:The spring-loaded crutches appear to have provided subjects with additional peak instantaneous forward velocity. This increased velocity, however, was relatively small and did not increase preferred ambulation speed.

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6

Comín, Mario, Rakel Poveda Puente, Juan Manuel Belda Lois, et al. "Biomechanical evaluation of handgrips for the design of elbow crutches." Technology and Disability 10, no. 2 (1999): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/tad-1999-10205.

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7

Mori, Yoshikazu, Kazuhiro Takayama, Takeshi Zengo, and Tatsuya Nakamura. "Development of Straight Style Transfer Equipment for Lower Limbs Disabled: Verification of Basic Motion." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 16, no. 5 (2004): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2004.p0456.

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We developed straight style transfer equipment for a person with disabled legs. It realizes travel in a standing state even on uneven ground, standing-up motion from a seated position, and ascending stairs. This equipment comprises three modules: a pair of telescopic crutches, a powered lower extremity orthosis, and a pair of mobile platforms. We detail the conceptual design of the equipment and the motion of each module. Cooperative operations using three modules are discussed through simulations. We verified travel in a standing state, including rotation, and standing-up motion from a chair through experiments using prototypes of telescopic crutches and mobile platforms.

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8

Adorable, Lohindren V., and Rhoel James Timothy O. Dejano. "Poster 304: Wheeled Crutches: An Alternative Design for Energy-Efficient Ambulation." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 89, no. 11 (2008): e121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.09.308.

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9

Chamorro-Moriana, Gema, Jose Luis Sevillano, and V. Perez-Cabezas. "Versatile GCH Control Software for Correction of Loads Applied to Forearm Crutches During Gait Recovery Through Technological Feedback: Development and Implementation Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, no. 9 (2021): e27602. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/27602.

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Background Measuring weight bearing is an essential aspect of clinical care for lower limb injuries such as sprains or meniscopathy surgeries. This care often involves the use of forearm crutches for partial loads progressing to full loads. Therefore, feasible methods of load monitoring for daily clinical use are needed. Objective The main objective of this study was to design an innovative multifunctional desktop load-measuring software that complements GCH System 2.0–instrumented forearm crutches and monitors the applied loads, displaying real-time graphical and numerical information, and enabling the correction of inaccuracies through feedback technology during assisted gait. The secondary objective was to perform a preliminary implementation trial. Methods The software was designed for indoor use (clinics/laboratories). This software translates the crutch sensor signal in millivolts into force units, records and analyzes data (10-80 Hz), and provides real-time effective curves of the loads exerted on crutches. It covers numerous types of extrinsic feedback, including visual, acoustic (verbal/beeps), concurrent, terminal, and descriptive feedback, and includes a clinical and research use database. An observational descriptive pilot study was performed with 10 healthy subjects experienced in bilateral assisted gait. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test was used to evaluate the load accuracy evolution of each subject (ie, changes in the loads exerted on crutches for each support) among various walks, which was interpreted at the 95% confidence level. Results GCH Control Software was developed as a multifunctional desktop tool complementing GCH System 2.0–instrumented forearm crutches. The pilot implementation of the feedback mechanism observed 96/100 load errors at baseline (walk 0, no feedback) with 7/10 subjects exhibiting crutch overloading. Errors ranged from 61.09% to 203.98%, demonstrating heterogeneity. The double-bar feedback found 54/100 errors in walk 1, 28/100 in walk 2, and 14/100 in walk 3. The first walk with double-bar feedback (walk 1) began with errors similar to the baseline walk, generally followed by attempts at correction. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test used to evaluate each subject’s progress showed that all participants steadily improved the accuracy of the loads applied to the crutches. In particular, Subject 9 required extra feedback with two single-bar walks to focus on the total load. The participants also corrected the load balance between crutches and fluency errors. Three subjects made one error of load balance and one subject made six fluctuation errors during the three double-bar walks. The latter subject performed additional feedback with two balance-bar walks to focus on the load balance. Conclusions GCH Control Software proved to be useful for monitoring the loads exerted on forearm crutches, providing a variety of feedback for correcting load accuracy, load balance between crutches, and fluency. The findings of the complementary implementation were satisfactory, although clinical trials with larger samples are needed to assess the efficacy of the different feedback mechanisms and to select the best alternatives in each case.

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10

Herr, Christiane M. "Design Is Construction, Construction Is Design." She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 5, no. 4 (2019): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.11.007.

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11

Yang, Canjun, Hansong Wang, Qihang Zhu, et al. "A stepping gait trajectory design based on hip height variation of swing leg for the balance of lower extremity exoskeleton." Industrial Robot: the international journal of robotics research and application 47, no. 2 (2019): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-01-2019-0024.

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Purpose Lower extremity exoskeletons have drawn much attention recently due to their potential ability to help the stroke and spinal cord injury patients to regain the ability of walking. However, the balance of the human-exoskeleton system (HES) remains a big challenge. Usually, patients use crutches to keep balance when they wear exoskeleton. However, the balance depends greatly on the patient's balance ability and will be inevitably poor occasionally, which often causes the landing in advance of HES. The purpose of this paper is to propose a real-time stepping gait trajectory planning method based on the hip height variation of the swing leg to solve the problem. Design/methodology/approach The hip height of the swing leg was analyzed and measured. The simulation with MATLAB and the experimental test with the prototype of the proposed gait were conducted to verify its feasibility. Findings With the proposed method, HES can achieve successful step even when the balance kept by crutches is poor. Research limitations/implications Instead of actively avoiding the poor balance due to the instability caused by gravity, the method just modifies the stepping gait passively to avoid the landing in advance when the poor balance appears. In addition, it may not work well when the balance is too poor. Moreover, the proposed gait is just used in the initial stage of rehabilitation training. Besides, the step length of the gait must be limited for comfort. Originality/value A real-time stepping gait trajectory planning method based on the hip height variation of the swing leg is first proposed and its feasibility to avoid the landing in advance when the balance kept by the crutches is poor has been preliminary verified.

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12

Brown, Suzana, Achilles Vairis, Ali M. Masoumifar, and Markos Petousis. "Common problems with the conventional design of crutches: Proposing a safer design and discussing the potential impact." Technology in Society 60 (February 2020): 101215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101215.

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13

Seeley, Matthew K., Ryan P. Sandberg, Joshua F. Chacon, Merrill D. Funk, Neil Nokes, and Gary W. Mack. "Metabolic Energy Expenditure During Spring-Loaded Crutch Ambulation." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 20, no. 4 (2011): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.20.4.419.

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Context:Individuals using traditional axillary crutches to ambulate expend approximately twice as much energy as individuals who perform able-bodied gait. A relatively novel spring-loaded crutch now being marketed may reduce metabolic energy expenditure during crutch ambulation. This idea, however, had not yet been tested.Objective:To determine whether the novel spring-loaded crutch reduces oxygen consumption during crutch ambulation, relative to traditional-crutch ambulation. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the design for subject-perceived comfort and ease of use.Design:Within-subject.Setting:Indoor track.Participants:10 able-bodied men and 10 able-bodied women.Interventions:The independent variable was crutch design. Each subject ambulated using 3 different crutch designs (traditional, spring-loaded, and modified spring-loaded), in a randomized order.Main Outcome Measures:The primary dependent variable was oxygen consumption. Secondary dependent variables were subject-perceived comfort and ease of use, as rated by the subjects using a 100-mm visual analog scale. Dependent variables were compared among the 3 crutch designs using a 1-way repeated-measures ANOVA (α = .05).Results:Oxygen consumption during spring-loaded-crutch ambulation (17.88 ± 2.13 mL · kg−1 · min−1) was 6.2% greater (P = .015; effect size [ES] = .50) than during traditional axillary-crutch ambulation (16.84 ± 2.08 mL · kg−1 · min−1). There was no statistically significant difference (P = .068; ES = −.45) for oxygen consumption between spring-loaded-crutch ambulation and ambulation using the modified crutch (17.03 ± 1.61 mL · kg−1 · min−1). Subjects perceived the spring-loaded crutch to be more comfortable (P < .001; ES = .56) than the traditional crutch. There was no difference (P = .159; ES = −.09) between the spring-loaded and traditional crutches for subject-perceived ease of use.Conclusions:Compared with traditional axillary crutches, the novel spring-loaded crutch may be more comfortable but does not appear to benefit subjects via reduced metabolic energy expenditure.

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14

KAEDE, Kazunori, Tatsuo Fujimoto, Tsubasa Mita, and Tooru Nogai. "1P1-E07 Design and Gait Generation for Crutches-Type Walking Robot with Passive Joints." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2007 (2007): _1P1—E07_1—_1P1—E07_3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2007._1p1-e07_1.

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15

NOGAI, Tooru, Kazunori KAEDE, and Tatsuo FUJIMOTO. "306 Design and Gait Generation of the Crutches-type Walking Robot with Passive Joints." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2006.5 (2006): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2006.5.0_11.

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Sanders, Michael, Anton E. Bowden, Spencer Baker, Ryan Jensen, McKenzie Nichols, and Matthew K. Seeley. "The Influence of Ambulatory Aid on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation During Gait." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 27, no. 3 (2018): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0148.

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Context: Foot and ankle injuries are common and often require a nonweight-bearing period of immobilization for the involved leg. This nonweight-bearing period usually results in muscle atrophy for the involved leg. There is a dearth of objective data describing muscle activation for different ambulatory aids that are used during the aforementioned nonweight-bearing period. Objective: To compare activation amplitudes for 4 leg muscles during (1) able-bodied gait and (2) ambulation involving 3 different ambulatory aids that can be used during the acute phase of foot and ankle injury care. Design: Within-subject, repeated measures. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Sixteen able-bodied individuals (7 females and 9 males). Intervention: Each participant performed able-bodied gait and ambulation using 3 different ambulatory aids (traditional axillary crutches, knee scooter, and a novel lower-leg prosthesis). Main Outcome Measure: Muscle activation amplitude quantified via mean surface electromyography amplitude throughout the stance phase of ambulation. Results: Numerous statistical differences (P < .05) existed for muscle activation amplitude between the 4 observed muscles, 3 ambulatory aids, and able-bodied gait. For the involved leg, comparing the 3 ambulatory aids: (1) knee scooter ambulation resulted in the greatest vastus lateralis activation, (2) ambulation using the novel prosthesis and traditional crutches resulted in greater biceps femoris activation than knee scooter ambulation, and (3) ambulation using the novel prosthesis resulted in the greatest gastrocnemius activation (P < .05). Generally speaking, muscle activation amplitudes were most similar to able-bodied gait when subjects were ambulating using the knee scooter or novel prosthesis. Conclusions: Type of ambulatory aid influences muscle activation amplitude. Traditional axillary crutches appear to be less likely to mitigate muscle atrophy during the nonweighting, immobilization period that often follows foot or ankle injuries. Researchers and clinicians should consider these results when recommending ambulatory aids for foot or ankle injuries.

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Tang, Jian Bing, Bin Chen, and Ya Bing Zha. "Design of Dynamic Vision System for Modular Reconfigurable Robots." Applied Mechanics and Materials 462-463 (November 2013): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.462-463.735.

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Modular reconfigurable robots (MRRS) is an approach to building robot for various complex tasks with the promise of great versatility, robustness and low cost. It can be used extensively to meet the demands of different tasks or different working environments by changing its shapes, such as from snake first to loop and next to quadruped, and so on. Therefore they can travel over or through obstacles, and go though small pipe. Even they can walk somewhat like a person on crutches. The quantity of the motion pattern will decide the adjustable ability of MRRS. So, dynamic vision system is very important for MRRS, which can improve its moving ability and intelligent degree. With the help of the dynamic vision system, the robot can accomplish different tasks in different working environments by itself, such as deciding routes and avoiding obstacles. In this paper, the dynamic vision system for MRRS will be analyzed and researched roundly, and three control approaches, such as open loop tracking, close loop servo and active vision system, are put forward.

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18

CRIGHTON, G. S., A. R. BIGGART, and E. H. NORIE. "TUNNEL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 92, no. 5 (1992): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/icien.1992.21680.

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19

Elaine, McColl. "Questionnaire design and construction." Nurse Researcher 1, no. 2 (1994): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr.1.2.16.s3.

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Mccoll, Elaine. "Questionnaire design and construction." Nurse Researcher 1, no. 2 (1994): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/nr1994.01.1.2.16.c6288.

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21

YAMAMOTO, Hikaru, Takayuki SHIMODAIRA, and Takeshi TAKAHASHI. "Construction Equipment, Crane (Design)." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 81, no. 2 (2012): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/jjws.81.112.

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22

Hassanein, A., and J. Melin. "Construction crew design processes." International Journal of Project Management 15, no. 2 (1997): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-7863(96)00042-7.

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23

Campbell, Brian, and Mandy Gries. "Facility Design & Construction." Oncology Issues 10, no. 6 (1995): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10463356.1995.11904577.

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24

Cennamo, Katherine S. "Design as Knowledge Construction." Computers in the Schools 20, no. 4 (2003): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j025v20n04_03.

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25

van den Boom, Holger. "Design as Semiotic Construction." Design Issues 31, no. 1 (2015): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00312.

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Waltham, Chris. "Harp design and construction." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 4 (2005): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4777279.

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27

Quale, John. "Design in Modular Construction." Journal of Architectural Education 71, no. 1 (2017): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2017.1260969.

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Mines, Richard O. "Planning, design, and construction." Water Environment Research 66, no. 4 (1994): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1554-7531.1994.tb00095.x.

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Kunz, John, and Martin Fischer. "Virtual design and construction." Construction Management and Economics 38, no. 4 (2020): 355–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2020.1714068.

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Syafii, Muhammad, and Nur Rachmat. "Pengaruh Transtibial Prosthesis terhadap Activity Of Daily Living Pasien Amputasi Bawah Lutut." Interest : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan 9, no. 1 (2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37341/interest.v9i1.153.

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Background: The physical condition of patients with transtibial amputations affects the fulfillment of activity of daily living. Transtibial Prosthesis is used to increase the patient's activity abilities. This research is to find the effect of using transtibial prostheses on the activity of daily living. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of transtibial prostheses on the activities of daily life. Methods: This research method uses Quasi Experiment in the form of two-group post test only design. The study population was transtbial amputee at PT. Kuspito Prosthetic Orthotics. The sample in this study 40 people, namely 20 people using Transtibial Prosthesis, 20 people using Axial Crutches. The study was conducted at PT. Kuspito Prosthetic Orthotics from April to May 2019. This study used an observation sheet prepared by Kempen, et al (1996), namely The Groningen Activity Restriction Scale. Results: The normality test used is Shapiro Wilk. Mann Whitney test resuls shows an average difference of ADL between users of transtibial prosthesis users (22.40) and axillary crutch users (19.95) with a p value = 0.008 where a p value <0.05. Conclusion: So there is a difference in ADL which is statistically significant in patients using transtibial prosthesis and patients using axillary crutches. Where for transtibial prosthesis users better in ADL than axillary crutch users.

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Beaney, N. J., and J. M. Martin. "Design and construction of the Dornoch Firth Bridge: construction." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 100, no. 3 (1993): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/itran.1993.24296.

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Sha'ar, K. Z., S. A. Assaf, T. Bambang, M. Babsail, and A. M. Abd El Fattah. "Design–construction interface problems in large building construction projects." International Journal of Construction Management 17, no. 3 (2016): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2016.1187248.

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Kagioglou, Michail, Rachel Cooper, Ghassan Aouad, and Martin Sexton. "Rethinking construction: the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol." Engineering Construction and Architectural Management 7, no. 2 (2000): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-232x.2000.00148.x.

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Scott Plisk, Steven, and Robert Ames Plisk. "EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION: Cost-effective training platform design and construction." National Strength & Conditioning Association Journal 13, no. 2 (1991): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/0744-0049(1991)013<0040:cetpda>2.3.co;2.

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KAGIOGLOU, MICHAIL, RACHEL COOPER, GHASSAN AOUAD, and MARTIN SEXTON. "Rethinking construction: the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 7, no. 2 (2000): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb021139.

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Kim, Dae Geon. "Freeform Architecture Design and Construction Process using Construction IT." International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 135 (February 29, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33832/ijast.2020.135.02.

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Dong, Fangfei, and Sheng Zhou. "Construction design and construction scheme of prefabricated box girder." Ferroelectrics 580, no. 1 (2021): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2021.1905742.

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Arunachalam, Rajarathinam, Mahalakshmi Sivasubramanian, and Dilip Kumar Ghosh. "Construction of Efficiency-Balanced Design Using Factorial Design." Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods 15, no. 1 (2016): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jmasm/1462075920.

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Hickson, R. E., and F. W. Rodolf. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF JETTIES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 1 (2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v1.26.

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The purpose of this paper is to present a brief outline of the general engineering procedure for the siting and design of jetties and the methods of constructing such structures. After a general presentation of the formulae proposed by various engineers to determine the size and weight of individual pieces of stone or other material which should be used under various wave heights, this paper will be devoted principally to the construction of rubble stone jetties. This is the type principally used on the Pacific Coast of the United States.

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Horton, Donald F. "DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF GROINS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 1 (2010): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v1.27.

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Groins are frequently used for shore protection and improvement. Not infrequently the owner of shore property who has had groins built to protect or improve his property is disappointed with the results. More often than not this unhappy situation must be attributed to the fact that too much was expected by the owner. The owner in such a case is not properly to be criticized, because a great deal remains to be learned about groins; their effects, their proper design and construction. In the present state of the art of shore protection and improvement it is not possible to design and build groins without facing numerous uncertainties, particularly in the area of advance determination of the results which will be accomplished. This condition is faced frankly at the very beginning of this paper and should be kept in mind throughout the consideration of the subject of groin design and construction. This paper presents a digest of what is considered by the writer to be the best current practice. No pretense is made for the development of original ideas on the subject. The writer is indebted to many engineers who have contributed accounts of their experiences to the literature, and to the members of the Beach Erosion Board and its staff, especially Dr. Martin A. Mason.

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Arain, Faisal. "Design and Construction of Skyscrapers." Journal of King Abdulaziz University-Environmental Design Sciences 5, no. 1 (2007): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/env.5-1.1.

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Speirs, Kate M. "Spillway design and construction innovation." Dams and Reservoirs 26, no. 1 (2016): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jdare.16.00022.

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Mills, Donald, Kenneth T. Chow, and Scott L. Marshall. "Design-Construction of Esker Overhead." PCI Journal 36, no. 6 (1991): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/pcij.09011991.44.51.

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Вельдяскин, Андрей. "Agile transformation of construction design." Управление проектами и программами 2 (2020): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36627/2075-1214-2020-2-2-132-144.

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Fischer, Gerhard, and Andreas C. Lemke. "Construction Kits and Design Environments." ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1988): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/49103.1046496.

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Smirnov, Vladimir, Alexandr Evstigneev, and Evgeniy Korolev. "Multiscale material design in construction." MATEC Web of Conferences 106 (2017): 03027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201710603027.

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McEwen, Edward, Robert L. Miller, and Christopher A. Bergman. "Early Bow Design and Construction." Scientific American 264, no. 6 (1991): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0691-76.

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Lombardi, P. "JUNO detector: design and construction." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 04 (2020): C04028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/04/c04028.

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Nieoczym, Aleksander, Jacek Caban, Andrzej Marczuk, and Frantiśek Brumerčik. "Construction design of apple sorter." BIO Web of Conferences 10 (2018): 02025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20181002025.

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Abstract:

When assessing the quality of fruit and packaging process, fruit-producing farms owners decide to evaluate fruit by people or automated sorting lines. The purchase of an automated sorting line generates high costs for the company, but it brings benefits in the form of increased work efficiency, and the better organization of fruit packaging and storage processes. The use of that machinery and equipment is common in agricultural farms as well as in fruit and vegetable processing companies. Despite the widespread use of various types of fruit sorters, the analysis of the operation of the designed device and the study of its technological parameters is still a current research problem. During operation of the devices for sorting fruit there are many technical problems affecting technological processes and quality of fruits. In order to improve the efficiency of sorting fruit, this process should be quickly and accurately. The purpose of this paper is to present the automated apple sorter line construction design, and software for quality controlling fruits. Selected elements of the sorter structure including endurance calculation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) and fruit control system using image analysis were presented.

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Hamberger, Sydney M., Boyd D. Blackwell, Leslie E. Sharp, and D. B. Shenton. "H-1 Design and Construction." Fusion Technology 17, no. 1 (1990): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst90-a29175.

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