Journal articles: 'Cryogenic measurement'

1

Rusby, R. L., and M. Kempson. "Cryogenic temperature measurement." Revue Générale de Thermique 35, no. 413 (May 1996): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-3159(99)80076-2.

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Schmoranzer, D., A. Luck, E. Collin, and A. Fefferman. "Cryogenic broadband vibration measurement on a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator." Cryogenics 98 (March 2019): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2019.01.010.

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Arkharov, I. A., and I. D. Kakorin. "Technique for flowrate calculation of cryogenic two-phase flows in Venturi flowmeters without separation." Izmeritel`naya Tekhnika, no. 7 (2020): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32446/0368-1025it.2020-7-34-42.

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A technique for calculating the flowrate of cryogenic two-phase flows in separationless flowmeters based on a venturi is proposed. The technique takes into account the equation of state of the two-phase medium, that is changes in density, mass vapour quality and temperature of cryogens two-phase flows against pressure in the venturi. It is shown that without an accounting of the flow parameters evolution, an additional flowrate error appears and therefore it is impossible to correctly determine the sensitivity and measurement range of the flowmeter. The most optimal measurement range of the pressure drop is chosen as well as a method of the flowrate measuring by the temperature difference across the venturi is proposed. The problem of determining the flowrate of two-phase cryogenic flows is topical for accelerator, aerospace and gas-transport engineering.

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Swanson, Chris J., Stephen C. Hall, and Russell J. Donnelly. "Measurement devices for cryogenic turbulence research." Cryogenics 41, no. 5-6 (May 2001): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(01)00089-3.

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Ylöstalo, J., P. Berglund, O. Niinikoski, and R. Voutilainen. "Cryogenic temperature measurement for large applications." Cryogenics 36, no. 12 (December 1996): 1033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(96)00089-6.

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Ishimoto, Jun, Daisuke Tan, Hiroto Ohtake, and Seiji Samukawa. "Thermomechanical Resist Removal-Cleaning System Using Cryogenic Micro-Slush Jet." Solid State Phenomena 187 (April 2012): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.187.145.

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The fundamental characteristics of the resist removal-cleaning system using cryogenic micro-solid nitrogen spray flow were investigated by a new type of integrated measurement technique. The present system utilizes the micro-solid nitrogen (SN2) which consists of the fine solid nitrogen particle produced by the high-speed collision of subcooled liquid nitrogen and the cryogenic gaseous helium (cryogen). According to present study, the effect of ultra-high heat flux cooling on the resist removal performance due to the rapid thermal contraction of resist material is clarified in detail. Furthermore, the effect of ultrasonic atomization of micro-solid nitrogen on ultra-clean performance of the wafer is newly founded.

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7

Muralidhara, Srinivasa, and Dilip Kothari. "Design, development, and qualification tests of prototype two-channel cryogenic temperature transmitter." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0055915.

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A two-channel prototype cryogenic temperature transmitter is developed using an ARM Cortex-M3 series precision analog microcontroller using a rapid prototyping method for use in indigenous developments. The developed prototype utilizes an Arduino compatible baseboard equipped with interfaces for programming/debugging. Additional circuits are fabricated, and embedded application software is developed and tested. The input circuit consists of a low-value high accuracy precision current source to excite the cryogenic temperature sensors of Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) type and employs a standard four-wire ratiometric measurement technique for accurate resistance measurement. The ratiometric measurement eliminates measurement errors due to current uncertainty. The precision microcontroller is equipped with internal programmable gain amplifiers to accurately scale low-level analog signals from cryogenic temperature sensors. The developed transmitter can interface with two cryogenic RTDs (Cernox® and PT-100 types) and can accurately measure resistance over its calibrated range (300–4 K). The cubic spline interpolation method is employed in application software for converting the measured resistance to temperature. The measured temperature is transmitted to a programmable logic device (via 4–20 mA signals) using the pulse width modulation technique. The developed transmitter is tested for its performance against commercially available transmitters at the liquid nitrogen temperature, liquid helium temperature, and over the entire measurement range using Gifford–McMahon type cryocoolers. The developed transmitter was utilized to assess the impact of the thermal resistance of the cryogenic sensors at the lowest temperature of the cryocooler (∼2.6 K). This paper outlines design details, application software development, experimental setup, measurement uncertainties, and test results.

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Saito, Ichiro, and Hideo Onuki. "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty for cryogenic radiometer." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 80, Appendix (1996): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.80.appendix_288.

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Mei, Jia Bing, Jing Quan Liu, Shui Dong Jiang, Bin Yang, and Chun Sheng Yang. "Platinum Resistance Microsensor for Cryogenic Temperature Measurement." Key Engineering Materials 562-565 (July 2013): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.562-565.198.

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Platinum resistance temperature sensor is applied to the temperature range higher than 200K currently. Through studying the principle of platinum temperature sensor, the platinum resistance temperature microsensor can be used in the temperature region between 10K and 200K was studied. It employs symmetrical turn back structure, which effectively avoids the inductance caused by alternating current (AC). Fabrication process based on MEMS technology was illustrated. The platinum film was obtained by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering deposition and the platinum resistance temperature microsensor was fabricated with 200nm thickness layer film. The relationship between resistance and temperature of platinum microsensor was tested by Quantum QD PPMS instrument. When T>30K and T<30K, TCR of platinum microsensor could achieve 16490ppm/K and 6430ppm/K respectively. Thus, the microsensor can be used as temperature sensing element between 10K and 200K in the cryogenics.

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10

Russell, Damon, and Sander Weinreb. "Cryogenic Self-Calibrating Noise Parameter Measurement System." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 60, no. 5 (May 2012): 1456–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2012.2188813.

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11

Wang, Tao, and Yousif Hussain. "Coriolis mass flow measurement at cryogenic temperatures." Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 20, no. 3 (June 2009): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2009.02.003.

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12

Otani, K., K. Shigemori, D. Ichinose, T. Sakaiya, A. Sunahara, Y. Sakawa, M. Nakai, H. Shiraga, H. Azechi, and K. Mima. "Temperature measurement of preheated planar-cryogenic targets." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 112, no. 2 (May 1, 2008): 022012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/112/2/022012.

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13

Grigor'ev, N. N., I. N. Grinbaum, A. I. Klimovskaya, and V. I. Leonov. "Measurement of magnetic fields in cryogenic turbogeneraotrs." Measurement Techniques 30, no. 12 (December 1987): 1206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00864655.

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14

Ohara, T., K. Agatsuma, K. Kaiho, T. Onishi, and Y. Iwasa. "Cryogenic microstrain measurement using laser light interference." Cryogenics 29, no. 11 (November 1989): 1050–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2275(89)90259-2.

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15

Han, Fenghui, Zhe Wang, Hefu Zhang, Dongxing Wang, Wenhua Li, and Wenjian Cai. "Experimental Study of Large-Temperature-Range and Long-Period Monitoring for LNG Marine Auxiliary Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Measurement." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090917.

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Temperature is a key variable to evaluate the energy consumption and thermodynamic performance of traditional marine auxiliary machinery, chillers and piping systems. In particular, for the cryogenic storage tanks and fuel gas supply systems of LNG ships, explosion-proof and low-temperature-resistance properties bring new challenges to the onboard temperature measurement and monitoring. In order to promote the development of high-performance and safer monitoring systems for LNG ships, this paper adopted fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology to ensure the measurement safety and accuracy of temperature sensors, and performs a series of experiments in a large temperature range on the chiller, pipeline, and cryogenic storage tank of an LNG ship and their long-term reliabilities. Firstly, the principle and composition of the designed FBG temperature sensors are introduced in detail, and the measurement accuracy and range of different metal-coated optical fibers were tested in a large temperature range and compared against the traditional thermistors. Then, the effects of different operating conditions of the LNG marine chiller system and cryogenic storage tank on the temperature measurements were investigated. In addition, the drift degrees of the optical fibers and industrial thermistors were analyzed to figure out their reliabilities for long-term temperature measurements. The results showed that for the long-period (16 months) monitoring of LNG ships in a large temperature range (105–315 K) under different shipping conditions, the optical temperature measurement based on FBG technology has sufficient accuracy and dynamic sensitivity with a higher safety than the traditional thermoelectric measurement. Besides, the ship vibration, ambient humidity, and great temperature changes have little impact on its measurement reliability and drifts. This research can provide references and technical supports to the performance testing systems of LNG ships and other relevant vessels with stricter safety standards.

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Becker, David, Robert Schmidt, Gerhard Lindner, and Klaus Stefan Drese. "Ultrasound Measurement Technique for Validation of Cryogenic Flows." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (December 11, 2018): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131090.

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An ultrasound sensor system based on the transmission-mode approach is developed to enable the monitoring and sensing of cryogenic liquids and gases—especially gaseous bubbles and gas-liquid interfaces in liquid nitrogen (LN2). Common sensors do not meet requirements of cryogenic and microgravity-environments. Therefore, a special encapsulation design for the optimization of the electrical connection and the mechanical coupling of the ultrasound sensors is needed. The ultrasound system is qualified in LN2 and is able to measure bubbles (size and location) and fill levels with a high spatial resolution in a submillimetre range and a sampling rate of more than 500 Hz.

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17

Fleischer, S. M., M. P. Ross, K. Venkateswara, C. A. Hagedorn, E. A. Shaw, E. Swanson, B. R. Heckel, and J. H. Gundlach. "A cryogenic torsion balance using a liquid-cryogen free, ultra-low vibration cryostat." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 064505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0089933.

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We describe a liquid-cryogen free cryostat with ultra-low vibration levels, which allows for continuous operation of a torsion balance at cryogenic temperatures. The apparatus uses a commercially available two-stage pulse-tube cooler and passive vibration isolation. The torsion balance exhibits torque noise levels lower than room temperature thermal noise by a factor of about four in the frequency range of 3–10 mHz, limited by residual seismic motion and by radiative heating of the pendulum body. In addition to lowering thermal noise below room-temperature limits, the low-temperature environment enables novel torsion balance experiments. Currently, the maximum duration of a continuous measurement run is limited by accumulation of cryogenic surface contamination on the optical elements inside the cryostat.

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18

Yang, Jinbo, Jian Li, Wei Liu, Yihao Li, Yalin Huang, Jun Zhou, and Xingyi Zhang. "Development of a load frame for neutron diffraction and fluorescent thermometry at cryogenic temperature." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 073904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0068365.

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Over the years, rapidly rising interest in the mechanical properties of various materials at low temperatures has been simulated because of the growing cryogenic applications in modern engineering fields of space technology, environmental engineering, and superconductivity engineering. Realizing in situ measurement of the internal strain and the full-field strain and the temperature distribution of related materials in a cryogenic loading environment is a significant requirement for safety assessment and related research of some new large science facility projects. Here, we present a novel cryogenic load frame, which is suitable for neutron scattering measurements of internal stress at the temperature range of 6–300 K. The loading capacity is 2500 N, and the slowest loading speed is 0.001 mm/s. By replacing the vacuum chamber sealing plate with a K9 glass window, the in situ digital image correlation strain measurement can be realized. Furthermore, fluorescence thermometry has also been investigated during a heating and cooling process without deformation. Using the present design, some typical results of the 316LN stainless steel and the YBCO tape at low temperatures were introduced.

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19

Cha, Minsu, Naif B. Alqahtani, Bowen Yao, Xiaolong Yin, Timothy J. Kneafsey, Lei Wang, Yu-Shu Wu, and Jennifer L. Miskimins. "Cryogenic Fracturing of Wellbores Under True Triaxial-Confining Stresses: Experimental Investigation." SPE Journal 23, no. 04 (February 6, 2018): 1271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180071-pa.

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Summary A laboratory study of cryogenic fracturing was performed to test its ability to improve oil/gas recovery from low-permeability reservoirs. Our objective is to develop well-stimulation technologies using cryogenic fluids [e.g., liquid nitrogen (LN)] to increase permeability in a large reservoir volume surrounding wells. The new technology has the potential to reduce formation damage caused by current stimulation methods and minimize or eliminate water usage. The concept of cryogenic fracturing is that a sharp thermal gradient (thermal shock) created at the surfaces of formation rocks by applying cryogenic fluid can cause strong local tensile stress and start fractures. We developed a laboratory system for cryogenic fracturing under true-triaxial loading, with LN-delivery/control and -measurement systems. The loading system simulates confining stresses by independently loading each axis up to approximately 5,000 psi on 8×8×8-in. cubes. Temperature in boreholes and at block surfaces and fluid pressure in boreholes were continuously monitored. Acoustic and pressure-decay measurements were obtained before and at various stages of stimulations. Cubic blocks (8 × 8×8-in.) of Niobrara shale, concrete, and sandstones were tested, and stress levels and anisotropies varied. Three schemes were considered: gas fracturing without cryo-stimulation, gas fracturing after low-pressure cryogen flow-through, and gas fracturing after high-pressure cryogen flow-through. Results from pressure-decay tests show that LN stimulation clearly increases permeability, and repeated stimulations further increase the permeability. Acoustic velocities and amplitudes decreased significantly after cryo-stimulation, indicating fracture creation. In the gas fracturing without the stimulation, breakdown (complete fracturing) occurs suddenly without any initial leaking, and major fracture planes form along the plane containing principal-stress and intermediate-stress directions, as expected theoretically. However, in the gas fracturing after cryogenic stimulations, breakdown occurred gradually and with massive leaking because of thermal fractures created during stimulation. In addition, the major fracture direction does not necessarily follow the plane containing the principal-stress direction, especially at low confining-stress levels. In tests, we observed that cryogenic stimulation seems to disrupt the internal stress field. The increase in borehole temperature after stimulation affects the permeability of the specimen. When a stimulated specimen is still cold, it maintains high permeability because fractures remain open and local thermal tension is maintained near the borehole. When the rock warms back, fractures close and permeability decreases. In these tests, we have not used proppants. Overall, fractures are clearly generated by low- and high-pressure thermal shocks. The added pressure of the high-pressure thermal shocks helps to further propagate cryogenic fractures generated by thermal shock. Breakdown pressure is significantly lowered by LN stimulation, with observed breakdown-pressure reductions up to approximately 40%.

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20

Bousse, Nicholas E., Stephen E. Kuenstner, James M. L. Miller, Hyun-Keun Kwon, Gabrielle D. Vukasin, John D. Teufel, and Thomas W. Kenny. "Dispersive readout of a high-Q encapsulated micromechanical resonator." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 7 (August 15, 2022): 073503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101402.

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Encapsulated bulk mode microresonators in the megahertz range are used in commercial timekeeping and sensing applications, but their performance is limited by the current state of the art of readout methods. We demonstrate a readout using dispersive coupling between a high-Q encapsulated bulk mode micromechanical resonator and a lumped element microwave resonator that is implemented with commercially available components and standard printed circuit board fabrication methods and operates at room temperature and pressure. A frequency domain measurement of the microwave readout system yields a displacement resolution of [Formula: see text], which demonstrates an improvement over the state of the art of displacement measurement in bulk-mode encapsulated microresonators. This approach can readily be implemented in cryogenic measurements, allowing for future work characterizing the thermomechanical noise of encapsulated bulk mode resonators at cryogenic temperatures.

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Nishida, Masayuki, Stefanus Harjo, Takuro Kawasaki, Takayuki Yamashita, and Wu Gong. "Neutron Stress Measurement of W/Ti Composite in Cryogenic Temperatures Using Time-of-Flight Method." Quantum Beam Science 7, no. 1 (March 7, 2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/qubs7010008.

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In this study, the thermal stress alterations generated in a tungsten fiber reinforced titanium composite (W/Ti composite) were evaluated by the neutron stress measurement method at cryogenic temperatures. The W/Ti composite thermal loads were repeated from room temperature to the cryogenic temperature (10 K), and alterations in thermal residual stress were evaluated using the neutron in situ stress measurement method. In this measurement, the stress alterations in the titanium matrix and the tungsten fibers were measured. This measurement was carried out by TAKUMI (MLF-BL19) of J-PARC, a neutron research facility in the Japan Atomic Agency. The measurement method of TAKUMI is the time-of-flight (TOF) method. Owing to this measurement method, the measurement time was significantly shortened compared to the angle-dispersion type measurement by a diffractometer. As a result of the measurement, large compressive stresses of about 1 GPa were generated in the tungsten fibers, and tensile stresses of about 100 MPa existed in the titanium matrix. The thermal stresses due to the temperature change between room temperature and cryogenic temperature is caused by the difference of thermal expansions between the tungsten fibers and the titanium matrix, and these stress values can be approximated by a simple elastic theory equation.

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22

Sheldon, Alexander, Leonid Belostotski, Hamdi Mani, Christopher E. Groppi, and Karl F. Warnick. "Cryogenic Noise-Parameter Measurements: Recent Research and a Fully Automated Measurement Application." IEEE Microwave Magazine 22, no. 8 (August 2021): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2021.3078027.

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23

Liu, Hongfei, and Sander Weinreb. "Ultra-low loss lumped element cryogenic coolable high pass filter and cryogenic measurement method." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 9 (June 27, 2017): 2229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30718.

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24

Song, Yuan-Jia, Wan-Hua Chen, Huan Lai, Da-Xiong Liao, and Yu Hou. "Heat transfer of insulation structure for large cryogenic wind tunnel." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2020): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci200525253s.

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In order to maintain the cryogenic environment of cryogenic wind tunnel in service, heat transfer of insulation structure is investigated in this work. Firstly, the design and material selection of insulation structure is conducted. Afterwards, theoretical calculation on heat transfer of insulation structure is carried out based on one-dimensional heat conduction model. Subsequently, the finite element model of insulation structure is established, on this basis, involving the actual work condition of cryogenic wind tunnel, heat transfer of the insulation structure is numerically calculated. Finally, the testing platform able to simulate the work environment of cryogenic wind tunnel is built and the temperature measurement experiments at the cryogenic condition and at the cryogenic pressure condition are carried out respectively. The obtained results show that the designed insulation structure is in possession of great insulation characteristics to ensure the cryogenic environment of cryogenic wind tunnel. Additionally, the established testing platform can provide a testing method to investigate the heat transfer character of other materials or structures in cryogenic environment.

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25

Ng, Wing-Fai, and Joel C. Rosson. "Cryogenic tunnel measurement of total temperature and pressure." Journal of Aircraft 23, no. 3 (March 1986): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.45296.

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26

Benmessai, K., P. Y. Bourgeois, Y. Kersalé, N. Bazin, M. E. Tobar, J. G. Hartnett, M. Oxborrow, and V. Giordano. "Frequency instability measurement system of cryogenic maser oscillator." Electronics Letters 43, no. 25 (2007): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20072684.

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27

Chowdhuri, Z., G. L. Hansen, V. Jane, C. D. Keith, W. M. Lozowski, W. M. Snow, M. S. Dewey, et al. "A cryogenic radiometer for absolute neutron rate measurement." Review of Scientific Instruments 74, no. 10 (October 2003): 4280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1605492.

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28

Nietzsche, S., R. Nawrodt, A. Zimmer, M. Thürk, W. Vodel, and P. Seidel. "Cryogenic Q-factor measurement of optical substrate materials." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 32 (March 2, 2006): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/32/1/068.

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Arpaia, P., A. Ballarino, L. Bottura, and G. Montenero. "A cryogenic sensing element for measurement current transformers." Journal of Instrumentation 9, no. 03 (March 24, 2014): P03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/9/03/p03011.

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30

Tamada, N., N. Natori, M. Yoshioka, and T. Ishigohka. "Wireless multi-temperature measurement for rotating cryogenic machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 28, no. 1 (1992): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.120005.

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31

Nietzsche, Sandor, Anja Zimmer, Wolfgang Vodel, Matthias Thürk, Frank Schmidl, and Paul Seidel. "Proposed cryogenic Q -factor measurement of mirror substrates." Classical and Quantum Gravity 21, no. 5 (February 12, 2004): S1133—S1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/111.

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White, M. G., Z. E. Ruiz, C. S. Yung, I. Vayshenker, N. A. Tomlin, M. S. Stephens, and J. H. Lehman. "Cryogenic primary standard for optical fibre power measurement." Metrologia 55, no. 5 (August 17, 2018): 706–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1681-7575/aad658.

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33

Liu, F. F., and S. W. H. Chow. "Differential dielectric‐to‐density measurement for cryogenic fluids." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 10 (October 1987): 1917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139489.

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Menegolli, A., M. Prata, M. C. Prata, G. L. Raselli, and C. Vignoli. "Measurement of photocathode spectral response at cryogenic temperature." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 572, no. 1 (March 2007): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.209.

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Goryachev, Maxim, Serge Galliou, and Philippe Abbé. "Cryogenic transistor measurement and modeling for engineering applications." Cryogenics 50, no. 6-7 (June 2010): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.02.002.

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Rybalko, Oleksandr. "A cryogenic measurement setup for characterization microwave devices." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 12 (September 22, 2017): 3123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30888.

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37

Ma, Tao, Shaotao Dai, Jingye Zhang, and Lianqi Zhao. "Rogowski Coil for Current Measurement in a Cryogenic Environment." Measurement Science Review 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msr-2015-0012.

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Abstract A Rogowski coil based sensor for current measurement in a cryogenic environment and results of its application for paralleled high temperature superconducting (HTS) coil current sharing are presented. The current sensor consists of a Rogowski coil and an integrator, where the coil output voltage is proportional to the derivative of primary current and the integrator transfers the differentiation to normal state. The Rogowski coil has promising applicability at cryogenic circumstance because its body is made of low temperature materials. The integrator ensures a large bandwidth with feasible magnitude, which is vital for dynamic current measurement during the quench of the HTS coil. The proposed current sensor is used for current sharing measurement of two paralleled Bi2223 HTS coils, and the experimental results show that the measurement precision is better than 0.5%.

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Newman, Riley, Michael Bantel, Eric Berg, and William Cross. "A measurement of G with a cryogenic torsion pendulum." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 372, no. 2026 (October 13, 2014): 20140025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0025.

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A measurement of Newton's gravitational constant G has been made with a cryogenic torsion pendulum operating below 4 K in a dynamic mode in which G is determined from the change in torsional period when a field source mass is moved between two orientations. The source mass was a pair of copper rings that produced an extremely uniform gravitational field gradient, whereas the pendulum was a thin fused silica plate, a combination that minimized the measurement's sensitivity to error in pendulum placement. The measurement was made using an as-drawn CuBe torsion fibre, a heat-treated CuBe fibre, and an as-drawn Al5056 fibre. The pendulum operated with a set of different large torsional amplitudes. The three fibres yielded high Q -values: 82 000, 120 000 and 164 000, minimizing experimental bias from fibre anelasticity. G -values found with the three fibres are, respectively: {6.67435(10),6.67408(15),6.67455(13)}×10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2 , with corresponding uncertainties 14, 22 and 20 ppm. Relative to the CODATA2010 G -value, these are higher by 77, 37 and 107 ppm, respectively. The unweighted average of the three G -values, with the unweighted average of their uncertainties, is 6.67433(13)×10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2 (19 ppm).

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Gu, Kai Xuan, Zhi Qiang Li, Jun Jie Wang, Yuan Zhou, Hong Zhang, Bing Zhao, and Wei Ji. "The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 747-748 (February 2013): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.747-748.899.

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The effect of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V has been studied in this paper. The program controlled SLX cryogenic box was used to conduct the cryogenic treatment and the subsequent low temperature temper. The scanning electron microscope was used to study the morphology of microstructure and fracture surface. As the results show that the cryogenic treatment increases the elongation of Ti-6Al-4V from 16.5 percent to 24.5 percent, at the same time, the strength increases slightly, this indicates that cryogenic treatment can improve the comprehensive mechanical properties. The microstructure measurement revealed that there is a tendency of reduction in the precipitated particles after cryogenic treatment. The cross section is flat and the size of dimples is more uniform. It is concluded that the change in the precipitation particle had a great influence in the mechanical properties.

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Bohuslavskyi, Heorhii, Masayuki Hashisaka, Takase Shimizu, Takafumi Akiho, Koji Muraki, and Norio Kumada. "Fast time-domain current measurement for quantum dot charge sensing using a homemade cryogenic transimpedance amplifier." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 18 (October 31, 2022): 184003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0118391.

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We developed a high-speed and low-noise time-domain current measurement scheme using a homemade GaAs high-electron-mobility-transistor-based cryogenic transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The scheme is versatile for broad cryogenic current measurements, including semiconductor spin-qubit readout, owing to the TIA's having low input impedance comparable to that of commercial room-temperature TIAs. The TIA has a broad frequency bandwidth and a low noise floor, with a trade-off between them governed by the feedback resistance RFB. A lower RFB of 50 kΩ enables high-speed current measurement with a −3 dB cutoff frequency f−3dB = 28 MHz and noise-floor NF = 8.5 × 10−27 A2/Hz, while a larger RFB of 400 kΩ provides low-noise measurement with NF = 1.0 × 10−27 A2/Hz and f−3dB = 4.5 MHz. Time-domain measurement of a 2-nA peak-to-peak square wave, which mimics the output of the standard spin-qubit readout technique via charge sensing, demonstrates a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 12.7, with the time resolution of 48 ns, for RFB = 200 kΩ, which compares favorably with the best-reported values for the radio frequency reflectometry technique. The time resolution can be further improved at the cost of the SNR (or vice versa) by using an even smaller (larger) RFB, with a further reduction in the noise figure possible by limiting the frequency band with a low-pass filter. Our scheme is best suited for readout electronics for cryogenic sensors that require a high time resolution and current sensitivity and, thus, provides a solution for various fundamental research and industrial applications.

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Garcia, E., C. Bales, W. Patterson, A. Zaslavsky, and V. F. Mitrović. "Cryogenic probe for low-noise, high-frequency electronic measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 103902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0106239.

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The design and performance of a low-noise, modular cryogenic probe, which is applicable to a wide range of measurements over a broad range of working frequencies, temperatures, and magnetic fields, is presented. The design of the probe facilitates the exchange of sample holders and sample-stage amplifiers, which, combined with its characteristic low transmission and reflection loss, make this design suitable for high precision or low sensitivity measurements. The specific example of measuring the shot noise of magnetic tunnel junctions is discussed. We highlight various design characteristics chosen specifically to expand the applicability of the probe to measurement techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance.

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Liu, Fengbo, Bing Su, Guangtao Zhang, Jiongli Ren, and Wenhu Zhang. "Development of a Cryogenic Tester with Air Bearing to Test Sliding-Rolling Contact Friction." Lubricants 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10060119.

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This study aimed to test the friction coefficient of cryogenic bearing lubrication materials. A ball-on-disc type friction tester was developed in our lab using air bearings that could simulate the movement of cryogenic bearings under sliding-rolling contact. The tester is equipped with a temperature-controlled chamber to provide a minimum −175 °C low-temperature environment. Using air bearings is an important technique to reduce the base friction of the tester measurement system and ensure the accuracy of the friction coefficient measurement. The friction coefficients of the Ag coating and the PTFE coating were measured at different sliding-rolling velocities on this tester, and the results showed that the friction coefficient curves agreed well with the Gupta sliding model. The developed tester will provide important data for the dynamic analysis and life evaluation of the cryogenic bearings.

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Tamson, J., M. Mair, and S. Grohmann. "Vapor-liquid equilibrium of the nitrogen-argon system at 100 K." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012159.

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Abstract Mixed-refrigerant cycles (MRC) are state-of-the-art for efficient LNG production. The development of cryogenic mixed-refrigerant cycles (CMRC) at temperatures below 100 K relies on physical property data of cryogenic mixtures such as vapor-liquid equilibria and enthalpies. This data is insufficient for some binary mixtures and unavailable for most multi-component systems. The cryogenic phase equilibria test stand CryoPHAEQTS provides precise physical property data of cryogenic fluid mixtures at temperatures from 15 K to 300K and at pressures up to 150 bar. Contrary to previous apparatus in the literature, CryoPHAEQTS uses cooling of the equilibrium cell by a pulse-tube cryocooler. Temperature is measured by two CERNOX® sensors directly immersed in the liquid/vapor phase. Pressure is measured through a capillary and a differential pressure sensor connected to a secondary system containing three high precision sensors. Up to three occurring phases can be sampled directly from the cell and analyzed by gas chromatography. Measurement uncertainties are ±13mK in temperature, ±1 mbar in pressure and ±1% in composition. Prior to publishing new phase equilibrium data, the test stand is benchmarked against available vapor-liquid equilibrium data of the widely investigated nitrogen-argon system. In this paper, we report on the first measurement results of cryogenic mixtures in CryoPHAEQTS and compare them against the literature data.

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Li, Jun Ji, Xian Guo Yan, Hai Zhen Zhang, and Dong Yang Li. "Simulation and Experimental Verification of W9Mo3Cr4V HSS Temperature Field in Cryogenic Treatment." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 884–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.884.

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In the cryogenic treatments process, the temperature distribution in a work-piece of high speed steel (HSS) is crucial to the effectiveness of the treatment. However, determination of temperature field during the cryogenic process is difficult. In this study, the temperature distribution in W9Mo3Cr4V HSS bars with a diameter of 24mm during cryogenic treatment was investigated using thermocouples so that obtained the optimization of process parameters and improve the high speed steel tool life. Temperatures at different nodes and their variations with time were measured and numerically studied using Pro/E, Workbench and Fluent software. Results from both the simulation study and experimental measurement are in good agreement, indicating that the temperature distribution inside a work-piece during cryogenic treatment can be determined using a combination of simple tests and numerical simulation, and finally provided a theoretical guidance for making the reasonable cryogenic treatment procedure.

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Rees, Andreas, and Michael Oschwald. "Cryogenic test bench for the experimental investigation of cryogenic injection in rocket combusters under high-altitude conditions." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1240, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1240/1/012103.

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Abstract Due to current and future environmental and safety issues in space propulsion, typical propellants for upper stage or satellite rocket engines such as the toxic hydrazine are going to be replaced by green propellants like the combination of liquid oxygen and hydrogen or methane. The injection of that kind of cryogenic fluid into the vacuum atmosphere of space leads to a superheated state, which results in a sudden and eruptive atomization due to flash boiling. For a detailed experimental investigation of superheated cryogenic fluids the new cryogenic test bench M3.3 with a temperature controlled injection system at high-altitude conditions was built at DLR Lampoldshausen. First run-in tests as well as several measurement campaigns with liquid nitrogen as the test fluid showed the performance and suitability of the new test bench for the systematical investigation of cryogenic flash boiling. Besides new insights into the flash boiling process of cryogenic liquids, the experimental data of cryogenic flash boiling generated with this test bench provide a comprehensive database for the validation of numerical models and further numerical investigations.

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Saito, Ichiro, and Hideo Onuki. "Measurement of absolute spectral responsivity with cryogenic radiometer (1)." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 79, Appendix (1995): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.79.appendix_272.

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YI Xiao-long, 衣小龙, 杨振岭 YANG Zhen-ling, 叶新 YE Xin, 王凯 WANG Kai, 方伟 FANG Wei, and 王玉鹏 WANG Yu-peng. "Absorptance measurement for sloping bottom cavity of cryogenic radiometer." Optics and Precision Engineering 23, no. 10 (2015): 2733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20152310.2733.

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Kobayashi, Hiroaki, Yuki Sakamoto, Kiyoshi Kinefuchi, and Tetsuya Sato. "Void Fraction Measurement of Cryogenic Multiphase Flow in Microgravity." JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 66, no. 6 (2018): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass.66.147.

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Guan, Xiang, Yincai Zou, Jin Shang, Xing Bian, Jihao Wu, and Qing Li. "A mutual inductance sensor for cryogenic radial displacement measurement." Cryogenics 115 (April 2021): 103263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103263.

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Escotte, L., F. Sejalon, and J. Graffeuil. "Noise parameter measurement of microwave transistors at cryogenic temperature." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 43, no. 4 (1994): 536–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/19.310165.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cryogenic measurement'

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