Journal articles: 'Cryogenic rolling'

1

Meyer, D., E. Brinksmeier, and F. Hoffmann. "Surface hardening by cryogenic deep rolling." Procedia Engineering 19 (2011): 258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.109.

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Wang, Peng Fei, Chen Bin Liu, Jin Chuan Jie, and Ting Ju Li. "An Effective Method to Fabricate 5083 Aluminum Alloy with Excellent Corrosion Resistance." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 1300–1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.1300.

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The 5083 aluminum alloy was prepared and subjected to cryogenic rolling (CR) after heat treatment. The samples were reduced from 15mm to 1.5 mm in the thickness direction and the amount of deformation was 90%. For comparison, samples with the same deformation amount were obtained by room temperature rolling (RTR). The corrosion behavior of CR and RTR samples was measured by electrochemical test, and their microstructures before and after corrosion had been studied through electron scanning microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope (OM). The influence of cryogenic rolling on the corrosion behavior of 5083 aluminum alloys was explored. The experiment results suggested that anti-corrosion ability of 5083 aluminum alloys could be enhanced through cryogenic rolling. The corrosion potential elevated and the corrosion current density reduced according to the electrochemical test. The primary reasons and corresponding mechanism were also discussed.

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Petrousek, Patrik, Tibor Kvackaj, Róbert Kocisko, Jana Bidulska, Miloslav Luptak, Diego Manfredi, Marco Actis Grande, and Róbert Bidulsky. "INFLUENCE OF CRYOROLLING ON PROPERTIES OF L-PBF 316L STAINLESS STEEL TESTED AT 298K AND 77K." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 25, no. 4 (December 18, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v25i4.1366.

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The goal of the present work is to evaluate mechanical properties and to analyse the microstructure of 316L stainless steel produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) follow by rolling with different thickness reduction under ambient and cryogenic conditions. The samples before rolling were heat treated. The static tensile test was realized at ambient and cryogenic (77K) conditions. The L-PBF powder metal production technology approved that is a key technology in the AM area, especially for metal powder materials. Mechanical properties tested at 298K and 77K shows that the application of various thermo-deformation rolling conditions increases of strength properties. Achieved mechanical properties are comparable to conventional bulk materials. The strength properties after the rolling under ambient and cryogenic conditions were significantly increased.

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Oevermann, Torben, Thomas Wegener, and Thomas Niendorf. "On the Evolution of Residual Stresses, Microstructure and Cyclic Performance of High-Manganese Austenitic TWIP-Steel after Deep Rolling." Metals 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080825.

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The mechanical properties and the near surface microstructure of the high-manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel X40MnCrAl19-2 have been investigated after deep rolling at high (200 °C), room and cryogenic temperature using different deep rolling forces. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal an increase in yield strength from 400 to 550 due to surface treatment. The fatigue behavior of selected conditions was analyzed and correlated to the prevailing microstructure leading to an increased number of cycles to failure after deep rolling. Deep rolling itself leads to high compressive residual stresses with a stress maximum of about 800 in the subsurface volume characterized by the highest Hertzian pressure and increased hardness up to a distance to the surface of approximately 1 mm with a maximum hardness of 475 0.1. Due to more pronounced plastic deformation, maximum compressive residual stresses are obtained upon high-temperature deep rolling. In contrast, lowest compressive residual stresses prevail after cryogenic deep rolling. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements reveal the development of twins in the near surface area independently of the deep rolling temperature, indicating that the temperature of the high-temperature deep rolling process was too low to prevent twinning. Furthermore, deep rolling at cryogenic temperature leads to a solid–solid phase transformation promoting martensite. This leads to inferior fatigue behavior especially at higher loads caused by premature crack initiation. At relatively low loads, all tested conditions show marginal differences in terms of number of cycles to failure.

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Shi, Jin Tao, Long Gang Hou, Cun Qiang Ma, Jin Rong Zuo, Hua Cui, Lin Zhong Zhuang, and Ji Shan Zhang. "Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of 5052 Al Alloy Processed by Asymmetric Cryorolling." Materials Science Forum 850 (March 2016): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.850.823.

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Aluminum alloy sheets were asymmetrically rolled at room and cryogenic temperatures by imposing different velocity ratios of 1~1.5 between the upper and bottom rolls. After rolling, the stress-strain curves, microhardness as well as the microstructures of the rolled samples were characterized and analyzed. The experimental results showed that the asymmetric cryorolling could improve the grain refinement and offered (~12%) higher room temperature tensile strength than that processed by symmetrical rolling with velocity ration of 1.0 (~280 MPa). However, at cryogenic temperature, the strength of asymmetrically cryorolling sheet (with velocity ratio of 1.5) was 5.1%, which is less than that processed by symmetrical rolling.

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Kvačkaj, Tibor, Robert Kočiško, Robert Bidulský, Jana Bidulská, Peter Bella, Miloslav Lupták, Andrea Kováčová, and Július Bacsó. "The Influence of Thermo-Plastic Processes on Materials Recovery." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.379.

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The influence of thermo-plastic processes through methods of severe plastic deformations (SPD) and rolling carried out at ambient and cryogenic temperatures on recovery of two materials was investigated. The aim of this study was to insert strains to materials having middle and high stacking fault energy (SFE) in ambient and cryogenic temperature conditions, respectively and subsequently, through DSC method, to observe an influence of the storage energy on structural recovery of materials. As experimental materials were used oxygen free high conductivity copper (OFHC Cu) and C-Si steel which represent materials with middle and high stacking fault energy (SFE), respectively. The OFHC Cu was subjected to equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) by seven passes. ECAR is a method belonging to a SPD group. It was shown, five ECAR passes have a significant effect on material properties. The rolling performed at cryogenic temperatures using a laboratory duo rolling mill was carried out only once. This study implies that a recovery process (characterized by the mobility of structural defects) starts as follows: for OFHC Cu without ECAR and processed by 5thECAR passes: 0.31·Tmeltand 0.19·Tmelt, respectively, for C-Si steel processed by cryorolling: 0.095·Tmelt.

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Šimčák, Dušan, Tibor Kvačkaj, Róbert Kočiško, Róbert Bidulský, Ján Kepič, and Viktor Puchý. "EVALUATION OF HIGHT PURITY ALUMINIUM AFTER ASYMMETRIC ROLLING AT AMBIENT AND CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 23, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i2.928.

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Ultrafine grained materials are capable of superplastic elongation at strain rates faster than those currently employed for commercial superplastic forming operations. However, such operations require the material in the form of thin sheets. Asymmetric rolling (ASR), as one of severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods, was used to make ultra-fined grain materials with enhanced performance. This work show effect of the deformation paths on micro-hardness and mechanical properties changing during asymmetric rolling of pure aluminium. In our case, the asymmetric condition was introduced by using different diameters with a ratio of upper and bottom roll 2,4. The thickness of samples was reduced about 20% - 40% at ambient temperature and at cryogenic temperature. Asymmetric rolling at cryogenic temperature (ASR-C) provides greater strength tensile properties than rolling at ambient temperature (ASR-A).

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Xiu-Yan, Feng, Cheng Zhi-Ying, Zhou Jia, Wu Xiao-Lei, Wang Zi-Qiang, and Hong You-Shi. "Deformation Twinning in Nanocrystalline Ni during Cryogenic Rolling." Chinese Physics Letters 23, no. 2 (January 30, 2006): 420–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/23/2/040.

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9

Konkova, T., S. Mironov, A. Korznikov, and S. L. Semiatin. "Microstructural response of pure copper to cryogenic rolling." Acta Materialia 58, no. 16 (September 2010): 5262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.056.

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10

Kočiško, Róbert, Tibor Kvačkaj, Andrea Kováčová, Dušan Šimčák, Róbert Bidulský, Milostav Lupták, Martin Vlado, and Imrich Pokorný. "The mechanical properties of OFHC copper and CuCrZr alloys after asymmetric rolling at ambient and cryogenic temperatures." Open Engineering 8, no. 1 (November 21, 2018): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2018-0041.

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Abstract This work deals with comparing the mechanical properties of OFHC copper and CuCrZr alloys processed by asymmetric ambient rolling (ASaR) and asymmetric cryorolling (AScR). The conditions for asymmetrical rolling were ensured by different diameters of the main rolls. The thickness of samples was reduced about 20% - 70% at ambient temperature and at a temperature of liquid nitrogen. Mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, reduction of area and microhardness were determined for all rolled samples. Rolling at cryogenic temperatures provide about 50-60MPa more tensile strength for Cu and 60-80 MPa for CuCrZr alloys when rolling at ambient temperature. After AScR of CuCrZr alloys, a start of precipitation was shifted at the temperature of 434∘C and recrystallization was a part of the precipitation peak. According to the results, plastic deformation through shear bands is the dominant mechanism in materials with lower stacking fault energy (CuCrZr) treated under cryogenic conditions.

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11

Chen, J. Z., Liang Zhen, Bao You Zhang, Y. X. Cui, and Sheng Long Dai. "Texture Development during Cold and Cryogenic Rolling in AA 7055 Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 639–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.639.

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The texture evolution of polycrystalline AA 7055 aluminum alloy during rolling about 15% and 50% at room temperature and cryogenic temperature has been investigated by electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD). With increasing the rolling reduction, the intensities of the components of the β fiber increase at both rolling temperature and simultaneously, the shear textures disappear gradually. The lattice rotation paths from the {001}<110> orientation to β fiber was discussed.

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12

Pesin, Alexander, and Denis Pustovoytov. "Finite Element Simulation of Heat Transfer during Cryogenic Asymmetric Sheet Rolling of Aluminum Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 692–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.692.

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Aluminum and its alloys are widely used as structural materials in aerospace, automotive and other industries due to low density and high specific strength. Efficient way to increase strength and other properties of aluminum alloys is to form an ultra fine grain structure using severe plastic deformation methods. Cryogenic asymmetric sheet rolling under liquid nitrogen temperature is a process of severe plastic deformation that can be used to improve the aluminum alloys structure and properties. Prediction of sheet temperature during plastic deformation is very important. The temperature of sheet is changed due to the conversion of mechanical work of deformation into heat through sliding on contact surfaces. This paper presents the results of the finite element simulation of heat transfer during cryogenic asymmetric sheet rolling of aluminum alloy 6061. The effect of thickness reduction, rolling velocity and friction coefficient on the deformation heating and temperature field of aluminum alloy 6061 was found. The results of investigation could be useful for the development of the optimal treatment process of aluminum alloys by cryogenic severe plastic deformation to obtain the ultra fine grain structure and high strength properties.

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13

Kam, Menderes, and Hamit Saruhan. "Vibration damping capacity of deep cryogenic treated AISI 4140 steel shaft supported by rolling element bearings." Materials Testing 63, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0118.

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Abstract The main objective of the present study is to experimentally investigate and figure out the effect of deep cryogenic treatment in improving dynamic behaviors in terms of damping of a rotating shaft supported by rolling element bearings. An AISI 4140 steel for rotating shafts was selected for the experiments because it is the most widely used material in most industries for a wide range of applications such as machinery components, crankshafts, motor shafts, axle shafts, and railway locomotive traction motor shafts. Untreated, conventionally heat treated, deep cryogenic treated, and deep cryogenic treated and tempered shafts were used for the experiments to observe damping behavior changes of the shafts. Deep cryogenic treated and deep cryogenic treated and tempered shafts were cooled from pre-tempering temperature to -140 °C and held for tempering hold times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. So, ten sets of shafts were employed for the experiment. The vibration data was captured for each of the shafts for five different shaft running speeds 600, 1200, 1800, 2400 and 3000 rpm. The results showed that damping ability of the deep cryogenic treated shaft at a hold time of 36 hours was superior to that of the others shafts.

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14

Nam, Won Jong, Young Bum Lee, and Dong Hyuk Shin. "Ultrafine Grained Bulk 5083 Al Alloy Produced by Cryogenic Rolling Process." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.141.

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The large deformation at cryogenic temperature would be one of the effective methods to produce large bulk UFG materials. The effects of annealing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of the sheets received 85% reduction at cryogenic temperature were investigated for the annealing temperature of 150 ~ 300°C , in comparison with those at room temperature. Annealing of 5083 Al alloy deformed 85%, at 200°C for an hour, results in the considerable increase of tensile elongation without the great loss of strength and the occurrence of equiaxed grains less than 300nm in diameter.

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15

Shi, Jin Tao, Jin Rong Zuo, and Ji Shan Zhang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 5052 Al Alloy by Cryogenic Rolling." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.86.

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The microstructure, mechanical properties, texture evolution and microstructure-property relationship of 5052 Al alloy by cryogenic-rolling (CR) and room-temperature rolling (RTR) were investigated. The results show that CR can effectively refine the grain size and optimize the comprehensive mechanical properties of the material. At the same time, the maximum strengthening effect of CR can be achieved when the deformation is 50%. In addition, the temperature benefit of CR can reduce stacking fault energy.

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16

Konkova, T., S. Mironov, A. Korznikov, G. Korznikova, M. M. Myshlyaev, and S. L. Semiatin. "Grain structure evolution during cryogenic rolling of alpha brass." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 629 (April 2015): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.12.241.

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17

Cui, Junjun, Liqing Chen, Yanfei Li, Jiahua Liu, and Jiaqi Xie. "Effects of annealing treatment on mechanical properties of 8011 aluminum alloy after cryogenic rolling." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 2 (2019): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018067.

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In order to improve mechanical properties of roll cast 8011 aluminum alloy (AA 8011) by grain strengthening, and expand its application field, the effect of different annealing treating processes on mechanical properties and microstructures of cryogenic rolled AA 8011 was investigated. The roll cast AA 8011 was cryogenic rolled for six passes and then annealed. The annealing treatment was adopted at 100–300 °C for 1 h, and then the annealing treatment was adopted at 220 °C for 10–80 min. The microstructures of AA 8011 under roll cast and cryogenic rolled states were studied by using OM. The grain size was calculated by the Image-pro-plus 5.0. The microstructures of AA 8011 under annealing states were observed by using TEM and energy dispersive spectrum analysis. The results show that the second phase Al8Fe2Si appears in the cryogenic rolled AA 8011 after annealing treatment. When the dislocation moves in the grain, the dislocation plays a pinning role, which is conducive to grain refinement. The optical annealing treatment was treated at 220 °C for 40 min with optimal thermal stability. The ideal grain size is 1 μm, hardness is 65 HV, and tensile strength is 202 MPa. It is about 1.5 times of the roll cast AA 8011.

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18

Sathiaraj, G. Dan, Rajib Kalsar, Satyam Suwas, and Werner Skrotzki. "Effect of Stacking Fault Energy on Microstructure and Texture Evolution during the Rolling of Non-Equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi High-Entropy Alloys." Crystals 10, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10070607.

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The evolution of microstructure and texture in three non-equiatomic CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloys (HEAs) with varying stacking fault energy (SFE) has been studied in up to 90% rolling reductions at both room and cryogenic temperature. All the HEAs deform by dislocation slip and additional mechanical twinning at intermediate and shear banding at high rolling strains. The microstructure is quite heterogeneous and, with strain, becomes highly fragmented. During rolling, a characteristic brass-type texture develops. Its strength increases with a decreasing SFE and the lowering of the rolling temperature. The texture evolution is discussed with regard to planar slip, mechanical twinning, and shear banding.

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19

Saju, Tinu P. "Experimental Investigation on Formability of Cryorolled and Room Temperature Rolled AA 6061 Sheet Metal with 50% and 75% Thickness Reduction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 592-594 (July 2014): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.592-594.302.

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This paper deals with the formability of AA 6061 sheet metal. The forming limit diagram of precipitation hardenable Al–Mg–Si alloy namely AA 6061 was evaluated for sheets rolled at two different temperature media namely room temperature and cryogenic temperature. The sheets were subjected to solutionising, rolling either in room temperature or cryogenic temperature with 50% or 75% reduction and short annealing before forming operation. The forming limit diagrams of the rolled sheets were plotted together to obtain a clear idea about their comparative formability.

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Magalhães, Danielle Cristina Camilo, Marcio Ferreira Hupalo, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "Natural aging behavior of AA7050 Al alloy after cryogenic rolling." Materials Science and Engineering: A 593 (January 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.017.

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21

Ye, K. L., H. Y. Luo, and J. L. Lv. "Producing Nanostructured 304 Stainless Steel by Rolling at Cryogenic Temperature." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 29, no. 6 (June 3, 2014): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2014.901534.

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22

Won, Jong Woo, Seong-Woo Choi, Jae-Keun Hong, Byeong-Chan Suh, Jeong Hun Lee, and Byung Je Kwak. "Microstructure and strength–ductility balance of pure titanium processed by cryogenic rolling at various rolling reductions." Materials Science and Engineering: A 798 (November 2020): 140328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140328.

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23

Li, Zhide, Yuze Wu, Zhibao Xie, Charlie Kong, and Hailiang Yu. "Grain Growth Mechanism of Lamellar-Structure High-Purity Nickel via Cold Rolling and Cryorolling during Annealing." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 4025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14144025.

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High-purity (99.999%) nickel with lamellar-structure grains (LG) was obtained by room-temperature rolling and cryorolling in this research, and then annealed at different temperatures (75 °C, 160 °C, and 245 °C). The microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The grain growth mechanism during annealing of the LG materials obtained via different processes was studied. Results showed that the LG high-purity nickel obtained by room-temperature rolling had a static discontinuous recrystallization during annealing, whereas that obtained by cryorolling underwent static and continuous recrystallization during annealing, which was caused by the seriously inhibited dislocation recovery in the rolling process under cryogenic conditions, leading to more accumulated deformation energy storage in sheets.

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24

George, Sarah, and Candice Mias. "Effect of Rolling Temperature on Annealing of aa1050 Aluminium Alloy." Materials Science Forum 828-829 (August 2015): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.828-829.200.

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Commercially pure, dilute aluminium alloys, such as AA1050, dynamically generate sub-grains during cold rolling. If AA1050 is rolled at cryogenic temperatures (liquid nitrogen), this large decrease in temperature minimises the occurrence of dynamic recovery during rolling. The result is that the material has a large amount of stored energy and a high dislocation density, thereby giving it a high strength. This research looks at the recovery and recrystallization processes during annealing after cryo-rolling, and compares the formation of sub-grains and recrystallized grains to those where rolling was performed at room temperature. The type of dislocation structure that forms during the rolling process directly affects the evolution of the microstructure post-deformation. Owing to the extreme temperatures of cryo-rolling, the dislocation structure cannot undergo dynamic recovery. Instead, a distinct cell-like structure forms, with dense dislocation walls that are high energy. During subsequent annealing, the driving force for recrystallization is increased with a decrease in the rolling temperature, with the cryo-rolled material having a greater number of nucleation seed and consequently, a fine grained recrystallized microstructure.

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Zhang, Zheng, Hongjiang Pan, Lifang Meng, Jinxu Zhang, Xu Yang, Hongliang Gao, Yulan Gong, Baipo Shu, and Xinkun Zhu. "Mechanical Properties of Pure Titanium Processed by Cryogenic Rolling and Annealing." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 60, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.m2018312.

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26

Singh, Rahul, Deepak Sachan, Raviraj Verma, Sunkulp Goel, R. Jayaganthan, and Abhishek Kumar. "Mechanical behavior of 304 Austenitic stainless steel processed by cryogenic rolling." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 9 (2018): 16880–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.090.

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Hu, Zhiping, Rendong Liu, Li Lin, and Guodong Wang. "The influence of cryogenic rolling on a transformation-induced plasticity steel." Materials Science and Technology 36, no. 13 (June 25, 2020): 1381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02670836.2020.1783617.

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Pemov, I. F., E. V. Yakushev, S. P. Zubov, A. A. Pridein, L. V. Prokopenko, O. V. Samokhina, and D. V. Nizhel’skii. "Elaboration and pilot testing of a technology for production of sheet rolled products of cryogenic grade steels for liquidized natural gas storing." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 3 (March 29, 2020): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-3-222-227.

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The liquidized natural gas (LPG) as well as other liquidized gases, as oxygen, nitrogen, ethylene etc. are widely used in the today’s world economy. A perspective of LPG and liquidized gases application presented, foreign and domestic experience in production of materials, used for manufacturing tanks and reservoirs, intended for storing and transporting of LPG, considered. Influence of chemical composition of cryogenic steels on resistivity to fragile destruction at negative temperatures studied. Influence of various alloying elements, including nickel, manganese, chrome, molybdenum and other elements on operating properties of cryogenic steels were also studied. Specialists of JSC “Ural Steel” together with scientists of JSC “NPO “CNIITMASH” elaborated a comprehensive technology of industrial production of plates of cryogenic steels. Based on literature data, domestic practice of designing and manufacturing cryogenic equipment, specifications of the required application plates were elaborated and approved. The rolling of plates of wide range of thickness of pilot heat 0H6 steel was carried out. At present, the thermal treatment modes of the 0H6 steel rolled products are being adjusted.

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Gode, Ceren. "INFLUENCE OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASTIC-DEFORMATION PROCESS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF AN Al-Si-Mg ALUMINUM ALLOY." Materiali in tehnologije 55, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17222/mit.2020.187.

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This work was planned to modify the microstructure of a solution-treated, cast Al-Si-Mg aluminum alloy by a plastic deformation method at a cryogenic temperature. It was found that cryo-rolling is an efficient low-temperature, plastic-deformation method that causes the transformation of a dendritic microstructure to an ultrafine-grained counterpart with a high dislocation density and the redistribution of hard silicon particles in the cast aluminum alloy. The results show cryo-rolling strains lead to an increment of the dislocation density because of the annihilation of the dislocations’ dynamic recovery. The microstructural refinement imposed by cryo-rolling seems to lead to a notable strength enhancement of the material because of the coupled impact of dislocation-strengthening and grain-boundary-strengthening mechanisms.

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Zharkov, I. P. "Cryogenic Equipment for Low-Temperature Hardening of Instruments and Machinery for Needs of Machine Building and Rolling Production." Science and innovation 10, no. 3 (May 30, 2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine10.03.035.

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31

San Andres, Luis. "Turbulent Flow Foil Bearings for Cryogenic Applications." Journal of Tribology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830598.

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Fluid film foil bearings are an innovative bearing technology proposed for rotor support in cryogenic turbomachinery. These bearings offer system life and rotor speeds currently unachievable with rolling element bearings alone. An isothermal analysis for the turbulent bulk-flow of a variable properties liquid in a foil bearing with a simple elastic matrix is introduced. Numerical predictions compare the static and dynamic force performance of a three pad foil bearing with a rigid surface bearing for a high speed application in liquid oxygen. The major advantages of the foil bearing are immediately apparent, namely linearity in the load versus eccentricity curve, uniform rotordynamic coefficients, and overall unsurpassed stability conditions. The effects of excitation frequency and the foil structural damping on the dynamic force coefficients are discussed.

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Yu, Bao Yi, Qian Qian Luo, Yang Li, Yu Juan Wu, and Run Xia Li. "Effects of Solution and Cryogenic Treatments on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of AZ31 Alloy Tubes." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 760–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.760.

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In order to improve plastic property of AZ31 alloy tubes at room temperature and expand application of cold rolling process in magnesium (Mg) alloys, solution treatment (T4) and cryogenic treatment of AZ31 tubes obtained by drawing were investigated in this work. The results indicate that T4 can improve the microstructure of the alloy, refine grains and eliminate twins. The optimized T4 parameter is 300 °C for 8 h, in which the average grain size of 12 μm can be obtained and elongation reaches to Max of 16.1% and tensile strength reaches to 242 MPa. Moreover, tensile strength was decreased to 211 MPa, while, elongation was improved to 25.4% by T4+cryogenic treatment at-196 °C.

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33

Wu, Yuze, Juan Liu, Laxman Bhatta, Charlie Kong, and Hailiang Yu. "Study of Texture Analysis on Asymmetric Cryorolled and Annealed CoCrNi Medium Entropy Alloy." Crystals 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121154.

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CoCrNi equiatomic medium entropy alloy sheets were prepared by asymmetric rolling, cryorolling, and asymmetric cryorolling. The asymmetric cryorolled samples exhibited a noteworthy ultra-fine-grain heterogeneous lamella structure. The microstructure and corresponding hardness obtained by different rolling processes and subsequent annealing are compared. It can be seen from the results that the cryogenic deformation temperature had a stronger effect on the mechanical properties of the medium entropy alloys (MEA), compared with the shear strain caused by the asymmetric cryorolling. The effect of annealing temperature on texture components and volume fractions of the specially rolled samples was also analyzed. The result revealed that the recrystallized MEA exhibited similar texture components and the corresponding volume fraction, which indicated that the rolling process had limited influence on the formation of annealing texture. The recrystallized texture after annealing retained the deformation texture and twin related orientations appeared. Asymmetric rolled MEA showed strong random composition than symmetric rolled MEA regardless of rolling temperature. The recrystallized textures of the species obtained by the three rolling processes did not exhibit a significant dependence on the annealing temperature.

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Veverková, Anna, Jiří Kozlík, Kristína Bartha, Tomáš Chráska, Cinthia Antunes Corrêa, and Josef Stráský. "Mechanical Properties of Ti-15Mo Alloy Prepared by Cryogenic Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering." Metals 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9121280.

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Metastable β-Ti alloy Ti-15Mo was prepared by cryogenic ball milling in a slurry of liquid argon. Material remained ductile even at low temperatures, which suppressed particle refinement, but promoted intensive plastic deformation of individual powder particles. Repetitive deformation of powder particles is similar to the multidirectional rolling and resembles bulk severe plastic deformation (SPD) methods. Initial and milled powders were compacted by spark plasma sintering. Sintered milled powder exhibited a refined microstructure with small β-grains and submicrometer sized α-phase precipitates. The microhardness and the yield tensile strength of the milled powder after sintering at 850 °C attained 350 HV and 1200 MPa, respectively. Low ductility of the material can be attributed to high oxygen content originating from the cryogenic milling. This pioneering work shows that cryogenic milling followed by spark plasma sintering is able to produce two-phase β-Ti alloys with refined microstructure and very high strength levels.

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35

Nageswara rao, P., and R. Jayaganthan. "Effects of warm rolling and ageing after cryogenic rolling on mechanical properties and microstructure of Al 6061 alloy." Materials & Design 39 (August 2012): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.02.010.

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36

Maeda, Milene Yumi, John Jairo Hoyos Quintero, Marcel Tadashi Izumi, Márcio Ferreira Hupalo, and Osvaldo Mitsuyuki Cintho. "Study of Cryogenic Rolling of FCC Metals with Different Stacking Fault Energies." Materials Research 20, suppl 2 (December 18, 2017): 716–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2017-0054.

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37

Zheng, Jian-jun, Chang-sheng Li, Shuai He, Ban Cai, and Yan-lei Song. "Deformation behavior of Fe-36Ni steel during cryogenic (123–173 K) rolling." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 23, no. 5 (May 2016): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(16)30071-1.

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38

Markushev, M. V., E. V. Avtokratova, I. Ya Kazakulov, S. V. Krymsky, M. Yu Mochalova, M. Yu Murashkin, and O. Sh Sitdikov. "Microstructure and properties of an aluminum D16 alloy subjected to cryogenic rolling." Russian Metallurgy (Metally) 2011, no. 4 (April 2011): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036029511040136.

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39

Wang, Yinmin, Tong Jiao, and En Ma. "Dynamic Processes for Nanostructure Development in Cu after Severe Cryogenic Rolling Deformation." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 44, no. 10 (2003): 1926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.44.1926.

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40

Meyer, Daniel. "Cryogenic deep rolling – An energy based approach for enhanced cold surface hardening." CIRP Annals 61, no. 1 (2012): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirp.2012.03.102.

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41

Guo, Fei, Haipeng Dong, Weijiu Huang, Xusheng Yang, Li Hu, Mengdi Li, and Luyao Jiang. "Nanocrystalline structure fabricated by cryogenic temperature rolling of AA 2099 aluminum alloy." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 864 (May 2021): 158293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.158293.

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42

Lee, S., R. Muchime, R. Matsumoto, and H. Utsunomiya. "Texture and mechanical properties of Cu alloy by cryogenic high-speed rolling." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1121, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1121/1/012009.

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43

Naydenkin, Evgeny V., and Ivan P. Mishin. "Structure and Grain Boundaries of Ultrafine-Grained Nickel after Rolling and Forging at Cryogenic Temperature." Solid State Phenomena 313 (January 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.313.31.

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The structure and misorientations of grain boundaries of ultrafine-grained nickel subjected to rolling and forging at liquid nitrogen temperature are studied. It is shown that as a result of rolling in UFG nickel obtained by the ECAP the forming of a band fragmented structure with the formation of special twin boundaries Σ3 is observed. An increase in the strain rate (forging) leads to the appearance of localized deformation bands in which the formation of new small grains is observed through dynamic recrystallization. The development of recrystallization results in increase up to 7% in UFG nickel the fraction of special twin boundaries Σ3 which are similar in nature to annealing twins.

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44

Naydenkin, Evgeny V., and Ivan P. Mishin. "Structure and Grain Boundaries of Ultrafine-Grained Nickel after Rolling and Forging at Cryogenic Temperature." Solid State Phenomena 313 (January 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.313.31.

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The structure and misorientations of grain boundaries of ultrafine-grained nickel subjected to rolling and forging at liquid nitrogen temperature are studied. It is shown that as a result of rolling in UFG nickel obtained by the ECAP the forming of a band fragmented structure with the formation of special twin boundaries Σ3 is observed. An increase in the strain rate (forging) leads to the appearance of localized deformation bands in which the formation of new small grains is observed through dynamic recrystallization. The development of recrystallization results in increase up to 7% in UFG nickel the fraction of special twin boundaries Σ3 which are similar in nature to annealing twins.

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45

Stroupe, M. Elizabeth, and Yeqing Tao. "Rocking, rolling, sliding: structural transitions in actin:tropomyosin." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C850. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314091499.

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Tropomyosin is a key factor in the molecular mechanisms that regulate the binding of myosin motors to actin filaments in most eukaryotic cells. This regulation is achieved by the azimuthal repositioning of tropomyosin along the actin:tropomyosin:troponin thin filament to block or expose myosin binding sites on actin. In striated muscle, including involuntary cardiac muscle, tropomyosin regulates muscle contraction by coupling Ca2+ binding to troponin with myosin binding to the thin filament. In smooth muscle, the switch is the post-translational modification of the myosin. Depending on the activation state of troponin and the binding state of myosin, tropomyosin can occupy the blocked, closed, or open position on actin. Using native cryogenic 3DEM, we have directly resolved and visualized cardiac and gizzard muscle tropomyosin on filamentous actin in the position that corresponds to the closed state. From the 8-Å resolution structure of the reconstituted Ac:Tm filament formed with gizzard-derived Tm we discuss two possible mechanisms for the transition from closed to open state and describe the role Tm plays in blocking myosin tight binding in the closed state position.

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Stepanov, Nikita, Dmitry Shaysultanov, Nikita Yurchenko, Margarita Klimova, Sergey Zherebtsov, and Gennady Salishchev. "Microstructure Refinement in the CoCrFeNiMn High Entropy Alloy under Plastic Straining." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 1853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.1853.

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The effect of plastic deformation under various conditions of the equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn alloy with single face-centered cubic phase structure was studied. The alloy was rolled at room and cryogenic temperatures, and uniaxially compressed at room temperature and temperatures of 600-1100°C with different height reductions. In addition, multiaxial forging at 900-1000°C was performed. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, including EBSD analysis, was widely employed to characterize microstructure of the deformed alloy. At room and cryogenic temperatures, mechanical twinning and shear banding plays play dominant role in microstructure evolution. Extensive refinement of the microstructure occurs as the result of rolling with reduction of 80%. During deformation at 600-1100°C, discontinuous dynamic recrystallization takes place. The recrystallized grains size and their volume fraction increases with increase of deformation temperature. Multiaxial forging at 900-1000°C was used to produce fully recrystallized structure with average grain size of 6.7 μm. The alloy in the initial condition had low yield strength of 160 Mpa but remarkable tensile ductility of 68%. Rolling substantial increases yield strength to 1120-1290 MPa, but results in loss of ductility. After multiaxial forging the alloy has balanced combination of properties – yield strength of 280 MPa and elongation of 56%.

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Peng, Bo, Li Qin Wang, Shou Xiao Fan, De Zhi Zheng, and Le Gu. "A Two-Disk Test Rig for Researching the Damage Behavior of Rolling/Sliding Contact Surfaces under Extreme Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 1500–1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.1500.

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A two-disk test rig researching surface damage and ultimate performance of rolling-sliding tribo-parts in extreme conditions is designed. Variable speed (rolling speed up to 83.6m/s, sliding speed up to 16.4m/s) of the rolling/sliding contact are input by motor spindle and regulated with gear. Variable load (Hertzian contact up to 4GPa) is applied with hydraulic cylinder. High temperature (~+300°C) and cryogenic environment(liquid nitrogen) is implemented by changing the lubricant condition. Thermal-stress analysis with ANSYS shows that the temperature and stress of the tester body is reasonable. As the signals judging failure, such parameters as temperature and vibration of the supporting bearing, power consumption of the main spindle, temperature of the tribo-parts surface are monitored in real time. Kingview, PLC, VB and MATLAB software are employed in the online monitoring system to collect data automatically. Types of tribo-parts were tested in the test rig, getting their ultimate performance and the effect of each parameter on surface damage.

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48

Chen, Chih-Hsin. "A Formula for Determining Limit Noninterference Curvature in Pure Rolling Conjugation Gears by Using Geometro-Kinematical Concepts." Journal of Mechanical Design 117, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826104.

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Pure rolling conjugation gears are very useful in the cases where lubrication is difficult to implement, such as in cryogenic and/or vacuum environments, and at slow operating speeds. The main problem confronted in the design of the pure rolling conjugation gears is to determine the limit noninterference curvature of one gear when the curvature of the conjugate gear is prescribed. The way of solving this problem becomes very complicated when using the conventional concepts from the classical differential geometry. However, when using the geometro-kinematical concepts from the theory of conjugate surfaces, this problem can be solved explicitly and simply. In this paper, these concepts are introduced, and a closed-form formula for determining the limit noninterference curvature is derived. A numerical example is cited.

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Fu, Bin, Liming Fu, Shichang Liu, Huan Rong Wang, Wei Wang, and Aidang Shan. "High strength-ductility nano-structured high manganese steel produced by cryogenic asymmetry-rolling." Journal of Materials Science & Technology 34, no. 4 (April 2018): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2017.09.017.

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50

LU, Yue, Ru MA, and Yi-nong WANG. "Texture evolution and recrystallization behaviors of Cu–Ag alloys subjected to cryogenic rolling." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 25, no. 9 (September 2015): 2948–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(15)63921-8.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cryogenic rolling'

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