Relevant bibliographies by topics / Cryoprobe

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Cryoprobe'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Cryoprobe"

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Okajima, Junnosuke, Sangkwon Jeong, and Shigenao Maruyama. "Evaluation of Cooling Performance of Ultrafine Cryoprobes: Effect of Probe Structure on Thermodynamic Properties of Refrigerant." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 26, no. 02 (June 2018): 1850020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132518500207.

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In this study, the effect of the structure of an ultrafine cryoprobe on its cooling performance was evaluated experimentally and numerically. To clarify the thermodynamic characteristics of the refrigerant in the ultrafine cryoprobe, three ultrafine cryoprobes with different dimensions were manufactured. Additionally, a phase change flow model was developed to estimate the refrigerant condition in a microchannel and evaluate the cooling characteristics of an ultrafine cryoprobe. For validating the numerical model, the results were compared with experimental data and a suitable empirical correlation for a two-phase pressure drop was determined. By calculating the refrigerant condition in an ultrafine cryoprobe, it is clarified that large pressure drops occur in the inner tubes and the refrigerant becomes subcooled owing to heat exchange between the flows in the inner and outer tubes. The temperature differences for three different cryoprobes are reproduced by the developed model. By changing the dimensions of the tubes comprising the ultrafine cryoprobes in the calculation, the lowest temperature can be determined. Additionally, freezing experiments are conducted, and the importance of temperature and vapor quality in ultrafine cryoprobes is represented in the time variation of the frozen region.
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Budman, H., A. Shitzer, and S. Del Giudice. "Investigation of Temperature Fields Around Embedded Cryoprobes." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 108, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138578.

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The temperature fields around cryoprobes were investigated analytically and experimentally. Two cryoprobes were employed: a spherically shaped general purpose probe utilizing liquid nitrogen and a cylindrical “glaucoma” probe utilizing the Joule-Thomson effect in gaseous CO2. Both probes were operated by commercial cryostats. The analytical solutions included a one-dimensional integral solution for the general purpose cryoprobe, and finite element solutions for both cryoprobes. Both solutions were based on the enthalpy method. Analytical and experimental results compared reasonably well. Deviations of these results are believed to be due, mainly, to the incomplete specification of the boundary conditions on the surface of the cryoprobe.
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Keanini, R. G., and B. Rubinsky. "Optimization of Multiprobe Cryosurgery." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 4 (November 1, 1992): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911885.

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This paper describes a general technique for optimizing cryosurgical procedures. The method, which is based on the simplex minimization algorithm, minimizes unnecessary freezing by optimizing various surgical parameters. The optimization procedure is illustrated using a simplified model of prostatic cryosurgery. In this illustrative case, the function to be minimized, F, defined as the volume of healthy tissue destroyed during complete freezing of the prostate, is assumed to depend on three parameters: the number of cryoprobes used, the freezing length per cryoprobe, and the cryoprobe diameter. Using an iterative procedure, the optimization algorithm first alters these parameters, then calculates F by solving a three-dimensional bioheat transfer model of multiprobe cryosurgery, and finally determines whether F is minimized. The iterative procedure continues until unnecessary freezing is minimized. For the model considered here, the optimization code indicates that unnecessary freezing during cryoprostatectomy is minimized using approximately 5 cryoprobes, each 7.5 mm in length and 4 mm in diameter.
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Goger, Michael J., James M. McDonnell, and David Cowburn. "Using cryoprobes to decrease acquisition times of triple-resonance experiments used for protein resonance assignments." Spectroscopy 17, no. 2-3 (2003): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/462471.

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In most structural biology NMR laboratories, instrument time is a limiting factor in the number of structural projects a laboratory is able to support. In the post-genomic era we can expect the number of structural targets to markedly increase. Here we address to what degree recently introduced cryoprobes, which are 3–4 times as sensitive as conventional probes, can alleviate this problem. To evaluate this approach, a set of triple-resonance experiments for protein assignments were acquired with a cryoprobe. We show that, with the cryoprobe, high quality triple-resonance data can be obtained within as 4 hours/experiment. These results show that a full set of data for protein assignments can now be practically collected in 1–2 days.
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Sehrawat, Anjali, Robert Keelan, Kenji Shimada, Dona M. Wilfong, James T. McCormick, and Yoed Rabin. "Simulation-Based Cryosurgery Training." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 15, no. 6 (July 9, 2016): 805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533034615611509.

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A proof-of-concept for an advanced-level computerized training tool for cryosurgery is demonstrated, based on three-dimensional cryosurgery simulations and a variable insertion depth strategy for cryoprobes. The objective for system development is two-fold: to identify a cryoprobe layout in order to best match a planning isotherm with the target region shape and to verify that cryoprobe placement does not violate accepted geometric constraints. System validation has been performed by collecting training data from 17 surgical residents having no prior experience or advanced knowledge of cryosurgery. This advanced-level study includes an improved training session design in order to enhance knowledge dissemination and elevate participant motivation to excel. In terms of match between a planning isotherm and the target region shape, results of this demonstrate trainee performance improvement from 4.4% in a pretest to 44.4% in a posttest over a course of 50 minutes of training. In terms of combined performance, including the above-mentioned geometrical match and constraints on cryoprobe placement, this study demonstrates trainee performance improvement from 2.2% in the pretest to 31.1% in the posttest. Given the relatively short training session and the lack of prior knowledge, these improvements are significant and encouraging. These results are of particular significance, as they have been obtained from a surgical resident population which are exposed to the typical stress and constraints in advanced surgical education.
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Gavigan, Geneviève, Alana McEvoy, and Jennifer Beecker. "Contact Cryoprobe Sterilization Practices." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 19, no. 4 (March 5, 2015): 388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475415575011.

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Background: Cryotherapy is a commonly employed treatment modality in dermatology. There is literature to suggest that sterilization of the contact cryotherapy probe is needed for proper decontamination. Objective: To determine the status on the usage and sterilization methods employed by dermatology staff and residents affiliated with an academic training centre in Ontario, Canada, with the overall goal of improving patient safety. Methods: An anonymous qualitative survey was conducted and analyzed. Results: The survey had a response rate of 71% (n = 34 of 48); 11 of 34 physicians reported using contact cryoprobes in their practice to treat viral infections, benign tumours, and malignant tumours. Out of the 11 using contact cryoprobes, 3 (27%) employed any type of cleaning method between patients. Conclusions: Current use of contact cryotherapy probes could be improved for safety considerations. Patient safety may be enhanced by the incorporation of routine autoclaving or other recommended decontamination methods of contact cryotherapy probes between patients.
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Massalha, Loay, and Avraham Shitzer. "Freezing by a Flat, Circular Surface Cryoprobe of a Tissue Phantom With an Embedded Cylindrical Heat Source Simulating a Blood Vessel." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1824119.

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The effects of a thermally-significant blood vessel, simulated by an embedded acrylic tube, 4.8 mm outer diameter, on the freezing field caused by a surface cryoprobe were studied experimentally in a tissue phantom. The flat, 15 mm diameter, circular cryoprobe was operated at a constant cooling rate of −8°C/min by liquid nitrogen down to −160°C. Water flow rates of 30 and 100 ml/min, at a constant temperature of 32.5°C, were maintained in the embedded tube. The latter flow rate is typical to the lower range of blood flows in large arteries in the human body. The phase changing medium (PCM) used was a 30/70% by volume mashed potatoes flakes–water solution. Temperature measurements inside the PCM were performed in one plane perpendicular to the embedded tube, relative to which the cryoprobe was placed at 5 locations in separate experiments. This novel experimental method reduced the perturbation caused by the thermocouple junctions while facilitating rather detailed measurements of the temperature fields developing in the PCM. Results show the development of two hump-like formations on either side of the embedded tube. Freezing was retarded in the region away from the surface cryoprobe and under the tube. This accentuated the dominance of the axial effects, due to the embedded tube, over the radial ones due to the cryoprobe. Results of this study should be considered in designing protocols of cryosurgical procedures performed in the vicinity of thermally-significant blood vessels.
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Kohno, Mitsutomo, Ryo Hashimoto, Kana Oiwa, Hideki Yashiro, Seishi Nakatsuka, Masafumi Kawamura, and Masayuki Iwazaki. "Initial experience with transbronchial cryoablation as a novel local treatment for malignant peripheral lung lesions." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 5, no. 1 (December 2018): e000315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000315.

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IntroductionPercutaneous cryoablation has been adopted for small, malignant peripheral pulmonary lesions and has yielded favourable results as a less invasive local treatment. A transbronchial approach may reduce the risks of complications, such as pneumothorax and pleural haemorrhage. A fundamental animal experiment on transbronchial cryoablation was performed to examine its immediate safety and effectiveness.MethodsExperimental cryoablation was performed on swine lungs using a rigid cryoprobe, 2.4 mm in diameter. The probe was introduced from the right main bronchus into the distal bronchus via thoracotomy, perforated the end of the conducting bronchus and reached the lung parenchyma. The temperature of the cryoprobe tip reaches approximately −130°C during freezing and approximately 20°C during thawing. After three freeze-thaw cycles, the cryoprobe was removed.ResultsNo significant haemorrhage was bronchoscopically observed in the airways throughout the experiment. The chronological changes and spatial distribution of the temperature of the pulmonary tissue circumferential to the point of the cryoprobe were similar to those seen with transpleural cryoablation and the less than −20°C thermal zone seemed to be established within a radius of at least 12 mm. The central destruction zone of alveolar structures was histologically similar to the thermal zone, while the conducting bronchus structure and the accompanying pulmonary artery were not severely affected.ConclusionExperimental transbronchial cryoablation with a rigid cryoprobe could effectively freeze and destroy peripheral lung alveoli without any significant immediate adverse effects. This may suggest the potential clinical application of transbronchial cryoablation for peripheral malignant lung lesions.
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Styles, Peter, Nick F. Soffe, and Christopher A. Scott. "The first cryoprobe – Some recollections." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 213, no. 2 (December 2011): 355–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2011.08.013.

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TUCKER, MIRIAM E. "Cryoprobe Device Freezes Forehead Wrinkles." Skin & Allergy News 42, no. 5 (May 2011): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-6337(11)70256-x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Cryoprobe"

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Sun, Feng. "AN INTEGRATED MODEL OF HEAT TRANSFER AND TISSUE FREEZING FOR CRYOSURGERY USING CRYO-SPRAY OR CRYOPROBE." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1194910910.

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Pajares, Ruiz Virginia. "Utilización de criosondas para la realización de la biopsia pulmonar transbronquial." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/287908.

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La biopsia pulmonar transbronquial es una técnica broncoscópica indicada en el estudio de las enfermedades pulmonares difusas. Hasta el momento, la técnica diagnóstica utilizada para la obtención de muestras pulmonares de una forma no quirúrgica es la biopsia pulmonar transbronquial con pinza convencional, pero tal y como se detalla en la presente exposición, el rendimiento diagnóstico de esta técnica es limitado y variable. Esta variabilidad es debida, entre otros factores, al pequeño tamaño de las biopsias y a la presencia de artefactos que alteran la calidad de las muestras. La línea de investigación desarrollada tiene como objetivo ampliar las herramientas diagnósticas actualmente disponibles en broncoscopia con la aplicación de una técnica innovadora basada en la utilización de sondas de crioterapia que permiten realizar la biopsia transbronquial de una forma ambulatoria y menos invasiva que otras alternativas actualmente disponibles como la biopsia quirúrgica. Los dos trabajos presentados en esta tesis evalúan la utilización de criosondas para la obtención de parénquima pulmonar como una alternativa diagnóstica a la biopsia pulmonar transbronquial convencional. Ambos estudios se llevaron a cabo en pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad intersticial difusa. En primer lugar, se presentan los resultados de una primera fase prospectiva que ha permitido valorar la viabilidad de la técnica y su aplicación en nuestro medio así como, la descripción de la metodología. En una segunda fase, se analizan los resultados de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado para evaluar el rendimiento diagnóstico del nuevo procedimiento en comparación con la técnica convencional. Los resultados de los trabajos publicados indican que la realización de la biopsia pulmonar transbronquial con criosonda posibilita la mejora en el manejo diagnóstico de los pacientes con determinadas patologías pulmonares, especialmente en el grupo de las enfermedades pulmonares difusas y, actualmente, se ha comenzado a considerar un procedimiento más en el algoritmo diagnóstico de estas enfermedades.
Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) is a bronchoscopic procedure for obtaining material in the diagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease. To date, conventional forceps have usually been used to sample tissue in this nonsurgical approach, but the diagnostic yield of TBLB has been limited and variable, as shown by the literature reviewed for this thesis. Variability in the yield of conventional-forceps TBLB can be attributed to the small size of the samples obtained and to the presence of artifacts, among other factors. The line of research presented here aimed to extend the range of bronchoscopic diagnostic tools to include the innovative use of cryoprobes for harvesting tissue. The transbronchial cryobiopsy technique described can be performed as an outpatient procedure and is less invasive than open lung biopsy. Two studies were undertaken to evaluate cryoprobe sampling of the lung parenchyma as an alternative to conventional-forceps TBLB. Both studies were carried out in patients with suspected diffuse interstitial disease. I first present the findings of a prospective study of the cryoprobe technique to assess its viability in a Spanish teaching hospital. In this part of the thesis, the technique is described in detail. Next, I analyze the results of a randomized clinical trial that compared the diagnostic yield of the new cryoprobe procedure to the yield of conventional-forceps TBLB. The studies showed that transbronchial cryobiopsy facilitates the diagnostic process in certain lung conditions, particularly diffuse interstitial lung diseases. When these entities are suspected, transbronchial cryobiopsy is increasingly being included in diagnostic protocols.
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Frank, Michael T. "Recuperative heat exchanger for a MEMS cryoprobe." 2004. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/58526122.html.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2004.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. x-xi).
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Dai, Wei-Luen, and 戴偉倫. "Freezing Study of the Prostate Tumor Coverage with Respect to Cryoprobe Locations." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12562994162630476133.

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碩士
大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
100
Cryosurgery has been applied on several areas of application, including treatment of cancerous prostate growth, skin cancer, lung cancer, and kidney cancer etc. Choosing the number and localization of cryoprobes is an art held by the cryosurgeon and based on the surgeon’s own experience in the treatment of the cryotherapy. Until now, there is no standard operating procedure for preoperative evaluation. The operation target are, the ice ball generated by the low temperature must totally covered the tumor area to ensure the effectiveness of cryotherapy, and the cryoinjury to the surrounding health tissues must be minimized. In this research, according to actual prostate size two kinds of prostate model are set up. Varying the distance between the center of the ice ball and the prostate model, as well as the most outer size of prostate model and the tip of cryoprobe, respectively. Software ESI-CFD is adopted to simulate the bioheat transfer, and the numerical method to simulate the treatment of prostate cryosurgery. By means of mesh generation technology of the ANSYS ICEM CFD to compute the ice ball coverage of the tumor, the utilization rate and the overlapping rate of the ice ball, respectively. It will be determined the optimal location and the insertion depth of cryoprobes. It is believed that the results from this research can supply valuable data to the clinician for the reference of a real cryosurgery in the future.
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Su, Shiou-Yi, and 蘇修逸. "Deviation Study between the Rapid-Iceball and Practical Simulations with Various Cryoprobe Gaps." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20219424080534142213.

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碩士
大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
101
Cryosurgery is a minimally invasive surgical technique. Its therapy principle lies in injecting of liquid nitrogen or argon into cryoprobes and inserting them into tissue to destroy tumor in low temperature. In the process of the cryosurgery, it is necessary to consider the size and location of tumor to decide the localization and the number of cryoprobes. However, the approach to freezing tumors thoroughly and minimizing the cryoinjury to the surrounding health tissues is still an important research target. Therefore, this research analyzes the difference between the rapid-iceball-simulation and the practical simulation of the iceball. According to the different time interval of cryosurgery, the software, ESI-CFD, is utilized for bioheat transfer equation and mesh generation technology of the ANSYS ICEM CFD is to calculate the increasing rate of the two iceball of the rapid-iceball-simulation, the overlapping rate between them, and the volume of the iceball in order to compare with their results, and figure out their difference. It is believed that the results from this research can supply valuable data to clinicians as a reference of real cryosurgery.
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Books on the topic "Cryoprobe"

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Garrett, Skip. Cryoprobe: A unique tool for archeologists. [San Dimas, CA: San Dimas Technology & Development Center, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Cryoprobe"

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Sailalitha, B., M. Venkateswara Rao, and M. Malini. "Design of Cryoprobe Tip for Pulmonary Vein Isolation." In Advancements of Medical Electronics, 307–13. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2256-9_28.

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Zarnescu, V., and F. Chiriac. "Cryogenic Heat Transfer Optimization of the Freezing Front Generated by a Cryoprobe." In A Cryogenic Engineering Conference Publication, 21–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0373-2_3.

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Har-Shai, Yaron, and Lior Har-Shai. "Minimally Invasive Technologies for the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: Intralesional Cryosurgery." In Textbook on Scar Management, 235–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_28.

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AbstractA novel intralesional cryosurgical needle is inserted into the hypertrophic scars and keloid (HSK). It is connected to a canister of liquid nitrogen, which causes the cryoprobe to freeze, thereby freezing the HSK from inside out.Following the cryo-treatment, the histomorphometric analysis demonstrated rejuvenation of the treated scar. The frozen tissue was devoid of proliferating cells and of mast cells whereas the number of blood vessels remained unaltered.The surface thermal history showed slow cooling and thawing rates as well as less pronounced end temperature, which is “friendly” to the melanocytes, thus only minimal hypopigmentation was evident. A significant long hold time was documented. This allows time for solute effects, ice crystal formation, and recrystallization, which enhances and increases the rate of cell death. This long hold time is unique for the intralesional cryosurgery technology and might explain the superior clinical results.More than 50% of scar volume reduction was achieved following a single cryotherapy. For ear HSK, 70% of volume reduction was achieved, and for the upper back and shoulders 60%. Significant alleviation of objective and subjective clinical symptoms was documented. During the follow-up period there was no worsening or infection of the HSK and only minimal hypopigmentation.A pain control protocol was applied, which significantly reduced pain severity during and after the cryosurgery treatment to tolerable levels (VAS ≤ 3).The intralesional cryosurgery treatment is an evidence-based, effective, and safe technology, simple to operate, can be applied as an office procedure, is cost-effective, and takes a short learning curve. The technique achieves remarkable clinical results usually by a single treatment.
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Anklin, Clemens. "Chapter 3. Small-volume NMR: Microprobes and Cryoprobes." In Modern NMR Approaches to the Structure Elucidation of Natural Products : Instrumentation and Software, 38–57. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849735186-00038.

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"CryoProbes." In Encyclopedia of Biophysics, 396. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-6_100201.

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Kapur, MM. "Electrical Instruments—Laser, Cryoprobes, Ultrasonic Equipments." In A Complete Hospital Manual of Instruments and Procedures, 29. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/10006_2.

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Okajima, Junnosuke, Atsuki Komiya, Hiroki Takeda, and Shigenao Maruyama. "Development of Various Cryoprobes Using Heat Transfer Control." In Modern Cryosurgery for Cancer, 211–48. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814329668_0009.

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Conference papers on the topic "Cryoprobe"

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Chen, Laigao, Yun Liang, Lisa X. Xu, Jikun Wei, and George A. Sandison. "X-Ray CT High Density Artifact Suppression in Cryosurgery." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33698.

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X-ray CT provides imaging guidance for cryosurgery that allows 3D visualization of frozen and unfrozen tissue. Temperature in the tissue water-ice interface (0 to −10 °C) may be calibrated to Hounsfield units. However x-ray CT images and their thermal calibration can be compromised by the cryoprobes generating high-density streak artifacts. A new subtraction technique for suppression of these artifacts is proposed and tested in prostate cryosurgery simulations. By subtracting the profile without cryoprobes from the profile with cryoprobes and iceballs, we can get the combined profile of the cryoprobes and a low value background. A polynomial interpolation is performed to obtain the background profile, which is then added back to the original profile without probes. The resulting profile is then fed to a conventional filtered back-projection routine to reconstruct the probe-free image. Finally the cryoprobe pixels in the originally constructed image with probes are added back to the probe-free image to get the final artifact-suppressed image. The major advantage of this subtraction technique is that it can successfully suppress the high-density artifacts in bone abundant body regions. X-ray CT images of cryoprobe arrays in a homogeneous gelatin phantom and the pelvic region of an anthropomorphic Rando phantom containing a human skeleton were generated. After suppression, cryoprobe metal artifact streaks are reduced and visualization of the positions and dimensions of the cryoprobes are well preserved. In-vivo canine studies are planned to test this new suppression technique for cryosurgery use.
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Okajima, Junnosuke, Shigenao Maruyama, Hiroki Takeda, Atsuki Komiya, and Sangkwon Jeong. "Cooling Characteristics of Ultrafine Cryoprobe Utilizing Convective Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannel." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22550.

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This paper describes a novel cooling system to be applied in cryosurgery. An ultrafine cryoprobe has been developed to treat small lesions which cannot be treated by conventional cryoprobes. The main problem of the ultrafine cryoprobe is the reduction of the heat transfer rate by the small flow rate due to the large pressure drop in a microchannel and the large ratio of the surface area to the volume. In order to overcome these problems, we utilized boiling heat transfer in a microchannel as the heat transfer mechanism in the ultrafine cryoprobe. The objectives of this paper are to develop an ultrafine cryoprobe and evaluate its cooling characteristics. The ultrafine cryoprobe has a co-axial double tube structure which consists of inner and outer stainless steel tubes. The outer and inner diameters of the outer tube are 0.55mm and 0.3mm, respectively. The outer and inner diameters of the inner tube are 0.15mm and 0.07mm, respectively. The inner tube serves as a capillary tube to change the refrigerant from liquid state to two-phase flow. Furthermore, two-phase flow passes through the annular passage between the inner and out tube. The hydraulic diameter of the annular passage is 0.15mm. Furthermore, HFC-23 (Boiling point is −82.1°C at 1atm) is used as the refrigerants. The temperature of the ultrafine cryoprobe was measured. The lowest temperatures were −45°C in the insulated condition and −35°C in the agar at 37°C (which simulates in vivo condition). Furthermore, the frozen region which is generated around the ultrafine cryoprobe was measured 5mm from the tip of cryoprobe at 120s, and resulted to be 3mm in diameter. Moreover, the change of the refrigerant state is calculated by using the energy conservation equation and the empirical correlations of two-phase pressure drop and boiling heat transfer. As a result, the refrigerant state in the ultrafine cryoprobe depends on the external heat flux. Finally, the required geometry of the ultrafine cryoprobe to make high cooling performance is evaluated.
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Sun, Feng, and G. X. Wang. "A Conjugate Model for Hepatic Cancer Cryosurgery Using a Liquid-Nitrogen Cryorobe." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32009.

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Cryosurgery is a surgical technique using low temperature cryogen to achieve selective tissue destruction by freezing. During cryosurgery, the cryoprobe, which is usually cooled by inner circulation of liquid nitrogen (LN2), is inserted into the targeted tumor tissue. The tissue surrounding the cryoprobe is then cooled down to sub-zero temperature and subsequently frozen. Extensive studies have been conducted to understand the mechanism of tissue injury, and various numerical models have been developed to predict the thermal history of the targeted tissues during cryosurgery. Most of the existing models, however, focused on the tissue freezing and applied simplified thermal boundary conditions at the interface between cryoprobe and surrounding tissue, e.g. a constant temperature or a constant heat flux. This paper presents a conjugate model for cryosurgery. The new model treats with both tissue freezing outside of the cryoprobe and turbulent convective heat transfer of LN2 inside the cryoprobe. The thermal condition along the cryoprobe surface is then part of the solution, instead of a presumption. The turbulent convection of single phase LN2 inside the cryoprobe is described by a Realizable κ-ε model, while the Pennes equation is used to address the heat transfer within the hepatic tissue. An apparent heat capacity method is used to deal with tissue freezing. As an example, the model is used to simulate the hepatic cryosurgery with a single cryoprobe. The model predicts a dynamic, non-unform surface temperature along the cryoprobe surface, which shows a large effect on the ice ball formation outside the cryoprobe. Results are also presented to illustrate the effect of the flow condition and the cryoprobe design on the interface thermal condition in cryosurgery.
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Okajima, Junnosuke, Atsuki Komiya, and Shigenao Maruyama. "Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Small-Scale Cryosurgery Using Ultrafine Cryoprobe." In ASME 2013 4th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2013-22119.

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Cryosurgery is one of the surgical treatments using a frozen phenomenon in biological tissue. In order to reduce the invasiveness of cryosurgery, the miniaturization of cryoprobe, which is a cooling device for cryosurgery, has been required. The authors have developed a ultrafine cryoprobe for realizing low-invasive cryosurgery by the local freezing. The objective of this study is to evaluate the small-scale cryosurgery using the ultrafine cryoprobe experimentally and numerically. The ultrafine cryoprobe has a double-tube structure and consists of two stainless microtube. The outer diameter of ultrafine cryoprobe was 550 μm. The inner tube, which has 70 μm in inner diameter, depressurizes the high-pressure liquidized refrigerant. Depressurized refrigerant changes its state to two-phase and passes through the gap between outer and inner tube. The alternative Freon of HFC-23 was used as a refrigerant, which has the boiling point of −82°C at 0.1 MPa. The cooling performance of this ultrafine cryoprobe was tested by the freezing experiment of the gelated water kept at 37°C. The gelated water at 37°C is a substitute of the biological tissue. As a result of the cooling in 1 minute, the surface temperature of the ultrafine cryoprobe was reached at −35°C and the radius of frozen region was 2 mm. In order to evaluate the temperature distribution in the frozen region, the numerical simulation was conducted. The two-dimensional axisymmetric bioheat transfer equation with phase change was solved. By using the result from the numerical simulation, the temperature distribution in the frozen region and expected necrosis area is discussed.
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Takeda, Hiroki, Shigenao Maruyama, Setsuya Aiba, and Atsuki Komiya. "Precise Control of Frozen Region During Cryosurgery Utilizing Peltier Effect." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32651.

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In cryosurgery, it is necessary to control heat transfer precisely and actively in order to necrotize diseased part effectively and to avoid freezing healthy tissues. In order to control heat transfer, the cryoprobe utilizing peltier module was developed. This cryoprobe makes it possible to control cooling and heating rate actively and precisely due to peltier effect. Therefore, it is convenient to control the size of cell-destroyed area. In order to confirm cooling performance of the cryoprobe, gelatin cooling experiment and animal experiment was conducted. From the results, it can be said that this cryoprobe has enough cooling performance to destroy undesirable cell and it can control cooling and heating rate actively. Numerical simulation which considers biological heat production, freezing of tissue and peltier effect at same time was developed in order to evaluate frozen region or necrotized area, which are difficult to be measured.
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6

He, Zhi Zhu, and Jing Liu. "The Effects of Blood Flow on the Iceball Evolution During a Multiple Probes Cryosurgery." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65741.

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This paper presents a three dimensional numerical study to investigate the effects of blood flow in thermally significant blood vessels on the iceball evolution during cryosurgery of target tissue using multiple cryoprobes. Discretization of the Pennes’ bioheat equation, which should include convection term for blood vessel, was obtained using an alternate direction implicit finite difference (ADI-FD) scheme combined with an adaptive grid approach. The iceball front is then characterized by temperature profile. A comprehensive analysis of the influence of blood velocity, blood vessel size and the number of multiple cryoprobe on iceball evolution within target tissue undergoing cryosurgery is presented in detail. This work may enhance current understanding of the factors for determining the effects of cryosurgery.
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7

Qi, S. L., P. Zhang, A. L. Zhang, R. Z. Wang, and L. X. Xu. "Performance Evaluation of a Novel Liquid Nitrogen Cryoprobe." In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1616453.

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8

Whicker, Stephen L. "Automated radiometric cryoprobe of IR focal plane array wafers." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Engineering and Photonics in Aerospace Sensing, edited by Herbert K. Pollehn and Raymond S. Balcerak. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.179669.

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Arbat, Sameer, Ashok Arbat, Swapnil Bakamwar, Parimal Deshpande, and Vinit Niranjane. "Utility of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy with cryoprobe in DPLD." In ERS International Congress 2018 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2018.pa3382.

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10

Rabin, Yoed, and Thomas F. Stahovich. "Cryoheater as a Means of Cryosurgery Control." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41100.

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A new concept for cryosurgery control is presented in this report, a concept which has the potential to dramatically change the outcome of cryosurgery. Unlike other cryosurgery control techniques, which are based on controlling the thermal performance of the cryoprobe, this new concept is based on heating the treated tissue as a means of shaping the frozen region. The new controlling heater, which is termed a ‘cryoheater,’ is complimentary to the cryoprobe and can work with any cryosurgery cooling technique. In the current pilot study, the new cryoheater is studied in simulated cases of prostate cryosurgery.
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