Academic literature on the topic 'Crystal defect motion'
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Journal articles on the topic "Crystal defect motion"
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Jackson, K. A. "A defect model for ion-induced crystallization and amorphization." Journal of Materials Research 3, no. 6 (December 1988): 1218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1988.1218.
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Extensive experimental investigations have been reported on the ion-induced motion of the interface between the crystalline and amorphous phases of silicon. The crystal grows into the amorphous phase at low ion fluxes and high temperatures. The amorphous phase grows into the crystal at high ion fluxes and low temperatures. The experimental observations are shown to fit a model based on a single defect. The concentration of this defect decays by binary recombination, this is, two of the defects annihilate one another. The model accounts for the linear relationship between interface motion and reciprocal temperature, for the Arrhenius temperature dependence of the flux at which no interface motion occurs, and for the temperature independence of the crossover frequency observed in beam pulsing experiments. The defect on which this model is based has a motion energy of 1.2 eV. Assuming that the same defect is also responsible for thermal recrystallization of the amorphous phase gives a formation energy of 1.5 eV for the defect. The defect is believed to be a dangling bond in the amorphous phase.
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Shi, Genpei, Si Li, Peng Shi, Junbo Gong, Mingtao Zhang, and Weiwei Tang. "Distinct pathways of solid-to-solid phase transitions induced by defects: the case of DL-methionine." IUCrJ 8, no. 4 (May 8, 2021): 584–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252521004401.
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Understanding of solid-to-solid phase transition mechanisms in polymorphic systems is of critical importance for rigorous control over polymorph purity in the pharmaceutical industry to achieve the desired bioavailability and efficacy of drugs. Ubiquitous defects in crystals may play an important role in the pathways of phase transitions. However, such effects remain poorly understood. Here, the effects of crystal defects on the solid-to-solid phase transformations between DL-methionine polymorphs α and β are investigated by means of experimental and computational approaches. Thermal analyses of polycrystalline powders show two endothermic peaks in the α-to-β phase transition (and two exothermic peaks for the reverse transition), in contrast with one thermal event observed for single crystals. Variable-temperature 1D and 2D Raman spectra, as well as powder X-ray diffraction patterns, reveal the appearance of two peaks that can attributed to a two-step phase transition, and the extent of the second-step phase transition increases with milling time (or defect density). Quantification of transition kinetics unveils a remarkably higher energy barrier in the second-step phase transition than in the first, proceeding by the cooperative molecular motion pathway. The good linear fitting on the kinetic data by the Jeziorny model suggests that the second-step transition follows the nucleation and growth mechanism. Molecular dynamics simulations were also conducted to understand the role of crystal defects in the solid-state phase transition by tracking the atomic distribution and hydrogen bond lifetime during the transition. It was found that the increasing defect density hinders the propagation of cooperative molecular motion, leading to a combined transition mechanism involving both cooperative motion and nucleation and growth. This study highlights the significant impact of crystal defects on solid-state phase transitions, and the two-step transition mechanism postulated may be universal given the ubiquitous presence of defects in crystalline materials.
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Gao, Yipeng, Yunzhi Wang, and Yongfeng Zhang. "Deformation pathway and defect generation in crystals: a combined group theory and graph theory description." IUCrJ 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252518017050.
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The generation and motion of crystalline defects during plastic deformation are critical processes that determine the mechanical properties of a crystal. The types of defect generated are not only related to the symmetry of a crystal but also associated with the symmetry-breaking process during deformation. Proposed here is a new mathematical framework to capture the intrinsic coupling between crystal symmetry and deformation-induced symmetry breaking. Using a combination of group theory and graph theory, a general approach is demonstrated for the systematic determination of the types of crystalline defect induced by plastic deformation, through the construction of a crystal deformation group and a deformation pathway graph. The types of defect generated in the deformation of a face-centered cubic crystal are analyzed through the deformation pathway graph and compared with experimental observations.
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BISCARI, PAOLO, and TIMOTHY J. SLUCKIN. "A perturbative approach to the backflow dynamics of nematic defects." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 23, no. 1 (January 5, 2011): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792510000343.
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We present an asymptotic theory that includes in a perturbative expansion the coupling effects between the director dynamics and the velocity field in a nematic liquid crystal. Backflow effects are most significant in the presence of defect motion, since in this case the presence of a velocity field may strongly reduce the total energy dissipation and thus increase the defect velocity. As an example, we illustrate how backflow influences the speeds of opposite-charged defects.
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Zhang, Jianli, Junyan Yang, Yuanxing Zhang, and Michael A. Bevan. "Controlling colloidal crystals via morphing energy landscapes and reinforcement learning." Science Advances 6, no. 48 (November 2020): eabd6716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd6716.
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We report a feedback control method to remove grain boundaries and produce circular shaped colloidal crystals using morphing energy landscapes and reinforcement learning–based policies. We demonstrate this approach in optical microscopy and computer simulation experiments for colloidal particles in ac electric fields. First, we discover how tunable energy landscape shapes and orientations enhance grain boundary motion and crystal morphology relaxation. Next, reinforcement learning is used to develop an optimized control policy to actuate morphing energy landscapes to produce defect-free crystals orders of magnitude faster than natural relaxation times. Morphing energy landscapes mechanistically enable rapid crystal repair via anisotropic stresses to control defect and shape relaxation without melting. This method is scalable for up to at least N = 103 particles with mean process times scaling as N0.5. Further scalability is possible by controlling parallel local energy landscapes (e.g., periodic landscapes) to generate large-scale global defect-free hierarchical structures.
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Parker, M. A., and R. Sinclair. "Direct Observation of Defect Motion in Silicon By High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100118667.
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Observations of defect motion by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) are rare. Unfortunately, the application of this technique has been limited to a few unique materials, those that can obtain sufficient thermal energy for the initiation of atomic motion through the heating effects of the incident electron beam. In earlier work, it was speculated that events such as the motion of crystal defects, observed in cadmium telluride (CdTe) with the electron beam heating method, might become evident in materials such as silicon (Si) if only sufficiently high temperatures could be achieved (∼ 600°C) in-situ.A silicon specimen with a suitable population of defects was chosen for examination; it consisted of a cross-section of.3 μ ﹛100﹜ silicon on ﹛1102﹜ sapphire (SOS from Union Carbide) which was implant amorphized by 28Si+ ion implantation at an energy of ∼ 170keV.
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Syetov, Y. "Lattice vibrations of the molecular crystal of photoreactive substance with defects." Journal of Physics and Electronics 27, no. 2 (December 27, 2019): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/331928.
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Lattice vibrations are studied theoretically by density-functional based tight-binding methods for the model structure of 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole crystal with defects. 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzoxazole is a photoreactive compound that exhibits excited state intramolecular proton transfer in the structure with an OH...N hydrogen bond. The unit cell of the model structure consists of two crystal unit cells where the molecules have the structure with intramolecular hydrogen bonds OH...N and one molecule is supposed to have a different orientation of the whole molecule or its fragment. The different orientation of the fragment forms the structure with an intramolecular hydrogen bond OH...O. It is calculated that defect caused by the different orientation of the molecule have a lower energy than the defect caused by the different orientation of the fragment. In the frequency region where the contribution of external vibrations of the molecules is significant, the vibrations mainly involve several molecules in the cell. In the region of internal vibrations there are modes, which are local vibrations of the defects. These local vibrations involve mainly motion of the atoms constituting the defect molecule. The number of local vibrations is larger for the defect that corresponds to the formation of the structure with the OH...O hydrogen bond than for the defect that corresponds to the different orientation of the whole molecule with the OH...N hydrogen bond. The internal vibrations of the defect molecule formed by the different orientation of phenol fragment in the lattice undergoes frequency shift in relation to the frequency of the modes of isolated molecule.
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Muzny, Chris D., and Noel A. Clark. "Direct observation of the Brownian motion of a liquid-crystal topological defect." Physical Review Letters 68, no. 6 (February 10, 1992): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.68.804.
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Mochizuki, Kenji. "Computational Study on Homogeneous Melting of Benzene Phase I." Crystals 9, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9020084.
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Molecular-dynamics simulations are used for examining the microscopic details of the homogeneous melting of benzene phase I. The equilibrium melting temperatures of our model were initially determined using the direct-coexistence method. Homogeneous melting at a higher temperature is achieved by heating a defect- and surfacefree crystal. The temperature-dependent potential energy and lattice parameters do not indicate a premelting phase even under superheated conditions. Further, statistical analyses using induction times computed from 200 melting trajectories were conducted, denoting that the homogeneous melting of benzene occurs stochastically, and that there is no intermediate transient state between the crystal and liquid phases. Additionally, the critical nucleus size is estimated using the seeding approach, along with the local bond order parameter. We found that the large diffusive motion arising from defect migration or neighbor-molecule swapping is of little importance during nucleation. Instead, the orientational disorder activated using the flipping motion of the benzene plane results in the melting nucleus.
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Scott, Chris, and Roger Smith. "Modelling the sputtering of Au surfaces using a multi time-scale technique." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 469, no. 2150 (February 8, 2013): 20120480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2012.0480.
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We present results from an atomistic computer simulation model of the sputtering of gold crystal surfaces under 500 eV ion bombardment by Au and Ar ions for doses up to 10 14 ions cm −2 . The multi time-scale technique uses molecular dynamics to calculate the fast ballistic collision processes in the early stages of the cascade, whereas an on-the fly kinetic Monte Carlo technique is used to model the relaxation and diffusion processes between successive ion impacts when the defect motion has begun to be dominated by rare events. The results indicate a large amount of crystalline recovery between impacts, some facetting of the crystal surfaces but no large sub-surface defect accumulation. Because of this recovery process, sputtering yields and energy distributions are in good agreement with those obtained assuming a perfect crystal surface and also with those experimentally measured.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crystal defect motion"
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Benkaddour, Abdelkhalek. "Proprietes des defauts d'irradiation dans des alliages austenitiques fer-chrome-nickel et des alliages ferritiques fer-chrome : influence de la teneur en chrome." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066144.
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Etude par mesure de resistivite electrique, de l'influence de la teneur en chrome sur la production et la migration des defauts ponctuels dans les alliages fe-25%ni-8 a 16%cr(% en poids) et fe-5 a 15%atcr soumis a une irradiation par electrons a 21k. Influence d'un recuit sur ces defauts d'irradiation. Interpretation des resultats par un modele de restauration
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Pélosin, Véronique. "Dynamique de l'évolution structurale et spectroscopie mécanique de multicouches AgNi." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10121.
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Differents appareils ont ete adaptes a la spectroscopie mecanique de films minces autoportants ou adherents a un substrat. Les deux principaux dispositifs mis au point, tres performants et plurifonctionnels, sont un tensiodilatometre et une lame vibrante. Nous nous somme interesses a des multicouches agni a mailles deformees fabriquees par pulverisation cathodique. Les deux elements sont immiscibles et presentent un fort desaccord parametrique, 15%. La taille des grains est nanometrique. Nous avons etudie les differents stades de l'evolution microstructurale de ces materiaux, relaxation interfaciale et destratification, grace a des mesures de resistivite et de dilatometrie effectuees en continu au cours de cycles de temperature. Le comportement mecanique des echantillons a ete analyse pour une large gamme de periodes, dans l'etat brut de fabrication mais aussi lors de traitements thermiques. Des courbes effort-deformation tracees en tension uniaxiale montrent que les lois de l'elasticite lineaire demeurent verifiees. Le module d'young ne presente aucune singularite, quelle que soit la periode etudiee. Les constantes de cisaillement determinees par diffusion brillouin sont abaissees substantiellement aux faibles periodes. Les mesures ont aussi revele une limite d'ecoulement plastique geante. En regime dynamique, les mouvements des defauts internes, joints de grains et interfaces, sont inhibes par ancrage reciproque. En utilisant des films adherents a un substrat de silicium, nous avons suivi les variations des contraintes internes generees thermiquement ou induites par les reorganisations structurales. Il apparait que le relachement de ces contraintes lors du stade de relaxation interfaciale est a mettre en relation avec la densification qui accompagne cette relaxation. Enfin, nous avons mis en evidence des effets de module et d'amortissement d'origine magnetoelastique. Ils renseignent sur la mobilite des parois de domaines magnetiques. Le niveau de contrainte a une incidence tres forte sur l'amplitude de ces effets
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Tsai, Hsin-Yang, and 蔡欣洋. "Low-contrast surface inspection of mura defects in liquid crystal displays using optical flow-based motion image analysis." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48630981830036969373.
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碩士元智大學
工業工程與管理學系
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This research proposes a machine vision scheme for mura defect detection in TFT-LCD manufacturing. Mura is a Japanese word for blemish, which typically shows brightness imperfections from its surroundings in the surface. Since mura appears as a low-contrast region without clear edges in the surface, human inspectors need to continuously observe the hardly visible defect from different viewing angles. The traditional automatic visual inspection algorithms detect mura defects from individual still images. They neglect that a mura defect may not be visibly sensed in the image from a still system. In this study, the TFT-LCD panel is assumed to move along a track, where different light sources illuminate from different angles to the inspection panel. While the TFT-LCD panel passes through a fixed camera, the light reflection from different angles can effectively enhance the mura defect in the low-contrast motion images. This research therefore proposes a motion detection scheme based on optical flow techniques to identify mura defects in motion images. Since the TFT-LCD moves along a single direction, both two-dimensional (2D) and one-dimensional (1D) optical flow motion detection methods are developed. Three discriminative features based on the flow magnitude, mean flow magnitude and flow density in the optical flow field are presented to extract the defective regions in each image of the motion sequence. Both real glass substrates and synthetic panels are used to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed inspection schemes. Experimental results have shown that the proposed 1D optical flow method works as well as the 2D optical flow method to detect very low-contrast mura defects of small size, and achieves a high processing rate of 20 frames per seconds for images of size 200 200.
Books on the topic "Crystal defect motion"
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Kohzuki, Yohichi. Plasticity of crystals in a microscopic viewpoint on the basis of dislocation motion. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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Sutton, Adrian P. Physics of Elasticity and Crystal Defects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860785.001.0001.
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Mechanical properties of crystalline materials are almost always dominated by the defects within them. The ability to shape metals into pipes, girders and furniture stems from the generation, motion and interaction of these defects. Defects are also the agents of chemical changes within crystals, enabling mass transport by atomic diffusion and changes of phase. Defects distort the crystal and these distortions enable defects to interact over large distances. The theory of elasticity is used to describe these interactions. Assuming no familiarity with the theory, this book introduces the reader to linear elasticity and its application to point defects, dislocations and cracks. A unique feature of the book is the attention given to the atomic structure of defects and its influence on their properties and their elastic fields. Where it is available brief biographical information is provided about prominent contributors to the field. This textbook is written for postgraduate students in physics, engineering and materials science. It is very likely that even those students with some knowledge of elasticity and defects will find much that is new to them in this book.There are exercises to help the student check their understanding as they work through each chapter. The student is guided through more advanced problems at the end of each chapter. Worked solutions to all exercises and problems are available to course instructors from the OUP website. The last chapter describes four technologically important areas requiring fundamental research, with suggestions for possible PhD projects.
Book chapters on the topic "Crystal defect motion"
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Swinburne, Thomas D. "Stochastic Motion." In Stochastic Dynamics of Crystal Defects, 17–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20019-4_3.
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Bulatov, Vasily, and Wei Cai. "Introduction To Crystal Dislocations." In Computer Simulations of Dislocations. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198526148.003.0004.
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Dislocations first appeared as an abstract mathematical concept. In the late 19th century, Italian mathematician Vito Volterra examined mathematical properties of singularities produced by cutting and shifting matter in a continuous solid body [1]. As happened to some other mathematical concepts, dislocations could have remained a curious product of mathematical imagination known only to a handful of devoted mathematicians. In 1934, however, three scientists, Taylor, Polanyi and Orowan, independently proposed that dislocations may be responsible for a crystal’s ability to deform plastically [2, 3, 4]. While successfully explaining most of the puzzling phenomenology of crystal plasticity, crystal dislocations still remained mostly a beautiful hypothesis until the late 1950s when first sightings of them were reported in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments [5]. Since then, the ubiquity and importance of dislocations for crystal plasticity and numerous other aspects of material behavior have been regarded as firmly established as, say, the role of DNA in promulgating life. Dislocations define a great many properties of crystalline materials. In addition to a crystal’s ability to yield and flow under stress, dislocations also control other mechanical behaviors such as creep and fatigue, ductility and brittleness, indentation hardness and friction. Furthermore, dislocations affect how a crystal grows from solution, how a nuclear reactor wall material is damaged by radiation, and whether or not a semiconductor chip in an electronic device will function properly. It can take an entire book just to describe the various roles dislocations play in materials behavior. However, the focus of this book is on the various computational models that have been developed to study dislocations. This chapter is an introduction to the basics of dislocations, setting the stage for subsequent discussions of computational models and associated numerical issues. Like any other crystal defect, dislocations are best defined with respect to the host crystal structure. We begin our discussion by presenting in Section 1.1 the basic elements and common terminology used to describe perfect crystal structures. Section 1.2 introduces the dislocation as a defect in the crystal lattice and discusses some of its essential properties. Section 1.3 discusses forces on dislocations and atomistic mechanisms for dislocation motion.
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Sutton, Adrian P. "Symmetry." In Concepts of Materials Science, 52–64. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846839.003.0005.
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Symmetry arises not only in the invariance of an object to certain operations, but also in invariance of the equations governing motion of particles. Noether’s theorem connects continuous symmetries of equations of motion to conservation laws. The concept of broken symmetry arises in phase changes and topological defects, such as dislocations and disclinations. The principle of symmetry compensation reveals a deep sense in which symmetry is never destroyed – broken symmetries relate variants of an object displaying reduced symmetry. Symmetry plays a fundamental role in characterising the physical properties of crystals through Neumann’s principle. The concept of quasiperiodicity is introduced and it is shown how it is related to periodicity in a higher dimensional crystal.
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Sutton, Adrian P. "Restless motion." In Concepts of Materials Science, 30–39. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846839.003.0003.
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Atoms in solids are in constant random motion. Their kinetic energy is heat. Heat associated with local regions may fluctuate. The size of the fluctuations increases with decreasing size of the region. Such fluctuations enable thermally activated processes to occur. At equilibrium interstitials and vacancies undergo random walks in solids, which gives rise to diffusion in crystals and reptation in polymers. The activation energy is the free energy barrier these defects have to overcome to jump between sites. Diffusion is biased by driving forces resulting from gradients of chemical potential. The mobility relates the drift velocity of defects to the driving force on them. The Einstein relation relates the mobility to the diffusivity. It is an example of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Atomic motion enables diffusion and limits mobility. Thermal expansion is also a consequence of atomic motion, resulting from a fundamental asymmetry in all interatomic forces.
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Tabbakh, Thamer. "Diffusion and Quantum Well Intermixing." In Recent Advances in Nanophotonics - Fundamentals and Applications. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92440.
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Diffusion or intermixing is the movement of particles through space. It primarily occurs in every form of matter because of thermal motion. Atom diffusion and intermixing can also happen in crystalline semiconductors whereby the atoms that are diffusing and intermixing move from one side of the lattice to the adjacent one in the crystal semiconductor. Atom diffusion, which may also involve defects (including native and dopant), is at the core of processing of semiconductors. The stages involved in semiconductor processing are growth, followed by post-growth, and then the construction stage comes last. The control of every aspect of diffusion is necessary to accomplish the required goals, therefore creating a need for knowing what diffuses at any point in time. This chapter will briefly summarize the techniques that are in existence and are used to create diffused quantum wells (QWs). Also, it will outline the examples of QW semiconductor lasers and light-emitting diode (LED) by the utilization of inter-diffusion techniques and give recent examples.
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Cantor, Brian. "The Burgers Vector." In The Equations of Materials, 226–48. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851875.003.0011.
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When a material is stretched beyond its elastic limit, the atoms and molecules begin to slide over each other. This is called plasticity, and is dominated by the motion of defects in the crystal structure of the material, notably line defects called dislocations. The structure and magnitude of a dislocation is defined by its Burgers vector, which is a topological constant for a given dislocation line in a given material, so there is an effective Burgers equation: b = constant. This chapter describes: the structure of edge; screw and mixed dislocations and their associated line energy; the way in which dislocations are generated and interact under stress, leading to the yield point, work hardening and a permanent set in the material; and the use during manufacturing of deformation processing, annealing, recovery and recrystallisation. Jan Burgers’ early life in Arnhem at the beginning of the 20th century is described, as are: his time as a student with the charismatic but depressive Paul Ehrenfest, who later committed suicide; his appointment as the first Professor of Aerodynamics at Technische Universiteit Delft at a time of massive growth in the aviation industry; his contributions to aerodynamic and hydrodynamic flow as well as major Dutch engineering projects such as the Zuiderzee dams and the Maas river tunnel; his growing disaffection with the commercialisation of science and its use in warfare; and his philosophical dalliance with Soviet communism and then American capitalism.
Conference papers on the topic "Crystal defect motion"
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Dmitrienko, V. E. "A Novel Method for Studying Thermal Motion and Point Defects in Crystals by X-Ray Resonant Diffraction." In X-RAY AND INNER-SHELL PROCESSES. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1536391.
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Davis, Bruce L., and Mahmoud I. Hussein. "A Three-Dimensional Lumped Parameter Model of Nanoscale Phononic Crystals." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87674.
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This work focuses on modeling nanoscale phononic crystals by setting up the appropriate Lagrangian equations of motion. The atomic structure and force constants are accounted for by means of a lumped parameter mass-spring model. In particular we focus on a simple cubic lattice with one mass per primitive unit cell. We use the model to predict the wave propagation frequency spectrum. We then use the model to conduct a series of studies on the influence of defects intentionally introduced to the lattice at a supercell level. One area of interest is the effect of such alterations on the size and location of band gaps.
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Kastner, Oliver, and Graeme J. Ackland. "Load-Induced Martensitic Transformations in Pseudo-Elastic Lennard-Jones Crystals." In ASME 2008 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2008-413.
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We present molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a load-induced martensitic phase transformation in pseudo-elastic Lennard-Jones crystals. The model material exhibits martensitic transformations between cubic and hexagonal lattice structures in 2D which represent austenite and martensite. Under axial loading two martensite variants are favoured out of four generic variants possible with this model. In nucleation-and-growth processes the formation of martensite domains are observed in MD simulations and the reverse process upon unloading. Two possible re-transformation mechanisms are identified, a reversible and a reconstructive type. Reversible re-transformations conserve the reference unit cells, while the reconstructive mechanism involves the generation of dislocation motions which destroy the reference unit cells by slip. Both types re-establish the square lattice. While the reversible type represents the predominant reverse transformation mechanism, the reconstructive type is of special importance because it produces lattice defects, and plastic deformation which change both the evolution of subsequent transformation cycles and the magnitude of the phase transformation load.
Reports on the topic "Crystal defect motion"
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Civale, L., L. Krusin-Elbaum, A. D. Marwick, F. Holtzberg, C. Feild, J. R. Thompson, R. Wheeler, M. A. Kirk, and Y. R. Sun. Arresting vortex motion in YBaCuO crystals with splay in columnar defects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/204571.
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