Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crystal polarizers

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Crystal polarizers'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Crystal polarizers"

1

Myhre, Graham, Arshad Sayyad, and Stanley Pau. "Patterned color liquid crystal polymer polarizers." Optics Express 18, no. 26 (2010): 27777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.18.027777.

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Marć, Paweł, Noureddine Bennis, Anna Spadło, et al. "Monochromatic Depolarizer Based on Liquid Crystal." Crystals 9, no. 8 (2019): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst9080387.

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Polarization is a very useful parameter of a light beam in many optical measurements. Improvement of holographic systems requires optical elements which need a diffused and depolarized light beam. This paper describes a simple monochromatic depolarizer based on a pure vertically aligned liquid crystal without pretilt. In this work we present an extended description of depolarizer by analyzing its electro-optic properties measured in spatial and time domains with the use of crossed polarizers and polarimetric configurations. Crossed polarizers set-up provides information on spatial and temporal changes of microscopic textures while polarimetric measurement allows to measure voltage and time dependence of degree of polarization. Three different thicknesses, i.e., 5 μm, 10 μm and 15 μm have been manufactured in order to analyze another degree of freedom for this type of depolarizer device based on a liquid crystals’ material. Consideration of the light scattering capability of the cell is reported.
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Yamaguchi, Rumiko, Toshiaki Nose, and Susumu Sato. "Liquid Crystal Polarizers with Axially Symmetrical Properties." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28, Part 1, No. 9 (1989): 1730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.28.1730.

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Bobrov, Y., O. Kuchenkova, M. Kouznetsov, et al. "LCD applications of thin-crystal-film polarizers." Journal of the Society for Information Display 12, no. 2 (2004): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1811433.

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Solli, D. R., C. F. McCormick, R. Y. Chiao, and J. M. Hickmann. "Photonic crystal polarizers and polarizing beam splitters." Journal of Applied Physics 93, no. 12 (2003): 9429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1574174.

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Wu, Chiung-Sheng, and Shin-Tson Wu. "Liquid-crystal-based switchable polarizers for sensor protection." Applied Optics 34, no. 31 (1995): 7221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.007221.

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Fiske, Thomas, Leonid Ignatov, Pavel Lazarev, Victor Nazarov, and Michael Paukshto. "26.2: Molecular Alignment in Crystal Polarizers and Retarders." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 33, no. 1 (2002): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1889/1.1830919.

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Weder, C. "Incorporation of Photoluminescent Polarizers into Liquid Crystal Displays." Science 279, no. 5352 (1998): 835–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5352.835.

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Lin, Chi-Huang. "Optically compensated circular polarizers for liquid crystal displays." Optics Express 16, no. 17 (2008): 13276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.013276.

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Oguchi, Kenichi, Makoto Okano, and Shinichi Watanabe. "Polarization-Sensitive Electro-Optic Sampling of Elliptically-Polarized Terahertz Pulses: Theoretical Description and Experimental Demonstration." Particles 2, no. 1 (2019): 70–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/particles2010006.

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We review our recent works on polarization-sensitive electro-optic (PS-EO) sampling, which is a method that allows us to measure elliptically-polarized terahertz time-domain waveforms without using wire-grid polarizers. Because of the phase mismatch between the employed probe pulse and the elliptically-polarized terahertz pulse that is to be analyzed, the probe pulse senses different terahertz electric-field (E-field) vectors during the propagation inside the EO crystal. To interpret the complex condition inside the EO crystal, we expressed the expected EO signal by “frequency-domain description” instead of relying on the conventional Pockels effect description. Using this approach, we derived two important conclusions: (i) the polarization state of each frequency component can be accurately measured, irrespective of the choice of the EO crystal because the relative amplitude and phase of the E-field of two mutually orthogonal directions are not affected by the phase mismatch; and, (ii) the time-domain waveform of the elliptically-polarized E-field vector can be retrieved by considering the phase mismatch, absorption, and the effect of the probe pulse width. We experimentally confirm the above two conclusions by using different EO crystals that are used for detection. This clarifies the validity of our theoretical analysis based on the frequency-domain description and the usefulness of PS-EO sampling.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crystal polarizers"

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Myhre, Graham. "Patterned Liquid Crystal Polymer Retarders, Polarizers, and Sources." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/228152.

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Liquid crystals are traditionally aligned via a rubbed substrate. The rubbing creates anisotropic defects and strain in the material which provide an energetically favorable orientation for the liquid crystal (LC). This is a well-developed technology that is used in virtually all liquid crystal displays (LCDs). However, it is only capable of uniform alignment on a large planar substrate. This work utilizes a new class of photoalignment materials (PM) that replace the traditional buffing technique. PMs allow for patterned LC alignment using polarized photo-lithography. Further, instead of using a nematic liquid crystal, a UV curable liquid crystal polymer (LCP) is coated on this patterned alignment material. This generates a cured, aligned, and patterned thin film that has retardance and diattenuation if a dichroic dye is incorporated in the LCP. Using these materials and methods, retarders, polarizers, and polarized fluorescent sources are fabricated with dimensions as small as a few microns. In addition to exploring the material and processing properties of the PM and LCP system, arrays of micropolarizer are fabricated for the construction of a prototype polarization camera, termed an imaging polarimeter. An imaging polarimeter is a device that measures not only the intensity but also the polarization state of a light field. My imaging polarimeter design incorporates a patterned LCP polarizer focal plane array (FPA) that is aligned and mounted to a charge-couple-device (CCD) image sensor. A polarizer FPA allows an individual pixel on a CCD sensor to detect a unique polarization state, such as a specific linear polarization orientation or right or left handed circular polarization. Neighboring pixels are designed to detect different states and each cluster can then estimate the incident polarization state. Results of a linear LCP polarimeter operating in the visible spectrum are presented.
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Lam, Wai Sze Tiffany. "Anisotropic Ray Trace." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556957.

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Optical components made of anisotropic materials, such as crystal polarizers and crystal waveplates, are widely used in many complex optical system, such as display systems, microlithography, biomedical imaging and many other optical systems, and induce more complex aberrations than optical components made of isotropic materials. The goal of this dissertation is to accurately simulate the performance of optical systems with anisotropic materials using polarization ray trace. This work extends the polarization ray tracing calculus to incorporate ray tracing through anisotropic materials, including uniaxial, biaxial and optically active materials. The 3D polarization ray tracing calculus is an invaluable tool for analyzing polarization properties of an optical system. The 3×3 polarization ray tracing P matrix developed for anisotropic ray trace assists tracking the 3D polarization transformations along a ray path with series of surfaces in an optical system. To better represent the anisotropic light-matter interactions, the definition of the P matrix is generalized to incorporate not only the polarization change at a refraction/reflection interface, but also the induced optical phase accumulation as light propagates through the anisotropic medium. This enables realistic modeling of crystalline polarization elements, such as crystal waveplates and crystal polarizers. The wavefront and polarization aberrations of these anisotropic components are more complex than those of isotropic optical components and can be evaluated from the resultant P matrix for each eigen-wavefront as well as for the overall image. One incident ray refracting or reflecting into an anisotropic medium produces two eigenpolarizations or eigenmodes propagating in different directions. The associated ray parameters of these modes necessary for the anisotropic ray trace are described in Chapter 2. The algorithms to calculate the P matrix from these ray parameters are described in Chapter 3 for anisotropic ray tracing. This P matrix has the following characteristics: (1) Multiple P matrices are calculated to describe the polarization of the multiple eigenmodes at an anisotropic intercept. (2) Each P matrix maps the orthogonal incident basis vectors (Ê_m, Ê_n, Ŝ) before the optical interface into three orthogonal exiting vectors (a_m Ê'_m, a_n Ê'_n, Ŝ') after the interface, where a_m and a_n are the complex amplitude coefficients induced at the intercept. The ray tracing algorithms described in this dissertation handle three types of uncoated anisotropic interfaces isotropic/anisotropic, anisotropic/isotropic and anisotropic/anisotropic interfaces. (3) The cumulative P matrix associated with multiple surface interactions is calculated by multiplying individual P matrices in the order along the ray path. Many optical components utilize anisotropic materials to induce desired retardance. This important mechanism is modeled as the optical phase associated with propagation. (4) The optical path length OPL of an eigenpolarization along an anisotropic ray path is incorporated into the calculation of each P matrix. Chapter 4 presents the data reduction of the P matrix of a crystal waveplate. The diattenuation is embedded in the singular values of P. The retardance is divided into two parts: (A) The physical retardance induced by OPLs and surface interactions, and (B) the geometrical transformation induced by geometry of a ray path, which is calculated by the geometrical transform Q matrix. The Q matrix of an anisotropic intercept is derived from the generalization of s- and p-bases at the anisotropic intercept; the p basis is not confined to the plane of incidence due to the anisotropic refraction or reflection. Chapter 5 shows how the multiple P matrices associated with the eigenmodes resulting from propagation through multiple anisotropic surfaces can be combined into one P matrix when the multiple modes interfere in their overlapping regions. The resultant P matrix contains diattenuation induced at each surface interaction as well as the retardance due to ray propagation and total internal reflections. The polarization aberrations of crystal waveplates and crystal polarizers are studied in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. A wavefront simulated by a grid of rays is traced through the anisotropic system and the resultant grid of rays is analyzed. The analysis is complicated by the ray doubling effects and the partially overlapping eigen-wavefronts propagating in various directions. The wavefront and polarization aberrations of each eigenmode can be evaluated from the electric field distributions. The overall polarization at the plane of interest or the image quality at the image plane are affected by each of these eigen-wavefronts. Isotropic materials become anisotropic due to stress, strain, or applied electric or magnetic fields. In Chapter 8, the P matrix for anisotropic materials is extended to ray tracing in stress birefringent materials which are treated as spatially varying anisotropic materials. Such simulations can predict the spatial retardance variation throughout the stressed optical component and its effects on the point spread function and modulation transfer function for different incident polarizations. The anisotropic extension of the P matrix also applies to other anisotropic optical components, such as anisotropic diffractive optical elements and anisotropic thin films. It systematically keeps track of polarization transformation in 3D global Cartesian coordinates of a ray propagating through series of anisotropic and isotropic optical components with arbitrary orientations. The polarization ray tracing calculus with this generalized P matrix provides a powerful tool for optical ray trace and allows comprehensive analysis of complex optical system.
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Hong, Qi. "WIDE VIEWING ANGLE LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4042.

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In this dissertation, novel phase compensation technologies are applied to the designs of wide viewing angle and high transmittance liquid crystal displays. First, a design of wide viewing angle liquid crystal displays utilizing crossed linear polarizers is proposed. The designed multi-domain vertical-alignment liquid crystal display predicts superb contrast ratio over wide viewing angles. Next, to increase the bright state transmittance while maintain the high contrast. Finally, to reduce the cost and improve the applicability of the broadband and wide-view circular polarizer, the device configuration of the broadband and wide-view circular polarizer is significantly simplified by the application of biaxial compensation films. The produced states of polarization remain close to the ideal circular polarization over a wide range of incident angles within the visual spectrum. With this circular polarizer, the presented wide-view liquid crystal display predicts high contrast ratio as well as high and uniform transmittance over wide viewing angles within the visual spectrum. ratio, wide viewing angle circular polarizers are developed. The produced states of polarization are very close to the ideal circular state of polarization over a wide range of incident angles within the visual spectrum. This guarantees not only high contrast ratio but also high and uniform transmittance.<br>Ph.D.<br>School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Electrical Engineering
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Sui, Yongqiang. "Anisotropic organic materials ferroelectric crystals and spin-polarized radicals /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5933.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed Mar. 13, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.
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Taborelli, Mauro. "Magnetism of epitaxial thin films and single-crystal surfaces studied with spin-polarized secondary electrons /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1988. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8545.

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Arumugam, Anitha. "Development of method for measurement of passive losses in Cr²⁺:ZnSe and Cr²⁺:ZnS laser crystals using polarized laser beam." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008m/arumugam.pdf.

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Burt, Jason Bryan. "A study of the crystal chemistry, electron density distributions, and hydrogen incorporation in the Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27756.

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The Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs have been examined to provide new insights into their chemical bonding, their crystal chemistry, their equations of state, and the incorporation of water in the form of hydroxyl in their structures. The Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs provide a unique structural assemblage for a crystal chemical examination due to the variation in Al coordination in the structures where Al is in 4-fold, 5-fold, and 6-fold in sillimanite, andalusite, and kyanite, respectively. Consequently, the Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs have been examined with a combination of experimental (high pressure X-ray diffraction and Polarized FTIR spectroscopy) and theoretical (VASP and Crystal 98) methods. An experimental high pressure X-ray diffraction study on andalusite and sillimanite has constrained their equation of state and the pressure derivatives of their bulk modulus with pressure. Additionally, the effect of pressure on the crystal structures has been examined, where the main structural response is compression of the AlO₆ octahedra. Comparatively, compression of the AlO₆ octahedra in andalusite is more anisotropic, while the major direction of axial compressibility in both structures is dependent on the orientation of the AlO6 octahedra. In order to better understand the crystal chemistry of the Al-O and Si-O bonds in the polymorphs, ELF isosurfaces were examined. ELF isosurfaces represent a graphical representation of the localized electron probability density. Six distinct types of ELF isosurfaces were observed in the Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs resulting from differences in the geometry, coordination, and coordinated cation atomic number surrounding the oxygens within the crystal structures. The ELF was also shown to be isostructurally related to electron density difference maps. In a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the Al₂SiO₅ polymorphs, potential protonation sites within the crystal structures were determined at an atomic level with polarized FTIR spectroscopy and analysis of (3,-3) critical points of the negative Laplacian. The polarized FTIR spectra indicate the orientation of the OH dipole in the three polymorphs and the (3,-3) critical points indicate regions of locally concentrated electron density. Potential protonation sites were determined based on the value of the negative Laplacian, the underbonded nature of the oxygens, and the number of surrounding cations.<br>Ph. D.
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Valenzuela, Espinel Yovanny Alexander 1981. "Estudo das características ópticas de fibras de cristal fotônico (PCF) sob pressão hidrostática aplicada." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/277574.

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Orientadores: Cristiano Monteiro de Barros Codeiro, Marcos Antonio Ruggieri Franco<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ValenzuelaEspinel_YovannyAlexander_M.pdf: 51370027 bytes, checksum: 2f925ea5d4b6a8642e1244ad21e8e82b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: Foram realizados estudos sobre o controle de propriedades ópticas, por meio de pressão, e sensibilidade à pressão com fibras de cristal fotônico (PCF). No primeiro caso foi demonstrado por meio de simulações, uma nova forma para obter e sintonizar com pressão hidrostática externa o estado monomodo e única polarização em fibras PCF de polimetilmetacritalo (PMMA). Em relação à sensibilidade à pressão hidrostática, o comportamento espectral do coeficiente de sensibilidade de varias fibras PCF em sílica, Cs = (?? / ?P) (onde ?? é a variação num mínimo do espectro de transmissão de uma fibra PCF que acontece quando a pressão hidrostática externa muda em LlP), é calculado teoricamente e corroborado experimentalmente. Com a finalidade de estudar teoricamente o coeficiente Cs, a birrefringência de grupo e a sensibilidade da birrefringência modal de fase à pressão são simuladas para as fibras. Expressões analíticas do coeficiente Cs na aproximação de primeira e segunda ordem são calculadas. Nas duas aproximações é confirmado um aumento do Cs para comprimentos de onda no visível devido à birrefringência de grupo. Para baixas pressões, tal comportamento é corroborado experimentalmente. Segundo a literatura apresentada até agora a possibilidade de otimizar o coeficiente Cs, fazendo uso da birrefringência de grupo no visível e ao mesmo tempo incorporando geometrias com uma alta anisotropia geométrica para aumentar a sensibilidade da birrefringência modal de fase à pressão, não tem sido explorada. Na aproximação de segunda ordem do coeficiente Cs são incorporadas as mudanças do comprimento de onda e da pressão e são comparadas com a aproximação de primeira ordem. Cálculos analíticos foram feitos e apresentados nos Apêndices B e C. As equações do efeito fotoelástico, determinantes para realizar as simulações com o software (COMSOL 3.5a), são apresentadas no Apêndice B, relações que descrevem o coeficiente Cs de fibras PCF são apresentadas no (Apêndice C)<br>Abstract: Abstract Studies about both the active control of optical properties by means of external hydrostatic pressure and pressure sensitivity in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) were made. In the first case, a new form to obtain and tune, by using pressure, the single-mode single-polarization state in microstructured polymer optical fibers (mPOFs) is demonstrated by simulations. In relation to pressure sensitivity, the spectral behavior of the sensitivity coefficient of some PCFs in silica, Cs = (?? / ?P) (where ?? é is the change in a minimum of the transmission spectrum for a PCF as a consequence of the change in the external hydrostatic pressure 11P that is applied on the fiber), is calculated and corroborated experimentally. In order to investigate the coefficient Cs, the group birefringence and the sensitivity of phase modal birefringence to pressure are calculated in the fibers. Analytical expressions for the coefficient Cs in the first and second order approximation are calculated. In these two approximations an increase of the coefficient Cs is confirmed to wavelengths in the visible. To low pressures this behavior is corroborated experimentally. At the best of our knowledge, the possibility to optimize the coefficient (Cs) by using the group birefringence and geometries with high geometric anisotropy to enhancing the sensitivity of phase modal birefringence to pressure has not been investigated. In the coefficient Cs with the second order approximation are incorporated the changes of the wavelength and pressure and are compared with the first approximation. On the other hand, analytic calculates are realized in the Appendixes B and C. The equations related to the photoelastic effect were calculates (Appendix B). Finally, the relations that describing the behavior of pressure sensitivity also were calculates (Appendix C)<br>Mestrado<br>Física<br>Mestra em Física
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Li, Tian-Yi, You-Xuan Zheng, and Yong-Hui Zhou. "Iridium(III) phosphorescent complexes with dual stereogenic centers: single crystal, electronic circular dichroism evidence and circularly polarized luminescence properties." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36123.

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Iridium complexes with a chiral metal center and chiral carbons, Λ/Δ-(dfppy)₂Ir(chty-R) and Λ/Δ-(dfppy)2Ir(chty-S), were synthesized and characterized. These isomers have the same steadystate photophysical properties, and obvious offsets in ECD spectra highlight both the chiral sources. Each enantiomeric couple shows mirror-image CPL bands with a dissymmetry factor in the order of 10ˉ³.
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Polowsky, Patrick. "Analysis of surface crystals on soft washed rind cheeses using polarized light microscopy and their effect on the sensory perception of grittiness." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/864.

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With the rising popularity of artisanal cheese in the United States, the soft washed rind category has emerged as a fast-growing segment of the marketplace. There is much anecdotal evidence to suggest a common sensorial defect in soft washed rind cheese is a gritty/sandy texture attributed to crystal growth on the rind of these cheeses A preliminary study was undertaken to develop a set of criteria to visually identify crystals found on soft washed rind cheeses. Single crystal identities were presumptively determined using polarized light microscopy (PLM), and cross-checked using powder x-ray diffractometry (PXRD). Two distinct crystal groupings were determined based on these metrics. Group 1 crystals had high birefringent coloring, angle of extinction (AE) ≈ 90°, and were smaller and less circular than Group 2 crystals (P<0.05). Group 2 crystals had no birefringent coloring and AE ≈ 18°. Using established mineralogical data, Group 1 and Group 2 crystals were identified to be struvite and ikaite, respectively. These crystalline bodies are situated in an amorphous cheese matrix (i.e. smear), which create difficulties when examining via PLM and PXRD, leading to high background noise. To remedy these issues, a novel method for harvesting crystals was developed. Smear scrapings were immersed in NaOH (pH=10) to dissolve smear material, which resulted in improved PLM and PXRD performance. A subsequent observational study was conducted to understand the prevalence of surface crystals and grittiness associated with washed rind cheeses sourced from the U.S.A. and Europe. Crystal types were identified via PXRD and PLM. Crystal size and shape (circularity) metrics were determined via PLM and image analysis. A descriptive sensory panel (n=12) was used to evaluate grittiness presence and intensity. Identified crystal types included ikaite, struvite, calcite, and brushite. Mean crystal length and area ranged from ~30μm to ~1100μm, and ~500μm2 to ~200,000μm2, respectively. Sensory perception threshold for grittiness occurred at a mean crystal length of ~70μm and mean crystal area of ~2900μm2. Below these threshold levels, cheeses presented with negligible grittiness. Above these threshold levels, grittiness was highly correlated with crystal length and area (r=0.93 and 0.96, respectively; P<0.001). These results indicate surface crystals have a direct impact on the sensorial quality of soft washed rind cheeses.
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Books on the topic "Crystal polarizers"

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Scharf, Toralf. Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/047007437x.

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Michl, Josef. Spectroscopy with polarized light: Solute alignment by photoselection, in liquid crystals, polymers, and membranes. VCH, 1995.

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Michl, Josef. Spectroscopy with polarized light: Solute alignment by photoselection, in liquid crystals, polymers, and membranes. VCH Publishers, 1995.

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1941-, Thulstrup Erik Waaben, ed. Spectroscopy with polarized light: Solute alignment by photoselection, in liquid crystals, polymers, and membranes. VCH, 1986.

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Roddy, Edward, and Michael Doherty. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD). Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0142.

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Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) in articular cartilage is a common age-related phenomenon. Recent important advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of pyrophosphate metabolism include the identification of a mutation within the ANK gene which associates with familial CPPD, and elucidation of the interleukin-1β‎ (IL-1β‎)-dependent mechanisms by which crystals invoke an inflammatory response. Risk factors for CPPD include age, prior joint damage and osteoarthritis, genetic factors, and occasionally metabolic diseases (hyperparathyroidism, haemochromatosis, hypomagnesaemia, and hypophosphatasia). CPPD is commonly asymptomatic or may present as osteoarthritis with CPPD, acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis, or chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis. Although radiographic chondrocalcinosis is often taken to be synonymous with CPPD, other calcium crystals can also have this appearance and definitive diagnosis requires identification of CPP crystals by compensated polarized light microscopy of aspirated synovial fluid. Recently, the ultrasonographic appearances of CPPD have been described. Treatment of CPPD is targeted to the clinical presentation. Acute CPP crystal arthritis is treated by aspiration and injection of glucocorticosteroid, local ice packs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), low-dose colchicine, oral or parenteral glucocorticosteroids, or adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Treatment of osteoarthritis with CPPD is very similar to the treatment of osteoarthritis alone. There is no specific therapy for chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis: options include NSAID, low-dose colchicine, low-dose glucocorticosteroid, methotrexate, and hydroxychloroquine. Recommendations for the management of CPPD are derived from a small evidence base and largely based on clinical experience and extrapolation from gout. Further research into diagnosis and management including novel treatment strategies such as IL-1β‎ blockade is much needed.
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Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers. Wiley-Interscience, 2006.

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Scharf, Toralf. Polarized Light in Liquid Crystals and Polymers. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2007.

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Pascual, Eliseo, and Francisca Sivera. Laboratory investigations in gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0042.

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Gout is a consequence of hyperuricaemia and the treatment goal is to dissolve the crystals by reducing serum urate levels. The first section of this chapter focuses on laboratory investigations on gout, reviewing serum urate levels and its determinants, methods of measurement, and urate renal handling. Additionally it reviews the use of inflammatory markers and synovial fluid cell counts. The second section of the chapter deals with the identification of monosodium urate and calcium pyrophosphate crystals in synovial fluid. It reviews the use of an optic microscope fitted with polarized filters and an analyser. A clear step-by-step process with useful tips is provided.
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Thulstrup, Erik W., and Josef Michl. Spectroscopy With Polarized Light: Solute Alignment by Photoselection, in Liquid Crystals, Polymers, and Membranes. Vch Pub, 1987.

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Boothroyd, Andrew T. Principles of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862314.001.0001.

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The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental techniques available at national and international neutron scattering facilities are covered. The formal theory is presented, and used to show how neutron scattering measurements give direct access to a variety of correlation and response functions which characterize the equilibrium properties of bulk matter. The determination of atomic arrangements and magnetic structures by neutron diffraction and neutron optical methods is described, including single-crystal and powder diffraction, diffuse scattering from disordered structures, total scattering, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, and imaging. The principles behind the main neutron spectroscopic techniques are explained, including continuous and time-of-flight inelastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, spin-echo spectroscopy, and Compton scattering. The scattering cross-sections for atomic vibrations in solids, diffusive motion in atomic and molecular fluids, and single-atom and cooperative magnetic excitations are calculated. A detailed account of neutron polarization analysis is given, together with examples of how polarized neutrons can be exploited to obtain information about structural and magnetic correlations which cannot be obtained by other methods. Alongside the theoretical aspects, the book also describes the essential practical information needed to perform experiments and to analyse and interpret the data. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to consolidate and enhance understanding of the material, and a summary of relevant results from mathematics, quantum mechanics, and linear response theory, is given in the appendices.
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Book chapters on the topic "Crystal polarizers"

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Chipman, Russell A., Wai-Sze Tiffany Lam, and Garam Young. "Crystal Polarizers." In Polarized Light and Optical Systems. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351129121-22.

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Grzelczyk, Dariusz, and Jan Awrejcewicz. "Reflectance and Transmittance of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Sandwiched Between Polarizers." In Dynamical Systems in Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96601-4_14.

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Chipman, Russell A., Wai-Sze Tiffany Lam, and Garam Young. "Liquid Crystal Cells." In Polarized Light and Optical Systems. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351129121-24.

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Arcioni, A., R. Tarroni, and C. Zannoni. "Fluorescence Depolarization in Liquid Crystals." In Polarized Spectroscopy of Ordered Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3039-1_18.

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Imai, Yoshitane. "Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Solid-State Chiral Luminophores." In Advances in Organic Crystal Chemistry. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5085-0_16.

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Imai, Yoshitane. "Solid-State Circularly Polarized Luminescence of Chiral Supramolecular Organic Fluorophore." In Advances in Organic Crystal Chemistry. Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55555-1_30.

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Schirmer, T., W. Bode, and R. Huber. "High-Resolution Crystal Structure Of C-Phycocyanin And Polarized Optical Spectra Of Single Crystals." In Photosynthetic Light-Harvesting Systems. Organization and Function, edited by Hugo Scheer and Siegfried Schneider. De Gruyter, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110861914-021.

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Samori’, Bruno. "Liquid Crystal — Linear Dichroism Stereochemical Applications of Electronic State Assignments." In Polarized Spectroscopy of Ordered Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3039-1_5.

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Zannoni, C. "Order Parameters and Orientational Distributions in Liquid Crystals." In Polarized Spectroscopy of Ordered Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3039-1_3.

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Aprà, Edoardo. "Hartree-Fock Treatment of Spin-Polarized Crystals." In Lecture Notes in Chemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61478-1_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Crystal polarizers"

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Ignatov, Leonid, Pavel I. Lazarev, Victor Nazarov, and Natalya Ovchinnikova. "Thin crystal film polarizers and retarders." In Electronic Imaging 2002, edited by Liang-Chy Chien. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.467451.

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Solli, D. R., C. F. McCormick, R. Y. Chiao, and J. M. Hickmann. "Photonic crystal polarizers and polarizing beam splitters." In Frontiers in Optics. OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2003.tho2.

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Bobrov, Yakov, A. Grodsky, Leonid Ignatov, A. Krivostchepov, Victor Nazarov, and S. Remizov. "Thin film polarizers for liquid crystal displays." In Advanced Display Technologies:Basic Studies of Problems in Information Display (FLOWERS'2000), edited by Victor V. Belyaev and Igor N. Kompanets. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.431274.

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Li, Le, Jianfeng Li, Bunsen Fan, Yingqiu Jiang, and Sadeg M. Faris. "Reflective cholesteric liquid crystal polarizers and their applications." In Photonics China '98, edited by Shou-Qian Ding and Bao Gang Wu. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.319689.

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Ignatov, Leonid, Pavel I. Lazarev, Victor Nazarov, Natalya Ovchinnikova, and Michael Paukshto. "Molecular alignment in nano-film crystal polarizers and retarders." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Jin Z. Zhang and Zhong L. Wang. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.451032.

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Du, Fang, and Shin-Tson Wu. "A high contrast and low voltage anisotropic liquid crystal gel for scattering polarizers." In Frontiers in Optics. OSA, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fio.2003.mcc1.

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Dev, Kapil, Andy Prakarsa, Yin Xi Jiang, Hooi Leng Lee, and Anand Asundi. "Twisted nematic liquid crystal cell characterization using rotating polarizers including full-field cell gap thickness measurement." In Fourth International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, edited by Chenggen Quan, Kemao Qian, Anand K. Asundi, and Fook S. Chau. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.851662.

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Kalra, Yogita, and Ravindra K. Sinha. "Photonic crystal polarizer." In Photonic Crystal Materials and Devices VI. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.698962.

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Mago, Gaurav, Jerry A. Dutreuil, Frank T. Fisher, and Dilhan M. Kalyon. "Effect of Uniaxial Deformation, Annealing and Carbon Nanotubes on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Poly (Butylene Terephthalate) and PBT Nanocomposites." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41977.

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The goal of this investigation is to elucidate the interrelations between the strain-induced crystallization behavior, morphology and mechanical properties of poly (butylene terephthalate) PBT and its nanocomposites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The mechanical properties of semicrystalline polymers such as PBT depend upon the processing conditions, which affect the crystallization behavior and the resulting crystal morphology developed within the processed sample. PBT is observed to undergo strain-induced crystallization during uniaxial deformation, with concomitant changes in the polymer crystal as a function of the applied strain history. In the current work polymer morphology was investigated with wide angle XRD, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). DSC results indicate an increase in crystallinity due to strain-induced crystallization during uniaxial cold-stretching, which was further confirmed with XRD analysis of the samples. Analyses of the samples under polarized light pre- and post-stretching clearly show that there is a transformation of the spherulitic crystals of the pre-stretch morphology into elongated oblong crystals, as the imposed strain exceeds a critical value. Annealing of PBT was done under different conditions to probe the effects of changes in the crystallinity obtained upon thermal treatment on polymer morphology and mechanical properties. The annealed samples were found to have high crystallinity, high Young’s modulus, and low yield stress values as compared to unannealed samples processed under similar conditions. To investigate the effects of nanoparticle loadings on PBT crystal morphology and mechanical properties, pure PBT was melt mixed with different concentrations of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Due to the increased nucleation rate effect associated with the incorporation of MWNTs, the PBT crystallization temperature was increased and the crystal size decreased with the increasing concentration of MWNTs. Tensile tests performed on PBT and their nanocomposite samples revealed decreases in the elongation at break values. Research is ongoing to understand the relationship between the MWNT loading levels and mechanical properties along with study of orientation of MWNTs under tensile load and its effect on strain-induced crystallization.
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Ikeda, Toru, Tomonori Mizutani, and Noriyuki Miyazaki. "Thermo-Mechanical and Hygro-Mechanical Stress Analyses of an Organic Multilayer Sheet." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33212.

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A polarizing plate, which is an important part of a liquid crystal display panel, is made by sandwiching an organic polarizer between protecting films. An organic polarizer is both a hygroscopic and orthotropic material. The hygroscopic swelling and drying shrinkage of the organic polarizer can cause the polarizing plate to crack and the liquid crystal display panel to warp. The diffusion coefficient and Henry’s law coefficient were measured using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) under controlled humidity, while the coefficient of moisture expansion (CME) was measured using a thermo-mechanical analyzer (TMA), also under controlled humidity. The thermo-mechanical and hygro-mechanical deformation of a polarizing plate was analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). This analysis was performed as follows. The distribution of the moisture concentration was analyzed according to Fick’s law. The equation of Fick’s law is similar to that of the transient heat conduction, and the FEM for the transient heat conduction was utilized for the transient diffusion analysis. The hygro-mechanical analysis was then carried out in a way similar to the thermal stress analysis. Thermal stress was analyzed separately using the FEM. Finally, the obtained hygro-mechanical strain and stress were added to the thermal strain and stress, respectively. The measured CME of a polarizing plate corresponds to the analyzed CME using the CMEs of a polarizer and protecting films. The warpage of a liquid crystal display panel sometimes causes light leakage along the frame of the display panel due to contact of the display panel with the bezel of the frame. The warpage was analyzed according to the thermo-mechanical strain and the hygro-mechanical strain. The contact between the display panel and the bezel, which causes the light leakage, was estimated.
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Reports on the topic "Crystal polarizers"

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Lang, J. C., G. Srajer, and R. J. Dejus. A comparison of an elliptical multipole wiggler and crystal optics for the production of circularly polarized x-rays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/177969.

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