Relevant bibliographies by topics / Crystal preferred orientation

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Crystal preferred orientation'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Crystal preferred orientation"

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Wenk, Hans-Rudolf, Paulo J. M. Monteiro, Martin Kunz, Kai Chen, Nobumichi Tamura, Luca Lutterotti, and John Del Arroz. "Preferred orientation of ettringite in concrete fractures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 42, no. 3 (May 15, 2009): 429–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889809015349.

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Sulfate attack and the accompanying crystallization of fibrous ettringite [Ca6Al2(OH)12(SO4)3·26H2O] cause cracking and loss of strength in concrete structures. Hard synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction is used to quantify the orientation distribution of ettringite crystals. Diffraction images are analyzed using the Rietveld method to obtain information on textures. The analysis reveals that thecaxes of the trigonal crystallites are preferentially oriented perpendicular to the fracture surfaces. By averaging single-crystal elastic properties over the orientation distribution, it is possible to estimate the elastic anisotropy of ettringite aggregates.
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Müller-Stoffels, Marc, Pat J. Langhorne, Chris Petrich, and Edward W. Kempema. "Preferred crystal orientation in fresh water ice." Cold Regions Science and Technology 56, no. 1 (April 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2008.11.003.

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Schwarzer, Robert A., and Hasso Weiland. "Electron Microscopy for the determination of preferred crystal orientations: A concise review." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100175302.

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The distribution of grain orientations (“crystal texture”, “preferred orientations”) is a distinctive feature of microstructure, since important material properties are anisotropic, and changes of crystal texture may be found in workpieces which are typical for fabrication processes and use. Two complementary computerized techniques /1/ are available for the study of preferred crystal orientations on a microscale using electron microscopy:the measurement of individual grain orientations (TEM, SEM)polefigure measurements (TEM).The standard methods of orientation determination grain by grain using a TEM are the interpretation of SAD spot and of microbeam diffraction Kikuchi patterns. Thin samples, however, are required which are transparent for high-energy electrons.
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Yoshioka, S., H. Fujita, S. Kinoshita, and B. Matsuhana. "Alignment of crystal orientations of the multi-domain photonic crystals in Parides sesostris wing scales." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 11, no. 92 (March 6, 2014): 20131029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.1029.

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It is known that the wing scales of the emerald-patched cattleheart butterfly, Parides sesostris , contain gyroid-type photonic crystals, which produce a green structural colour. However, the photonic crystal is not a single crystal that spreads over the entire scale, but it is separated into many small domains with different crystal orientations. As a photonic crystal generally has band gaps at different frequencies depending on the direction of light propagation, it seems mysterious that the scale is observed to be uniformly green under an optical microscope despite the multi-domain structure. In this study, we have carefully investigated the structure of the wing scale and discovered that the crystal orientations of different domains are not perfectly random, but there is a preferred crystal orientation that is aligned along the surface normal of the scale. This finding suggests that there is an additional factor during the developmental process of the microstructure that regulates the crystal orientation.
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Telang, A. A., T. T. Bieler, S. Choi, and K. K. Subramanian. "Orientation imaging studies of Sn-based electronic solder joints." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 9 (September 2002): 2294–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0337.

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Single shear lap specimens were subjected to creep, isothermal aging, and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of previously polished specimens revealed changes in surface morphology. Orientation imaging microscopy was carried out on the same specimens to study the microstructural evolution and crystal orientation changes. As-fabricated joints consistently show a preferred crystal orientation with a few minority orientations with highly preferred misorientations. Alloy additions caused an increase in the number of statistically significant crystal orientations and misorientations. The solidification microstructure was unchanged due to room-temperature creep. Aging caused development and motion of well-defined subgrain boundaries and removal of most minority orientations. TMF causes heterogeneous refinement of the microstructure that accounts for the localized grain boundary sliding in regions of high strain concentration. This study implies that the lead-free solder joints are not polycrystals, but multicrystals, so that deformation is very heterogeneous and sensitive to strain and temperature history.
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Wu, Yin, Jun Wang, Xinba Yaer, Lei Miao, Boyu Zhang, Feng Guo, and Shuai Zhang. "Effects of preferred orientation and crystal size on thermoelectric properties of sodium cobalt oxide." Functional Materials Letters 09, no. 01 (February 2016): 1650010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604716500107.

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To examine the effect of crystal size and orientation effect on ZT, polycrystalline NaxCo2O4 materials were prepared by pressing layered crystals obtained in sol–gel (SG) synthesis, molten salt synthesis (MSS) with and without additional ball milling (BM) treatment and 1:1 molar ratio mixture (Mixture) of BM powder and MSS powders. We found that the orientation effect and crystal size for four samples follow Mixture < SG < BM < MSS and BM < Mixture < SG < MSS, respectively. Electrical conductivity was obviously enhanced in the highly orientated BM and MSS samples when compared with SG and Mixture. It appears that the crystal size plays a dominant role in thermal conductivity rather than Seebeck coefficient by controlling the phonon scattering at grain boundaries. Thermal conductivity for BM was significantly decreased in comparison to MSS, although both BM and MSS show comparable orientation effect. The maximum ZT value is developed to near 0.51 at 814[Formula: see text]K upon increasing the electrical resistivity and decreasing the thermal conductivity, which are mainly governed by the condition of crystal size and orientation effect.
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Wenk, Hans-Rudolf, Waruntorn Kanitpanyacharoen, and Yang Ren. "Slate – A new record for crystal preferred orientation." Journal of Structural Geology 125 (August 2019): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.12.009.

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Lonardelli, Ivan, Hans-Rudolf Wenk, and Y. Ren. "Preferred orientation and elastic anisotropy in shales." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 2 (March 2007): D33—D40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2435966.

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Anisotropy in shales is becoming an important issue in exploration and reservoir geophysics. In this study, the crystallographic preferred orientation of clay platelets that contributes to elastic anisotropy was determined quantitatively by hard monochromatic X-ray synchrotron diffraction in two different shales from drillholes off the coast of Nigeria. To analyze complicated diffraction images with five different phases (illite/smectite, kaolinite, quartz, siderite, feldspar) and many overlapping peaks, we applied a methodology based on the crystallographic Rietveld method. The goal was to describe the intrinsic physical properties of the sample (phase composition, crystallographic preferred orientation, crystal structure, and microstructure) and compute macroscopic elastic properties by averaging single crystal properties over the orientation distribution for each phase. Our results show that elastic anisotropy resulting from crystallographic preferred orientation of the clay particles can be determined quantitatively. This provides a possible way to compare measured seismic anisotropy and texture-derived anisotropy and to estimate the contribution of the low-aspect ratio pores aligned with bedding.
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Johnstone, Duncan N., Ben H. Martineau, Phillip Crout, Paul A. Midgley, and Alexander S. Eggeman. "Density-based clustering of crystal (mis)orientations and the orix Python library." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 5 (September 23, 2020): 1293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720011103.

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Crystal orientation mapping experiments typically measure orientations that are similar within grains and misorientations that are similar along grain boundaries. Such (mis)orientation data cluster in (mis)orientation space, and clusters are more pronounced if preferred orientations or special orientation relationships are present. Here, cluster analysis of (mis)orientation data is described and demonstrated using distance metrics incorporating crystal symmetry and the density-based clustering algorithm DBSCAN. Frequently measured (mis)orientations are identified as corresponding to similarly (mis)oriented grains or grain boundaries, which are visualized both spatially and in three-dimensional (mis)orientation spaces. An example is presented identifying deformation twinning modes in titanium, highlighting a key application of the clustering approach in identifying crystallographic orientation relationships and similarly oriented grains resulting from specific transformation pathways. A new open-source Python library, orix, that enabled this work is also reported.
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Vochten, R., R. Huysmans, N. Blaton, and O. M. Peeters. "Simple device for mounting crystals for single-crystal diffractometry." Journal of Applied Crystallography 30, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889896015865.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Crystal preferred orientation"

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Thapar, H. "Preferred orientation development in polymers." Thesis, Brunel University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384513.

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Rose, Kelly Kathleen. "Identification of Fold Hinge Migration in Natural Deformation: A New Technique Using Grain Shape Fabric Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43205.

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Partitioning of finite strains in different domains within the limb and hinge regions of a fold can be used to understand the deformation processes operative during fold formation. Samples taken from the limb and hinge regions of a gently plunging, asymmetric, tight, mesoscale fold in the Erwin formation of the Blue Ridge in North Carolina were analyzed to determine the deformation mechanisms and strains associated with the folding event. Rf/phi grain shape fabric analysis was conducted for each sample and used to calculate the orientation and magnitude of the final grain shape fabric ellipsoids. Flexural folding and passive-shear folding models predict that the highest finite strains will be recorded in the hinge of a fold. The highest grain shape magnitudes recorded in the North Carolina fold, however, lie along the overturned fold limb. The final geometry of many folds indicates that hinge plane migration processes are active during compressive deformation events. Numeric, conceptual, and analogue based studies have demonstrated the migration of fold hinges during deformation. However, documentation of these processes in field based studies is rare and limited to techniques that are frequently site specific. Methods proven successful in natural studies include the analysis of superposed folding; the migration of earlier hinge-related features such as fractures, cleavage planes, and boudinaged bedding planes; and the kinematic analysis of syntectonic pressure shadows. The magnitude and orientation of the grain shape ellipsoids calculated for the North Carolina fold indicate that rocks in the overturned limb were once located in the hinge of the fold. Subsequent noncoaxial deformation processes operative during folding resulted in the migration of the hinge to its present orientation and position. This relationship indicates that it is possible to use strain/shape fabric analysis as a test for hinge migration in folds, and that this technique may be more generally applicable in natural settings than previously proposed tests.
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Book chapters on the topic "Crystal preferred orientation"

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Hirano, S., T. Yogo, and W. Sakamoto. "Crystallization of sol-gel derived ferroelectric thin films with preferred orientation." In Advances in the Understanding of Crystal Growth Mechanisms, 547–58. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-82504-9.50041-x.

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Bouchez, Jean-Luc, and Adolphe Nicolas. "Magmatic fabrics, structures and microstructures." In Principles of Rock Deformation and Tectonics, 137–63. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843876.003.0007.

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A magma is a two-phase material made of crystals immersed in a silicate melt, which displays a high viscosity contrast between the liquid and the solid fractions. A specific rheological behaviour is therefore expected from such a material, particularly as a function of the volume ratio between phases. Emplacement of magma to shallower levels of earth’s crust results in crystallization. As a consequence, crystal percentage increases and volume ratio between phases changes. Different structures at both the mesoscopic (field) and microscopic scales develop, which are characteristic of a particular crystal fraction. These aspects, and how shape preferred orientations (shape fabrics) develop in magmas, are discussed in this chapter. Rheological aspects of magma systems are presented, illustrated by significant microstructural features observed in granites. Our focus will then concern the construction mode of magmatic fabrics. Examples will demonstrate that, with the help of microstructures and sometimes of near-field gravity data distribution, emplacement modes of plutons are rather simple to analyse. Finally, mafic rocks will be considered at the end of chapter through case studies concerning, principally, the Skaergaard complex and gabbros from the oceanic crust.
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Bouchez, Jean-Luc, and Adolphe Nicolas. "Brittle deformation structures." In Principles of Rock Deformation and Tectonics, 42–57. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192843876.003.0003.

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The discontinuous nature of brittle behavior contrasts with the apparent continuous nature of ductile deformation. Continuity is obviously scale dependent. Faults and fractures are common features of discontinuous deformation. They are particularly abundant in near-surface geological formations, that is, settings at low confining pressures. If ductile behaviour happens to be present in the upper crust, for example in clay and gypsum formations, brittle behaviour is not lacking in the deep crust. This is illustrated by dyke emplacement, feldspar crystals affected by fractures in granite magmas, and brittle behaviour of the mantle at Moho level. Discontinuous structures implying no or limited displacement – namely joints, fissures and tensile cracks – are briefly considered first, and faults, on which large displacements may take place are examined in detail. Faults, ductile faults and shear zones are representative strain localization structures. In this chapter, the relationships between brittle structures and the state of stress responsible for their orientation and evolution are discussed. According to its viscosity (‘viscosity’ is often preferred over ‘competence’), the behaviour of a rock is purely brittle, brittle–ductile or purely ductile. These two latter behaviours will be examined in the following chapter. Fractures are preferred fluid-collection sites, hence potential location for mineralization and formation of ore-veins. They are critically important during the formation stage of plutons and volcanos (see Chapter 7) due to silicate melt circulation into fractures.
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Conference papers on the topic "Crystal preferred orientation"

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Tajiri, Takayuki, Kazushi Sumitani, Rie Haruki, and Atsushi Kohno. "Preferred crystal orientation of sol-gel derived Bi4-xLaxTi3O12 thin-films on silicon substrates." In 2007 Sixteenth IEEE International Symposium on the Applications of Ferroelectrics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isaf.2007.4393188.

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Raymer, Daniel G., and J‐Michael Kendall. "Potential pitfalls in imaging salt structures due to preferred crystal orientation and seismic anisotropy." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1997. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1885627.

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Zhao, Yanyang. "Prioritized adsorption of acid amino acids secreted from bacterial EPS contributes to the crystal lattice preferred orientation." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.8566.

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Sullivan, Anthony, Anil Saigal, and Michael A. Zimmerman. "Investigation of Structure-Property Relationships Between Crystal Orientation and Dielectric Behavior in Liquid Crystalline Polymers." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70628.

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Liquid crystalline polymers (LCP’s) make up a class of high performance materials, which derive favorable mechanical, chemical, and electrical characteristics from their long-range molecular order. The unique LCP microstructure gives rise to anisotropic bulk behavior and an understanding of the driving forces behind this morphology is essential to the design of manufacturing processes for isotropic material production. In this investigation, the crystalline orientation in injection molded LCP plaque samples was measured using 2D wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). The direction of preferred alignment was observed from the WAXS scattering patterns and the degree of orientation in the material was quantified using an order parameter and an anisotropy factor. In addition, the dielectric constant was measured with respect to the mold direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD). To investigate the effects of processing on hierarchal structure in the material, and the resulting macroscopic properties, plaques of two different thicknesses were analyzed, both as-injection molded and with the skin layer mechanically removed. It is shown that preferred orientation along the shear direction in the LCP samples corresponds to dielectric anisotropy, and increasing sample thickness, or conversely, mechanically removing the shear aligned layer, results in a more isotropic dielectric response.
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Yang, Kai, Jianqing Jiang, and Mingyuan Gu. "Characterization of Titanium Nitride Films Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering at Different Deposition Time." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41559.

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Titanium nitride (TiN) films were grown on Si (111) and 95W18Cr4V high-speed steel substrates using DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique with different deposition time. The changes in crystal growth orientation of the TiN films were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface & cross-sectional morphologies of TiN films were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The hardness and adhesive property of TiN films were evaluated as well. It is found that the increase of the film thickness favors the formation of the {111} preferred orientation of TiN films. When the {111} preferred orientation is presented, TiN films exhibit a kind of surface morphology of triangular pyramid with right angles. With the increase of the film thickness, the columnar grains continuously grow lengthwise and breadthwise. The size of grains influences the hardness of TiN films more greatly. The adhesive property of the film/substrate interface decreased with increasing film thickness.
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Mu, Lijuan, Xuezhi Dong, Qing Gao, Yongsheng Tian, and Chunqing Tan. "A Low Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction Model of Single Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloys Using Critical Plane Approach Combined With Crystallographic Slip Theory." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64598.

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The anisotropy is the most remarkable characteristic for single crystal nickel-based superalloys, which makes fatigue behavior and life prediction highly correlate with the crystallographic orientation. Based on critical plane approach and preferred crystallographic slip mechanism, an anisotropic LCF life model is proposed to account for orientation-dependent fatigue life in this paper. In addition, the effects of the mean stress and stress-weakening caused by asymmetric loading are also considered. The critical plane is determined by searching for 30 potential slip systems. Moreover, the slip plane with the maximum resolved shear stress amplitude in the crystallographic microstructure of the single crystal nickel-based superalloy is chosen as the critical plane. The LCF test data are utilized to obtain the regression equation by multiple linear fitting method. The presented LCF life model is applicable for more complex stress state and has higher prediction accuracy than the CDY model.
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Sullivan, Anthony, Anil Saigal, and Michael A. Zimmerman. "Structure-Property Relationships Between Morphological Anisotropy and Mechanical, Thermal, and Dielectric Behavior in Liquid Crystal Polymers." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11608.

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Abstract Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) form a class of high-performance plastics that exhibit comparable mechanical, chemical, and electrical characteristics to engineering metals and ceramics arising from their mesoscopic ordering. The unique hierarchal LCP microstructure leads to anisotropic bulk behavior and an understanding of the development of this morphology during manufacturing, as well as the subsequent effect on polymer properties, is essential to the design of isotropic material manufacturing processes. In this investigation, the preferred orientation in injection molded LCP plaque samples was measured using wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). The direction of preferred alignment was observed from the WAXS scattering patterns and the degree of orientation in the material was quantified using an anisotropy factor. In addition, the mechanical, thermal, and dielectric bulk behavior was measured with respect to the mold direction (MD) and transverse direction (TD). To investigate the effects of processing geometry on microstructural development, and the resulting macroscopic properties, plaques of three different thicknesses were analyzed. In addition, the influence of melt rheology was probed through the comparison of two different commercial LCP resins. It is shown that a strong correlation exists between material performance and both the bulk polymer texture and the individual regimes of the hierarchal structure. The effects of processing geometry and polymer rheology also demonstrate the structure-property-processing dynamics at work in injection molded LCPs.
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Lokajícek, T., M. Petružálek, T. Svitek, R. Vasin, and H. R. Wenk. "Westerly Granite Anisotropy Study." In 56th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2022-0850.

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ABSTRACT: Westerly granite (WG) is well known rock, believed to be isotropic. We studied four samples of WG heated between 100°C and 600°C, by ultrasonic sounding on spherical samples under hydrostatic pressure up to 400 MPa, neutron diffraction on identical samples and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal treatment studies are important for localities like nuclear waste storages, geothermal projects, rock and earthquake mechanics. All measurements were done at room temperature. The 3D distribution of P-wave velocities at high pressures reflects intrinsic structure and even though the anisotropy is low, the orientation of the minimum velocity corresponds to the highly preferred orientation of plagioclase (010) and biotite (001). Image analyses showed that there is also preferred orientation of microcracks regardless of their size and thermal treatment level. Neutron diffraction measurements of the samples heated to 100°C and 600°C confirm weak intrinsic elastic anisotropy, which remain unchanged due to the thermal treatment. We can assume that in Westerly granite there are two types of anisotropy: crystal preferred orientation which was formed during igneous crystallization and second one is due to the oriented microcracks which have been formed during tectonic exhumation or during sample excavation in the quarry. Both seems to be unrelated. 1. INTRODUCTION Westerly granite has been studied for decades and its properties are very well known. There were studied mechanical properties, elastic properties, development of cracks introduced by uniaxial or triaxial loading, thermal heating, study of permeability, study of fracturing process by acoustic emission, modelling of crack systems and plenty of others. Westerly granite is considered as fine grained, homogeneous material, isotropic and therefore it is often discussed or even used as a standard for comparison with other granitic rocks. Quantification of elastic properties of granites is important to determine crustal seismic velocities and stress orientation. Generally, it is assumed that granitic rocks are elastically isotropic. In this paper, we study influence of thermal cracks and crack induced anisotropy on P-wave propagation in spherical samples of Westerly granite at different confining pressures. Experimental elastic wave velocity distributions in Westerly granite are compared to the model based on neutron diffraction data on mineral composition and mineral preferred orientations. Due to high penetration depth of thermal neutrons, information on a large representative volume of geomaterial is obtained; and the method of neutron diffraction allows to investigate same bulk samples that were used for elastic wave propagation study. Thus, ultrasonic sounding (US) and neutron diffraction form a pair of complementary methods suitable for in-depth analysis of elastic anisotropy of rocks.
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Irmak, Firat, Sahil Karim, Nathan O’Nora, and Ali P. Gordon. "Establishing a Generic Stress-Life Framework for Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloys." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-83276.

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Abstract Selection of materials to be used for components experiencing extreme conditions is a critical process in the design phase. Nickel-base superalloys have been frequently used for hot gas path components in the turbomachinery industry. These components are required to withstand both fatigue and creep at extreme temperatures during their service time. In general, the extreme temperature materials mostly embody polycrystalline, directionally solidified, and single crystal superalloys. Single crystallization has been utilized with nickel-base superalloys since 1980s. This method forms one grain by eliminating all of the grain boundaries, which has resulted with thermal, fatigue and creep properties superior to conventional alloys. It is essential for design engineers to predict accurate damage behavior and lifespan for these components to prevent catastrophic failures. This study presents generic elastic and stress-life models for single crystal nickel-base superalloys based on observed trends. Despite the development of over 50 variations of single crystal Nickel-base superalloys, the behavior of these alloys nominally follows similar mechanical behavior trends with respect to temperature and orientation. Temperature-, rate-, and orientation-dependence of these materials are studied. In this study, [001], [011] and [111] orientations are mainly considered. The goal is to eliminate extensive time and cost of experiments by creating parameters to be used in life calculations for generic single crystal alloys. While the stress-based approach to fatigue analysis of materials was the first to be developed, it continues to endure with broad usage in a wide variety of engineering applications. These models tend to be used for the cases with high number of cycles to failure behavior or called high-cycle fatigue (HCF) conditions. In this work, the total damage is divided into two different modules; fatigue and creep damages. Miner’s Rule is utilized to combine these modules. Models which can predict the cycles to failure data with the most usage-like conditions and require least amount of data are preferred. Parameters for the models are built on regression fits in comparison with a comprehensive material database. This database includes elastic, plastic, creep, and fatigue properties.
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Choudhury, Soud Farhan, and Leila Ladani. "Anisotropic Behavior of Single Grain Cu6Sn5 Intermetallic." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40196.

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Intermetallic (IMC) layers (Cu6Sn5 and Cu3Sn) are an essential component of a solder joint for good metallurgical bonding. However, the mechanical and physical properties of IMC layers differ significantly from the solder and substrate, and excessive IMC layers can lower the reliability of solder joints due to their brittle nature. Moreover, continuous miniaturization of packages and joints has increased the volume fraction of IMCs to a point where smaller joints could be completely composed of IMCs. Further miniaturization of joints may result in statistical grain size effects. One of the most common types of IMCs in microelectronic joints is Cu6Sn5, which is formed in a variety of bonding materials with different compositions of Sn, Cu, and Ag. Due to its large percentage of volume in solder joint; to predict the reliability of micro solder joints, it is necessary to characterize single crystal Cu6Sn5 IMC completely. This study reports the information on grain growth orientation and elastic-plastic properties such as young’s modulus, hardness, yield strength and strain hardening exponent of single grain of Cu6Sn5 in Sn-3.5Ag/Cu solder alloy system. IMCs materials were grown using reflow process using an experiment in which the time and temperature of reflow process was varied. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis was conducted after the reflow to measure the grain size and determine the preferred grain orientation. It was found that the growth orientation is in the orientation of the c-axis. Nanoindentation was carried out in 4 individual grains with different crystallographic orientation along normal to the growth axis to determine the elastic properties of Cu6Sn5 single crystal. Plastic properties were predicted using the nanoindentation results and Dao reverse analysis model. The results indicate that the hardness for Cu6Sn5 grains with different orientation along normal to growth axis is statistically indistinguishable. Lower elastic modulus was observed for a grain with [010] direction parallel to the loading direction. Yield strength of a grain with (001) plane parallel to the loading direction was slightly lower than other grain orientations. Overall, the experimental results obtained were found to be within the range shown in the literature.
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