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Journal articles on the topic 'Crystalline fraction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Schmidt, K. J., Y. Lin, M. Beaudoin, et al. "The mean crystallite size within a hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar cell and its role in determining the corresponding crystalline volume fraction." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (2014): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0526.

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We examine the dependence of the crystalline volume fraction on the mean crystallite size for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based photovoltaic solar cells; this work builds upon an earlier study by Schmidt et al. (Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 1536 (2013)). For each photovoltaic solar cell considered, the X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra are measured. Through the application of Scherrer’s equation, the X-ray diffraction results are used to determine the corresponding mean crystallite sizes. Through peak decomposition, the Raman results are used to estimate the corresponding crystallin

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Schmidt, K. J., Y. Lin, M. Beaudoin, et al. "The dependence of the crystalline volume fraction on the crystallite size for hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon based solar cells." MRS Proceedings 1536 (2013): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.599.

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ABSTRACTWe have performed an analysis on three hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) based solar cells. In order to determine the impact that impurities play in shaping the material properties, the XRD and Raman spectra corresponding to all three samples were measured. The XRD results, which displayed a number of crystalline silicon-based peaks, were used in order to approximate the mean crystallite sizes through Scherrer's equation. Through a peak decomposition process, the Raman results were used to estimate the corresponding crystalline volume fraction. It was noted that small crys

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3

Li, J., A. W. Rate, and R. J. Gilkes. "Fractionation of trace elements in some non-agricultural Australian soils." Soil Research 41, no. 7 (2003): 1389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02146.

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The fractionation of Ag, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in highly weathered soils was investigated using 5 operationally defined fractions: exchangeable, organic, amorphous Fe oxides, crystalline Fe oxides, and residual fraction. Crystalline Fe oxide and residual phases were the dominant hosts of Ag in the original soils, but for soils to which soluble Ag was added, much Ag was in the crystalline Fe oxide fractions and only a relatively small proportion of Ag was in the residual fraction. Crystalline Fe oxides and the residual fraction were also the major hosts to Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, and

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4

Wang, Fei Peng, Zheng Yong Huang, and Jian Li. "Stretching Induced Crystalline-Phase Transition in Energy-Conversion Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Films." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.589.

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Commercial poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films are uniaxially stretched with varying rates at 110 °C in order to endow PVDF piezo-and pyroelectric by crystalline-phase transition from α to β during the stretching. The crystalline phases are determined by infrared spectroscopy. The β-phase content and its fraction in films increase as a result of stretching with high rates. In addition, higher stretching rates yield a slight increase of γ phase. The crystallite size is evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction. It is found that the β-phase crystallites become smaller with fast stretching, whe

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5

Agbo, Solomon, Pavol Sutta, Pavel Calta, Rana Biswas, and Bicai Pan. "Crystallized silicon nanostructures — experimental characterization and atomistic simulations." Canadian Journal of Physics 92, no. 7/8 (2014): 783–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0442.

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We have synthesized silicon nanocrystalline structures from thermal annealing of thin film amorphous silicon-based multilayers. The annealing procedure that was carried out in vacuum at temperatures up to 1100 °C is integrated in a X-ray diffraction (XRD) setup for real-time monitoring of the formation phases of the nanostructures. The microstructure of the crystallized films is investigated through experimental measurements combined with atomistic simulations of realistic nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) models. The multilayers consisting of uniformly alternating thicknesses of hydrogenated am

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Anwer, Afzana, S. Eilidh Bedford, Richard J. Spontak, and Alan H. Windle. "Electron microscopy of crystalline structure in thermotropic random copolymers." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 1054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100089585.

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Random copolyesters composed of wholly aromatic monomers such as p-oxybenzoate (B) and 2,6-oxynaphthoate (N) are known to exhibit liquid crystalline characteristics at elevated temperatures and over a broad composition range. Previous studies employing techniques such as X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have conclusively proven that these thermotropic copolymers can possess a significant crystalline fraction, depending on molecular characteristics and processing history, despite the fact that the copolymer chains possess random intramolecular sequencing. C

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7

Gatos, Konstantinos G., Chrysa Minogianni, and Costas Galiotis. "Quantifying Crystalline Fraction within Polymer Spherulites." Macromolecules 40, no. 4 (2007): 786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0623284.

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8

Tsuchikawa, T., H. Kaneda, S. Oyabu, et al. "A systematic study of silicate absorption features in heavily obscured AGNs observed by Spitzer/IRS." Astronomy & Astrophysics 651 (July 2021): A117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140483.

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Context. Heavily obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are known to show deep silicate absorption features in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelength range of 10–20 μm. The detailed profiles of the features reflect the properties of silicate dust, which are likely to include information on AGN activities obscured by large amounts of dust. Aims. We reveal AGN activities obscured by large amounts of dust through the silicate dust properties obtained from the mid-IR spectral bands. Methods. We selected 115 mid-IR spectra of heavily obscured AGNs observed by Spitzer/IRS and systematically analyzed t

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9

Baser, T. A., M. Baricco, S. Enzo, G. Vaughan, and A. R. Yavari. "Analysis of crystallization behavior of Fe48Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 bulk metallic glass by synchrotron radiation." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 8 (2008): 2166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0264.

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The amorphous-to-crystalline transformation behavior of Fe48Cr15Mo14Y2C15B6 bulk metallic glasses was first investigated by high-temperature differential scanning calorimetry. Three events were detected with onset temperatures at 922, 975, and 1036 K, respectively. In situ synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction patterns were collected during continuous heating and analyzed with the Rietveld approach. To describe simultaneously the amorphous fraction and crystallization products as a function of temperature, a paracrystalline structure-factor model was developed. It was included for quantitati

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10

MacDonald, Malcolm J., Donna L. Hartley, and Marilyn K. Speedie. "Location of cellulolytic enzyme activity in the marine fungus Trichocladium achrasporum." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 31, no. 2 (1985): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m85-028.

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Cellulase activity in Trichocladium achrasporum was demonstrated by its ability to produce cell-associated and extracellular cellulolytic enzymes when grown on a crystalline cellulose substrate. In addition, azure dye was solubilized from dyed crystalline cellulose, appearing in the growth medium during the phase of cell lysis. Exoglucanase activity was highest in the culture filtrate, with slight activity in the cell fractions, while endoglucanase was associated only with the mycelium. No desorbable exoglucanase nor endoglucanase activity could be released by sonication of residual cellulose

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Toki, Shigeyuki, Igors Sics, Shaofeng Ran, et al. "Strain-Induced Molecular Orientation and Crystallization in Natural and Synthetic Rubbers under Uniaxial Deformation by In-situ Synchrotron X-ray Study." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 77, no. 2 (2004): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547826.

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Abstract In-situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) studies and simultaneous measurements of stress and strain during uniaxial stretching of various vulcanized rubbers were carried out (at room temperature and 0°C) to reveal the strain-induced molecular orientation and crystallization relationships. Rubbers evaluated included natural rubber (NR), synthetic poly-isoprene rubber (IR), poly-cis-1,4-butadiene rubber (BR) and butyl rubber (IIR). Some universal features were observed in these systems: (i) At high strains (&gt; 5.0), the majority of the chains (up to 50 ≈ 75%) in nat

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12

Fraundorf, P., and S. Mukherjee. "Lattice-Image Estimates of Nano-Particle Fraction-Crystalline." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S2 (2013): 1590–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192761300994x.

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13

Gasperini, Antonio, Angelo Malachias, Gilberto Fabbris, et al. "Investigation of indirect structural and chemical parameters of GeSi nanoparticles in a silica matrix by combined synchrotron radiation techniques." Journal of Applied Crystallography 45, no. 1 (2011): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889811049302.

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The formation of GeSi nanoparticles on an SiO2matrix is studied here by synchrotron-based techniques. The shape, average diameter and size dispersion were obtained from grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering data. X-ray diffraction measurements were used to obtain crystallite sizes and compositionviaresonant (anomalous) measurements. By using these techniques as input for extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the local composition surrounding the Ge atoms is investigated. Although the results for each of the methods above are commonly analyzed separately, the combination o

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14

Li, Zhi Bin, Ji Wei Hu, Chao Zhou, et al. "Using the Modified Tessier Method to Analyze Antimony Speciation in Suspended Solids in Mining Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 1423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.1423.

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The modified Tessier method was used in the present study to analyze the antimony (Sb) speciation in suspended solids in mining wastewater from Ban-po Antimony Mine in Guizhou province. It was found that the residual fraction and the soluble fraction are the highest and the lowest in the five Sb fractions, accounting for 62.5% and 3% of the total respectively. The order of the five Sb fractions is: the residual fraction > the reduced fraction > the oxidation fraction > the acid-extractable fraction > the soluble fraction. The antimony soluble form in aqueous solution is mainly Sb (

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15

Arendse, Christopher J., Theophillus F. G. Muller, Franscious R. Cummings, and Clive J. Oliphant. "Oxidation Reduction in Nanocrystalline Silicon Grown by Hydrogen-Profiling Technique." Journal of Nano Research 41 (May 2016): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.41.9.

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The deposition of a compact amorphous silicon/nano-crystalline silicon material is demonstrated by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition using a sequential hydrogen profiling technique at low hydrogen dilutions. Nano-crystallite nucleation occurs at the substrate interface that develops into a uniform, porous crystalline structure as the growth progresses. A further reduction in the H-dilution results in the onset of a dense amorphous silicon layer. The average crystalline volume fraction and nano-crystallite size in the sample bulk amounts to 30% and 6 nm, respectively, as probed by Raman spect

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16

Dai, Wen Yun, Jing Jin, Chao Xian Hui, Can Liu, Zhi Jun Yuan, and Wei Min Shi. "ArF Excimer Laser Assisted Solution Based Metal Induced Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Films." Advanced Materials Research 1096 (April 2015): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1096.45.

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Amorphous silicon films with and without spin-coating aluminum-salt-solution are treated by 193nm ArF excimer laser with different laser energies. It is observed that the crystalline fraction increases along with the laser energy. By comparation, with the help of Al, higher crystalline volume fraction and lower in-plane stress can be achieved at the same laser energy (2.9mJ). Large grain size of 200~300nm and maximum crystalline fraction of 82.3% are obtained in Al-salt-solution spin-coated sample, which is treated with laser energy of 3.2mJ,and its carrier mobility is 56.3cm2/Vs.

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17

Cerqueira, M. Fátima, Margarita Stepikhova, Maria Losurdo та ін. "Effect of the Matrix on the 1.5μm Photoluminescence of Er-Doped Silicon Quantum Dots". Materials Science Forum 514-516 (травень 2006): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1116.

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Erbium doped nanocrystalline silicon thin films were produced by reactive magnetron r.f. sputtering. Their structural and chemical properties were studied by micro-Raman, spectroscopic ellipsometry and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. Films with different crystalline fraction and crystallite size were deposited by changing the deposition parameters. The impact of the composition and structure of Erbium ions environment on the 1.5 µm photoluminescence is discussed.

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18

Krawczyk, Jacek, and Włodzimierz Bogdanowicz. "Solidification Rate Influence on Microstructure of Composites with Quasicrystal Phase Fraction." Solid State Phenomena 203-204 (June 2013): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.203-204.48.

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The composites of Al61Cu27Fe12alloys containing quasicrystalline and crystalline phases (CQ composites) were obtained by the Bridgman method. The morphology of composites crystallized with different solidification rates was studied. The solidification rate influence on fibrous reinforcement morphology was analyzed. The microsections for analysis were prepared parallel and perpendicular to the direction of crystallization. The optical and the scanning electron microscope were used for metallographic observation. Obtained composites were examined by X-ray powder diffraction and reflective X-ray

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19

Kemper, F., A. J. Markwick, and Paul M. Woods. "The crystalline fraction of interstellar silicates in starburst galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 413, no. 2 (2011): 1192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18204.x.

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20

Tseng, Lin Yung, Jhewn Kuang Chen, Kai Hung Hsu, Wan Yu Wu, and Chi Lung Chang. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cr-W-B-N Coating Deposited by DC Reactive Magnetron Co-Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 651 (January 2013): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.651.430.

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Nanocomposite Cr-W-B-N coatings with various tungsten contents were synthesized on silicon wafer substrates. The used technique is a DC reactive magnetron co-sputtering deposition equipped with a Cr-B alloy target with 20 at.% B and a W target in a mixed argon/nitrogen plasma atmosphere. Composition and microstructure of the obtained coatings were investigated using X-ray diffraction, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscope and transmission electron microscope while the micro-hardness was measured using a depth-sensing nano-indenter. The results have shown that the microstructure and the mechanical p

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21

Yang, Changlin, Guanghua Wen, Ping Tang, Chaochao Xi, and Qihao Sun. "Quantification of crystalline fraction of solid slag film using X-ray powder diffraction." Powder Diffraction 31, no. 1 (2016): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715615000986.

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This paper introduces a new method to determine the crystalline fraction in samples containing amorphous phases from experimental X-ray diffraction data. Computer generated codes, one for each measured data point, are used to interpret the pattern as to where diffraction peaks exist and what is the angular breadth of each peak's intensity above background. Two parameters are defined that are used to identify the position and intensity of the crystalline phase diffraction peaks. For mold fluxes used in continuous casting, the crystalline fraction of solid slag film is a key factor that can affe

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Abrosimova, G. E., A. S. Aronin, and N. N. Kholstinina. "On the determination of the volume fraction of the crystalline phase in amorphous-crystalline alloys." Physics of the Solid State 52, no. 3 (2010): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783410030017.

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23

SHUMAN, L. M. "COMPARISON OF EXCHANGEABLE Al, EXTRACTABLE Al, AND Al IN SOIL FRACTIONS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 70, no. 3 (1990): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss90-028.

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Previous results indicated that the activity of Al3+ in soil solution, Al saturation of the CEC, and 0.01 M CaCl2-extractable Al were related to plant growth. Exchangeable Al values determined by 1 M KCl and 1 M NH4Cl, extractable Al values determined by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 4.8, 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M CuCl2, 0.33 M LaCl3, and 0.005 M NTA, were compared with each other and to the activity of Al3+ in soil solution as well as Al in soil fractions. Aluminum in fractions was measured to determine the forms solubilized by the extradants. The fractions extracted were exchangeable [M Mg(NO3)2], organic bound,

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24

Nascimento, Clístenes Williams Araújo do, Renildes Lúcio Ferreira Fontes, and Adilson César Fortes Dias Melicio. "Copper availability as related to soil copper fractions in oxisols under liming." Scientia Agricola 60, no. 1 (2003): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162003000100025.

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The knowledge of the chemical forms of copper in soils and the relationships of these forms with soil copper availability are important for predicting the copper behavior in the soil-plant system. The present work studies the influence of liming on the available contents of copper as well as on the forms of copper fractions in six types of Oxisols. Soil samples, with and without liming, received copper at rates of 0.0, 20.0 and 40.0 mg dm-3 and remained incubated for 30 days. Then, available copper was extracted with Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, DTPA and EDTA solutions, and analyzed by atomic absorpt

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25

Johnson, J. C., S. P. Ahrenkiel, P. Dutta, and V. R. Bommisetty. "Nucleation and Growth of Crystalline Grains in RF-Sputtered TiO2Films." Research Letters in Nanotechnology 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/280797.

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AmorphousTiO2thin films were radio frequency sputtered onto siliconmonoxide and carbon support films on molybdenum transmission electron microscope (TEM) grids and observed during in situ annealing in a TEM heating stage at250∘C. The evolution of crystallization is consistent with a classical model of homogeneous nucleation and isotropic grain growth. The two-dimensional grain morphology of the TEM foil allowed straightforward recognition of amorphous and crystallized regions of the films, for measurement of crystalline volume fraction and grain number density. By assuming that the kinetic par

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26

Kasch, N., I. Dierking, M. Turner, P. Romero-Hasler, and E. A. Soto-Bustamante. "Liquid crystalline textures and polymer morphologies resulting from electropolymerisation in liquid crystal phases." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 31 (2015): 8018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc01639h.

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A small fraction of an acrylate liquid crystalline monomer (≤5%) is mixed into nematic and smectic liquid crystalline phases, and polymerised through the application of a voltage (electropolymerisation).

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Zhou, Ji, Qing-Xin Su, K. M. Moulding, and D. J. Barber. "Sol-gel derived Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 thin films: Preparation and structure." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 3 (1997): 596–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0087.

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Ba(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 thin films were prepared by a sol-gel process involving the reaction of barium isopropoxide, tantalum ethoxide, and magnesium acetate in 2-methoxyethanol and subsequently hydrolysis, spin-coating, and heat treatment. Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the thin films. It was shown that the thin films tend to crystallize with small grains sized below 100 nm. Crystalline phase with cubic (disordered) perovskite structure was formed in the samples annealed at a very low temperature (below 500 °C), and w

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28

Kozasa, Takashi, and Hisato Sogawa. "Formation of crystalline silicate around oxygen–rich AGB stars." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 191 (1999): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900203124.

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Crystallization of silicate has been investigated within the framework of dust formation in steady state gas outflows around oxygen–rich AGB stars, where silicates are locked not only into homogeneous silicate grains but also into the mantles of heterogeneous grains. Based on the thermal history of dust grains after their formation, the crystallization calculation results in no crystalline silicate for the mass loss rate Ṁ ≤ 2 × 10−5M⊙ yr−1. Only silicate in the mantles of heterogeneous grains can be crystallized for Ṁ ≥ 3 × 10−5M⊙ yr−1, while homogeneous silicate grains remain amorphous. The

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29

Wang, Ya Jun, Fang Fang Wang, and Lian Jie Xu. "Effect of BiCl₃ on the Morphology and Property of PVDF Films." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.74.

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Different mass fraction of BiCl3was added into the PVDF film to increase the content ofβ-phase. XRD and SEM were used to analyze the crystalline phase and microstructure of the films. The results show that adding of BiCl3increases the content ofβ-phase in the films. The possible reason of the increment ofβ-phase is that the addition of BiCl3can make the free radicals of PVDF with electric charge return to their original position and consequently improve the degree of crystalline ofβ-phase. Dielectric and thermal properties were also analyzed. When mass fraction of BiCl3is 2%, the PVDF film has

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Khvorostyanov, Vitaly I., and Judith A. Curry. "Analytical Solutions to the Stochastic Kinetic Equation for Liquid and Ice Particle Size Spectra. Part I: Small-Size Fraction." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 7 (2008): 2025–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2484.1.

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Abstract The kinetic equation of stochastic condensation for cloud drop size spectra is extended to account for crystalline clouds and also to include the accretion–aggregation process. The size spectra are separated into small and large size fractions that correspond to cloud drops (ice) and rain (snow). In Part I of this two-part paper, analytical solutions are derived for the small-size fractions of the spectra that correspond to cloud drops and cloud ice particles that can be identified with cloud liquid water or cloud ice water content, and used in bulk microphysical schemes employed in c

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Padmanabhan, K. Anantha, and Herbert Gleiter. "On the structure of grain/interphase boundaries and interfaces." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 5 (September 22, 2014): 1603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.5.172.

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Grain/interphase boundaries/interfaces of varying misorientations, free volume fractions, curvatures and irregularities are present in materials, both 3D and 2D, regardless of whether these materials are crystalline or amorphous/glassy. Therefore, a question arises about the central idea on which a general description of grain/interphase boundaries/interfaces can and should be based. It is suggested that a generalized model of a structural/basic unit (crystalline, non-crystalline or of any scale), which depends on the interatomic (including electronic) interactions, the spatial distribution of

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Kosmulski, Marek, Edward Mączka, and Leszek Ruchomski. "Synthesis and Properties of SBA-15 Modified with Non-Noble Metals." Colloids and Interfaces 2, no. 4 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids2040059.

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Modification of SBA-15 with non-noble metal leads to functional materials, which can be applied as gas sensors, adsorbents, and catalysts of various reactions. The new materials contain up to four various metals, which are deposited consecutively or simultaneously at various concentrations ranging from a fraction of 1% to an amount that is comparable with the mass of silica-support. These materials contain metals at various oxidation levels, usually as oxides, which occur in crystalline form (a typical crystallite size of about 10 nm matches the width of the SBA-15 channels), but in a few othe

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Toraya, Hideo. "A new method for quantitative phase analysis using X-ray powder diffraction: direct derivation of weight fractions from observed integrated intensities and chemical compositions of individual phases." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 5 (2016): 1508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716010451.

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A new method for the quantitative phase analysis of multi-component polycrystalline materials using the X-ray powder diffraction technique is proposed. A formula for calculating weight fractions of individual crystalline phases has been derived from the intensity formula for powder diffraction in Bragg–Brentano geometry. The integrated intensity of a diffraction line is proportional to the volume fraction of a relevant crystalline phase in an irradiated sample, and the volume fraction, when it is multiplied with the chemical formula weight, can be related to the weight fraction. The structure-

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He, Q., Y. Ren, I. Mohamed, M. Ali, W. Hassan, and F. Zeng. "Assessment of trace and heavy metal distribution by four sequential extraction procedures in a contaminated soil." Soil and Water Research 8, No. 2 (2013): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/20/2012-swr.

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Four sequential extraction procedures (Sposito, Tessier, Silveira and Bureau Communautaire de Reference (BCR)) were used to evaluate the distribution of some metals (Fe, Cu, Cd and Zn) in a contaminated soil around a mining area. The results showed that Fe and Zn were mainly recovered in the recalcitrant soil fractions, while Cd was primarily localized in the exchangeable fraction. Soil Cu was highly associated with organic matter fraction. The amorphous Fe fraction in Silveira could be recognized as part of the Fe-Mn oxide fraction in Tessier and BCR procedures, while the crystalline Fe oxide

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Li, Chun Ya, Hao Zhang, Jun Li, Xi Feng Li, and Jian Hua Zhang. "The Study of Microcrystalline Silicon Thin Films Prepared by PECVD." Key Engineering Materials 537 (January 2013): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.537.197.

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Under different growth conditions, microcrystalline silicon thin films are deposited successfully on glass substrates by the double-frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). We report the systematic investigation of the effect of process parameters (hydrogen dilution, substrate temperature, forward power, reaction pressure, et al.) on the growth characteristics of microcrystalline silicon thin films. Raman scattering spectra are used to analyze the crystalline condition of the films and the experimental results. Optimizing the process parameters, the highest crystalline volu

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Mar’yan, M. I., and N. V. Yurkovych. "Self-Organising Processes and Fractal Approach to the Formation of Non-Crystalline States." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 3 (2015): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.3.458-463.

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Shows a description of the fractal structure to the non-crystalline state using the system non-linear dynamic equations, which takes into account the flow of negative entropy of the surrounding environment and the fraction of atoms in soft configuratons. Based on the investigation for the study of non-crystalline materials and the transition to non-crystalline state of the possibility fractal approach to describe them.

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Nuth, Joseph A., Hugh G. M. Hill, and Gunther Kletetschka. "Determining the ages of comets from the fraction of crystalline dust." Nature 406, no. 6793 (2000): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35018516.

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Delgado Rosero, Miguel I., Nori M. Jurado Meneses, and Ramiro Uribe Kaffure. "Thermal Properties of Composite Polymer Electrolytes Poly(Ethylene Oxide)/Sodium Trifluoroacetate/Aluminum Oxide (PEO)10CF3COONa + x wt.% Al2O3." Materials 12, no. 9 (2019): 1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091464.

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Polymeric membranes of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and sodium trifluoroacetate (PEO:CF3COONa) combined with different concentrations of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) particles were analyzed by impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). DSC results show changes in the crystalline fraction of PEO when the concentration of Al2O3 is increased. TGA analysis showed thermal stability up to 430 K showing small changes with the addition of alumina particles. The decrease in crystalline fraction for membranes with low Al2O3 concentration is associated with the in

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Demina, Liudmila, Irina Gablina, Olga Dara, et al. "Geochemical Fractions of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of the Pobeda Hydrothermal Field, Mid-Atlantic Ridge (17°07′–17°08′ N)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 6, no. 1 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecms2021-09343.

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We examined the distribution of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb in one core of metalliferous, and one core of non-mineralized (background) carbonate sediments (located 69 km northwards), from the Pobeda hydrothermal field. Mechanisms of metal accumulation in sediments (12 samples) were evaluated based on sequential extraction of geochemical fractions, including mobile (exchangeable complex, authigenic Fe-Mn hydroxides, and sulfides), and lithogenic (fixed in crystalline lattices) forms. Maps of element distribution in sediment components were obtained using a scanning electron microscope equipped with

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Resnina, N., S. Belyaev, V. Slesarenko, and A. Shelyakov. "Influence of crystalline phase volume fraction on the two-way shape memory effect in amorphous–crystalline Ti40.7Hf9.5Ni44.8Cu5 alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 627 (March 2015): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.12.119.

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Rubinos, D. A., M. Arias, F. Díaz-Fierros, and M. T. Barral. "Speciation of adsorbed arsenic(V) on red mud using a sequential extraction procedure." Mineralogical Magazine 69, no. 5 (2005): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461056950273.

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AbstractThe distribution of sorbed arsenic(V) among different geochemical fractions for arsenic(V)-loaded red mud, an oxide-rich residue from bauxite refining that has been proposed as an adsorbent for arsenic, was studied as a function of sorbed arsenic(V) concentration using a sequential extraction procedure. The release of previously sorbed arsenic(V) was also studied as a function of pH and arsenic(V) concentration. Most sorbed arsenic(V) (0.39–7.86 mmol kg–1) was associated with amorphous and crystalline Al and Fe oxides (24.1–43.8% and 24.7–59.0% of total sorbed arsenic, respectively). E

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Abdulvaliyev, R. A., S. B. Dyussenova, A. I. Manapova, A. Akcil, and U. Zh Beisenbiyeva. "Modification of the phase composition of low-grade gibbsite-kaolinite bauxites." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 317, no. 2 (2021): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.22.

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The known methods of processing low-quality bauxite have a number of disadvantages that make it difficult or impossible to use them in the conditions of production of JSC "Aluminum of Kazakhstan", therefore, it is necessary to effectively develop a technology for preliminary enrichment. Enrichment of low-quality bauxites is possible by separating the clayey - high-siliceous and coarse-crystalline fractions. Electron-microscopic analysis of the original bauxite showed that the coarse-crystalline fraction is tightly pressed by the fine one. The total silicon modulus of the sample is 2.49. The si

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Cevik, Ismail, and Suat U. Ay. "A Low-Power and Low-Voltage Power Management Strategy for On-Chip Micro Solar Cells." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/739871.

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Fundamental characteristics of on-chip micro solar cell (MSC) structures were investigated in this study. Several MSC structures using different layers in three different CMOS processes were designed and fabricated. Effects of PN junction structure and process technology on solar cell performance were measured. Parameters for low-power and low-voltage implementation of power management strategy and boost converter based circuits utilizing fractional voltage maximum power point tracking (FVMPPT) algorithm were determined. The FVMPPT algorithm works based on the fraction between the maximum powe

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Sorescu, Monica, and Kevin Byerly. "Nanocrystallization and Recoilless Fraction Determination of Fe68.5Co5Nb3Cu1Si15.5B7 Ferromagnetic Alloy." MRS Advances 4, no. 25-26 (2019): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.34.

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ABSTRACTAmorphous alloy Fe68.5Co5Nb3Cu1Si15.5B7 was obtained by melt spinning. Samples cut from the foil were annealed at 450, 550, 650 and 750 °C in a vacuum furnace. 57Fe Mӧssbauer spectroscopy was used to identify the crystalline phases formed and the orientation of the magnetic moments based on the refined values of the hyperfine parameters. The spectra of the samples annealed at 550, 650 and 750 °C were indicative of nanocrystallization, with the magnetic moments reoriented out-of-plane for the last sample. This behavior is in contradistinction to that of the Co-rich system, which was tot

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Vepřek, S., F. A. Sarott, and M. Rückschloß. "Temperature dependence of the crystallite size and crystalline fraction of microcrystalline silicon deposited from silane by plasma CVD." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 137-138 (January 1991): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(05)80225-x.

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Hefland, R. B., P. E. Schwarzel, B. V. Johansen, T. Myran, N. Uthus, and M. Refsnes. "Silica-induced cytokine release from A549 cells: importance of surface area versus size." Human & Experimental Toxicology 20, no. 1 (2001): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/096032701676225130.

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Physical and chemical properties such as structure, composition and surface reactivity determine the biological activity of mineral particles. Long-term exposureto crystalline silica is known to cause persistent pulmonary inflammation leading to adverse health effects. There is less information about the potential health effects of amorphous (noncrystal-line) silica. In this study, the inflammatory and cytotoxic potency of crystalline and amorphous silica in relation to particle size and surface area was assessed. Human epithelial lung cells (A549) were exposed to different size fractions of q

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Jiang, Biwei, Jiaming Liu, and Aigen Li. "Are the silicate crystallinities of oxygen-rich evolved stars related to their mass loss rates?" Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S343 (2018): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131800697x.

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AbstractA sample of 28 oxygen-rich evolved stars is selected based on the presence of crystalline silicate emission features in their ISO/SWS spectra. The crystallinity, measured as the flux fraction of crystalline silicate features, is found not to be related to mass loss rate that is derived from fitting the spectral energy distribution.

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Krzanowski, James E., T. Taylor Eighmy, Bradley S. Crannell, and J. Dykstra Eusden. "An analytical electron microscopy investigation of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 1 (1998): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0005.

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Incinerator bottom ash samples have been characterized using analytical electron microscopy (AEM) techniques, including electron diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The samples were first separated by magnetic properties and density. Three resulting fractions were examined: the magnetic, high-density (MHD) fraction, the nonmagnetic/high-density (NMHD) fraction, and the nonmagnetic, low-density (NMLD) fraction. Examination of these samples revealed a variety of submicron microstructural features. For the MHD fraction, metal oxides, iron silicates,

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Zhang, Ying Chao. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ni-Fe Layered Double Hydroxide with High Crystallinity Using Homogeneous Precipitation Method." Advanced Materials Research 821-822 (September 2013): 1313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.821-822.1313.

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Ni-Fe layered double hydroxide containing carbonate anion (CO32- ) has been successfully synthesized by a process of homogeneous precipitation involving urea hydrolysis under hydrothermal conditions. Factors that influence the composition and the crystallinity degree of NiFe-LDH, such as the molar fraction of urea/NO3- in solution, the total metal ion concentration in solution and the aging time, have been investigated in detail. Structure and morphology of the sample were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and scanning electron microsco

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Jiang, Wenbiao, M. Grant Norton, Lancy Tsung, and J. Thomas Dickinson. "Pulsed-laser deposition of polytetrafluoroethylene." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 4 (1995): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.1038.

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Thin films of polytetrafluoroethylene have been deposited on amorphous substrates by the pulsed-laser deposition technique. By transmission electron microscopy, the polymer films were shown to consist of both amorphous and crystalline components. The data for the crystalline component are consistent with it being highly ordered with the long helical molecular chains aligned parallel to the film substrate interface plane. The fraction of crystalline material in the films was found to be related to the substrate temperature during deposition with the maximum amount of crystalline material occurr

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