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1
Nguyen, D. T., M. K. Eskandai, L. E. DeForge, C. L. Raiford, R. M. Strieter, S. L. Kunkel, and D. G. Remick. "Cyclosporin a modulation of tumor necrosis factor gene expression and effects in vitro and in vivo." Journal of Immunology 144, no. 10 (May 15, 1990): 3822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.144.10.3822.
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Abstract We investigated, in vitro and in vivo, the cyclosporin A (CsA) regulation of LPS-induced TNF gene expression and subsequent pathophysiologic changes. In vitro dose-response kinetics data showed that CsA inhibited TNF bioactivity in the supernatant without delaying its production, whereas Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that CsA did not inhibit TNF mRNA expression. We then sought to examine the in vivo effects of CsA (75 mg/kg) in CBA/J mice that were primed with CFA, and injected 2 wk later with LPS. CsA demonstrated suppression of local levels (ascites) of TNF as measured by either bioactivity or an anti-murine TNF ELISA. However, CsA did not decrease mRNA for TNF, or cell-associated TNF. In vivo kinetics studies were performed to show that CsA blocked both local (ascites) and systemic (plasma) LPS-induced TNF production without delaying these effects. CsA inhibited the neutrophilia and lymphopenia that developed after the LPS challenge, but did not block the lung neutrophilic infiltrate. These observations are helpful in understanding the role of the macrophage in CsA immunosuppression, particularly with regard to the ability of CsA to block LPS-induced TNF secretion.
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Hossain, Muhammad Saddam, and Farhadur Arifin. "Design and Evaluation of a 32-bit Carry Select Adder using 4-bit Hybrid CLA Adder." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 20, no. 2 (May 15, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v20i2.119.
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Adder circuits play a remarkable role in modern microprocessor. Adders are widely used in critical paths of arithmetic operation such as multiplication and subtraction. A Carry Select Adder (CSA) design methodology using a modified 4-bit Carry Look-Ahead (CLA) Adder has been proposed in this research. The proposed 4-bit CLA used hybrid logic style based logic circuits for Carry Generate (Gi) and Carry Propagate (Pi) functions in order to improve performance and reduce the number of transistor used. The modified 4-bit CLA is used as the basic unit for implementation of 32-bit CSA. The proposed design of hybrid CLA based 32-bit CSA has been compared with conventional static CMOS based 32-bit CSA and 32-bit Ripple Cary Adder (RCA) by conducting simulation using Cadence Virtuoso. Power consumption and delay in the proposed 32-bit CSA found 322.6 (uW) and 0.556 (ns) whereas power and delay in the conventional 32-bit CSA was 455.4 (uW) and 0.667 (ns) respectively. We have done all the simulation using Cadence Virtuoso 90 nm tool.
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Zhou, Wen-Hui, Lin Dong, Mei-Rong Du, Xiao-Yong Zhu, and Da-Jin Li. "Cyclosporin A improves murine pregnancy outcome in abortion-prone matings: involvement of CD80/86 and CD28/CTLA-4." REPRODUCTION 135, no. 3 (March 2008): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-07-0063.
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Immune regulation during pregnancy is complex, and thus an optimal therapy for pregnancy complications is always a big challenge to reproductive medicine. Cyclosporin A (CsA), a potent immunosuppressant, prevents rejection of allografts by hosts, but little is known about the modulating effect of CsA on the materno-fetal relationship. Here, pregnant CBA/J females mated with DBA/2 males as an abortion-prone model were administered with CsA on day 4.5 of gestation, and the pregnant CBA/J females mated with BALB/c males were established as successful pregnancy control. It was demonstrated that administration of CsA at the window of implantation significantly up-regulated the expression of CTLA-4, while down-regulating the levels of CD80, CD86, and CD28 at the materno-fetal interface in the CBA/J×DBA/2 abortion-prone matings, and the embryo resorption rate of the abortion-prone matings reduced significantly after CsA treatment, implying that modulation of costimulatory molecule expression by CsA might contribute to preventing the fetus from maternal immune attack. In addition, treatment with CsA induced enhanced growth and reduced cell apoptosis of the murine trophoblast cells. Together, these findings indicate that CsA has a beneficial effect on the materno-fetal interface in abortion-prone matings, leading to a pregnancy outcome improvement, which might provide new therapeutics for spontaneous pregnancy wastage.
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Mansour, Khaled F., James A. Rowley, and M. Safwan Badr. "Measurement of pharyngeal cross-sectional area by finite element analysis." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 1 (January 2006): 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00364.2005.
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A noninvasive measurement of pharyngeal cross-sectional area (CSA) during sleep would be advantageous for research studies. We hypothesized that CSA could be calculated from the measured pharyngeal pressure and flow by finite element analysis (FEA). The retropalatal airway was visualized by using a fiber-optic scope to obtain the measured CSA (mCSA). Flow was measured with a pneumotachometer, and pharyngeal pressure was measured with a pressure catheter at the palatal rim. FEA was performed as follows: by using a three-dimensional image of the upper airway, a mesh of finite elements was created. Specialized software was used to allow the simultaneous calculation of velocity and area for each element by using the measured pressure and flow. In the development phase, 677 simultaneous measurements of CSA, pressure, and flow from one subject during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep were entered into the software to determine a series of equations, based on the continuity and momentum equations, that could calculate the CSA (cCSA). In the validation phase, the final equations were used to calculate the CSA from 1,767 simultaneous measurements of pressure and flow obtained during wakefulness, NREM, and REM sleep from 14 subjects. In both phases, mCSA and cCSA were compared by Bland-Altman analysis. For development breaths, the mean difference between mCSA and cCSA was 0.0 mm2 (95% CI, −0.1, 0.1 mm2). For NREM validation breaths, the mean difference between mCSA and cCSA was 1.1 mm2 (95% CI 1.3, 1.5 mm2). Pharyngeal CSA can be accurately calculated from measured pharyngeal pressure and flow by FEA.
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Pistoia, V., S. Zupo, A. Corcione, S. Roncella, L. Matera, R. Ghio, and M. Ferrarini. "Production of colony-stimulating activity by human natural killer cells: analysis of the conditions that influence the release and detection of colony-stimulating activity." Blood 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.1.156.156.
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Abstract Highly purified natural killer (NK) cell suspensions were tested for their capacity to release colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in vitro. NK cell suspensions comprised primarily CD16+ cells and were devoid of CD3+ T cells, CD15+ monocytes, and of B cells. CSA was detected in the NK cell supernatants and sustained the growth of myeloid colonies from both normal peripheral blood and bone marrow. CSA could be in part inhibited by pretreating NK cell culture supernatants with a specific goat anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antiserum. The inhibition, however, was never complete, a finding that suggests that additional factors were responsible for CSA. Incubation of NK cells with K562 cells (an NK-sensitive target) or with normal bone marrow cells resulted in the appearance of a strong colony- inhibiting activity (CIA) in the culture supernatants. Such CIA was demonstrable in an experimental system where bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitors were induced to form myeloid colonies in the presence of conditioned medium by CSA-producing giant cell tumor (GCT) cells. Stimulation of NK cells with NK-insensitive targets failed to induce CIA production. Neutralizing antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were found capable of inhibiting CIA present in the supernatants of NK cells stimulated with K562 cells. Following treatment with anti-TNF antibodies, CSA was again detectable in the same supernatants. This finding indicates that induction of TNF production did not concomitantly switch off CSA production by NK cells. Pretreatment of NK cells with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) or gamma interferon (r gamma IFN) did not change the amount of CSA released. However, treatment with rIL-2 caused the appearance of a factor in the NK cell supernatants capable of sustaining the formation of colonies of a larger size.
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Pistoia, V., S. Zupo, A. Corcione, S. Roncella, L. Matera, R. Ghio, and M. Ferrarini. "Production of colony-stimulating activity by human natural killer cells: analysis of the conditions that influence the release and detection of colony-stimulating activity." Blood 74, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v74.1.156.bloodjournal741156.
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Highly purified natural killer (NK) cell suspensions were tested for their capacity to release colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in vitro. NK cell suspensions comprised primarily CD16+ cells and were devoid of CD3+ T cells, CD15+ monocytes, and of B cells. CSA was detected in the NK cell supernatants and sustained the growth of myeloid colonies from both normal peripheral blood and bone marrow. CSA could be in part inhibited by pretreating NK cell culture supernatants with a specific goat anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antiserum. The inhibition, however, was never complete, a finding that suggests that additional factors were responsible for CSA. Incubation of NK cells with K562 cells (an NK-sensitive target) or with normal bone marrow cells resulted in the appearance of a strong colony- inhibiting activity (CIA) in the culture supernatants. Such CIA was demonstrable in an experimental system where bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitors were induced to form myeloid colonies in the presence of conditioned medium by CSA-producing giant cell tumor (GCT) cells. Stimulation of NK cells with NK-insensitive targets failed to induce CIA production. Neutralizing antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were found capable of inhibiting CIA present in the supernatants of NK cells stimulated with K562 cells. Following treatment with anti-TNF antibodies, CSA was again detectable in the same supernatants. This finding indicates that induction of TNF production did not concomitantly switch off CSA production by NK cells. Pretreatment of NK cells with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) or gamma interferon (r gamma IFN) did not change the amount of CSA released. However, treatment with rIL-2 caused the appearance of a factor in the NK cell supernatants capable of sustaining the formation of colonies of a larger size.
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Stelzer, Julian E., and Jeffrey J. Widrick. "Effect of hindlimb suspension on the functional properties of slow and fast soleus fibers from three strains of mice." Journal of Applied Physiology 95, no. 6 (December 2003): 2425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01091.2002.
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Cross-sectional area (CSA), peak Ca2+-activated force (Po), fiber specific force (Po/CSA), and unloaded shortening velocity ( Vo) were measured in slow-twitch [containing type I myosin heavy chain (MHC)] and fast-twitch (containing type II MHC) chemically skinned soleus muscle fiber segments obtained from three strains of weight-bearing and 7-day hindlimb-suspended (HS) mice. HS reduced soleus slow MHC content (from ∼50 to ∼33%) in CBA/J and ICR strains without affecting slow MHC content in C57BL/6 mice (∼20% of total MHC). Two-way ANOVA revealed HS-induced reductions in CSA, Po, and Po/CSA of slow and fast fibers from all strains. Fiber Vo was elevated post-HS, but not consistently across strains. No MHC × HS treatment interactions were observed for any variable for C57BL/6 and CBA/J mice, and the two significant interactions found for the ICR strain (CSA, Po) appeared related to inherent pre-HS differences in slow vs. fast fiber CSA. In the mouse HS models studied here, fiber atrophy and contractile dysfunction were partially dependent on animal strain and generally independent of fiber MHC isoform content.
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KANDOUSSI, Abdelmejid, François MARTIN, Marc HAZZAN, Christian NOËL, Jean-Charles FRUCHART, Bart STAELS, and Patrick DURIEZ. "HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and PPAR-alpha activation both inhibit cyclosporin A induced endothelin-1 secretion in cultured endothelial cells." Clinical Science 103, s2002 (September 1, 2002): 81S—83S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs103s081s.
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The use of cyclosporin A (CsA) in solid organ transplantation has been shown to be associated with the development of hypertension and nephrotoxicity. Several mechanisms, including endothelin (ET)-1-mediated systemic vasoconstriction, are considered to be responsible for CsA-induced hypertension. This study shows that: (i) incubation of CsA (1µM) with bovine aortic endothelial cells leads to increased ET secretion by+40%; (ii) the use of compactin, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor and fibric acid, the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha activator, inhibit the CsA-induced ET secretion to the level below the basal ET secretion, by -32% and -26% respectively; (iii) both inhibitions were reversed by the addition of mevalonate, suggesting communication between the HMG-CoA reductase product and PPAR-alpha pathway. The present findings may be of significant clinical relevance, since statins and fibrates beyond their hypolipidaemic action may represent a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment or prophylaxis of CsA-associated side effects. Furthermore, we suggest that the mevalonate metabolism would interfere with PPAR-alpha activity.
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Shields, M., L. Tonmyr, and W. Hovdestad. "Is child sexual abuse declining in Canada? Results from nationally representative retrospective surveys." Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 36, no. 11 (November 2016): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.36.11.03.
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Introduction Numerous data sources suggest a decline in child sexual abuse (CSA) in the United States since the early 1990s. Some evidence also indicates that an earlier period of higher CSA incidence began following World War II. This study examines prevalence estimates of sexual abuse reported retrospectively as having occurred in childhood (ChSA) in two nationally representative surveys of the Canadian population. Methods Data are from 13 931 respondents aged 18 to 76 years from the 2004/2005 Canadian Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS), and from 22 169 household residents aged 18 years or older who participated in the 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health (CCHS-MH). We present inter- and intrasurvey comparisons of ChSA prevalence specific to sex and age groups. Results Findings from both surveys suggest a decline in CSA since 1993, consistent with declines observed in the United States. Results also suggest that 1946 to 1992 was a period of higher risk of CSA, relative to the period before 1946. The evidence was more robust for women. Conclusion Evidence of a decline in CSA in Canada since the early 1990s is encouraging, given the long-term debilitating effects with which it is associated. Continued monitoring is critical. The long-term negative effects associated with CSA underscore the importance of continuing to move from lower risk to zero risk.
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Fujishima, Naohito, Ken-ichi Sawada, Makoto Hirokawa, Kazuo Oshimi, Akira Matsuda, Masanao Teramura, Masamitsu Karasawa, et al. "Responses and Outcome Following Immunosuppressive Therapy in Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia-Associated Pure Red Cell Aplasia: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Japan for the PRCA Collaborative Study Group." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.1688.1688.
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Abstract Background: Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia accounts for a significant part of secondary PRCA. Cyclophosphamide (CPA) therapy has been reported as being useful in the literature. However, because of its rarity, the long-term response and relapse rate after immunosuppressive therapy including CPA in LGL leukemia-associated PRCA are largely unknown, and optimal management of this disorder remains unclear. Objectives: We conducted a nationwide survey of immunosuppressive therapy for PRCA in Japan to elucidate the long-term response and overall survival (OS) of this disorder. This report is a summary focusing on CPA therapy for LGL leukemia-associated PRCA. Methods: The questionnaires were sent to 109 medical institutions in Japan to estimate the number of patients with newly diagnosed acquired PRCA. From a total of 185 patients consisting of 73 idiopathic and 112 secondary PRCA cases, we evaluated 14 patients with LGL leukemia for this report. Endpoints of this study were the response rate and the duration of the response to immunosuppressive therapy and overall survival. Results. Efficacy of the first remission induction therapy was seen in 6 out of 8 patients treated with CPA (75%), 1 out of 4 patients with cyclosporine (CsA) (25%), and 0 of 2 with corticosteroid (0%), respectively. The median initial dose of CPA for the responding patients (n=6) was 100 mg. The initial dose of CsA for the responding patient was 3.7 mg/kg. Two patients, who failed to respond to the initial CPA therapy, received CsA therapy resulting in the response in one patient. Three patients, who failed to respond to the initial CsA therapy, received CPA therapy resulting in the response in all of three patients. Two patients, who failed to respond to the initial prednisolone therapy, received CsA therapy resulting in the response in one patient. We classified the patients with LGL-associated PRCA into the CPA-group (n=9) and the CsA-group (n=3) according to the response to initial or salvage therapy. Relapse was seen in two CPA-responders following discontinuation of maintenance therapy (23, 45 months), whereas no patients relapsed on maintenance CPA therapy. The estimated median duration of the response to CPA was 125 months. The median OS has yet been reached with the median observation period of 89 months. Conclusion: CPA showed an excellent response in LGL leukemia-associated PRCA and CPA-containing regimens were effective to prevent relapse of anemia. However, most patients are still receiving CPA for maintenance therapy, and it remains uncertain whether CPA can induce maintenance-free hematological response.
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Brewin, Jennifer, Karin Straathof, Helen Karlsson, Cristoph Mancao, Barbara Savoldo, Gianpietro Dotti, Martin Pule, and Persis Amrolia. "A Novel Strategy to Render CTL Resistant to Immunosuppression with Calcineurin Inhibitors." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 3897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.3897.3897.
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Abstract EBV-associated Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD) is a major complication of solid organ transplantation (SOT), arising from suppression of normal EBV-specific T-cell responses by immunosuppressive drugs, chiefly the calcineurin inhibitors Cyclosporin (CsA) and Tacrolimus (FK506). Previous studies in the SCT setting have established that adoptive immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cells (CTL) is highly effective in preventing/treating PTLD, but results with this approach in the SOT setting have been less impressive, reflecting the ongoing need for immunosuppression to prevent rejection in SOT patients. We have addressed the critical issue of how to enable infused CTL to proliferate and function in the face of immunosuppression with calcineurin inhibitors. We report the generation of Calcineurin A (CnA) and Calcineurin B (CnB) mutants which render CTL resistant to CsA and FK506. Based on structural data, we designed 22 CnA mutants and 32 CnB mutants predicted to dephosphorylate NFAT but not to bind to FKBP12-FK506/cyclophilin-CsA. Using transient assays with an NFAT-luciferase reporter in PMA/ionomycin stimulated 293T cells, we identified 6 CnA/4 CnB mutants which gave >15% resistance to FK506, and 5 CnA/5CnB mutants giving resistance to CsA. 4 CnB mutants resulted in resistance to both FK506 and CsA. Transduction of Jurkat T-cells with retroviral vectors coding for these Cn mutants resulted in high level expression, as determined by Western blotting/flow cytometry. The ability of these mutants to confer resistance to FK506 and CsA in Jurkat cells was then determined by measuring IL-2 secretion in response to PMA/ionomycin stimulation, in the presence of increasing concentrations of immunosuppressive drugs. Resistance was found to correlate well with that seen in 293T cells. Significantly, mutants CnA12 and B30 enabled equivalent secretion of IL-2 to untransduced Jurkats without immunosuppression despite supra-therapeutic doses of FK506 (40ng/ml) and likewise CnA22 and B30 despite supra-therapeutic CsA (800ng/ml). Some mutants rendered Jurkat T-cells more responsive to stimulation with increased output of IL-2 in the absence of IS. Next, EBV-CTLs from normal donors were retrovirally transduced with the 3 Cn mutants shown to confer greatest resistance in the Jurkat IL-2 secretion assay. In the absence of Cn inhibitors, the proportion of transduced cells, as determined by eGFP positivity, remained constant throughout subsequent culture. In contrast, in the presence of CsA/FK506, the proportion of transduced cells increased from a mean of 60% to >90% after 3 stimulations with autologous LCLs, demonstrating a selective advantage for transduced CTL. More importantly, transduced CTL were able to proliferate in response to stimulation with autologous LCL in the presence of immunosuppression, whereas non-transduced cells did not expand with FK506 or CsA. As shown in Fig 1, CTLs transduced with CnB30 proliferated at a comparable rate in the face of either FK506 (mean 30-fold expansion after 3 stimulations) or CsA (mean 47-fold expansion) to untransduced CTL not exposed to Cn inhibitors (mean 50 fold). CTL transduced with CnA22 were resistant to CsA whilst remaining sensitive to FK506. Further, transduced CTL secreted normal levels of IFN-g following stimulation with LCL in the presence of either FK506 or CsA: (CnB30 transduced CTL mean 1485 pg/ml IFN-g without immunosuppression, 1563 pg/ml in 10 ng/ml FK506 and 1600 pg/ml in 200 ng/ml CsA). In contrast, IFN-g secretion from untransduced CTL was abrogated by these drugs (mean 1538 pg/ml IFN-g without immunosuppression and 0 pg/ml with either FK506 or CsA). In summary, we have developed a strategy that effectively renders EBV-CTLs resistant to either FK506 or CsA. Potentially this may be of significant benefit to SOT patients developing PTLD, by allowing effective immunotherapy with EBV CTL without the need for reduction of calcineurin inhibitors and the attendant risk of graft rejection. More broadly, this may represent a generic approach to enabling adoptively transferred T-cells function in the face of ongoing immunosuppression. Figure 1. Proliferation of CTL in the presence of Tacrolimus or Cyclosporin A. CnB30 allows proliferation in the presence of both calcineurin inhibitors, CnA22 allows proliferation only in CsA. Figure 1. Proliferation of CTL in the presence of Tacrolimus or Cyclosporin A. CnB30 allows proliferation in the presence of both calcineurin inhibitors, CnA22 allows proliferation only in CsA.
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Wastling, J. M., D. Gerrard, J. Walker, and L. H. Chappell. "Action of cyclosporin A on the tapewormHymenolepis diminutain mice." Parasitology 101, no. 3 (December 1990): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000060674.
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SUMMARYCyclosporin A (CsA), administered in 5 daily subcutaneous doses of 50 mg/kg to MF1 mice immediately following infection withHymenolepis diminutaenhanced parasite growth relative to controls. Drug administered at 24 h intervals for 10 days, and thereafter every 48 h to MF1 and CBA/Ca mice infected withH. diminuta, increased worm survival and growth, delayed host-mediated expulsion of the parasite and enabled some worms to develop to patency. Worm survival and weight both increased in a dose-dependent manner following daily CsA treatment of infected CBA/Ca and BALB/c mice (0–150 mg/kg CsA/day). Delay in parasite elimination was accompanied by increased frequency of worm-attachment in the anterior small intestine (MF1 mice given 5 daily doses of CsA [0–150 mg/kg] following infection); posteriad migration of worms was restricted in a dose-dependent manner. The data presented contrast markedly with the action of the same drug onH. microstomain mice. Thus CsA treatment acts in opposing ways on two closely related parasites in the same host; this possibly reflects the mechanistic antagonism between immunosuppression and anthelmintic activity. This paper reports the first use of a specific T cell-suppressive drug onH. diminutain the mouse, implicating the role of T cells in protective immunity to this parasite.
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Cong, E., Y. Li, C. Shao, J. Chen, W. Wu, X. Shang, Z. Wang, et al. "Childhood sexual abuse and the risk for recurrent major depression in Chinese women." Psychological Medicine 42, no. 2 (August 11, 2011): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001462.
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BackgroundStudies in Western countries have repeatedly shown that women with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) are at increased risk for developing major depression (MD). Would this relationship be found in China?MethodThree levels of CSA (non-genital, genital, and intercourse) were assessed by self-report in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression and regression coefficients by linear or Poisson regression.ResultsAny form of CSA was significantly associated with recurrent MD [OR 3.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.95–5.45]. This association strengthened with increasing CSA severity: non-genital (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.17–5.23), genital (OR 2.77, 95% CI 1.32–5.83) and intercourse (OR 13.35, 95% CI 1.83–97.42). The association between any form of CSA and MD remained significant after accounting for parental history of depression, childhood emotional neglect (CEN), childhood physical abuse (CPA) and parent–child relationship. Among the depressed women, those with CSA had an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and an increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.39–2.66) and dysthymia (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.52–3.09).ConclusionsIn Chinese women CSA is strongly associated with MD and this association increases with greater severity of CSA. Depressed women with CSA have an earlier age of onset, longer depressive episodes and increased co-morbidity with GAD and dysthymia. Although reporting biases cannot be ruled out, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that, as in Western countries, CSA substantially increases the risk for MD in China.
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Millán, Olga, Mercè Brunet, Josep M. Campistol, Ana Faura, Isabel Rojo, Elena Vidal, Olga Jiménez, Jordi Vives, Federic Oppenheimer, and Jaume Martorell. "Pharmacodynamic Approach to Immunosuppressive Therapies Using Calcineurin Inhibitors and Mycophenolate Mofetil." Clinical Chemistry 49, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 1891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.021725.
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Abstract Background: Graft survival depends on adequate immunosuppression. To evaluate the effect on the immune system of immunosuppressive therapies using calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), several pharmacodynamic indices have been proposed to complement pharmacokinetic data. In this preliminary study we compared some of these parameters during combined immunosuppressant therapies. Methods: We treated 65 stable renal transplant recipients with cyclosporin A (CsA; n = 16), tacrolimus (TRL; n = 10); CsA + mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; n = 14); TRL + MMF (n = 13), and MMF (n = 12). Twelve nontreated healthy controls were also included. Calcineurin activity (CNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured using 32P-labeled peptide. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-γ production in phytohemagglutinin-activated whole blood were measured at 0 and 2 h postdose. The areas under the curves, cmin, cmax, and concentration at 2 h (c2 h) were also measured. Results: We found no differences in CNA between groups receiving CNIs alone or combined with MMF [median (25th–75th percentiles)]: CsA2 h, 3.87 (3.00–6.85)% alkaline phosphatase (AP); CsA+MMF2 h, 3.90 (1.78–5.19)% AP; TRL2 h, 5.68 (3.02–16.00)% AP; TRL+MMF2 h, 11.80 (4.05–14.63)% AP. In vitro IL-2 production was significantly lower in the groups receiving combined therapy than in groups receiving CNIs alone [median (25th–75th percentiles)]: CsA2 h, 276.52 (190.41–385.25) ng/L; CsA+MMF2 h, 166.48 (81.06–377.01) ng/L (P <0.001); TRL2 h, 249.34 (127.48–363.50) ng/L; TRL+ MMF2 h, 122.13 (51.02–180.00) ng/L (P <0.001). The correlations (r) between c2 h and CNA 2 h postdose were as follows: CsA, r = −0.74; CsA+MMF, r = −0.84; TRL, r = −0.70; TRL+ MMF, r = −0.70 (P <0.001 in all cases). Conclusions: The measurement of CNA may be of help in following the effect on the immune system of CNI treatments, even in combined therapies, but does not reflect the additional effect of MMF. In contrast, IL-2 in vitro production reflects the effect of both MMF and CNIs.
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MANZINI, Mariana Gurian, Daniel Marinho Cezar da CRUZ, Maria Amélia ALMEIDA, and Claudia Maria Simões MARTINEZ. "Programa de Comunicação Alternativa para uma Criança com Paralisia Cerebral e seus Parceiros de Comunicação: um Estudo de Delineamento de Múltiplas Sondagens." Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial 25, no. 4 (December 2019): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-65382519000400002.
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RESUMO A Comunicação Suplementar e/ou Alternativa para crianças (CSA) com paralisia cerebral é essencial para o seu envolvimento em diferentes contextos. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste artigo foi verificar os efeitos de um programa individualizado de CSA para uma criança com paralisia cerebral não verbal em três contextos da vida cotidiana: escola, casa e ambientes clínicos. Este estudo utilizou o delineamento experimental de múltiplas sondagens. Os participantes foram uma criança com paralisia cerebral e três parceiros de comunicação em seus respectivos contextos: professor, mãe e terapeuta ocupacional. A intervenção consistiu no processo individualizado de formação teórica e prática dirigida aos parceiros de comunicação e implementação da CSA. Após a implementação do programa de intervenção, os resultados demonstraram que a criança e os parceiros de comunicação usaram com sucesso os recursos da CSA. Os resultados apontam que as estratégias adotadas nos três contextos foram eficazes e proporcionaram aprendizado sobre o uso de CSA para a criança e seus parceiros de comunicação.
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Villagrá, Patricia, Paula Fernández, Elena García-Vega, and Ana González-Menéndez. "Dual Diagnosis in Prisoners: Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse as Predictors in Men and Women." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 6 (November 27, 2013): 960–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x13513560.
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The study aims to determine the rate of dual diagnosis (DD), examine the most common mental disorders, and determine whether a history of childhood sexual/physical abuse (CSA/CPA) is associated with this phenomenon. One-hundred and eighty inmates from a Spanish prison were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Addiction Severity Index–6. The data showed that 46.8% of the males and 65.1% of the females had a substance use disorder. With regard to CPA, similar percentages were found in both genders. Nevertheless, rates of CSA were highest in females. Logistic regression analysis was performed by gender. CPA was predictor of DD for males, and CSA was predictor of DD for females, showing the greatest weight. In addition, in both cases, the number of drugs of abuse was an adequate predictor. We can state that these forms of maltreatment are risk factors for the development of a broad range of psychopathological problems.
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Si, Zhenzhong, Theresa Schumilas, Weiping Chen, Tony Fuller, and Steffanie Scott. "What Makes a CSA a CSA?" Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 7, no. 1 (July 12, 2020): 64–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v7i1.390.
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In different parts of the world, community supported agriculture (CSA) has taken a variety of organizational forms, drawn on different ideologies, used a variety of land tenure arrangements, and taken on varied types of market relations in terms of how they arrange sales and memberships. Despite this, comparative studies of CSAs are sparse. Based on interviews and survey results, this paper develops a framework to compare CSAs in Canada—where this system has evolved for the last 30 years as an alternative to industrialized agriculture—with those in China, where CSAs have emerged since the late 2000s, mainly in response to food safety and health concerns. The comparison is based on their initiators’ motivations, economic characteristics, ecological practices, shareholder relations, and community building. We find that in both Canada and China CSAs are struggling to maintain the movement’s original values and be economically viable. They are moving away from the traditional ‘risk sharing’ approach underpinning the model and adopting more flexible payment mechanisms. However, other original tenets of the CSA model, such as member engagement, are strengthening. This poses a definitional challenge—what makes a CSA a CSA? We conclude that CSAs mix capitalist and other-than-capitalist economic logic, blend traditional, organic, and productivist ecological relations, and demonstrate both individualist and civic collectivist politics simultaneously. These characterizations are what make a CSA a CSA in contemporary Canada and China.
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Nelson, Elliot C., Michael T. Lynskey, Andrew C. Heath, Pamela A. F. Madden, and Nicholas G. Martin. "A Family Study of Adult Twins with and without a History of Childhood Abuse: Stability of Retrospective Reports of Maltreatment and Associated Family Measures." Twin Research and Human Genetics 13, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.13.2.121.
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AbstractChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) and physical abuse (CPA) are well-established risk-factors for a wide of range of proximal and distal outcomes. The lack of availability of an optimal design for examining abuse and its consequences has resulted in the use of various approaches, each having its own limitations. We describe the Childhood Trauma Study, which ascertained families from a large young adult Australian twin cohort on the basis of twins' responses to screening questions assessing CSA and CPA. We report data from 3407 participants including twins, non-twin siblings, and their parents. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using a comprehensive assessment to evaluate retrospective history of childhood abuse in an adult sample. We observed that risk for each form of abuse increased incrementally with the number of parents with alcohol problems. Psychometric properties of our measures of CSA and CPA including reasonable long-term stability, construct validity, and evidence of familial corroboration compare favorably with those of other reports in which samples were considerably younger and assessments were repeated over shorter intervals.
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Goto, Satoru, Yoshinori Takahashi, and Mikio Tohyama. "Structural Vibration Monitoring Using Cumulative Spectral Analysis." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2013 (March 5, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/158329.
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This paper describes a resonance decay estimation for structural health monitoring in the presence of nonstationary vibrations. In structural health monitoring, the structure's frequency response and resonant decay characteristics are very important for understanding how the structure changes. Cumulative spectral analysis (CSA) estimates the frequency decay by using the impulse response. However, measuring the impulse response of buildings is impractical due to the need to shake the building itself. In a previous study, we reported on system damping monitoring using cumulative harmonic analysis (CHA), which is based on CSA. The current study describes scale model experiments on estimating the hidden resonance decay under non-stationary noise conditions by using CSA for structural condition monitoring.
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Yang, Shi Da, Ya Lin Yi, and Zhi Yong Shan. "Chaotic Cat Swarm Algorithms for Global Numerical Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1782.
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A novel Chaotic Improved Cat Swarm Algorithm (CCSA) is presented for global optimization. The CSA is a new meta-heuristic optimization developed based on imitating the natural behavior of cats and composed of two sub-models: tracing mode and seeking mode, which model upon the behaviors of cats. Here different chaotic maps are utilized to improve the seeking mode step of the algorithm. Seven different chaotic maps are investigated and the Logistic and Sinusoidal maps are found as the best choices. Comparing the new algorithm with the CSA method demonstrates the superiority of the CCSA for the benchmark functions.
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Li, Can, Chul Woo Yang, Joo Hyun Park, Sun Woo Lim, Bo Kyung Sun, Ju Young Jung, Soon Bae Kim, Yong Soo Kim, Jin Kim, and Byung Kee Bang. "Pravastatin treatment attenuates interstitial inflammation and fibrosis in a rat model of chronic cyclosporine-induced nephropathy." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): F46—F57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00428.2002.
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We investigated the effects of pravastatin, a competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, on interstitial inflammation and fibrosis, using an animal model of chronic cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced nephropathy. Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on a low-salt diet (0.05% sodium) and treated daily for 1 or 4 wk with vehicle (olive oil; 1 ml/kg sc), CsA (15 mg/kg sc), or both CsA and pravastatin (5 or 20 mg/kg in the drinking water). Anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of pravastatin were studied by evaluating the concentrations of the inflammatory mediators osteopontin (OPN) and C-reactive protein (CRP), of fibrotic cytokine-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and the presence of ED-1-positive cells (macrophages). In addition, renal function, serum lipid levels, histopathology (arteriolopathy and tubulointerstitial fibrosis), and the expression of the vasoactive factors endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and renin protein were also compared for different treatment groups. Pravastatin induced dose-dependent decreases in the expression of OPN, intrarenal CRP, and TGF-β1, and in the numbers of ED-1-positive cells at 1 and 4 wk. These were accompanied by a significant attenuation of tubulointerstitial fibrosis at 4 wk. The downregulation of eNOS protein expression in CsA-treated rat kidney was markedly upregulated by pravastatin treatment, although intrarenal renin expression was unaffected. Renal dysfunction induced by CsA significantly improved with administration of pravastatin at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Neither CsA nor pravastatin influenced serum lipid or high-sensitivity CRP levels in the treatment groups. Thus in chronic CsA nephropathy, pravastatin effectively abrogates the progression of tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis. This may support the clinical use of pravastatin.
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Koulmann, Nathalie, Lahoucine Bahi, Florence Ribera, Hervé Sanchez, Bernard Serrurier, Rachel Chapot, André Peinnequin, Renée Ventura-Clapier, and Xavier Bigard. "Thyroid hormone is required for the phenotype transitions induced by the pharmacological inhibition of calcineurin in adult soleus muscle of rats." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 294, no. 1 (January 2008): E69—E77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00173.2007.
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The present experiment was designed to examine the effects of hypothyroidism and calcineurin inhibition induced by cyclosporin A (CsA) administration on both contractile and metabolic soleus muscle phenotypes, with a novel approach to the signaling pathway controlling mitochondrial biogenesis. Twenty-eight rats were randomly assigned to four groups, normothyroid, hypothyroid, and orally treated with either CsA (25 mg/kg, N-CsA and H-CsA) or vehicle (N-Vh and H-Vh), for 3 wk. Muscle phenotype was estimated by the MHC profile and activities of oxidative and glycolytic enzymes. We measured mRNA levels of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), the major regulator of mitochondrial content. We also studied the expression of the catalytic A-subunit of calcineurin (CnA) both at protein and transcript levels and mRNA levels of modulatory calcineurin inhibitor proteins (MCIP)-1 and -2, which are differentially regulated by calcineurin activity and thyroid hormone, respectively. CsA-administration induced a slow-to-fast MHC transition limited to the type IIA isoform, which is associated with increased oxidative capacities. Hypothyroidism strongly decreased both the expression of fast MHC isoforms and oxidative capacities. Effects of CsA administration on muscle phenotype were blocked in conditions of thyroid hormone deficiency. Changes in the oxidative profile were strongly related to PGC-1α changes and associated with phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Calcineurin and MCIPs mRNA levels were decreased by both hypothyroidism and CsA without additive effects. Taken together, these results suggest that adult muscle phenotype is primarily under the control of thyroid state. Physiological levels of thyroid hormone are required for the effects of calcineurin inhibition on slow oxidative muscle phenotype.
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Nelson, P. A., Y. Akselband, A. Kawamura, M. Su, R. D. Tung, D. H. Rich, V. Kishore, S. L. Rosborough, M. T. DeCenzo, and D. J. Livingston. "Immunosuppressive activity of [MeBm2t]1-, D-diaminobutyryl-8-, and D-diaminopropyl-8-cyclosporin analogues correlates with inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity." Journal of Immunology 150, no. 6 (March 15, 1993): 2139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.150.6.2139.
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Abstract Calcineurin, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase, has recently been identified as a common target for cyclophilin A-cyclosporin A and FK506 binding protein 12-FK506 complexes. This study has examined the structure activity relationships of cyclosporin A (CsA) and three functionally distinct analogues, [MeBm2t]1-CsA, D-diaminobutyryl-8-CsA (Dab8-CsA), and D-diaminopropyl-8-CsA (Dap8-CsA). Immunosuppressive potency in T cell activation models, NF kappa B activation, and IL-2 mRNA transcription has been compared with analogue affinity for cyclophilin A and inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity. CsA, Dap8-CsA, and Dab8-CsA bind to cyclophilin A with a similar affinity (Ki 4 to 5 nM as measured by inhibition of prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity), however, Dap8-CsA and Dab8-CsA inhibit T cell activation less than CsA. Although [MeBm2t]-CsA has weak affinity for cyclophilin A (Ki 540 nM), its immunosuppressive potency is similar to that of CsA. Both cyclophilin A-CsA and cyclophilin A-[MeBm2t]1-CsA complexes inhibit calcineurin phosphatase activity in vitro (Ki 114 and 67 nM, respectively). In Jurkat cells exposed to CsA or the analogues for 2 h, endogenous calcineurin phosphatase activity in cell lysates was inhibited by CsA and [MeBm2t]1-CsA (drug concentrations causing 50% reduction in 32PO4 release of 8 and 55 nM, respectively) in proportion to inhibition of T cell activation, IL-2 mRNA transcription, and NF kappa B activation. Dap8-CsA and Dab8-CsA had a minimal effect on endogenous calcineurin phosphatase activity in Jurkat cell lysates. These findings correlate the functional activity of CsA and structural analogues with calcineurin phosphatase activity and support calcineurin as a target for drug action. The Dap8 and Dab8 modifications of CsA, occurring in residue 8, which is exposed to solvent in the cyclophilin A-CsA complex, appears to significantly alter complex affinity for calcineurin.
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Brien, Joshua V., Kevin R. Henke, and Kamyar C. Mahboub. "INFLUENCE OF LATEX POLYMER ADDITION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS CONTAINING CSA CEMENT CURED AT LOW HUMIDITY." Journal of Green Building 8, no. 4 (September 2013): 94–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.8.4.94.
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The present study assesses the hydration behavior of polymer modified and non-polymer containing calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement pastes containing minor phase tri-calcium aluminate (C3A) when cured at ambient laboratory temperature with 50% relative humidity. The particular CSA cement is unique as it offers two potential paths for ettringite formation. In the presence of sufficient calcium sulfate, these two potential paths stem from either hydration of yeelimite or hydration of tri-calcium aluminate. The study assesses the microstructural behavior of cement pastes utilizing powdered x-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/SDT). Additionally, the study utilizes direct tensile strength testing according to ASTM C307, Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Chemical Resistant Mortar, Grouts and Monolithic Surfacings to quantify relationships between microstructural characteristics and mechanical property performance for representative mortars. The present study is significant as it illustrates differences in microstructural behavior for CSA cement materials with and without polymer cured at constant 50% relative humidity. The present study suggests ettringite decomposition occurs within non-polymer containing CSA cement paste samples cured at constant low humidity. The present study presents polymer modification as an effective means for mitigating ettringite decomposition and subsequent strength loss in materials containing CSA cement cured at constant 50% relative humidity and 23°C.
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Bertola, Federica, Daniela Gastaldi, Fulvio Canonico, and Geo Paul. "CSA and slag: towards CSA composite binders." Advances in Cement Research 31, no. 3 (March 2019): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.18.00105.
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DeLong, Stephanie M., Laurie M. Graham, Erin P. Magee, Sarah Treves-Kagan, Christine L. Gray, Alison M. McClay, Samantha M. Zarnick, et al. "Starting the Conversation: Are Campus Sexual Assault Policies Related to the Prevalence of Campus Sexual Assault?" Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 21 (September 25, 2018): 3315–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260518798352.
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One goal of university campus sexual assault (CSA) policies is to help prevent CSA. Federal guidance in the 2014 White House Task Force to Protect Students From Sexual Assault Checklist for Campus Sexual Misconduct Policies suggests 10 elements for inclusion in CSA policies (e.g., Policy Introduction, Grievance/Adjudication), and outlines policy topics to be included within each element (Policy Introduction includes two topics: statement of prohibition against sex discrimination including sexual misconduct and statement of commitment to address sexual misconduct). However, no research has examined whether CSA policies impact CSA prevalence. To begin addressing this gap, we studied 24 universities participating in the 2015 Association of American Universities Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct. We linked 2014-2015 data from these universities’ CSA policies and their CSA prevalence findings from the 2015 Association of American Universities (AAU) survey. To test whether the comprehensiveness of schools’ CSA policies was related to schools’ CSA prevalence, we examined the degree to which the CSA policies included recommended policy content from the aforementioned Checklist. Policies were characterized as more comprehensive if they included greater numbers of Checklist topics. We then correlated the number of topics within the policies with school-level CSA prevalence. We also explored whether there was lower CSA prevalence among schools with policies containing particular topics. Results suggested that greater comprehensiveness of schools’ entire CSA policies was negatively correlated with CSA prevalence; however, these findings did not approach statistical significance. The number of negative correlations observed between schools’ CSA policy elements and CSA prevalence among undergraduate women was greater than expected by chance alone, suggesting a possible connection between comprehensive CSA policies and CSA prevalence. Schools with policies that included a topic on their sexual assault response team had the lowest CSA prevalence for both women and men, and schools that included topics describing grievance/adjudication procedures had lower CSA prevalence. This study provides a novel examination of CSA and could inform needed research related to the impact of CSA policies on CSA.
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Song, Moo-kon, Jooseop Chung, Young-Jin Choi, and Young-Mi Seol. "Is the Early Cyclosporine a Level Predictive to the Outcome of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Severe Aplastic Anemia?" Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 4124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.4124.4124.
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Abstract Although there are many recent studies of efficacy of antithymoglobulin (ATG) combined with cyclosporine A (CsA), there has been no study to clarify the correlation between variability of CsA level and the response rate of immunosuppressive therapy (IST). Therefore, we assessed whether the early CsA level would be important or not for IST in acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA), retrospectively. Thirty one patients were treated with ATG combined with CsA for 6 months. The patient group that achieved higher mean CsA level (≥200 ng/ml, higher CsA group) during first 2 weeks, was shown to more higher response rate than the group, lower mean CsA level (< 200ng/ml, lower CsA group)(response rate of 82.3% in higher CsA group, 21.4% in lower CsA group, p=0.0023). There was also a significant difference in survival rate during median 785 days between higher CsA group and lower CsA group (survival rate of 64.7% in higher CsA group, 28.6% in lower CsA group, p=0.0115). Therefore, we suggest that early higher CsA level during first 2 weeks would be an important factor to achieve the overall response of IST in severe aplastic anemia.
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Bortagarai, Francine, and Ana Paula Ramos. "A Comunicação Suplementar e/ou alternativa na sessão de fisioterapia." Revista CEFAC 15, no. 3 (October 9, 2012): 561–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-18462012005000086.
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OBJETIVO: analisar o que fisioterapeutas referem no discurso sobre o uso da Comunicação Suplementar e/ou Alternativa (CSA) durante a sessão de fisioterapia com sujeitos com Encefalopatia Crônica Não Evolutiva (ECNE). MÉTODO: foram efetuadas entrevistas individuais com cinco profissionais, por meio de questionamentos pertinentes à temática em forma de perguntas abertas. A análise dos dados ocorreu com o agrupamento de ideias e a seleção das ideias mais relevantes sobre o tema. RESULTADOS: os cinco fisioterapeutas entrevistados referem que conhecem e ressaltam a importância da utilização da CAA em suas sessões, mas não tiveram formação teórica sobre o tema. O contato e a utilização de tal abordagem ocorreram por meio da troca interdisciplinar com o profissional de Fonoaudiologia da instituição na qual trabalham. Tal fato, somado às demandas específicas da sessão de fisioterapia, limita a incorporação de tal abordagem na prática diária por quatro profissionais entrevistadas. Apenas um incorporou o recurso em sua rotina diária. CONCLUSÃO: todos os profissionais pesquisados afirmaram ter ganhos no uso da CSA, especificamente na melhora do vínculo e da interação com o paciente com ECNE, mas também afirmaram ter dificuldades com aspectos instrumentais que limitam o uso da CSA, como tamanho da prancha de CSA, seu modo de construção individualizado para cada paciente e a dinâmica da sessão de fisioterapia. Atribuem à dificuldade de aceitação familiar a limitação social de uso da CSA. A presença do Fonoaudiólogo na equipe de atendimento ao sujeito com ECNE foi aspecto fundamental para que tais profissionais fizessem uso da CSA.
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Tadei, Alessandro, Pekka Santtila, and Jan Antfolk. "The Police Use of Background Information Related to Alleged Victims in Mock Evaluations of Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 35, no. 4 (January 22, 2019): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11896-019-9312-6.
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Abstract When statistically related to child sexual abuse (CSA), background information can assist decision-making in investigations of CSA allegations. Here, we studied the use of such background information among Finnish police officers. We analyzed their ability to identify and interpret CSA-related and CSA-unrelated background information both when placed in mock scenarios and when presented as separate, individual variables. We also measured the ability to correctly estimate the probability of CSA based on such background information. In the context of mock scenarios, officers were better in discarding CSA-unrelated variables than in identifying CSA-related ones. Within-subject performance across different scenarios was, however, not consistent. When information was presented as separate variables, officers tended to incorrectly consider many CSA-unrelated variables as CSA-related. Officers performed better in recognizing whether actual CSA-related variables increase or decrease the probability of CSA. Finally, officers were inaccurate in identifying variables that are CSA-related only for boys or only for girls. When asked to estimate the CSA probability of mock scenarios, participants were accurate only in assessing low-probability cases, and this was not associated with the ability to identify CSA-related and CSA-unrelated variables. We conclude that police officers would benefit from more training in using background information and from using available decision-making support tools in the context of investigating CSA allegations.
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Sprang, Ginny, Heather M. Bush, Ann L. Coker, and Candace J. Brancato. "Types of Trauma and Self-Reported Pain That Limits Functioning in Different-Aged Cohorts." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 23-24 (August 21, 2017): 5953–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517723144.
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There is a growing body of literature that childhood or adult trauma exposure can have lifelong mental and physical health impacts. In this large cross-sectional analysis, authors investigated combinations of trauma types and pain resulting in functional limitations among women recruited into a statewide health registry. Combinations of traumas such as child physical abuse (CPA), child sexual abuse (CSA), and adult violence were hypothesized to be associated with greater likelihood of limiting pain and earlier symptom onset, relative to women with no or singular trauma exposures. Pain prevalence rates (PRs) and adjusted prevalence rate ratios (aPRRs) were highest among women experiencing multiple forms of violence (43.3% among women disclosing CPA, CSA, and adult violence; aPRR = 2.06, p < .001), intermediate for women experiencing CPA or CSA yet no adult violence (37.0%; aPRR = 1.76, p < .001), and lower among women experiencing adult violence only (27.1%; aPRR = 1.29, p < .001), relative to women never experiencing violence (20.7%). As hypothesized, the effect of combinations of trauma on chronic pain was consistently greatest for those reporting limiting pain at younger ages. Implications include the need to identify combinations of traumatic events across the life span, and to intervene early to reduce the impact of trauma on health and functioning.
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BANDYOPADHYAY, Arun, Dong-Wook SHIN, and Do Han KIM. "Regulation of ATP-induced calcium release in COS-7 cells by calcineurin." Biochemical Journal 348, no. 1 (May 9, 2000): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3480173.
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Experiments were conducted to examine the role of calcineurin in regulating Ca2+ fluxes in mammalian cells. In COS-7 cells, increasing concentrations (1-10 μM) of ATP triggered intracellular Ca2+ release in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of the cells with calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporin A (CsA), deltamethrin and FK506 resulted in an enhancement of ATP-induced intracellular Ca2+ release. Measurement of calcineurin-specific phosphatase activity in vitro demonstrated a high level of endogenous calcineurin activities in COS-7 cells, which was effectively inhibited by the addition of deltamethrin or CsA. The expression of constitutively active calcineurin (CnA∆CaMAI) inhibited the ATP-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), in both the presence and the absence of extracellular Ca2+. These results suggest that the constitutively active calcineurin prevented Ca2+ release from the intracellular stores. In the calcineurin-transfected cells, treatment with CsA restored the calcineurin-mediated inhibition of intracellular Ca2+ release. Protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor [Ins(1,4,5)P3R] was partly inhibited by the extracts prepared from the vector-transfected cells and completely inhibited by those from cells co-transfected with CnA∆CaMAI and calcineurin B. On the addition of 10 μM CsA, the inhibited phosphorylation of Ins(1,4,5)P3R was restored in both the vector-transfected cells and the calcineurin-transfected cells. These results show direct evidence that Ca2+ release through Ins(1,4,5)P3R in COS-7 cells is regulated by calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation.
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Lin, Che-Li, Li-Fong Lin, Tzu-Herng Hsu, Lien-Chieh Lin, Chueh-Ho Lin, and Shih-Wei Huang. "Acromioplasty reduces critical shoulder angle in patients with rotator cuff tear." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): e0253282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253282.
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Critical shoulder angle (CSA) is the angle between the superior and inferior bone margins of the glenoid and the most lateral border of the acromion and is potentially affected during a rotator cuff tear (RCT). Acromioplasty is generally performed to rectify the anatomy of the acromion during RCT repair surgery. However, limited information is available regarding the changes in the CSA after anterolateral acromioplasty. We hypothesized that CSA can be decreased after anterolateral acromioplasty. Data were retrospectively collected from 712 patients with RCTs and underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between January 2012 and December 2018, of which 337 patients were included in the study. The presurgical and postsurgical CSA were then determined and compared using a paired samples t test. Because previous study mentioned CSA more than 38 degrees were at risk of rotator cuff re-tear, patients were segregated into two groups: CSA < 38° and CSA ≥ 38°; these groups were compared using an independent-samples t test. These 337 participants (160 male and 177 female) presented a CSA of 38.4° ± 6.0° before anterolateral acromioplasty, which significantly decreased to 35.8° ± 5.9° after surgery (P < .05). Before surgery, 172 patients were present in the CSA ≥ 38° group and 57 were preset in the CSA < 38° group after surgery. The CSA decreased significantly in the CSA ≥ 38° group rather than in the CSA < 38° group (P < .05). In conclusion, the CSA can be effectively decreased through anterolateral acromioplasty, and this reduction in the CSA is more significant among individuals with CSA ≥ 38° than among those with CSA < 38°, indicating that acromioplasty is recommended along with RCT repair especially among individuals with a wide presurgical CSA.
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Moritani, Tatsuru, Hayato Usui, Tadahiko Morinaga, Hideyuki Sato, and Satomi Onoue. "Cyclosporine A-Loaded Ternary Solid Dispersion Prepared with Fine Droplet Drying Process for Improvement of Storage Stability and Oral Bioavailability." Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020571.
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This study aimed to develop a cyclosporine A (CsA)-loaded ternary solid dispersion (tSD/CsA) to improve the storage stability of a solid dispersion (SD) system and the oral absorbability of CsA. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were selected as carrier materials of tSD, and tSD/CsA was prepared with a fine droplet drying process, a powderization technology that employs an inkjet head. The physicochemical properties of tSD/CsA were evaluated in terms of morphology, storage stability, dissolution behavior, and mucoadhesive property. After the oral administration of CsA samples (10 mg-CsA/kg) to rats, the plasma concentration of CsA was monitored to estimate oral absorbability. tSD/CsA comprised uniform shriveled particles with a diameter of 3.4 mm and span factor of 0.4, which is a parameter to estimate the particle size distribution. Although HPC-based binary SD showed marked aggregation of the particles after storage under 40 °C/75% relative humidity, there were no significant aggregations of tSD/CsA, due to the relatively low hygroscopic property of HPMCAS. The pH-dependent release of CsA with improved dissolution was observed in tSD/CsA. In the in vitro mucoadhesive evaluation using a mucin disk, tSD/CsA exhibited a better mucoadhesive property than HPC-based SD, possibly leading to prolonged retention of tSD particles in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Orally-dosed tSD/CsA in rats resulted in significantly improved oral absorption of CsA, as evidenced by a 27-fold higher bioavailability than amorphous CsA. tSD/CsA may be a promising dosage option to improve the storage stability of a SD system and the biopharmaceutical properties of CsA.
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Wu, Qinghua, and Kamil Kuca. "Metabolic Pathway of Cyclosporine A and Its Correlation with Nephrotoxicity." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200219666181031113505.
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Background:Cyclosporine A (CsA) is widely used for organ transplantation and autoimmune disorders. However, CsA nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect that limits the clinical use of CsA. The metabolism of CsA has a close relationship with this disease in renal-transplant patients. However, the metabolic pathways of CsA and its metabolizing enzymes have rarely been comprehensively reviewed. In this review, we have summarized the specific metabolic profiles of CsA in humans, especially renal-transplant patients. Moreover, the specific metabolizing enzymes and the potential roles that CsA metabolism plays in CsA nephrotoxicity were summarized and discussed.Methods:Electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scifinder were searched with the keywords "Cyclosporine A and metabolism", and "Cyclosporine A and nephrotoxicity", "Cyclosporine A metabolism and nephrotoxicity". All these studies published until 2018 were included in this review.Results:The major metabolic pathways of CsA in humans are hydroxylation and N-demethylation. Normally, these metabolites are relatively less toxic than CsA. However, the metabolism of CsA in the kidneys is much weaker than that in the liver, which explains why CsA is so toxic to the kidneys. CYP3A families, especially CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, play an important role in the biotransformation of CsA. Moreover, increased lines of evidence show that some metabolites (including AM19) associate directly with nephrotoxicity in CsA-treated organ-transplant patients.Conclusion:The findings of this review help to further understand the metabolic activities of CsA in renal-transplant patients and cast some light on the mechanisms of CsA nephrotoxicity.
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Bozkurt-Guzel, Cagla, Mayram Hacioglu, and Paul B. Savage. "Investigation of the in vitro antifungal and antibiofilm activities of ceragenins CSA-8, CSA-13, CSA-44, CSA-131, and CSA-138 against Candida species." Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 91, no. 4 (August 2018): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.03.014.
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Sun, Wenjun, Yang Tian, Zengming Wang, Hui Zhang, and Aiping Zheng. "The Study of Cyclosporin A Nanocrystals Uptake and Transport across an Intestinal Epithelial Cell Model." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101975.
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Cyclosporin A nanocrystals (CsA-NCs) interaction with Caco-2 cells were investigated in this study, including cellular uptake and transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers. CsA-NCs of 165 nm, 240 nm and 450 nm were formulated. The dissolution of CsA-NCs was investigated by paddle method. The effect of size, concentration and incubation time on cellular uptake and dissolution kinetics of CsA-NCs in cells were studied. Uptake mechanisms were also evaluated using endocytotic inhibitors and low temperature (4 °C). The cell monolayers were incubated with each diameter CsA-NCs to evaluate the effect of size on the permeation characteristics of CsA across the intestinal mucosa. The results of dissolution study showed that 165 nm CsA-NC had the highest dissolution rate followed by 240 CsA-NC and finally 450 nm CsA-NC. The saturation of cell uptake of CsA-NCs was observed with the increase of incubation concentration and time. 240 nm and 450 nm CsA-NCs had the lowest and highest uptake efficiency at different time and drug concentration, respectively. The uptake of all three-sized CsA-NCs declined significantly in some different degree after the pre-treatment with different endocytosis inhibitors. 165 nm CsA-NC showed a highest transport capacity across monolayers at the same concentration and time. The results suggest that the size of CsA-NCs can not only affect the efficiency of cellular uptake, but also the type of endocytosis. Decreasing particle size of CsA-NCs can improve transport capacity of CsA through cell monolayer.
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Baudouin, Christophe, Maite Sainz de la Maza, Mourad Amrane, Jean-Sébastien Garrigue, Dahlia Ismail, Francisco C. Figueiredo, and Andrea Leonardi. "One-Year Efficacy and Safety of 0.1% Cyclosporine a Cationic Emulsion in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eye Disease." European Journal of Ophthalmology 27, no. 6 (July 1, 2017): 678–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5001002.
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Purpose The SANSIKA study evaluated the efficacy/safety of 0.1% (1 mg/mL) cyclosporine A cationic emulsion (CsA CE) for treating dry eye disease (DED) with severe keratitis. The double-masked phase demonstrated that CsA CE was effective in reducing corneal damage and ocular surface inflammation, and was well-tolerated over 6 months. Here we report efficacy and safety findings of SANSIKA's open-label extension (OLE). Methods In this multicenter, double-masked, phase III study, patients with severe DED (corneal fluorescein staining [CFS] grade 4, modified Oxford scale) were randomized to once-daily CsA CE (Ikervis®) or its vehicle for 6 months, followed by 6-month open-label, once-daily CsA CE (CsA CE/CsA CE and vehicle/CsA CE groups). Results A total of 177 patients completed the OLE. Efficacy results reiterated the double-masked phase: CsA CE reduced CFS score and human leukocyte antigen-antigen D related expression, improved corneal clearing, and produced continuous improvements in global symptom scores (ocular surface disease index [OSDI], visual analogue scale). The CFS-OSDI response rates (≥2 CFS points, ≥30% OSDI improvement vs baseline) at 12 vs 6 months were 39.1% vs 28.6%, respectively, for CsA CE/CsA CE and 38.0% vs 23.1% for vehicle/CsA CE. Cyclosporine A CE's safety profile was similar to the initial 6 months. The most common treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse event was instillation site pain (7.8%, CsA CE/CsA CE group; 19.0%, vehicle/CsA CE group). No unexpected safety signals were observed; systemic CsA levels were undetectable/negligible in all patients except 2 previously treated with systemic CsA. Conclusions In this 12-month study, once-daily CsA CE was well-tolerated and showed reductions in ocular surface inflammation and improvements in signs/symptoms in DED patients with severe keratitis.
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Usman, Ali Muhammad, Umi Kalsom Yusof, and Syibrah Naim. "Cuckoo inspired algorithms for feature selection in heart disease prediction." International Journal of Advances in Intelligent Informatics 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/ijain.v4i2.245.
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Heart disease is a predominant killer disease in various nations around the globe. However, this is because the default medical diagnostic techniques are not affordable by common people. This inspires many researchers to rescue the situation by using soft computing and machine learning approaches to bring a halt to the situation. These approaches use the medical data of the patients to predict the presence of the disease or not. Although, most of these data contains some redundant and irrelevant features that need to be discarded to enhance the prediction accuracy. As such, feature selection has become necessary to enhance prediction accuracy and reduce the number of features. In this study, two different but related cuckoo inspired algorithms, cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA), are proposed for feature selection on some heart disease datasets. Both the algorithms used the general filter method during subset generation. The obtained results showed that CSA performed better than COA both concerning fewer number of features as well as prediction accuracy on all the datasets. Finally, comparison with the state of the art approaches revealed that CSA also performed better on all the datasets.
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Pedersen, Elaine L. "CSA Fellow." Dress 41, no. 2 (July 3, 2015): 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612112.2015.1130396.
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Lillethun, Abby, Linda Welters, and Joanne B. Eicher. "CSA Forum." Dress 38, no. 1 (October 2012): 75–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0361211212z.0000000005.
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Mohan, C., and Inderpal Narang. "ARIES/CSA." ACM SIGMOD Record 23, no. 2 (June 1994): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/191843.191849.
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Pai, SY, DA Fruman, T. Leong, D. Neuberg, TG Rosano, C. McGarigle, JH Antin, and BE Bierer. "Inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase activity in adult bone marrow transplant patients treated with cyclosporine A." Blood 84, no. 11 (December 1, 1994): 3974–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v84.11.3974.bloodjournal84113974.
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In vitro studies have demonstrated that cyclosporine A (CsA) acts by inhibiting the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, an important mediator of T-cell activation. The relationship of CsA administration in vivo, calcineurin activity, and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has yet to be studied. The calcineurin activities of mononuclear cells isolated from 62 bone marrow transplant recipients and 12 normal volunteers were determined and analyzed with respect to administration of CsA, presence or absence of CsA in plasma, and presence or absence of GVHD. Of 62 patients, 33 were taking CsA and 29 were not. Early posttransplant (< 100 days), the calcineurin activity of patients on CsA was significantly lower than that of patients not on CsA (P = .0004) and than that of normal volunteers (P < .0001). Similarly, late posttransplant (> 100 days), the calcineurin activity of patients taking CsA was inhibited compared with normal volunteers (P <s .05). The calcineurin activity of patients with acute GVHD who were taking CsA was lower than that of patients on CsA without acute GVHD matched for time posttransplant (P = .02). Calcineurin activity in patients on CsA with chronic GVHD was similar to those without chronic GVHD on drug. In conclusion, calcineurin activity is significantly suppressed by in vivo administration of CsA. The lower calcineurin activity of patients on CsA with acute GVHD suggests that CsA-resistant GVHD is not the result of inadequate suppression of calcineurin activity. These data suggest that if inhibition of calcineurin is the only physiologic target of CsA administration, simply increasing doses of CsA or treatment with other inhibitors of calcineurin, such as FK506, would not be expected to ameliorate GVHD.
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Xiaoyan, Wang, and Lin Qinhui. "Impact of critical source area on AnnAGNPS simulation." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 9 (November 1, 2011): 1767–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.641.
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The objective of this paper is to study the impact of critical source area (CSA) within an Annualized AGricultural Non-Point Source pollution models (AnnAGNPS) simulation at medium- large watershed scale. The impact of CSA on terrain attributes is examined by comparing six sets of CSA (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 km2). The accuracy of AnnAGNPS stimulation on runoff, sediment and nutrient loads on these sets of CSA is further suggested in this paper. The results are as followed: (1) CSA has little effect on watershed area, and terrain altitude. The number of cell and reach decreases with the increase of CSA in power function regression curve. (2) The variation of CSA will lead to the uncertainty of average slope which increase the generalization of land characteristics. At the CSA range of 0.5–1 km2, there is little impact of CSA on slope. (3) Runoff amount does not vary so much with the variation of CSA whereas soil erosion and total nitrogen (TN) load change prominently. An increase of sediment yield is observed firstly then a decrease following later. There is evident decrease of TN load, especially when CSA is bigger than 6 km2. Total phosphorus load has little variation with the change of CSA. Results for Dage watershed show that CSA of 1 km2 is desired to avoid large underestimates of loads. Increasing the CSA beyond this threshold will affect the computed runoff flux but generate prediction errors for nitrogen yields. So the appropriate CSA will control error and make simulation at acceptable level.
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Fliegauf, Gergely, and Gyula Sófi. "Gondolatok a gyermekek ellen elkövetett szexuális abúzussal (CSA) kapcsolatban." Belügyi Szemle 70, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 1057–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.38146/bsz.2022.5.10.
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Cél: Ebben a rövid áttekintő cikkben a gyermekkori szexuális abúzus (CSA) témáját járjuk körbe különböző sarokpontok szerint. A CSA hátterében kriminológiai és pszichodinamikus jellegzetességeket tártunk fel. A célunk az volt, hogy a 2000 után megjelent átfogó kutatási eredményeket elemezzünk.Módszertan: A nemzetközi kutatási eredmények elemzése során az alábbi témákat jártuk körül: 1) a CSA definíciója és a megelőzés koncepciója közötti különbségek, és az ebből eredő problémák; 2) a CSA okozta korai agyi neurobiológiai változások; 3) a serdülőkorban nyomon követhető, a CSA által indukált magatartászavarok; 4) a szadizmus és a kínzás lelki háttere; 5) a generációkon átívelő CSA kérdése; 6) a CSA ismétlődése a gyermekkorban; 7) a CSA kiderülése és feltárása.Megállapítások: A nemzetközi kutatási eredmények tanulsága szerteágazó. A probléma komplex és körültekintőbb megközelítést igényel. Számos szakma képviselői foglalkoznak azokkal az emberekkel, akik a CSA áldozatai voltak, vagy azokkal a gyermekkel, aki a CSA-t nem régen szenvedték el. A rendvédelem és az egészségügy kiemelkedő szerepet játszik ebben a tekintetben. A CSA korai felismerése a társadalmi mentálhigiéné hatékony védelme szempontjából is kiemelkedő fontosságú.Érték: A cikkben bemutattuk, hogy érdemes a CSA megtörténtét egy sztenderd rendszer alapján megállapítani. Kitértünk arra, hogy a CSA és bizonyos deviáns magatartásformák együttállása a szabadságelvonó intézkedések erélyes rizikófaktora. Rávilágítottunk arra, hogy az addikció és a szadizmus lelki háttere hasonló lehet. Felhívtuk a figyelmet arra, hogy a CSA a szenzitív nevelési attitűd kialakulásának kudarcával járhat. Végül jeleztük, hogy a nemzetközi kutatások szerint a CSA feltárása egy folyamat eredménye, nem az egyik pillanatról a másikra történik. Hazai esettanulmányok közlésével a fent megnevezett témákat a magyar olvasó számára hatékonyan körbe lehetne járni a jövőben.
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Chueh, S. C., and B. D. Kahan. "Pretransplant test-dose pharmacokinetic profiles: cyclosporine microemulsion versus corn oil-based soft gel capsule formulation." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 9, no. 2 (February 1998): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v92297.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of pretransplant test-dose pharmacokinetic (PK) profiling after administration of the microemulsion (CsA-ME; Neoral) versus the corn oil-based (CsA-GC; Sandimmune) gel capsule formulations of cyclosporin A (CsA) to estimate posttransplant CsA bioavailability and to individualize starting drug doses. The absolute oral bioavailability (F), clearance rate (CL), average blood concentration (C[av]), peak concentration (Cmax), and time to Cmax (tmax) values were calculated from paired intravenous and oral pretransplant PK profiles of renal transplant candidates, using CsA-GC (n = 70) or CsA-ME (n = 70) administration. The initial posttransplant oral CsA dose was estimated by linear extrapolation of the observed pretransplant value to the target concentration. Because higher mean F (P < 0.0001), but not CL, values were observed in end-stage renal disease patients after CsA-ME compared with CsA-GC treatment, the predicted starting doses for each therapy were markedly different (P < 0.01). From posttransplant days 5 to 7, 54% of patients treated with CsA-ME had a mean dose-normalized C(av) (C(av)/dose, D) value within 20% of the target concentration, compared with 42% of patients treated with CsA-GC (P = 0.03). Administration of the predicted oral dose of CsA-ME produced a Cmax > 700 ng/ml in 90% of patients from days 2 to 4, and in 97% from days 5 to 7, whereas administration of the predicted oral dose of CsA-GC produced a Cmax > 700 ng/ml in only 64 and 82% of patients during these same time periods, respectively (both P < 0.05). The mean estimated posttransplant F value of CsA-ME was significantly higher than that of CsA-GC; even at postoperative day 5 the value for CsA-GC was significantly lower than the pretransplant estimate (P < 0.01). Therefore, CsA-ME pretransplant PK profiles yield more accurate predictions for appropriate starting drug doses than those of CsA-GC.
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Chen, Junhong, Zhifeng Gao, Xuqi Chen, and Lisha Zhang. "Factors Affecting the Dynamics of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) Membership." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 4170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154170.
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Community supported agriculture (CSA) serves as a platform for local producers, especially for small size farms, to sell fresh, local products directly to its members. CSA is an important approach to promote local economic growth and contribute to sustainable agriculture. Although CSA is widely accepted across the United States, the total number of CSA membership is still very low. It is important to determine the factors that affect the future development of CSA because of its social and environmental benefits. In this study, we analyze how the motivation, barriers, and methods of advertisement influence the participation dynamics of CSA by segmenting consumers based on their past, current, and future CSA participation. Based on a national survey with 795 responses, the results show that the younger generation, high-income families, and people who support sustainable agriculture are more likely to renew their CSA subscription. CSA members are found to be very sensitive to the time of food distribution, the price of products, and the location of CSA farms. Moreover, the impacts of perceived barriers of CSA participation and advertisement method vary based on respondents’ membership status. This paper sheds light on factors that influence various consumer groups and offers a more dynamic analysis of CSA consumer behavior. This analysis enhances understanding of CSA members’ preferences and could help CSA programs expand in the future and to better promote local food systems and sustainable agriculture.
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Hanson, Karla L., Leah C. Volpe, Jane Kolodinsky, Grace Hwang, Weiwei Wang, Stephanie B. Jilcott Pitts, Marilyn Sitaker, Alice S. Ammerman, and Rebecca A. Seguin. "Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs and Behaviors Regarding Fruits and Vegetables among Cost-Offset Community-Supported Agriculture (CSA) Applicants, Purchasers, and a Comparison Sample." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2019): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061320.
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Community-supported agriculture (CSA) participation has been associated with high fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption, which may be due to better access to FV for CSA purchasers, or to positive knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) regarding healthy eating among CSA applicants. The objective of this study was to examine KAB and consumption, in association with application to a cost-offset CSA (CO-CSA) program, and with CO-CSA purchase among applicants. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of CO-CSA applicants and a comparison sample in August 2017. All respondents were English-reading adults with a child 2–12 years old and household income of ≤185% of the federal poverty level. Among CO-CSA applicants, some were CO-CSA purchasers (n = 46) and some were not (n = 18). An online comparison sample met equivalent eligibility criteria, but had not participated in CSA for three years (n = 105). We compared CO-CSA applicants to the comparison sample, and compared purchasers and non-purchaser sub-groups, using Mann-Whitney U tests and chi-square analysis. CO-CSA applicants reported better knowledge, self-efficacy, home habits, and diet than the comparison sample. Among applicants, CO-CSA purchasers and non-purchasers had equivalent KAB, but children in purchaser households had higher FV consumption than in non-purchaser households (4.14 vs. 1.83 cups, p = 0.001). Future research should explore associations between CO-CSA participation and diet using experimental methods.
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Chiasson, Carley, Jessie Moorman, Elisa Romano, and Andra Smith. "Traumatic Autobiographical Memories: Preliminary fMRI Findings Among Men With Histories of Childhood Sexual Abuse." American Journal of Men's Health 16, no. 3 (May 2022): 155798832210965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883221096566.
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Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is associated with autobiographical memory (AM) disturbances. AM is important for future thinking, sense of self, and coping with negative emotions. CSA is under-researched among men, with research examining long-term neural correlates limited even further. This study explored the neural correlates of re-experiencing traumatic/negative memories to examine the influence of CSA on AM into adulthood. Fifteen males who experienced CSA, with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; CSA+PTSD, n = 6; CSA–PTSD, n = 9) and control males without CSA histories nor PTSD ( n = 11) completed a script-driven imagery paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Males with CSA histories, with and without PTSD, processed their negative autobiographical memories with less activation compared to control males. The CSA+PTSD group of males had less activation in the left superior occipital, left superior parietal and left parahippocampal gyri compared to control participants. The CSA–PTSD group had reduced activation in the same regions to a lesser extent. This study provides preliminary empirical evidence to suggest CSA impacts AM for traumatic experiences, and the impact is notable even for men who experienced CSA but do not have PTSD. This study highlights the need for more research with men who have experienced CSA, so that, we can fully understand the neural correlates of emotional memories, and better support the mental health and continued wellness of men who experienced CSA.
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Szczypiński, J., M. Wypych, A. Michalska, A. Krasowska, M. Kopera, H. Suszek, A. Marchewka, A. Jakubczyk, and M. Wojnar. "Pedophilic sex offender show reduced actiation in the right dlpfc during integration of emotion and cognition – preliminary results." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S412—S413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1102.
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IntroductionThe pedophilic disorder is characterized by a sexual preference for children and leads to child sexual abuse (CSA) in half of the patients. Studies showed that pedophiles with a history of CSA (CSA+) are inferior, in inhibitory control, to those without (CSA-).ObjectivesInhibitory control may be influenced by negative affectivity, which was shown to be a state factor facilitating sexual abuse. Nevertheless, it is not known if distress influence CSA+ and CSA- equally.MethodsWe recruited three groups of participants: healthy controls (HC) CSA+ and CSA- who performed an emotional Go-NoGo block task. The task was design specifically to correspond to a situation in which an indivisual is opposed by a negative life event. In each trial, participants were presented with photographs, either of neutral or negative valence, which did not require reaction. After the photographs, a circle (Go stimuli) or a square (NoGo stimuli) was presented.ResultsWe found that HC and CSA- had slower reaction time in negative compared to neutral condition (regardless of the block type), while CSA+ did not. Consequently, HC and CSA- showed increased activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in negative compared to the neutral condition, what was not observed in CSA+.ConclusionsDLPFC is crucial for cognitive control, however, the activity of this region is modulated by emotional valence. Reduced engagement of dlPFC in CSA+ in negative condition (irrespectively of the task instructions), suggest that negative emotions in CSA+ disrupt also other aspects of cognitive control, rather than inhibition specifically.
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Aspeslet, Launa J., Donald F. LeGatt, Gerard Murphy, and Randall W. Yatscoff. "Effect of assay methodology on pharmacokinetic differences between cyclosporine Neoral® and Sandimmune® formulations." Clinical Chemistry 43, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/43.1.104.
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Abstract The new oral formulation of cyclosporine (CsA), Neoral® (CsA-N), results in increased area under the curve (AUC) and decreased intra- and interindividual variation in blood concentrations and other pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters when compared with the current Sandimmune® (CsA-S) formulation. The present study examines the effect of assay methodology on variability in blood concentrations and PK parameters for renal transplant patients receiving CsA-N and CsA-S and whether this variation is reduced with CsA-N. The results show that interindividual variations in PK parameters for patients receiving CsA-N were less than those for patients receiving CsA-S. Both blood concentrations and dose of CsA better correlated with abbreviated (4-h) AUC after administration of CsA-N. For both CsA-S and CsA-N, blood concentrations at 4 h postdose exhibited the best correlation with AUC. All samples were analyzed by three common procedures: HPLC, RIA, and fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). There were no significant differences observed in blood concentrations or PK parameters obtained from FPIA and RIA. HPLC results, however, were lower because of specificity of this method for the parent drug. The assay methodology did not have an effect on interindividual variability, indicating that the cross-reactivity of metabolites in commonly used immunoassays for CsA does not contribute to the PK variability observed in renal transplant patients.