Academic literature on the topic 'CSTR'

Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the initial concentration of A and an increase to the formation of other products. The CSTR entering volumetric flow rate influence the volume sizes needed in achieving the maximum selectivity and conversion

Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) plays a vital role and presents a various scope of researchers in the field of control and chemical engineering which exhibits of highly nonlinear behaviour and has wide operating ranges. Different control methods have been implemented on CSTR to control these parameters. Tragically, in the realcase, the behaviour of the CSTR is very different from that expected ideal CSTR which leads to the outcomes of the wrong product. However, it is a challenging task for every engineer to control the CSTR.PID controller has been proposed for adjust enhanced PID parameters in a CSTR operation utilizing a weighted mix of target capacities. Streamlining of PID controller parameters is the key objective of concoction and biochemical businesses. PID controllers have restricted the working scope of procedures with effective nonlinearity. This work considers some issues in CSTR and presents the efforts of existing researchers and it comes into view as an essential new method to adjust the control parameters. This work plans to investigate the various techniques in CSTR along with its solutions and these schemes have been surveyed in this work. This survey presents the comparison of various methods for optimizing parameters in CSTR are employed and compared with certain parameters.

Finding the optimal mode is a conceptual problem. The most important indicator that reflects the perfection of a chemical reactor is the intensity of the process in it.
 The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium (CPE) in the conditions of different types of reactors (in acyclic and cyclic systems) was studied: the ideal displacement reactor ("steady-state plug flow reactor, PFR") and the ideal mixing reactor ("steady-state continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR").
 For the acyclic reaction, the time of extremum onset was less in CSTR by ≈2.1%, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in PFR was greater by ≈17.2% than in CSTR. For the cyclic reaction, the time of extremum onset was less in CSTR by ≈5.6%, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in PFR was greater by ≈11.6% than in CSTR. For the acyclic and cyclic reaction in PFR, the time of occurrence of the extremum of the cyclic reaction was lower by ≈44.2% than in the acyclic, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum of the acyclic reaction was greater by ≈24.8% than in the cyclic reaction. For the acyclic and cyclic reaction in CSTR, the time of occurrence of the extremum of the cyclic reaction was lower by ≈46.2% than in the acyclic, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in the acyclic reaction was greater by ≈18.9% than in the cyclic reaction. The cyclic system showed a shorter time for the onset of the extremum, but the acyclic reaction system showed a higher concentration of substance B at the extremum in PFR and CSTR. Although the time of extremum onset was the lowest in CSTR in the cyclic system, the concentration of substance B in the extremum was highest in the PFR in the acyclic system. Therefore (from our systems and reactors) the acyclic system in PFR shows the best characteristics. 
 The extremum in transient modes is always observed for acyclic and cyclic complex reactions in both reactors, both in PFR and in CSTR. The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium is manifested in both PFR and CSTR. With the same rate constants, the acyclic system in PFR is characterized by higher values of "over equilibrium" conversion than the acyclic system in CSTR. Similarly, with the same rate constants, the cyclic system in PFR is characterized by higher values of "over equilibrium" conversion than the cyclic system in CSTR.
 The time of extremum onset is less in CSTR. This is true for acyclic and cyclic systems.
 The greater the difference between the initial concentrations of the two substances, the greater the "over equilibrium" concentration of the third substance, the initial concentration of which was equilibrium. 
 At our values of kinetic parameters, the sensitivity of the time of occurrence of the extremum of the same reaction in different reactors (PFR and CSTR) is small (up to ≈5.6%), and at different reactions (acyclic and cyclic), but in one type of reactor (PFR or CSTR) - significant, reaching ≈46.2%.

Fermentation process using recombinant strain for production of recombinant protein is widely used in commercialization of the biotechnologies. The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is a typical microbial cultivation method, has the major advantage of high productivity. Mathematical modeling and simulation is useful for analysis and optimization of the CSTR fermentation process. Most of the mathematical models developed for CSTR are black box models without information of the intracellular dynamics and regulations. In this research, a mathematical model is built based on gene regulation for recombinant protein production using CSTR, and simulation is made using this model.

The objective of this paper is to highlight the use of a two-dimensional (2D) sustainability index in performing a sustainable integrated process design and control (Sustain-IPDC) for a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. Sustain-IPDC for a CSTR system is formulated as a mathematical programming problem and solved by decomposing it into six sequential hierarchical sub-problems: (i) pre-analysis, (ii) design analysis, (iii) controller design analysis, (iv) sustainability analysis, (v) detailed economic analysis, and (vi) final selection and verification. The proposed methodology is applied to the production of cyclohexanone using a CSTR. The results show that the proposed methodology is capable in finding an optimal solution for a CSTR design problem that satisfy design, control, sustainability and economic criteria in an easy and systematic manner.

The tanks-in-series model (TIS) is a popular model to describe the residence time distribution (RTD) of non-ideal continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) with limited back-mixing. In this work, the TIS model was generalised to a cascade of n CSTRs with non-integer non-negative n. The resulting model describes non-ideal back-mixing with n > 1. However, the most interesting feature of the n-CSTR model is the ability to describe short recirculation times (bypassing) with n < 1 without the need of complex reactor networks. The n-CSTR model is the only model that connects the three fundamental RTDs occurring in reactor modelling by variation of a single shape parameter n: The unit impulse at n→0, the exponential RTD of an ideal CSTR at n = 1, and the delayed impulse of an ideal plug flow reactor at n→∞. The n-CSTR model can be used as a stand-alone model or as part of a reactor network. The bypassing material fraction for the regime n < 1 was analysed. Finally, a Fourier analysis of the n-CSTR was performed to predict the ability of a unit operation to filter out upstream fluctuations and to model the response to upstream set point changes.

Abstract In humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, the frontal cortices exhibit grey matter thinning and dendritic spine pruning that extends into adolescence. This maturation is believed to support higher cognition but may also confer psychiatric vulnerability during adolescence. Currently, little is known about how specific cell types in the frontal cortex mature or whether puberty plays a role in the maturation of some cell types but not others. Here, we used mice to characterize the spatial topography and adolescent development of cross-corticostriatal (cSTR) neurons that project through the corpus collosum to the dorsomedial striatum. We found that apical spine density on cSTR neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex decreased significantly between late juvenile (P29) and young adult time points (P60), with females exhibiting higher spine density than males at both ages. Adult males castrated prior to puberty onset had higher spine density compared to sham controls. Adult females ovariectomized before puberty onset showed greater variance in spine density measures on cSTR cells compared to controls, but their mean spine density did not significantly differ from sham controls. Our findings reveal that these cSTR neurons, a subtype of the broader class of intratelencephalic-type neurons, exhibit significant sex differences and suggest that spine pruning on cSTR neurons is regulated by puberty in male mice.

The combined partial nitrification/Anammox process is especially suitable for the treatment of influents with low C/N ratio. However, many nitrogenous wastewater are also rich in organics. Two systems (continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR)) are commonly used to achieve nitrite accumulation, but no complete comparison between these two systems for treating different wastewater has been reported. The objective of this paper was to compare the partial nitrification in CSTR and SBR for the treatment of ammonium-rich organic wastewater. The result showed that it took a shorter time to startup partial nitrification in CSTR, but SBR was a better option for treating ammonium-rich organic wastewater with C/N lower than 0.34. With increase HRT to 48 h, excellent nitrite accumulation could be achieved in both reactors for wastewater containing landfill leachate. For subsequent anammox, CSTR was more suitable when leachate percentage ranged from 35% to 40%.