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Journal articles on the topic 'CSTR'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Azizan, Amizon, and Nornizar Anuar. "Simulating Trambouze reaction for a series reactor." Malaysian Journal of Chemical Engineering and Technology (MJCET) 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/mjcet.v3i1.10930.

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Simulating the existing data on Trambouze reaction is compiled in this article. The objective of the work is to present the change of volumetric flow rate and the inlet concentration of key reactant A in a series continuous stirred tank reactor-plug flow reactor (CSTR-PFR) configurations. The volumetric flow rate does not affect selectivity and conversion for a constant volumetric flow rate operating condition, entering CSTR and PFR, at a specific concentration of reactant. The CSTR-PFR series reactor configuration is proposed for the aim of maximizing the selectivity of the desired product B in comparison to the undesired products X and Y. CSTR as the first reactor is capable to achieve the maximum conversion at the highest selectivity of A. PFR is then proposed after CSTR in a configuration of CSTR-PFR, to allow higher conversion value to be achieved for the resulted outlet stream conditions coming out of the first reactor, CSTR. Both reactors commonly encounter a decrease in the initial concentration of A and an increase to the formation of other products. The CSTR entering volumetric flow rate influence the volume sizes needed in achieving the maximum selectivity and conversion

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2

Chang, Kil Sang, Jae Youn Kim, and Hyun-Ku Rhee. "Intricate CSTR dynamics." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 6, no. 2 (April 1989): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02697482.

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3

Sudha, T. "Analysis of Proportional Integral Derivative Controller Parameters for CSTR." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 16 (July 13, 2021): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2021.16.34.

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Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) plays a vital role and presents a various scope of researchers in the field of control and chemical engineering which exhibits of highly nonlinear behaviour and has wide operating ranges. Different control methods have been implemented on CSTR to control these parameters. Tragically, in the realcase, the behaviour of the CSTR is very different from that expected ideal CSTR which leads to the outcomes of the wrong product. However, it is a challenging task for every engineer to control the CSTR.PID controller has been proposed for adjust enhanced PID parameters in a CSTR operation utilizing a weighted mix of target capacities. Streamlining of PID controller parameters is the key objective of concoction and biochemical businesses. PID controllers have restricted the working scope of procedures with effective nonlinearity. This work considers some issues in CSTR and presents the efforts of existing researchers and it comes into view as an essential new method to adjust the control parameters. This work plans to investigate the various techniques in CSTR along with its solutions and these schemes have been surveyed in this work. This survey presents the comparison of various methods for optimizing parameters in CSTR are employed and compared with certain parameters.

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4

Trishch, Vitaliy, Yurii Beznosyk, Gregory Yablonsky, and Denis Constales. "The phenomenon of conservative-perturbed equilibrium in conditions different reactors." Proceedings of the NTUU “Igor Sikorsky KPI”. Series: Chemical engineering, ecology and resource saving, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-9741.1.2021.228137.

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Finding the optimal mode is a conceptual problem. The most important indicator that reflects the perfection of a chemical reactor is the intensity of the process in it. The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium (CPE) in the conditions of different types of reactors (in acyclic and cyclic systems) was studied: the ideal displacement reactor ("steady-state plug flow reactor, PFR") and the ideal mixing reactor ("steady-state continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR"). For the acyclic reaction, the time of extremum onset was less in CSTR by ≈2.1%, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in PFR was greater by ≈17.2% than in CSTR. For the cyclic reaction, the time of extremum onset was less in CSTR by ≈5.6%, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in PFR was greater by ≈11.6% than in CSTR. For the acyclic and cyclic reaction in PFR, the time of occurrence of the extremum of the cyclic reaction was lower by ≈44.2% than in the acyclic, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum of the acyclic reaction was greater by ≈24.8% than in the cyclic reaction. For the acyclic and cyclic reaction in CSTR, the time of occurrence of the extremum of the cyclic reaction was lower by ≈46.2% than in the acyclic, but the concentration of substance B in the extremum in the acyclic reaction was greater by ≈18.9% than in the cyclic reaction. The cyclic system showed a shorter time for the onset of the extremum, but the acyclic reaction system showed a higher concentration of substance B at the extremum in PFR and CSTR. Although the time of extremum onset was the lowest in CSTR in the cyclic system, the concentration of substance B in the extremum was highest in the PFR in the acyclic system. Therefore (from our systems and reactors) the acyclic system in PFR shows the best characteristics. The extremum in transient modes is always observed for acyclic and cyclic complex reactions in both reactors, both in PFR and in CSTR. The phenomenon of conservatively perturbed-equilibrium is manifested in both PFR and CSTR. With the same rate constants, the acyclic system in PFR is characterized by higher values of "over equilibrium" conversion than the acyclic system in CSTR. Similarly, with the same rate constants, the cyclic system in PFR is characterized by higher values of "over equilibrium" conversion than the cyclic system in CSTR. The time of extremum onset is less in CSTR. This is true for acyclic and cyclic systems. The greater the difference between the initial concentrations of the two substances, the greater the "over equilibrium" concentration of the third substance, the initial concentration of which was equilibrium. At our values of kinetic parameters, the sensitivity of the time of occurrence of the extremum of the same reaction in different reactors (PFR and CSTR) is small (up to ≈5.6%), and at different reactions (acyclic and cyclic), but in one type of reactor (PFR or CSTR) - significant, reaching ≈46.2%.

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5

Jia, Xiao Yi, Yu Tian Lin, Hui Bin Lin, Ling Gao, Jian Qun Lin, and Jian Qiang Lin. "Mathematical Modeling of CSTR Bioreactor Control for Production of Recombinant Protein." Advanced Materials Research 894 (February 2014): 311–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.894.311.

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Fermentation process using recombinant strain for production of recombinant protein is widely used in commercialization of the biotechnologies. The continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is a typical microbial cultivation method, has the major advantage of high productivity. Mathematical modeling and simulation is useful for analysis and optimization of the CSTR fermentation process. Most of the mathematical models developed for CSTR are black box models without information of the intracellular dynamics and regulations. In this research, a mathematical model is built based on gene regulation for recombinant protein production using CSTR, and simulation is made using this model.

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6

Caneba, G. T., and Barbara Densch. "Intermittency in nonisothermal CSTR." AIChE Journal 34, no. 2 (February 1988): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690340219.

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7

Zakaria, Siti Aminah, Mohd Jufri Zakaria, and Mohd Kamaruddin Abd Hamid. "Sustainable Integrated Process Design and Control for a Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.466.

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The objective of this paper is to highlight the use of a two-dimensional (2D) sustainability index in performing a sustainable integrated process design and control (Sustain-IPDC) for a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR) system. Sustain-IPDC for a CSTR system is formulated as a mathematical programming problem and solved by decomposing it into six sequential hierarchical sub-problems: (i) pre-analysis, (ii) design analysis, (iii) controller design analysis, (iv) sustainability analysis, (v) detailed economic analysis, and (vi) final selection and verification. The proposed methodology is applied to the production of cyclohexanone using a CSTR. The results show that the proposed methodology is capable in finding an optimal solution for a CSTR design problem that satisfy design, control, sustainability and economic criteria in an easy and systematic manner.

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8

Toson, Peter, Pankaj Doshi, and Dalibor Jajcevic. "Explicit Residence Time Distribution of a Generalised Cascade of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors for a Description of Short Recirculation Time (Bypassing)." Processes 7, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7090615.

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The tanks-in-series model (TIS) is a popular model to describe the residence time distribution (RTD) of non-ideal continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) with limited back-mixing. In this work, the TIS model was generalised to a cascade of n CSTRs with non-integer non-negative n. The resulting model describes non-ideal back-mixing with n > 1. However, the most interesting feature of the n-CSTR model is the ability to describe short recirculation times (bypassing) with n < 1 without the need of complex reactor networks. The n-CSTR model is the only model that connects the three fundamental RTDs occurring in reactor modelling by variation of a single shape parameter n: The unit impulse at n→0, the exponential RTD of an ideal CSTR at n = 1, and the delayed impulse of an ideal plug flow reactor at n→∞. The n-CSTR model can be used as a stand-alone model or as part of a reactor network. The bypassing material fraction for the regime n < 1 was analysed. Finally, a Fourier analysis of the n-CSTR was performed to predict the ability of a unit operation to filter out upstream fluctuations and to model the response to upstream set point changes.

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9

Delevich, Kristen, Nana J. Okada, Ameet Rahane, Zicheng Zhang, Christopher D. Hall, and Linda Wilbrecht. "Sex and Pubertal Status Influence Dendritic Spine Density on Frontal Corticostriatal Projection Neurons in Mice." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 6 (February 9, 2020): 3543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz325.

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Abstract In humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents, the frontal cortices exhibit grey matter thinning and dendritic spine pruning that extends into adolescence. This maturation is believed to support higher cognition but may also confer psychiatric vulnerability during adolescence. Currently, little is known about how specific cell types in the frontal cortex mature or whether puberty plays a role in the maturation of some cell types but not others. Here, we used mice to characterize the spatial topography and adolescent development of cross-corticostriatal (cSTR) neurons that project through the corpus collosum to the dorsomedial striatum. We found that apical spine density on cSTR neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex decreased significantly between late juvenile (P29) and young adult time points (P60), with females exhibiting higher spine density than males at both ages. Adult males castrated prior to puberty onset had higher spine density compared to sham controls. Adult females ovariectomized before puberty onset showed greater variance in spine density measures on cSTR cells compared to controls, but their mean spine density did not significantly differ from sham controls. Our findings reveal that these cSTR neurons, a subtype of the broader class of intratelencephalic-type neurons, exhibit significant sex differences and suggest that spine pruning on cSTR neurons is regulated by puberty in male mice.

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10

Yan, J., and Y. Y. Hu. "Comparison of partial nitrification to nitrite for ammonium-rich organic wastewater in sequencing batch reactors and continuous stirred-tank reactor at laboratory-scale." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 11 (December 1, 2009): 2861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.719.

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The combined partial nitrification/Anammox process is especially suitable for the treatment of influents with low C/N ratio. However, many nitrogenous wastewater are also rich in organics. Two systems (continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR)) are commonly used to achieve nitrite accumulation, but no complete comparison between these two systems for treating different wastewater has been reported. The objective of this paper was to compare the partial nitrification in CSTR and SBR for the treatment of ammonium-rich organic wastewater. The result showed that it took a shorter time to startup partial nitrification in CSTR, but SBR was a better option for treating ammonium-rich organic wastewater with C/N lower than 0.34. With increase HRT to 48 h, excellent nitrite accumulation could be achieved in both reactors for wastewater containing landfill leachate. For subsequent anammox, CSTR was more suitable when leachate percentage ranged from 35% to 40%.

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11

Minero, Claudio, Andrea Bedini, and Marco Minella. "On the Standardization of the Photocatalytic Gas/Solid Tests." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 2 (June 20, 2013): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0045.

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Abstract The central problem for standardization of photocatalytic efficiency of whatever substrate on an illuminated catalyst is the rate evaluation. For gas/solid experiments different reactors, like batch or flow-through either continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) or plug flow reactor (PFR), could be envisaged. The basic equations governing these reactors and the rate expression for them are presented here. Experiments show that a CSTR configuration presents a lot of advantages for practical use, as any volume, any shape of catalyst and any flow of gas into the reactor can possibly be used. A CSTR configuration is superior to the standardized PFR as the resistance to mass transfer can be reduced by inside forced ventilation. Consequently, it gives an evaluation of the photocatalytic rate more close to the actual surface one. The rate for CSTR at steady state must be calculated as r(Co) = Co F η/S(1−η), where η is the conversion.

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12

Yang, Chane-Yuan, Yu-Shu Chien, Jun-Hong Chou, Hsing-Ya Li, and Chau Wei Hsieh. "Application of Cholette’s model in non-ideal mixing CSTR: a simulation study on dynamic behavior." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 19, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 341–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2020-0197.

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Abstract Non-ideal mixing phenomena are widely found in industrial chemical reactors. In this work we derived the bifurcation formulas for a non-adiabatic CSTR with an irreversible exothermic first order reaction with the non-ideal mixing effect. This is investigated via dynamic behavior simulations based on Chollete’s model. The results show that the non-ideal mixing parameter n (the fraction of the feed entering the perfect mixing zone) determines the variation between six classified regions and dominates the dynamic behavior patterns in the steady-state response diagram. On the other hand, the phase portraits of examples verify the formulas derived in this work. We note that the non-ideal mixing effect has significant importance in CSTR design and control steps. For example, in the safe operating region for an ideal mixing CSTR, non-linear dynamics are obtained by the system under non-ideal mixing conditions (n ≠ 1). The present study has significance and help for chemical reactor design and CSTR control.

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13

Gol'dstein, Vladimir, Vadim Panfilov, and Isaac Shreiber. "Mediating operation of heterogeneous CSTR." AIChE Journal 42, no. 8 (August 1996): 2273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690420815.

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14

Chemburkar, R. M., M. Morbidelli, and A. Varma. "Parametric sensitivity of a CSTR." Chemical Engineering Science 41, no. 6 (1986): 1647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(86)85243-5.

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15

Sharma, Ayush, Miroslav Fikar, and Monika Bakošová. "Comparative study of Time Optimal Controller with PID Controller for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor." Acta Chimica Slovaca 8, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acs-2015-0006.

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Abstract Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) is the productive part in different chemical and process industries, and hence there is a need to control this process at desired optimum conditions of temperature and concentration. This paper deals with modelling and constrained control of a CSTR that minimises the processing time. Modelling consisted in performing the mass and heat balances of the CSTR system. Different controllers (time optimal, PID) were then applied to this non-linear system and compared within the boundaries of the control input and states. A theoretical case study was solved numerically using the orthogonal collocations method and simulations, resulting in a comparison of different controllers.

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16

Li, Yong Feng, Zhan Qing Wang, Wei Han, and Xin Yu Pan. "Biohydrogen Production from Molasses Wastewater Used Mixed Culture Fermentation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2925.

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Hydrogen production from molasses wastewater was investigated in continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The CSTR was operated at an hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 hours and the temperature at 35°C. The highest gas production of 25.39 L/d using mixed culture fermentation, corresponding to a peak hydrogen production volume of 11.39 L/d were achieved in the CSTR reactor. While the variation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged from 5500 to 8000 mg/L, the soluble end product system underwent a transition of fermentation type and the reactor gave ﬂuctuating and increasing of ORP. These experimental results demonstrate that the shock-loading and micro-anaerobic circumstance are important factors for enhancing and stabilizing H2 production.

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17

Freitas, Daiane Cristina de, Fernando Hermes Passig, Cristiane Kreutz, Karina Querne de Carvalho, Eudes José Arantes, and Simone Damasceno Gomes. "Effect of hydraulic retention time on hydrodynamic behavior of anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor treating cattle slaughterhouse effluent." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 39, no. 4 (September 15, 2017): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v39i4.30995.

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The study of the hydrodynamic behavior in reactors provides characteristics of the flow regime and its anomalies that can reduce biological processes efficiency due to the decrease of the useful volume and the hydraulic retention time required for the performance of microbial activity. In this study, the hydrodynamic behavior of an anaerobic-aerobic fixed bed reactor, operated with HRT (hydraulic retention time) of 24, 18 and 12 hours, was evaluated in the treatment of raw cattle slaughterhouse wastewater. Polyurethane foam and expanded clay were used as support media for biomass immobilization. Experimental data of pulse type stimulus-response assays were performed with eosin Y and bromophenol blue, and adjusted to the single-parameter theoretical models of dispersion and N-continuous stirred tank reactors in series (N-CSTR). N-CSTR model presented the best adjustment for the HRT and tracers evaluated. RDT (residence time distribution) curves obtained with N-CSTR model in the assays with bromophenol blue resulted in better adjustment compared to the eosin Y. The predominant flow regime in AAFBR (anaerobic aerobic fixed bed reactor) is the N-CSTR in series, as well as the existence of preferential paths and hydraulic short-circuiting.

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18

Rosyadi, Erlan, Nurdiah Rahmawati, Astri Pertiwi, Galuh Wirama Murti, Naazi Fauzan, Tyas Puspita Rini, Bambang Muharto, Arya Bhaskara, and Hens Saputra. "Evaluasi PLT Biogas Terantam Covered Lagoon (CAL) 700 Kw Untuk Pengembangan PLT Biogas Tipe CSTR." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 13, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v13i3.3844.

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Production of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) is increasing from year to year and is predicted to reach 41.6 million tons per year in 2018. Each ton of CPO will produce 3,28 m3 of POME during the production process. Improper handling of POME, besides causing soil pollution and flying, will release methane gas that categorized as GHG. BPPT cooperate Â with PTPN V utilized POME to produce biogas and then be converted into electricity in a Biogas Power Plant (PLTBg) in Terantam with a design capacity of 700 kW. The reactor used is a closed Anaerobic Lagoon (CAL) reactor equipped with a recirculation pump. From the evaluations, the technology chosen was not optimal from the operation, its evaluaed from the accumulation of cakes and sludge collected in the reactor which could be disturb during an anaerobic reaction. The next technology development will be carried out with the development of PLTBg in Sei Pagar using CSTR technology. At the same reactor capacity, CSTR has a faster HRT compared to CAL. CSTR is also easier in control of pH and temperature, also requires less land.Keyword : POME, Biogas, CSTR, Covered Lagoon, HRT, OLR

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19

Kim, S. H., S. K. Han, and H. S. Shin. "Performance comparison of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor and an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor for fermentative hydrogen production depending on substrate concentration." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2005): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0675.

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This study was conducted to compare the performance of a continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) and an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) for fermentative hydrogen production at various substrate concentrations. Heat-treated anaerobic sludge was utilized as an inoculum, and hydraulic retention time (HRT) for each reactor was maintained at 12h. At the influent sucrose concentration of 5g COD/L, start-up was not successful in both reactors. The CSTR, which was started-up at 10g COD/L, showed stable hydrogen production at the influent sucrose concentrations of 10–60g COD/L during 203 days. Hydrogen production was dependent on substrate concentration, resulting in the highest performance at 30g COD/L. At the lower substrate concentration, the hydrogen yield (based on hexose consumed) decreased with biomass reduction and changes in fermentation products. At the higher substrate concentration, substrate inhibition on biomass growth caused the decrease of carbohydrate degradation and hydrogen yield (based on hexose added). The ASBR showed higher biomass concentration and carbohydrate degradation efficiency than the CSTR, but hydrogen production in the ASBR was less effective than that in the CSTR at all the substrate concentrations.

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20

Lee, S. H., J. H. Ko, K. M. Poo, T. H. Lee, H. J. Woo, and C. W. Kim. "Practical approach to parameter estimation for ASM3+bio-P module applied to five-stage step-feed EBPR process." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.016.

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Various parameter optimization approaches to a five-stage step-feed EBPR process modeled using the ASM3+bio-P module were examined. Five stoichiometric (YSTO,NO, YH,O2, YH,NO, YPAO,O2, YPO4) and seven kinetic parameters (kSTO, ηNO, bH, μmax,PAO, qPHA, qPP, μmax,A) were estimated. The optimization approaches could be classified based on the data sources (batch experiments or CSTR operation data) and the number of target variables used in calculating the objective function. Optimized parameter values obtained by each approach were validated with CSTR operation data that were not used for parameter optimization. The results showed that the parameter optimization only with batch experimental results could not be directly applied to CSTR operation data. ASM3+bio-P module parameters could be finely optimized only with CSTR operation data when sufficient target variables for objective function calculation were applied. When the number of target variables was increased, prediction performance was significantly improved. Once optimized, the model was able to predict the characteristic features of the five-stage step-feed process; namely, a high PAO yield, fast PAO growth, fast XPP storage, slow XSTO and XPHA storage.

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21

von Sperling, M. "Relationship between first-order decay coefficients in ponds, for plug flow, CSTR and dispersed flow regimes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0003.

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Adequate consideration of the hydraulic regime of a pond is essential in the analysis of BOD and coliform removal, and considerable divergence exists in the literature when reporting removal coefficients. This paper aims at integrating the existing approaches, by quantifying the relationship between the first-order removal coefficients K from the three main hydraulic regimes (CSTR, plug flow and dispersed flow) adopted in the design and performance evaluation of ponds. Based on theoretical considerations and statistical regression analyses, the relationship between the K values is investigated, quantified and modelled. Two tables are presented and two equations are proposed, which allow conversion of K values obtained for dispersed flow to (a) K for CSTR and (b) K for plug flow, based on the hydraulic detention time t and the dispersion number d. These coefficients, when applied in the CSTR or plug-flow equations, will give approximately the same prediction of the effluent concentration as that obtained when using the dispersed-flow model with its proper coefficient. With this approach designers can apply, and researchers can report, K values for the two idealised flow patterns (CSTR and plug flow).

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Gonawan, Fadzil Noor, and Azlina Harun Kamaruddin. "Conceptual Study of Transesterification of Vegetable Oils in the Continuous-Stirred-Tank Reactor at Unsteady-State and Isothermal Conditions." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n2.2006.

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The continuous-stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) is favorable for bi-phasic enzymatic reaction due to ease of operation, cost-effective and low downtime. Lack of study on the enzymatic reaction in the CSTR has disfavor this type of reactor compared to batch and packed bed. Presently, a simulation was carried out to simulate the behavior of the lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel by using CSTR at isothermal conditions. The mathematical model incorporated the effect of the kinetic, thermal, and operating parameters. The parameters such as Michaelis constant (Km), inhibition constant (Ki), Gibbs inactivation energy (DelG) and mol flow rate are among determining factors of the course of the reaction. It is suggested that the enzyme with lower , higher , and higher should be chosen for the reaction. In continuous operation in the CSTR, the volumetric flow rate of the substrates and the initial concentration of the feed could be used to control reaction performance as these parameters will determine the total mol or ratio of the substrates in the reactor. Most, importantly, the longer residence time is preferred to achieve higher conversion, however, the volumetric flow rate must not be too low to prevent underperformance of reaction.

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23

Anbu, S., and M. Senthilkumar. "Modelling and Analysis of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor through Simulation." Asian Journal of Engineering and Applied Technology 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2018): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2018.7.1.970.

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A Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) finds its application in many chemical and petrochemical process industries. CSTRs exhibit reasonably high non-linear behaviour. CSTRs are open systems, where thematerial is free to enter or exit the system, which operates on a steady-state basis, where the conditions in the reactor don’t change with time. The reactants are continuously introduced into the reactor, while products are continuously removed.CSTRs are very well mixed, so the contents have relatively uniform properties such as temperature, density, etc. throughout. Further, the majority of chemical reactors are Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) systems, which again develop a high degree of complexity in the development of control systems due to the process interactions, dead time and process nonlinearities. The control of CSTR throws a challenge to the control engineers to design a well-suited controller for its smooth operation. To develop effective control strategies, the behaviour of the reactor needs to be studied. Generally, CSTR behaves differently at different operating regimes. This article attempted to make a comprehensive study on the CSTR through modeling and simulation of the open-loop behaviour using MATLAB.

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Luebke, Justin L., Jiangchuan Shen, Kevin E. Bruce, Thomas E. Kehl‐Fie, Hui Peng, Eric P. Skaar, and David P. Giedroc. "The CsoR ‐like sulfurtransferase repressor ( CstR ) is a persulfide sensor in S taphylococcus aureus." Molecular Microbiology 94, no. 6 (November 17, 2014): 1343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mmi.12835.

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25

Zhu, Wen Kui, Dong Liu, and Jin Song Du. "The Mixing Characteristics and Residence Time Distribution of Cut Tobacco Particles in Drum Mixer." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.297.

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Residence time distributions were determined for the continuous processing of cut tobacco in the rotary drum by introducing expanded cut tobacco tracers to the inlet of the processing system using the negative step change method. Effects of rotating speed of the rotary cylinder and solids flow rate on the mixing homogenization and residence time distribution (RTD) of experiment materials was investigated. PER-CSTR series model and multistage CSTR model were used to fit the experimental results. The result shows mixing homogenization increased significantly with the increasing feeding rate of cut tobacco and decreasing drum rotating speed. PER-CSTR series model is more suitable to describe the RTD characteristics of flow materials in drum. The axis movement of cut tobacco along the drum is approximate to the plug-flow.

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Li, Yan-Ni, Hao Song, Zun-Sheng Cai, Lan Chen, Zhe Hou, Qing-Li Wei, Ben-Xiang Wu, and Xue-Zhuang Zhao. "New chaotic behavior and its effective control in BelousovZhabotinsky reaction." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v00-166.

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A new "spiral-in-to-spiral-out" mixed-mode type chaos of the BelousovZhabotinsky (BZ) reaction in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is observed. We discussed its evolution and characterization in detail. We controlled the new chaos into steady periodic behavior by two control methods: (i) a self-adaptive delayed feedback controlling scheme; and (ii) a linear self-interacting feedback controlling scheme.Key words: BZ-CSTR reaction, chaos, control.

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27

Z.A, Nasrul, Yonita Putri Roja, and Novi Sylvia. "Aplikasi Kontrol PID pada Reaktor Pabrik Asam Formiat dengan Kapasitas 100.000 Ton/Tahun." Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Unimal 7, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/jtku.v7i2.1253.

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Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) atau Reaktor Alir Tangki Berpengaduk(RATB) merupakan salah satu jenis reaktor yang umumnya berbentuk bejana danbekerja secara kontinyu. Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) banyakdigunakan untuk reaksi-reaksi homogen fase cair tanpa katalis maupun dengankatalis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan respon terbaik kontrol PIDdengan menggunakan metode trial and error pada nilai Kc, Ti, dan Td. Metodetrial and error adalah adalah metode mencari nilai parameter dengan caramencoba-coba suatu nilai tertentu sebagai parameter sampai didapat sebuahperformansi kontrol PID yang terbaik. Sistem kontrol PID merupakan controlleruntuk menentukan presisi suatu sistem instrumentasi dengan karakteristik adanyaumpan balik pada sistem tersebut (Feed back). Adapun metodologi penelitian iniadalah membuat model steady state Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR),kemudian mengubah model steady state menjadi model dynamic, lalu membuatmodel kontrol PID, setelah itu melakukan tuning terhadap kontrol PID danmelakukan pengujian terhadap kontrol PID, dengan melakukan gangguan padaset point. Nilai Kc = 8, Ti = 1 dan Td = 0 respon waktu rata-ratanya 0,815 menit, sebuah sistem pengendalian suhu yang dapat diterapkan untuk mendapatkanwaktu yang paling optimal. Nilai Kc = 10, Ti = 4 dan Td = 0 waktu rata-ratanya1,257 menit sebuah sistem pengendalian suhu yang memiliki waktu yang kurangoptimal. Kata Kunci: Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR), PID, Set Point.

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28

Naikwad, S. N., and S. V. Dudul. "Identification of a Typical CSTR Using Optimal Focused Time Lagged Recurrent Neural Network Model with Gamma Memory Filter." Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/385757.

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A focused time lagged recurrent neural network (FTLR NN) with gamma memory filter is designed to learn the subtle complex dynamics of a typical CSTR process. Continuous stirred tank reactor exhibits complex nonlinear operations where reaction is exothermic. It is noticed from literature review that process control of CSTR using neuro-fuzzy systems was attempted by many, but optimal neural network model for identification of CSTR process is not yet available. As CSTR process includes temporal relationship in the input-output mappings, time lagged recurrent neural network is particularly used for identification purpose. The standard back propagation algorithm with momentum term has been proposed in this model. The various parameters like number of processing elements, number of hidden layers, training and testing percentage, learning rule and transfer function in hidden and output layer are investigated on the basis of performance measures like MSE, NMSE, and correlation coefficient on testing data set. Finally effects of different norms are tested along with variation in gamma memory filter. It is demonstrated that dynamic NN model has a remarkable system identification capability for the problems considered in this paper. Thus FTLR NN with gamma memory filter can be used to learn underlying highly nonlinear dynamics of the system, which is a major contribution of this paper.

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29

Sharma, RishiSarup, Lily Dewan, and Shantanu Chatterji. "Fault Detection in CSTR using MATLAB." International Journal of Advanced Research 4, no. 5 (May 31, 2016): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/491.

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30

Soukkou, A., A. Khellaf, S. Leulmi, and K. Boudeghdegh. "Optimal control of a CSTR process." Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 25, no. 4 (December 2008): 799–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-66322008000400017.

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31

Ebadi Kalhoodashti, Hossein. "Concentration Control of CSTR using NNAPC." International Journal of Computer Applications 26, no. 6 (July 31, 2011): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5120/3106-4265.

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32

Gibon-Fargeot, A. M., F. Celle-Couenne, and H. Hammouri. "Cascade estimation design for CSTR models." Computers & Chemical Engineering 24, no. 11 (November 2000): 2355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0098-1354(00)00303-3.

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33

CANEBA, GERARD T., and MICHAEL J. CROSSEY. "CHAOS IN A PERIODICALLY PERTURBED CSTR." Chemical Engineering Communications 51, no. 1-6 (March 1987): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448708911831.

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34

Gatzke, Edward P., and Francis J. Doyle. "Multiple Model Approach for CSTR Control." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 32, no. 2 (July 1999): 6950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)57186-4.

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35

Astarita, Gianni, and Abhash Nigam. "Lumping nonlinear kinetics in a CSTR." AIChE Journal 35, no. 12 (December 1989): 1927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690351203.

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36

LIGNOLA, A. P. G., E. REVERCHON, R. AUTUORI, A. INSOLA, and A. M. SILVESTRE. "Propene Combustion Process in a CSTR." Combustion Science and Technology 44, no. 1-2 (November 1985): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208508960289.

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DI MAIO, F. P., P. G. LIGNOLA, and P. TALARICO. "Thermokinetic Oscillations in Acetaldehyde CSTR Combustion." Combustion Science and Technology 91, no. 1-3 (May 1993): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209308907636.

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38

Schlegl, Robert, Anne Tscheliessnig, Roman Necina, Robert Wandl, and Alois Jungbauer. "Refolding of proteins in a CSTR." Chemical Engineering Science 60, no. 21 (November 2005): 5770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2005.04.086.

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39

Fazekáš, Tomáš, Marta Mrákavová, Arpád Nagy, Anna Olexová, and Ludovít Treindl. "Permanganate chemical oscillators in a CSTR." Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters 42, no. 2 (September 1990): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02065354.

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40

Pellegrini, L., and G. Biardi. "Chaotic behaviour of a controlled CSTR." Computers & Chemical Engineering 14, no. 11 (November 1990): 1237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0098-1354(90)80004-u.

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41

Strots, V. O., Yu Sh Matros, and G. A. Bunimovich. "Periodically forced SO2 oxidation in CSTR." Chemical Engineering Science 47, no. 9-11 (June 1992): 2701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(92)87116-8.

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BHAT, JAYADEVA, M. CHIDAMBARAM, and K. P. MADHAVAN. "NONLINEAR FEEDBACK CONTROL OF A CSTR." Chemical Engineering Communications 101, no. 1 (March 1991): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986449108911607.

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43

Trnka, Otakar, and Miloslav Hartman. "On the Influence of Fluctuating Flow Rate Upon the Performance and Behaviour of Isothermal Reacting Systems." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 63, no. 6 (1998): 881–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19980881.

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Three simple computational techniques are proposed and employed to demonstrate the effect of fluctuating flow rate of feed on the behaviour and performance of an isothermal, continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A fluidized bed reactor (FBR), in which a non-catalytic gas-solid reaction occurs, is also considered. The influence of amplitude and frequency of gas flow rate fluctuations on reactant concentrations at the exit of the CSTR is shown in four different situations.

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Shu, Zhan, Hong Chen, Xue Ying Di, and Yong Feng Li. "The Operation Characteristics of Biohydrogen Production in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor with Molasses." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.613.

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The feasibility and operation characteristics of anaerobic fermentation biohydrogen production in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were investigated for treating molasses wastewater. The research indicates that the reactor has the capacity of continuously producing hydrogen in an initial biomass (as volatile suspension solids) of 17.74 g/L, temperature of (35±1) °C, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h, and the reactor can start up the ethanol-type fermentation in 12 days and realize stable hydrogen production. Furthermore, the CSTR reactor enjoys a favorable stability even with an organic shock loading. When the organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 8 kg/(m3•d) to 24 kg/(m3•d), the CSTR system reached a new steady state within 9 d. The hydrogen yield and COD removal increased from 3 L and 8% to 12 L and 20% respectively with the hydrogen content of 47 %.

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Li, Shi, Xi Ju Zong, and Yan Hu. "Model Predictive Control of Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 1000–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.1000.

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This paper is concerns with the study of model predictive control of continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). Firstly, a nonlinear mechanical model is established for a typical CSTR. Based on mass balance and energy balance, a set of ordinary differential equations are derived. Then, the model is linearized at steady-state point to obtain state space model, which is used in model predictive control (MPC). Finally, MPC strategy is applied, controller parameters and process constrains are discussed.

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Tyagi, R. D., D. Couillard, and F. T. Tran. "Studies on Microbial Leaching of Heavy Metals from Municipal Sludge." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0117.

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A comparative study between continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with cell recycle and air-lift reactor was carried out in 30 1 capacity reactors for metal solubilization from anaerobically digested sludge. In CSTR at a residence time of 0.75 day, supplementing the feed sludge with 4 g/l of FeSO4.7H2O, using 20% sludge recycle and adjusting pH of the feed sludge to 4.5 resulted in following metal solubilization : 91% Cu, 94% Zn,, 93% Mn, 67% Cd, 67% Ni, 8% Cr, and 7% Pb. At 0.75 day retention time metals were solubilized to the recommended level in CSTR as well as in air-lift reactor. The treated sludge is easy to filter in plates filter press, centrifugation, or vacuum filter. The sludge nutrients do not seem to be diminished as a result of treatment and separation of solid-liquid. The ammonia-nitrogen fraction seems to be transformed in organic nitrogen. The decontaminated sludge produced has less odour.

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Aquino, S. F., and D. C. Stuckey. "Chromatographic characterization of dissolved organics in effluents from two anaerobic reactors treating synthetic wastewater." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.505.

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This paper presents results on the quantification and chromatographic characterization of soluble microbial products (SMP) accumulated in two laboratory-scale reactors: a submerged anaerobic membrane reactor (SAMBR or MBR), and an anaerobic CSTR. The results obtained under steady-state conditions show that 2.1% of the substrate was channelled into the production of SMP in the CSTR, whilst in the SAMBR this was estimated to be 25%. Chromatographic characterization showed that more hydrophobic and high MW organics that absorb at 254 nm were detected in the SAMBR supernatant than in the CSTR. A comparison of chromatograms suggest that the release of extracellular polymers (ECP) and cell lysis may be important sources of SMP in the SAMBR. Electrophoresis results confirmed that there was more soluble protein inside the SAMBR, and showed that the release of ECP by shear or hydrolysis seemed to have contributed to the production of protein-like SMP in both systems.

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Zhao, Li Qing, Jia Mao Fang, Wei Bin Chen, and Xiang Dong Xiao. "Repeated Batch Biotransformation from Isoeugenol to Vanillin by Immobilized Bacillus fusiformis Cells in CSTR Reactor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 1170–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.1170.

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Bacillus fusiformis CGMCC1347, screened from soil, was immobilized successfully to biotransform isoeugenol to vanillin. The optimal immobilization conditions were 2.5% sodium alginate, 10% cell density and Ca2+ 0.1 mol l-1. The optimal reaction conditions in a 2 L CSTR reactor with immobilized Bacillus fusiformis CGMCC1347 cells were isoeugenol 600 mL, immobilized cells 400 g, pH 3.5 dH2O 400 mL, 37 oC, 200 r min-1 shaking speed and 0.8 vvm air capacity. The average vanillin concentration reached 39.26 g l-1 after 6 times reuse of immobilized cells in 2 L CSTR.

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Ji, Yu Kun, and Hong He. "Application of Anaerobic Fermentation Technology in Prevent and Control Pollution of Livestock and Poultry." Advanced Materials Research 850-851 (December 2013): 1176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.850-851.1176.

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Analysis different kinds of anaerobic fermentation technology using in prevent and control of livestock and poultry. Comparing removal rate of COD, total Nitrogen, total Phosphorus of Mixed anaerobic fermentation technology (CSTR), upflow sludge bed reactor (USR) and simple anaerobic pool. Removal rate of CSTR and USR is obvious better than simple an aerobic pool, and removal rate is proportional to the pollutant concentration. Overall evaluations of investment, occupation of land and rate. Points out the problems exist in the using of anaerobic fermentation technology and put forward reasonable suggestions.

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Anderson, Geoffrey C., Ken I. Peverill, and Ross F. Brennan. "Soil sulfur—crop response calibration relationships and criteria for field crops grown in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 5 (2013): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13244.

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Accurate definition of the sulfur (S) soil test–crop grain yield increase (response) relationship is required before soil S test measurements can be used to if there are likely to be responses to S fertilisers. An analysis was done using the Better Fertiliser Decision for Crops (BFDC) National Database using a web application (BFDC Interrogator) to develop calibration relationships between soil S tests (KCl-40 and MCP) using a selection of sampling depths and grain relative yields (RY). Critical soil test values (CSTV) and critical soil test ranges (CSTR) were defined at RY 90%. The ability of the KCl-40 extractable S soil test to predict grain yield response to applied S fertiliser was examined for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in Western Australia (WA), New South Wales (NSW), and Victoria and canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in WA and NSW. A smaller dataset using MCPi-extractable S was also assessed. The WA-grown wheat KCl-40 S CSTV, using sampling depth to 30 cm for soil types Chromosols (Coloured), Chromosols (Sesqui-Nodular), Kandosols (Grey and Yellow), Tenosols (Brown and Yellow), and Tenosols (Grey, Sesqui-Nodular), was 2.8 mg kg–1 with an associated CSTR 2.4–3.2 mg kg–1 and a correlation coefficient (r) 0.87. Similarly, KCl-40 S CSTV was defined using sampling depth to 10 cm for these selected soil types and for wheat grown on Vertosols in NSW. The accuracy of the KCl-40 S CSTV for canola grown in WA was improved using a sampling to a depth of 30 cm instead of 10 cm for all soil types. The canola KCl-40 S CSTV using sampling depth to 30 cm for these soil types was 7.2 mg kg–1 with an associated CSTR 6.8–7.5 and an r value 0.70. A similar KCl-40 S CSTV of 7.0 mg kg–1 was defined using a sampling depth of 10 cm, but the CSTR was higher (6.4–7.7 mg kg–1) and the r value lower (0.43). A lower KCl-40 S CSTV of 3.9 mg kg–1 or 31.0 kg ha–1 using a sampling depth of 60 cm was defined for canola grown in NSW using a limited number of S-rate calibration treatment series. Both MCPi (r = 0.32) and KCl-40 (r <0.20) soil S test–NSW canola response relationships using a 0–10 cm sampling depth were weak. The wheat KCl-40 S CSTR of 2.4–3.2 mg kg–1 can be used widely on soil types where soil sulfate is not leached during the growing season. However, both the WA canola CSTR of 6.4–7.2 mg kg–1 using a sampling depth of 30 cm and NSW canola CSTR of 25–39 kg ha–1 or 3.1–4.9 mg kg–1 using a sampling depth of 60 cm can be considered in regions outside of WA and NSW.

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