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Journal articles on the topic 'CTA measurement'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Armon, Matthew P., Simon C. Whitaker, Roger H. S. Gregson, Peter W. Wenham, and Brian R. Hopkinson. "Spiral CT Angiography versus Aortography in the Assessment of Aortoiliac Length in Patients Undergoing Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 5, no. 3 (August 1998): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152660289800500306.

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Purpose: To compare measurements of aortoiliac length obtained with spiral computed tomographic angiography (CTA) and aortography in patients undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair. Methods: The distances from the lower-most renal artery to the aortic bifurcation and from the aortic bifurcation to the common iliac artery (CIA) bifurcation were measured using both CTA and aortography in 108 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Results: The level of agreement between CTA and aortography was high, with 69% of aortic and 76% of iliac measurements within 1 cm and > 90% within 2 cm of each other. Mean differences were −0.35 ± 1.20 cm and 0.25 ± 1.10 cm, respectively, for aortic and iliac lengths. Aortography overestimated renal artery to aortic bifurcation length in comparison to CTA (p = 0.003), particularly in patients with large aneurysms (> 6.5 cm) and lumen diameters > 4.5 cm (p < 0.0001). Measurements of CIA length were shorter by aortography than CTA (p = 0.02). Conclusions: There is a high level of agreement between CTA and aortography in the measurement of aortoiliac length, but aortography overestimates renal artery to aortic bifurcation length in patients with large-diameter aneurysms and wide aneurysm lumens. CTA is sufficiently accurate in the majority of cases to be used as the sole basis for the construction of endovascular grafts.

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2

Lee, Keon Hyeong. "A Measurement Model of Dynamic Capabilities: CTA-PLS Approach." E-Business Studies 18, no. 2 (April 30, 2017): 331–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20462/tebs.2017.04.18.2.331.

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3

Guo, Qiang, Jichun Zhao, Bin Huang, Ding Yuan, Yi Yang, Guojun Zeng, Fei Xiong, and Xiaojiong Du. "A Systematic Review of Ultrasound or Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compared With Computed Tomography for Endoleak Detection and Aneurysm Diameter Measurement After Endovascular Aneurysm Repair." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 23, no. 6 (August 20, 2016): 936–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526602816664878.

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Purpose: To analyze the literature comparing ultrasound [duplex (DUS) or contrast-enhanced (CEUS)] or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with computed tomography angiography (CTA) for endoleak detection and aneurysm diameter measurement after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Methods: A systematic review identified 31 studies that included 3853 EVAR patients who had paired scans (DUS or CEUS vs CTA or MRI vs CTA) within a 1-month interval for identification of endoleaks during EVAR surveillance. The primary outcome was the number of patients with an endoleak detected by one test but undetected by another test. Results are presented for all endoleaks and for types I and III endoleaks only. Aneurysm diameter measurements between CTA and ultrasound were examined using meta-analysis. Results: Endoleaks were seen in 25.6% (985/3853) of patients after EVAR. Fifteen studies compared DUS with CTA for the detection of all endoleak types. CTA had a significantly higher proportion of additional endoleaks detected (214/2346 vs 77/2346 for DUS). Of 19 studies comparing CEUS with CTA for the detection of all endoleak types, CEUS was more sensitive (138/1694) vs CTA (51/1694). MRI detected 42 additional endoleaks that were undetected by CTA during the paired scans, whereas CTA detected 2 additional endoleaks that MRI did not show. CTA had a similar proportion of additional types I and III endoleaks undetected by CEUS or MRI. Of 9 studies comparing ultrasound vs CTA for post-EVAR aneurysm diameter measurement, the aneurysm diameter measured by CTA was greater than ultrasound (mean difference −1.70 mm, 95% confidence interval −2.45 to −0.96, p<0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CEUS and MRI are more accurate than CTA for the detection of post-EVAR endoleaks, but they are no better than CTA for detecting types I and III endoleaks specifically. Aneurysm diameter differences between CTA and ultrasound should be considered when evaluating the change in aneurysm diameter postoperatively.

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Yaacob, Mohd Rusdy, Rasmus Korslund Schlander, Preben Buchhave, and Clara Marika Velte. "Mapping of the turbulent round jet developing region using a constant temperature anemometer (CTA)." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 14 (October 25, 2018): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n0.1298.

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The fully developed round turbulent jet has been extensively studied, whereas the developing region is much less understood. The high shear and turbulence intensities in the most interesting parts of the developing region make them inaccessible to common measurement techniques such as Constant Temperature Anemometry (CTA) due to the high demands on the measurement techniques for accuracy of the measurements. Turbulence measurements are therefore planned using our in-house laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) system based on its capability to provide accurate measurements and with its inherent ability to properly distinguish velocity components. A rigorous measurement with the intended LDA system however demands impractical processing time, so knowing the critical points at which measurement are to be taken will save valuable time. This information is herein acquired significantly faster and more practically, however less accurately, with single-wire CTA. A high-resolution measurement was done using a computer-controlled single-wire CTA with the wire probe mounted perpendicular to the incoming flow from the jet orifice. The measurements covered several points in the radial (r-direction) along x/D=10, x/D=15, x/D=20 and x/D=30 downstream (where D is the jet exit diameter), with spatial resolutions ranging from 1 to 3 mm between the points, depending on how far the measurement was from the jet centerline. A proper alignment was also conducted prior to measurement so that the same points can be reached again for LDA measurement on the same jet afterwards. The radial profiles of mean velocity and turbulence intensity at each downstream position are presented to show the statistics of the air flow inside and outside the jet. As expected from theory, the mean profiles display a nearly Gaussian shape, spread out and tapered with the downstream direction. The highest velocities are located at the centerline.

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Burghardt, Galen, and Lianyan Liu. "Autocorrelation Effects on CTA and EquityRisk Measurement." Journal of Alternative Investments 16, no. 1 (June 30, 2013): 19–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jai.2013.16.1.019.

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6

Lian, Kevin, Jeremy H. White, Eric S. Bartlett, Aditya Bharatha, Richard I. Aviv, Allan J. Fox, and Sean P. Symons. "NASCET Percent Stenosis Semi-Automated Versus Manual Measurement on CTA." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 39, no. 3 (May 2012): 343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100013482.

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Purpose:To compare North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) stenosis values and NASCET grade categorization (mild, moderate, severe) of semi-automated vessel analysis software versus manual measurements on computed tomography angiography (CTA).Methods:There were four observers. Two independently analyzed 81 carotid artery CTAs using semi-automated vessel analysis software according to a blinded protocol. The software measured the narrowest stenosis in millimeters (mm), distal internal carotid artery (ICA) in mm, and calculated percent stenosis based on NASCET criteria. One of these two observers performed this task twice on each carotid, the second analysis was delayed two months in order to mitigate recall bias. Two other observers manually measured the narrowest stenosis in mm, distal ICA in mm, and calculated NASCET percent stenosis in a blinded fashion. The calculated NASCET stenoses were categorized into mild, moderate, or severe. Chi square and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to test for statistical differences.Results:ANOVA did not find a statistically significant difference in the mean percent stenosis when comparing the two manual measurements, the two semi-automated measurements, and the repeat semi-automated. Chi square demonstrated that the distribution of grades of stenosis were statistically different (p<0.05) between the manual and semiautomated grades. Semi-automated vessel analysis tended to underestimate the degree of stenosis compared to manual measurement.Conclusion:The mean percentage stenosis determined by semi-automated vessel analysis is not significantly different from manual measurement. However, when the data is categorized into mild, moderate and severe stenosis, there is a significant difference between semi-automated and manual measurements. The semi-automated software tends to underestimate the stenosis grade compared to manual measurement.

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7

Belvedere, Shane, Quentin Gouil, Corey Thompson, and Jarryd Solomon. "Computed Tomography Angiography in the Assessment of Great Saphenous Vein as Conduit for Infrainguinal Bypass Surgery." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 54, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574420906945.

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Introduction: The great saphenous vein (GSV) is commonly used as a conduit during infrainguinal bypass (IIB) and is usually well seen on computed tomography angiography (CTA) which is frequently performed for preoperative planning. In this study, we asked whether CTA could replace ultrasonography (US) as the primary mode of conduit assessment, by comparing GSV measurements for patients who underwent both CTA and US vein mapping prior to IIB. Methods: All IIB that were completed in the six-and-a-half-year period from January 1, 2012, to July 31, 2018, at the authors’ institution were examined. Great saphenous vein measurements were analyzed for patients who had undergone both CTA and US vein mapping. Correlation between the measurements was calculated with the Pearson correlation coefficient. Data were then examined using Bland-Altman plots. Then categorical analysis was used to determine the adequacy of GSV for use as a bypass conduit. Results: There were 302 patients who underwent IIB, with 73 legs, in 47 patients, examined with CTA and US. Computed tomography angiography and US measurements were moderately correlated ( r = 0.531) across all measurement locations. Correlation progressively reduced distally (proximal thigh r = 0.534, midthigh r = 0.536, knee r = 0.35, midcalf r = 0.185, P = .074, ankle r = 0.078, P = .485). Bland-Altman plots of the pooled location data demonstrated no systematic bias. However, the upper and lower limits of agreement were wide, between −2.02 and +2.37 mm, demonstrating a lack of agreement between CTA and US. Analysis of each location revealed similar findings. A receiver operator characteristic curve was constructed based on a minimum US GSV diameter for adequate bypass conduit of 3 mm. The CTA value that maximized the Youden index was 3.8 mm. Conclusion: The level of error between CTA and US measurements, demonstrated by the large limits of agreement on Bland-Altman plots, would not be clinically acceptable. However, if a larger threshold is accepted, CTA has the potential to replace preoperative US vein mapping of GSV.

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Mohsenizadeh, Navid, Hazem Nounou, Mohamed Nounou, Aniruddha Datta, and Shankar P. Bhattacharyya. "Linear circuits: a measurement-based approach." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 43, no. 2 (July 5, 2013): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.1934.

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9

Pallenberg, René, Marja Fleitmann, Kira Soika, Andreas Martin Stroth, Jan Gerlach, Alexander Fürschke, Jörg Barkhausen, Arpad Bischof, and Heinz Handels. "Automatic quality measurement of aortic contrast-enhanced CT angiographies for patient-specific dose optimization." International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery 15, no. 10 (July 31, 2020): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11548-020-02238-4.

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Abstract Purpose Iodine-containing contrast agent (CA) used in contrast-enhanced CT angiography (CTA) can pose a health risk for patients. A system that adjusts the frequently used standard CA dose for individual patients based on their clinical parameters can be useful. As basis the quality of the image contrast in CTA volumes has to be determined, especially to recognize excessive contrast induced by CA overdosing. However, a manual assessment with a ROI-based image contrast classification is a time-consuming step in everyday clinical practice. Methods We propose a method to automate the contrast measurement of aortic CTA volumes. The proposed algorithm is based on the mean HU values in selected ROIs that were automatically positioned in the CTA volume. First, an automatic localization algorithm determines the CTA image slices for certain ROIs followed by the localization of these ROIs. A rule-based classification using the mean HU values in the ROIs categorizes images with insufficient, optimal and excessive contrast. Results In 95.89% (70 out of 73 CTAs obtained with the ulrich medical CT motion contrast media injector) the algorithm chose the same image contrast class as the radiological expert. The critical case of missing an overdose did not occur with a positive predicative value of 100%. Conclusion The resulting system works well within our range of considered scan protocols detecting enhanced areas in CTA volumes. Our work automized an assessment for classifying CA-induced image contrast which reduces the time needed for medical practitioners to perform such an assessment manually.

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Bidaj, Klodjan, Jean-Baptiste Begueret, and Jerome Deroo. "Jitter definition, measurement, generation, analysis, and decomposition." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 46, no. 12 (August 29, 2018): 2171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2559.

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11

White, Jeremy H., Eric S. Bartlett, Aditya Bharatha, Richard I. Aviv, Allan J. Fox, Andrew L. Thompson, Richard Bitar, and Sean P. Symons. "Reproducibility of Semi-Automated Measurement of Carotid Stenosis on CTA." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 37, no. 4 (July 2010): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100010532.

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Purpose:To compare the reproducibility of semi-automated vessel analysis software to manual measurement of carotid artery stenosis on computed tomography angiography (CTA).Methods:Two observers separately analyzed 81 carotid artery CTAs using semi-automated vessel analysis software according to a blinded protocol. The software measured the narrowest stenosis in millimeters (mm), distal internal carotid artery (ICA) in mm, and calculated percent stenosis based on NASCET criteria. One observer performed this task twice on each carotid, the second analysis delayed two months in order to mitigate recall bias. Two other observers manually measured the narrowest stenosis in mm, distal ICA in mm, and calculated NASCET percent stenosis in a blinded fashion. Correlation coefficients were calculated for each group comparing the narrowest stenosis in mm, distal ICA in mm, and NASCET percent stenosis.Results:The semi-automated vessel analysis software provided excellent intraobserver correlation for narrowest stenosis in mm, distal ICA in mm, and NACSET percent stenosis (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.985, 0.954, and 0.977 respectively). The semi-automated vessel analysis software provided excellent interobserver correlation (0.925, 0.881, and 0.892 respectively). The interobserver correlation for manual measurement was good (0.595, 0.625, and 0.555 respectively). There was a statistically significant difference in the interobserver correlation between the semi-automated vessel analysis software observers and the manual measurement observers (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Semi-automated vessel analysis software is a highly reproducible method of quantifying carotid artery stenosis on CTA. In this study, semi-automated vessel analysis software determination of carotid stenosis was shown to be more reproducible than manual measurement.

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Shang, Eric K., Alison M. Pouch, Chun Xu, Melissa M. Levack, Robert C. Gorman, Clyde F. Barker, Chandra M. Sehgal, and Benjamin M. Jackson. "PS66. Carotid Artery Segmentation and Wall Thickness Measurement Using CTA." Journal of Vascular Surgery 55, no. 6 (June 2012): 45S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2012.03.126.

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13

Stefanik, Stanislav, and Dalibor Nosek. "Atmospheric monitoring using the Cherenkov Transparency Coefficient for the Cherenkov Telescope Array." EPJ Web of Conferences 197 (2019): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201919702010.

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The future ground-based gamma-ray observatory, the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will require reliable monitoring of the atmosphere which is an inherent part of the detector. We discuss here the implementation of the extended method of the Cherenkov Transparency Coeffcient for the atmospheric calibration for the CTA. The method estimates the atmospheric transmission of Cherenkov light, relying on the measurement of the rates of cosmic ray-induced air showers that trigger different pairs of telescopes. We examine the performance of our approach utilizing Monte Carlo simulations assuming various atmospheric conditions and CTA observation configurations.

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Tabet, Saundra M., Glenn W. Lambie, Shiva Jahani, and S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh. "The Factor Structure of Outcome Questionnaire–45.2 Scores Using Confirmatory Tetrad Analysis–Partial Least Squares." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 38, no. 3 (April 15, 2019): 350–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734282919842035.

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The researchers employed a confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with Outcome Questionnaire–45.2 (OQ-45) data, examining the measurement model of the OQ-45 scores with a sample of male adult clients ( N = 1,558) receiving individual therapy at a university-based community counseling and research center (UBCCRC). Using CTA-PLS, this study examined the reflective and formative nature of each of the OQ-45 items and dimensions. These results identified the innovative second-order formative–formative three-factor model as a best alternative measurement model to represent and calculate the scores of OQ-45 scale.

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machii, kazuhiro, shinjiroh takahashi, hajime shimizu, yutaka hikichi, and shinji sugimoto. "Measurement of cerebral aneurysm by 3D-CTA ; study of Optimal Threshould." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 53, no. 1 (1997): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001355073.

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Bu, X., Z. Hou, F. Yu, and F. Wang. "Robust model free adaptive control with measurement disturbance." IET Control Theory & Applications 6, no. 9 (2012): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2011.0381.

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Caliskan, Emine, Yeliz Pekcevik, and Adnan Kaya. "Can we evaluate cranial aneurysms on conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging?" Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 7, no. 01 (January 2016): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.165425.

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ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the determination of intracranial aneurysms. Materials and Methods: Brain MRI and computed tomography angiography (CTA) of 45 patients (29 women and 16 men; age range, 32–80 years) with aneurysm were analyzed. A comparison was made between brain MRI and CTA based on size and presence of aneurysm. The comparisons between MRI and CTA were investigated through Bland-Altman graphics, receiver operating characteristic curve, and Kappa statistics. Results: Fifty-seven aneurysms were evaluated. Forty-five percent of 57 aneurysms on CTA were detected on conventional brain MRI. A significant correlation was found between CTA and brain MRI in the diagnosis of aneurysm (P < 0.05). In an analysis of the size measurement, a significant correlation was observed between CTA and brain MRI. Seventy-seven percent of aneurysms <4 mm was not detected and the efficiency of MRI in the detection of aneurysms <4 mm was found to be low. Conclusion: Aneurysms can also be appreciated on conventional brain MRI, and vascular structures should be reviewed carefully while analyzing brain MRI.

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Mora, Caroline, Claude Marcus, Coralie Barbe, Fiona Ecarnot, and Anne Long. "Maximum Diameter of Native Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Measured by Angio-Computed Tomography." AORTA 03, no. 02 (April 2015): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12945/j.aorta.2015.14-059.

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Background: Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the reference technique for the measurement of native maximum abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) diameter when surgery is being considered. However, there is a wide choice available for the methodology of maximum AAA diameter measurement on CTA, and to date, no consensus has been reached on which method is best. We analyzed clinical decisions based on these various measures of native maximum AAA diameter with CTA, then analyzed their reproducibility and identified the method of measurement yielding the highest agreement in terms of patient management. Materials and Methods: Three sets of measures in 46 native AAA were obtained, double-blind by three radiologists (J, S, V) on orthogonal planes, curved multiplanar reconstructions, and semi-automated-software, based on the AAA-lumen centerline. From each set, the clinical decision was recorded as follows: "Follow-up" (if all diameters <50 mm), "ambiguous" (if at least one diameter <50 mm AND at least one ≥50 mm) or "Surgery " (if all diameters ≥50 mm). Intra- and interobserver agreements in clinical decisions were compared using the weighted Kappa coefficient. Results: Clinical decisions varied according to the measurement sets used by each observer, and according to intra and interobserver (lecture#1) reproducibility. Based on the first reading of each observer, the number of AAA proposed for surgery ranged from 11 to 24 for J, 5 to 20 for S, and 15 to 23 for V. The rate of AAAs classified as "ambiguous" varied from 11% (5/46) to 37% (17/46).The semi-automated method yielded very good intraand interobserver agreements in clinical decisions in all comparisons (Kappa range 0.83–1.00). Conclusion: The semi-automated method seems to be appropriate for native AAA maximum diameter measurement on CTA. In the absence of AAA outer-wallbased software more robust for complex AAA, clinical decisions might best be made with diameter values obtained using this technique.

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Nguyen, Tammy T., Jessica P. Simons, Sourav Podder, Allison S. Crawford, Dejah R. Judelson, Edward J. Arous, Francesco A. Aiello, and Andres Schanzer. "Imaging Obtained Up To 12 Months Preoperatively Is Adequate for Planning Fenestrated/Branched Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair." Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 53, no. 7 (July 30, 2019): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1538574419864769.

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Objectives: Patients referred for fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repair (F/BEVAR) often present with a previous computed tomography angiogram (CTA), but it is unknown how recent the CTA must be to ensure accurate F/BEVAR planning. We sought to determine whether anatomic planning parameters change significantly between a CTA used for F/BEVAR planning and a CTA obtained 6 to 12 months prior. Methods: Two blinded observers reviewed preoperative CTAs from 21 patients who underwent F/BEVAR. Each patient had a “recent” scan obtained 0 to 6 months before F/BEVAR planning and a “prior” scan obtained 6 to 12 months before the “recent” CTA. Standard measurements included (1) target vessel separation distances, (2) target vessel origin clock position, and (3) proximal F/BEVAR device diameter. Clinically significant differences for target vessel separation distance, target vessel origin clock position, and proximal F/BEVAR device diameter were predefined as >5 mm, >30 minutes, and >4 mm, respectively. Differences between “recent”/“prior” CTA scans were examined by paired t test. Results: Mean time interval between paired “recent”/“prior” CTAs was 8.0 months (standard deviation: ±1.7). Mean difference in paired “recent”/“prior” target vessel distance (relative to celiac artery [CA]) was 2.6 mm for the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), 2.5 mm for the right renal artery (RRA), and 3.3 mm for the left renal artery (LRA). Of the 21 paired “recent”/“prior” CTAs, clinically significant differences were observed in 2, 4, and 2 patients for SMA, RRA, and LRA target vessel distance, respectively. Target vessel clock position (SMA reference at 12:00) varied by 12 minutes for the CA, 13 minutes for the RRA, and 15 minutes for the LRA. One paired “recent”/“prior” CTA was found to have a clinically significant difference for the LRA. No clinically significant differences were observed for proximal device diameter. Conclusions: In patients who underwent successful F/BEVAR, measurement comparisons between CTAs obtained up to 1 year prior were minor and unlikely to yield clinically significant changes to F/BEVAR design.

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Tabet, Saundra M., Glenn W. Lambie, Shiva Jahani, and S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh. "An Analysis of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 Measurement Model Using Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling." Assessment 27, no. 8 (March 15, 2019): 1731–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191119834653.

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The researchers examined the factor structure and model specifications of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) with confirmatory tetrad analysis (CTA) using partial least squares–structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) with a sample of adult clients ( N = 298) receiving individual therapy at a university-based counseling research center. The CTA and PLS-SEM results identified the formative nature of the WHODAS 2.0 subscale scores, supporting an alternative measurement model of the WHODAS 2.0 scores as a second-order formative–formative model.

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Li, Wenling, Yingmin Jia, and Junping Du. "Tobit Kalman filter with time-correlated multiplicative measurement noise." IET Control Theory & Applications 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2016.0624.

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Kazemtash, Majid, Marc Harth, Wojciech Derwich, Axel Thalhammer, Thomas Schmitz-Rixen, and Michael Keese. "Quiescent-Interval Slice Selective Magnetic Resonance Angiography for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Treatment Planning." Journal of Endovascular Therapy 28, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526602821989341.

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Purpose Diagnostic imaging of Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) almost exclusively employs CT angiography (CTA) involving X-ray exposure and contrast medium that may harm some patients. Quiescent-Interval Slice Selective MR (QISS-MR) depicts vascular anatomy without radiation or contrast medium. The diagnostic quality of QISS-MRA and CTA were compared in regard to length and diameter measurements in AAA patients. Suitability of QISS-MRA for AAA treatment planning was evaluated. Materials and Methods The details of 30 patients with AAA who received both a QISS-MR and CTA for a known infrarenal AAA were obtained retrospectively that was approved by the local research ethics board. Two observers analyzed each dataset in terms of image quality and determined lumen diameter and length of 15 vessel segments. Results Highly accurate agreement between the diagnostic scores from the two observers was achieved. There was no significant difference between CTA and QISS-MRA for all 15 measured vessels. Although information on calcification was lacking and intraluminal thrombus was visualized in only 25 patients out of 30 patients, a founded decision to carry out OR or EVAR was possible with both imaging modalities. Conclusion QISS-MRA presents a radiation and contrast free method for preoperative diagnostic AAA imaging. While QISS-MRA does not deliver exact information regarding calcification and thrombus formation, it does accurately allow measurement of vessel diameter and length. Therefore, it is potentially useful for EVAR planning in selected patients with impaired renal function.

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Howard, Peter, Eric S. Bartlett, Sean P. Symons, Allan J. Fox, and R. I. Aviv. "Measurement of Carotid Stenosis on Computed Tomographic Angiography: Reliability Depends on Postprocessing Technique." Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal 61, no. 3 (June 2010): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carj.2009.10.013.

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Purpose We previously demonstrated the validity of axial source (AxS) image quantification of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) visualized carotid stenosis. There is concern that AxS images may not accurately measure stenosis in patients with obliquely orientated stenosis and that measurements on axial oblique (AxO) multiplanar reformats (MPR), maximum intensity projections (MIP) images, or Doppler ultrasound (DUS) are superior. We tested the performance of AxS images against AxO MPRs, MIPs, and DUS techniques for stenosis quantification. Methods A total of 120 consecutive patients with CTA and DUS detected carotid disease were enrolled; carotids with occlusion, near occlusion, or stenosis <40% were excluded. Proximal and distal carotid diameters and North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) style ratios were measured independently by 2 neuroradiologists on AxS, AxO, and MIP images on separate occasions in a blinded protocol. Intra- and interobserver agreements were determined for all measurements. The performance of different image types to identify ≥70% stenosis was assessed against a NASCET-style reference standard. Results Intra- and interobserver reliabilities for stenosis measurements were higher for both AxS (interclass correlation coefficients [ICC], 0.87–0.93 and 0.84–0.89) and AxO images (ICCs, 0.82–0.89 and 0.86–0.92) than for MIPs (ICCs, 0.66–0.86 and 0.79–0.82), respectively. Intra- and interobserver agreements on the NASCET ratio tended to be lower than proximal stenosis measurements. AxS and AxO image proximal stenosis measurements most accurately distinguished patients with ≥70% stenosis (0.90), followed by DUS (0.83) and MIP images (0.76). Conclusions A single AxS image stenosis measurement was highly reproducible and accurate in the estimation of carotid stenosis, which precluded the need for AxO MPRs.

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Mestre, E., E. de Oña Wilhelmi, R. Zanin, D. F. Torres, and L. Tibaldo. "Prospects for the characterization of the VHE emission from the Crab nebula and pulsar with the Cherenkov Telescope Array." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 708–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3421.

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ABSTRACT The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) will be the next generation instrument for the very high energy gamma-ray astrophysics domain. With its enhanced sensitivity in comparison with the current facilities, CTA is expected to shed light on a varied population of sources. In particular, we will achieve a deeper knowledge of the Crab nebula and pulsar, which are the best characterized pulsar wind nebula and rotation powered pulsar, respectively. We aim at studying the capabilities of CTA regarding these objects through simulations, using the main tools currently in development for the CTA future data analysis: gammapy and ctools. We conclude that, even using conservative Instrument Response Functions, CTA will be able to resolve many uncertainties regarding the spectrum and morphology of the pulsar and its nebula. The large energy range covered by CTA will allow us to disentangle the nebula spectral shape among different hypotheses, corresponding to different underlying emitting mechanisms. In addition, resolving internal structures (smaller than ∼0.02° in size) in the nebula and unveiling their location, would provide crucial information about the propagation of particles in the magnetized medium. We used a theoretical asymmetric model to characterize the morphology of the nebula and we showed that if predictions of such morphology exist, for instance as a result of hydrodynamical or magneto-hydrodynamical simulations, it can be directly compared with CTA results. We also tested the capability of CTA to detect periodic radiation from the Crab pulsar obtaining a precise measurement of different light curves shapes.

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Oliveira, Vilma A., Ricardo Alzate, and Shankar P. Bhattacharyya. "A measurement-based approach with accuracy evaluation and its applications to circuit analysis and synthesis." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 45, no. 12 (March 17, 2017): 1920–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2315.

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Lin, Chang‐Hua, Kai‐Jun Pai, and Po‐Hsun Chen. "Development and implementation of a laser headlight system for electro‐optic characteristic measurement and comparison." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 48, no. 2 (January 20, 2020): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2727.

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Ma, Cui-Qin, Zheng-Yan Qin, and Yun-Bo Zhao. "Bipartite consensus of integrator multi-agent systems with measurement noise." IET Control Theory & Applications 11, no. 18 (December 15, 2017): 3313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2017.0334.

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He, Fenghua, Yu Yao, Weishan Chen, Denggao Ji, and Peng Zhang. "Coordinated target assignment via a finite-time gain measurement approach." IET Control Theory & Applications 7, no. 3 (February 14, 2013): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2011.0212.

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Milnerowicz, Artur Igor, Aleksandra Milnerowicz, Tomasz Bańkowski, and Marcin Protasiewicz. "Pressure gradient measurement to verify hemodynamic results of the chimney endovascular aortic repair (chEVAR) technique." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 14, 2021): e0249549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249549.

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Purpose The use of the pressure gradient measurements to assess the renal artery flow hemodynamics after chimney endovascular aortic repair (chEVAR). Methods The study was a prospective analysis of 37 chEVAR procedures performend in 24 patients with perirenal aortic aneurysm. In all patients the measurement of: distal renal artery pressure (Pd), aortic pressure (Pa), Pd/Pa ratio (Pd/Pa) and mean gradient (MG) between the aorta and the distal renal artery were performed. Measurements were taken with 0.014 inch pressure wire catheter before and after the chEVAR procedure. MG greater than 9 mmHg and Pd/Pa ratio below 0.90 were considered as the measures of a significant decrease in distal pressure that limited flow in renal arteries. The 6 month follow-up computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was performed in all patients to diagnose potential endoleak presence and to verify the patency of the chimney stent-grafts. Results All procedures were successful, and no periprocedural complications were observed in any of the patients. The mean gradient values before and after the chimney implantation did not change significantly (6,2±2,0 mmHg and 6,8±2,2 mmHg, respectively). Similarly, no significant change in Pd/Pa values was noted with the value of 0.9 observed both before and after the procedure. All chimney stents were patent on the control CTA. Type Ia endoleak was found in 4 (10.8%) patients. Conclusions The application of the described technique seems to be a safe method which allows a direct measurement of renal artery flow hemodynamics before and after chimney implantation during the chEVAR technique. The use of covered balloon expandable stents, ensures the proper blood flow in the renal arteries during the chEVAR technique.

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Dvořák, V., P. Novotný, P. Dančová, and D. Jašíková. "PIV and CTA Measurement of Constant Area Mixing in Subsonic Air Ejector." EPJ Web of Conferences 45 (2013): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20134501003.

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Haykal, TM, Elen Elen, Celly A. Atmadikoesoemah, Abhirama N. Putra, Andrew Parlautan, Wendy M. Saragih, and Manoefris Kasim. "Detailed Precision of Computed Tomography Angiography Compared to Invasive Angiography in Different Coronary Vessels: Overestimate, Underestimate, or Concordance?" Indonesian Journal of Cardiology 39, no. 1 (August 21, 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30701/ijc.v39i1.790.

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Background: Quantitative analysis of stenosis lesions by Computed Tomography angiography (CTA) show good correlation with Invasive Coronary Angiography (ICA) examination. However, detailed precision whether CTA overestimate or underestimate have not been explored thoroughly. Objectives: This research is performed to analyze the precision of CTA compared to ICA. Materials & Methods: There are 195 patients examined by both CTA and ICA from October 2014 until December 2015 in our hospital. CTA was analyzed by a team of cardiovascular imaging cardiologists. Quantitative grading of stenosis was determined visually using 2014 Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) guidelines classification. Quantitative measurement of stenosis during ICA was classified with the same criteria so that it can be comparable. The final comparison of both tests was classified as concordance, overestimate and underestimate. Results: Lesion of stenosis was found in 573 coronary vessels. Coronary vessels are significantly associated with detailed precision of quantitative analysis comparison in CTA and ICA. LM coronary stenosis quantification from CTA is predominantly overestimate (concordance in 6% vessels and overestimate in 75.9% vessels), while stenosis analysis by CTA in other major coronary vessels is spread without conspicuous domination (p<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of CTA to detect obstructive lesion (stenosis ≥ 50%) found by ICA is 81.4%, 80.4%, 73.9%, and 86.3%, respectively (780 vessels). Conclusions: Degree of stenosis in LM is predominantly overestimate by CTA. The precision of stenosis grading in CTA in different coronary vessels is not the same. Abstrak Latar Belakang: Analisis kuantitatif lesi stenosis pada pembuluh koroner menggunakan modalitas Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) memiliki korelasi yang baik dengan pemeriksaan Invasive Coronary Angiography (ICA). Namun, presisi CTA terhadap ICA masih belum tereksplorasi dengan baik. Terutama dari sisi apakah CTA menunjukkan presisi yang overestimate atau underestimate. Tujuan: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis presisi CTA terhadap ICA dalam mendeteksi lesi stenosis pada pembuluh koroner. Metode Penelitian: Terdapat 195 pasien yang diperiksa menggunakan CTA dan ICA sejak Oktober 2014 hingga Desember 2015 di RS Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Jakarta. Analisis kuantitatif CTA dilakukan oleh tim kardiolog pencitraan kardiovaskular. Klasifikasi derajat stenosis ditentukan secara visual menggunakan pedoman dari Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT) 2014. Analisis kuantitatif lesi stenosis dari pemeriksaan ICA diklasifikasikan menggunakan pedoman yang sama sehingga keduanya dapat diperbandingkan. Data hasil perbandingan kedua modalitas diklasifikasikan sebagai concordance, overestimate dan underestimate. Hasil Penelitian: Lesi stenosis ditemukan pada 573 pembuluh koroner. Pembuluh koroner yang berbeda secara signifikan berhubungan dengan perbandingan klasifikasi analisis semi-kuantitatif CTA dan ICA. Pembuluh koroner LM terutama menunjukkan lesi dengan kategori overestimate (75.9%). Sementara analisis stenosis pada pembuluh koroner lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang mencolok (p < 0,001). Sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, dan NPV CTA dalam mendeteksi lesi koroner obstruktif (stenosis ≥50%) terhadap ICA adalah sebesar 81.4%, 80.4%, 73.9%, dan 86.3% (780 pembuluh kroner). Kesimpulan: Analisis stenosis semi-kuantitatif pada LM terutama adalah overestimate berdasarkan pemeriksaan CTA. Presisi analisis perbandingan derajat stenosis CT angiografi pada setiap pembuluh koroner tidak sama.

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Laukamp, Kai Roman, Simon Lennartz, Vivian Ho, Nils Große Hokamp, David Zopfs, Amit Gupta, Frank Philipp Graner, Jan Borggrefe, Robert Gilkeson, and Nikhil Ramaiya. "Evaluation of the liver with virtual non-contrast: single institution study in 149 patients undergoing TAVR planning." British Journal of Radiology 93, no. 1106 (February 1, 2020): 20190701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20190701.

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Objective: To evaluate accuracy of virtual-non-contrast images (VNC) compared to true-unenhanced-images (TNC) for evaluation of liver attenuation acquired using spectral-detector CT (SDCT). Methods: 149 patients who underwent multiphase transcatheter-aortic-valve-replacement (TAVR) SDCT-examinations [unenhanced-chest (TNC), CT-angiography chest (CTA-chest, early arterial-phase) and abdomen (CTA-abdomen, additional early arterial-phase after a second injection of contrast media)] were retrospectively included. VNC of CTA-chest (VNC-chest) and CTA-abdomen (VNC-abdomen) were reconstructed and compared to TNC. Region of interest-based measurement of mean attenuation (Hounsfield unit, HU) was applied in the following regions: liver, spleen, abdominal aorta and paraspinal muscle. Results: VNC accuracy was high in the liver, spleen, abdominal aorta and muscle for abdomen-scanning. For the liver, average attenuation was 59.0 ± 9.1 HU for TNC and 72.6 ± 9.5 HU for CTA-abdomen. Liver attenuation in VNC-abdomen (59.1 ± 6.4 HU) was not significantly different from attenuation in TNC (p > 0.05). In contrast, VNC was less accurate for chest-scanning: Due to the protocol, in CTA-chest no contrast media was present in the liver parenchyma as indicated by the same attenuation in TNC (59.0 ± 9.1 HU) and CTA-chest (58.8 ± 8.9 HU, p > 0.05). Liver attenuation in VNC-chest (56.2 ± 6.4 HU, p < 0.05) was, however, significantly lower than in TNC and CTA-chest implying an artificial reduction of attenuation. Conclusion: VNC performed well in a large cohort of TAVR-examinations yielding equivalent mean attenuations to TNC; however, application of this technique might be limited when no or very little contrast media is present in parenchyma, more precisely in an early arterial-phase of the liver. Advances in knowledge: This study showed that VNC can be reliably applied in cardiac protocols when certain limitations are considered

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Xu, Chen, Shunyi Zhao, Yanjun Ma, Biao Huang, and Fei Liu. "Robust filter design for asymmetric measurement noise using variational Bayesian inference." IET Control Theory & Applications 13, no. 11 (July 23, 2019): 1656–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2018.6016.

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Ra, W. S., I. H. Whang, and J. B. Park. "Non-conservative robust Kalman filtering using a noise corrupted measurement matrix." IET Control Theory & Applications 3, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2008.0224.

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Frith, S. E., N. A. Hoenich, C. P. F. Redfern, and T. H. J. Goodship. "Production of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and interleukin 1 during haemodialysis with cellulose membranes." International Journal of Artificial Organs 17, no. 9 (September 1994): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889401700906.

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An in vivo cross-over study has investigated plasma and cellular levels of IL-1 (IL-1α IL-1β and IL-1Ra) when using Cuprophan (C) and cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes to assess the roles of complement activation and dialysate endotoxin content in the induction of cytokines during the dialysis procedure. The mean C5a level during Cuprophan dialysis was 29.9 ± 0.63 ng/ml (Mean ± SEM), while for the cellulose triacetate dialysis was 3.09 ± 0.7 ng/ml. The endotoxin content of the dialysate was 0.31 ± 0.34 EU/ml and 0.68 ± 1.39 EU/ml. These two factors failed to produce measurable changes in plasma or cellular IL-1α and IL-1β levels during treatment. The plasma IL-1Ra levels pre-dialysis were similar to those for normal controls (CTA 769 ± 156 ng/ml, C739 ± 93, normal controls 635 ± 33) with a considerable day to day variation. A membrane independent fall in plasma IL-1Ra at 15 minutes was noted (CTA 420 ± 92 ng/ml, C 503 ± 139) with a return to pre-dialysis levels by the end of treament. Cellular IL-1Ra levels pre-dialysis were similar to the normal group - (CTA 1904 ± 291 ng/ml, C 1564 ± 292 and normal control 1971 ± 368). However, on average, the values when using cellulose triacetate were 655 ± 623 pg/ml higher than for Cuprophan (p=0.03). These findings indicate that the measurement of plasma cytokine levels is of limited use in the study of cytokine induction by the haemodialysis procedure and that IL-1Ra may be a better indicator of the host response to cytokine stimuli during treatment. However, a considerable inter-patient and intra-treatment variation is present and further studies are required to elucidate the factors involved.

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Shao, Teng, Quanbo Ge, Zhansheng Duan, and Junzhi Yu. "Relative closeness ranking of Kalman filtering with multiple mismatched measurement noise covariances." IET Control Theory & Applications 12, no. 8 (May 22, 2018): 1133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2017.1088.

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Argha, Ahmadreza, Hung Nguyen, Steven Su, and Li Li. "Stabilising the networked control systems involving actuation and measurement consecutive packet losses." IET Control Theory & Applications 10, no. 11 (July 18, 2016): 1269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2015.0859.

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Ma, Cui-Qin, and Zheng-Yan Qin. "Bipartite consensus on networks of agents with antagonistic interactions and measurement noises." IET Control Theory & Applications 10, no. 17 (November 21, 2016): 2306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2016.0128.

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Soltesz, Kristian, Chriss Grimholt, and Sigurd Skogestad. "Simultaneous design of proportional–integral–derivative controller and measurement filter by optimisation." IET Control Theory & Applications 11, no. 3 (February 3, 2017): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2016.0297.

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Gao, Z., and D. W. C. Ho. "Proportional multiple-integral observer design for descriptor systems with measurement output disturbances." IEE Proceedings - Control Theory and Applications 151, no. 3 (May 1, 2004): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cta:20040437.

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Teng, Honglin, John Hsiang, Chunlei Wu, Meihao Wang, Haifeng Wei, Xinghai Yang, and Jianru Xiao. "Surgery in the cervicothoracic junction with an anterior low suprasternal approach alone or combined with manubriotomy and sternotomy: an approach selection method based on the cervicothoracic angle." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 10, no. 6 (June 2009): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.2.spine08372.

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Object The authors propose an easy MR imaging method to measure and categorize individual anatomical variations within the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ). Furthermore, they propose guidelines for selection of the appropriate approach based on this new categorization system. Methods In the midsagittal section of the cervicothoracic MR imaging studies obtained in 95 Chinese patients, a triangle was drawn among 3 points: the suprasternal notch (SSN), the midpoint of the anterior border of the C7/T1 intervertebral disc, and the corresponding anterior border in the CTJ at the level of the SSN. The angle above the SSN was specified as the cervicothoracic angle (CTA). The spatial position between the brachiocephalic vein (BCV), the aortic arch, and the CTA was also measured. Based on these measurements involving the CTA, 3 different patient-specific categorizations are proposed to assist surgeons with selection of the appropriate anterior approach to the CTJ. Three categories of operative approach based on whether the most caudal part of the lesion site was above, within, or below the area of the CTA were classified. The patients were divided into long- or short-necked groups based on whether their own CTA was greater than (long necked) or less than (short necked) the average CTA. Finally, a left BCV was called superiorly located when it coursed above the manubrium. The method was evaluated in 21 patients with spinal bone tumors in the CTJ to illustrate the measurement of both the CTA and the great vessels, and corresponding approach selections. Results In this series of 95 patients, the most common vertebra above the SSN was T-3, especially the upper one-third of T-3. The mean CTA was 47.64°. The left BCV was superior to the manubrium in 21.1% of the 95 cases, and 93.6% of the left BCVs were at the T-2 and T-3 levels. Type A and most Type B lesions could be addressed via a low suprasternal approach, or this approach combined with manubriotomy, if necessary. Type C lesions falling below the CTA will need alternative exposure techniques, including manubriotomy, sternotomy, lateral extracavitary, or thoracotomy. The spinal levels that could be exposed in the long-necked CTJ group were always 1 or 2 vertebral levels lower than those in the short-necked CTJ group during the anterior low suprasternal approach without the manubriotomy. Conclusions Imaging of the thoracic manubrium should be routinely included on MR imaging studies obtained in the CTJ. It is important for the surgeon to understand the pertinent anatomy of the individual patients and to determine the feasible surgical approaches after evaluating the CTA and vascular factors preoperatively. An anterior low suprasternal approach, or this approach combined with manubriotomy, is applicable in most of the cases in the CTJ. It should be cautioned that preoperatively unrecognized variations of the left BCV above the SSN might result in potential intraoperative trauma during an anterior approach.

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Nebhen, Jamel, Khaled Alnowaiser, and Sofiene Mansouri. "Constant Temperature Anemometer with Self-Calibration Closed Loop Circuit." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 3405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103405.

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In this paper, a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) calorimetric sensor with its measurement electronics is designed, fabricated, and tested. The idea is to apply a configurable voltage to the sensitive resistor and measure the current flowing through the heating resistor using a current mirror controlled by an analog feedback loop. In order to cancel the offset and errors of the amplifier, the constant temperature anemometer (CTA) circuit is periodically calibrated. This technique improves the accuracy of the measurement and allows high sensitivity and high bandwidth frequency. The CTA circuit is implemented in a CMOS FD-SOI 28 nm technology. The supply voltage is 1.2 V while the core area is 0.266 mm2. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the MEMS calorimetric sensor for measuring airflow rate. The developed MEMS calorimetric sensor shows a maximum normalized sensitivity of 117 mV/(m/s)/mW with respect to the input heating power and a wide dynamic flow range of 0–26 m/s. The high sensitivity and wide dynamic range achieved by our MEMS flow sensor enable its deployment as a promising sensing node for direct wall shear stress measurement applications.

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Ritala, R. "Value of measurement frequency and accuracy in control of a stochastic bistable system." IET Control Theory & Applications 3, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2007.0489.

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Wang, Gang, Jie Chen, and Jian Sun. "Stochastic stability of extended filtering for non-linear systems with measurement packet losses." IET Control Theory & Applications 7, no. 17 (November 21, 2013): 2048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2013.0327.

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45

Azmiyawati, Choiril, Endang Sawitri, Parsaoran Siahaan, Adi Darmawan, and Linda Suyati. "Preparation of magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium for phenol removal based on adsolubilization." Open Chemistry 18, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2020-0040.

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AbstractIn this study, we successfully coated cetyltrimethylammonium–silica on magnetite. The material produced is used to degrade phenol waste in the waters. The effect of the addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the ability of phenol adsorption was assessed through changes in CTAB concentration of 1, 5, and 10 mM. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy explain that CTAB has electrostatic interactions with the silica surface, which is induced by opposite-loaded patches on the opposite surface of silica oxide. The results of the vibrating sample magnetometer show that the magnetite that has been coated by silica–CTA has magnetic properties that are weaker than the initial magnetite, which indicates that the silica–CTA layer has blocked the magnetite. Based on the measurement of the gas sorption analyzer, the largest pore size is in the micro-mesh region, which is between 2 and 6 nm. All magnetite-silica–cetyltrimethylammonium (MS–CTA) showed good adsorption ability of phenol and correlated with the amount of loaded CTAB and admicelle density of the adsorbent. The amount of phenol adsorbed increases proportionately with the increasing density of CTAB admicelles. The maximum phenol adsorption capacity (0.93 mg g−1 adsorbent) is achieved by MS–CTA prepared at a CTAB concentration of 10 mM.

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Sun, Jinlin, Jianqiang Yi, and Zhiqiang Pu. "Augmented fixed-time observer-based continuous robust control for hypersonic vehicles with measurement noises." IET Control Theory & Applications 13, no. 3 (February 12, 2019): 422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2018.5823.

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Han, Fengming, and Yingmin Jia. "Boundary control and exponential stability of a flexible Timoshenko beam manipulator with measurement delays." IET Control Theory & Applications 14, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2019.0590.

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Vagia, M., G. Nikolakopoulos, A. Tzes, and Y. Koveos. "Robust proportional–integral–derivative controller design for an electrostatic micro-actuator with measurement uncertainties." IET Control Theory & Applications 4, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 2793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2009.0350.

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Firoozi, D., and M. Namvar. "Analysis of gyro noise in non-linear attitude estimation using a single vector measurement." IET Control Theory & Applications 6, no. 14 (September 20, 2012): 2226–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2011.0347.

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Li, Tao, Fuke Wu, and Ji-Feng Zhang. "Continuous-time multi-agent averaging with relative-state-dependent measurement noises: matrix intensity functions." IET Control Theory & Applications 9, no. 3 (February 5, 2015): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cta.2014.0467.

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