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Journal articles on the topic 'Ctenochasmatidae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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1

Zhou, Chang-Fu, Ke-Qin Gao, Hongyu Yi, Jinzhuang Xue, Quanguo Li, and Richard C. Fox. "Earliest filter-feeding pterosaur from the Jurassic of China and ecological evolution of Pterodactyloidea." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 2 (2017): 160672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160672.

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Pterosaurs were a unique clade of flying reptiles that were contemporaries of dinosaurs in Mesozoic ecosystems. The Pterodactyloidea as the most species-diverse group of pterosaurs dominated the sky during Cretaceous time, but earlier phases of their evolution remain poorly known. Here, we describe a 160 Ma filter-feeding pterosaur from western Liaoning, China, representing the geologically oldest record of the Ctenochasmatidae, a group of exclusive filter feeders characterized by an elongated snout and numerous fine teeth. The new pterosaur took the lead of a major ecological transition in pterosaur evolution from fish-catching to filter-feeding adaptation, prior to the Tithonian (145–152 Ma) diversification of the Ctenochasmatidae. Our research shows that the rise of ctenochasmatid pterosaurs was followed by the burst of eco-morphological divergence of other pterodactyloid clades, which involved a wide range of feeding adaptations that considerably altered the terrestrial ecosystems of the Cretaceous world.

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2

BUFFETAUT, ERIC, and PAUL JEFFERY. "A ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Stonesfield Slate (Bathonian, Middle Jurassic) of Oxfordshire, England." Geological Magazine 149, no. 3 (2012): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811001154.

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AbstractThe anterior end of a lower jaw bearing long slender teeth, from the Bathonian Stonesfield Slate of Oxfordshire, was hitherto referred to the crocodilian Teleosaurus. It is reinterpreted as belonging to a ctenochasmatid pterosaur reminiscent of Gnathosaurus. It is the earliest known representative of the Ctenochasmatidae, and one of the earliest known pterodactyloids. The diversity of pterosaurs from the Stonesfield Slate is higher than previously recognized, comprising at least three taxa.

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3

Alarcón_Muñoz, Jhonatan, Karina Buldrini Oviedo, Dániel Bajor, and David Rubilar Rogers. "Note on new pterosaur remains (Archosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from Cerro La Isla, Atacama region, northern Chile." Boletín Museo Nacional de Historia Natural 71, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.54830/bmnhn.v71.n2.2022.213.

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In this study, new isolated fragmentary pterosaur bones are described from Lower Cretaceous outcrops exposed at Cerro La Isla, a site located approximately 95 km east of Copiapó city, Atacama region, northern Chile. The material consists of a jaw fragment with broken teeth, the caudal portion of a mid-cervical vertebra and the distal portion of a femur. Based on their morphology, the jaw and cervical fragments are assigned to Ctenochasmatidae, a group of pterodactyloid pterosaurs that has been previously reported from this locality, while the femur lacks diagnostic characters that would allow its referral to a more exclusive taxon than Pterodactyloidea indet. This new material confirms the previously proposed presence of ctenochasmatid pterosaurs in the Cretaceous outcrops of Cerro La Isla, and increases the diversity of their skeletal elements discovered at the site.

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4

Zhou, Chang-Fu, Jiahao Wang, and Ziheng Zhu. "A new wing skeleton of Forfexopterus (Pterosauria: Ctenochasmatidae) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota reveals a developmental variation." Fossil Record 23, no. 2 (2020): 191–96. https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-191-2020.

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Zhou, Chang-Fu, Wang, Jiahao, Zhu, Ziheng (2020): A new wing skeleton of Forfexopterus (Pterosauria: Ctenochasmatidae) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota reveals a developmental variation. Fossil Record 23 (2): 191-196, DOI: 10.5194/fr-23-191-2020, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-191-2020

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Unwin, D. M. "On the systematic relationships of Cearadactylus atrox, an enigmatic Early Cretaceous pterosaur from the Santana Formation of Brazil." Fossil Record 5, no. 1 (2002): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-5-239-2002.

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<i>Cearadactylus atrox</i>, a large pterodactyloid pterosaur represented by an incomplete skull and lower jaw from the Lower Cretaceous Santana Formation of Brazil, is a valid species. Diagnostic characters include a mandibular symphysis with a transversely expanded "spatulate" anterior end that is considerably wider than the rostral spatula, and a third rostral tooth that has a basal diameter more than three times that of the fifth tooth. Additional diagnostic characters, contingent upon assignment of <i>Cearadactylus atrox</i> to the Ctenochasmatidae, include: anterior ends of jaws divaricate and containing 7 pairs of rostral teeth and 6 pairs of mandibular teeth; marked dimorphodonty, with an abrupt change in tooth morphology; and a "high check". "<i>Cearadactylus? ligabuei</i>" Dalla Vecchia, 1993, based on an incomplete skull, also from the Santana Formation, is not related to <i>Cearadactylus atrox</i>, exhibits several ornithocheirid synapomorphies and is referred, tentatively, to <i>Anhanguera. Cearadactylus atrox</i> exhibits various synapomorphies of the Ctenochasmatidae (rostrum anterior to nasoantorbital fenestra greater than half total skull length, teeth in anterior part of dentition relatively elongate and pencil-shaped, premaxilla has at least 7 pairs of teeth), the defining synapomorphy of the Gnathosaurinae (rostrum with dorsoventrally compressed laterally expanded spatulate anterior expansion), and shares two synapomorphies with the Chinese gnathosaurine <i>Huanhepterus quingyangensis</i> (anterior tips of jaws divaricate, teeth restricted to anterior half of mandible). Two elongate cervical vertebrae, also from the Santana Formation and previously assigned to "<i>Santanadactylus brasilensis</i>", are tentatively referred to <i>Cearadactylus</i>. Reconstruction of the temporal history of the Ctenochasmatidae suggests that while ctenochasmatines became increasingly specialised for filter feeding, gnathosaurines changed from sieve feeding to piscivory, acquiring several cranial characters that are similar to those of ornithocheirids, a group that also includes large aerial piscivores that used a terminal tooth grab for prey capture. <br><br> Cearadactylus atrox aus der Santana-Formation (Unterkreide, NO-Brasilien) ist eine valide Art. Eine Revision des Taxons, von dem ein unvollständiger Schädel mit Unterkiefer vorliegt, ergab folgende diagnostische (autapomorphe) Merkmale. Die Symphyse hat ein transversal verbreitertes spatelförmiges Vorderende, das deutlich breiter ist als das Schnauzenende. Der dritte rostrale Zahn erreicht einen basalen Durchmesser, der jenen des fünften Zahns um das Dreifache übertrifft. Hinzu kommen Merkmale, die <i>C. atrox</i> mit der Ctenochasmatidae gemein hat, darunter die vorn auseinanderklaffenden Kieferränder, sieben rostrale Zahnpaare, sechs Unterkieferzahnpaare, eine ausgeprägte Dimorphodontie sowie eine hohe Wangenregion. "<i>Cearadactylus ? ligabuei</i>" Dalla Vecchia 1993, ebenfalls mit einem unvollständigen Schädel belegt, ist nicht näher mit <i>C. atrox</i> verwandt. Im Gegensatz zu letzterem zeigt "<i>C. ? ligabuei</i>" signifikante Ähnlichkeiten mit den Ornithocheiridae. Unter Vorbehalt wird er hier der Gattung <i>Anhanguera</i> zugeordnet. <i>C. atrox</i> hat neben eindeutigen Synapomorphien der Ctenochasmatidae, z. B. erreicht das Rostrum anterior des nasoantorbitalen Fensters mehr als die halbe Schädellänge, die vordersten Zähne sind verlängert und stiftförmig und die das Prämaxillare trägt mindestens sieben Zahnpaare. Daneben besitzt <i>C. atrox</i> auch noch die entscheidende Synapomorphie der Gnathosaurinae, nämlich ein Rostrum mit dorsoventral komprimierter vorderem Auswuchs. Außerdem ist <i>C. atrox</i> gekennzeichnet durch zwei Autapomorphien des Gnathosaurinen <i>Huanhepterus quingyangensis</i> aus China: divergierende Schnauzenenden und Zähne begrenzt auf vordere Kieferhälfte. Schließlich werden zwei lange Halswirbel, die auch aus der Santana Formation stammen und bislang zu <i>Santanadactylus brasiliensis</i> gerechnet wurden, unter Vorbehalt zu <i>Cearadactylus</i> gestellt. Die Evolutionsgeschichte der Ctenochasmatidae ist durch eine zunehmende Spezialisierung auf filternde Ernährungsweise gekennzeichnet. Die Gnathosaurinen dagegen stellten sich von der filternden auf eine piscivore Ernährung um, wobei sie eine Reihe von Schädelmerkmalen erworben haben, die den Ornithocheiriden konvergent ähnlich ist. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.20020050114" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.20020050114</a>

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MARTILL, DAVID M., EBERHARD FREY, GUILLERMO CHONG DIAZ, and C. M. BELL. "Reinterpretation of a Chilean pterosaur and the occurrence of Dsungaripteridae in South America." Geological Magazine 137, no. 1 (2000): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800003502.

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A fragmentary specimen of pterosaur originally assigned to the genus Pterodaustro Bonaparte, 1970 is reassessed. The presence of a sagittal dorsal cranial crest on a fragment of nasopreorbital arcade with linear vertical trabeculae and the occurrence of alveolar protuberances on the os dentale indicate the new specimen has similarities with crested pterodactyloid pterosaurs of the family Ctenochasmatidae, and with members of the Dsungaripteridae. The presence of alveolar protuberances allows us to assign the specimen to the Dsungaripteridae. It forms the basis of a new genus and species, Domeykodactylus ceciliae.

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7

Wang, Xiaolin, Alexander W. A. Kellner, Zhonghe Zhou, and Diogenes de Almeida Campos. "A new pterosaur (Ctenochasmatidae, Archaeopterodactyloidea) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China." Cretaceous Research 28, no. 2 (2007): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.004.

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8

Zhou, Chang-Fu, Jiahao Wang, and Ziheng Zhu. "A new wing skeleton of <i>Forfexopterus</i> (Pterosauria: Ctenochasmatidae) from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota reveals a developmental variation." Fossil Record 23, no. 2 (2020): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-191-2020.

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Abstract. In the Jehol Biota, the filter-feeding ctenochasmatid pterosaurs flourished with a high biodiversity. Here, we report a new wing skeleton of the ctenochasmatid Forfexopterus from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jianchang, western Liaoning, China. The specimen exhibits the sole autapomorphy, the first wing phalanx shorter than the second and longer than the third. Interestingly, it exhibits a skeletal maturity with co-ossified elements, but it is only about 75 % the size of the immature holotype. This discrepancy reveals developmental variation of Forfexopterus, but its relationship with sexual dimorphism needs to be certain by more available material.

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9

Unwin, D. M., J. Lü, and N. N. Bakhurina. "On the systematic and stratigraphic significance of pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Jehol Group) of Liaoning, China." Fossil Record 3, no. 1 (2000): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/fr-3-181-2000.

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A reassessment of the systematic relationships of pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China, shows that <i>Dendrorhynchoides</i> should be reassigned to the Anurognathidae (“Rhamphorhynchoidea”) and that <i>Eosipterus</i> possibly belongs within Ctenochasmatidae (Pterodactyloidea). These pterosaurs formed an integral part of a diverse community that inhabited lowland terrestrial environments in the region of northeast China in the Early Cretaceous. A new compilation of data for the Lower Cretaceous hints at a broad differentiation between pterosaurs that lived in continental habitats (anurognathids, ctenochasmatoids, dsungaripteroids) and those that frequented marine environments (ornithocheiroids). Moreover, there is evidence of further differentiation within continental habitats, between pterosaurs living in lowland and coastal regions (anurognathids. ctenochasmatoids) and those living in more inland environments (dsungaripteroids). The temporal and geographical range extensions for high rank taxa that are implied by the Yixian pterosaurs further emphasise the incompleteness and unevenness of the pterosaur fossil record and its unreliability for biostratigraphic zonation. <br><br> Eine Neubewertung der systematischen Stellung der Flugsaurier von der unterkretazischen Yixian-Formation der Provinz Liaoning, China, zeigt, dass <i>Dendrorhynchoides</i> den Anurognathiden (“Rhamphorhynchoidea”) zugeordnet werden kann und dass <i>Eosipterus</i> vermutlich zu den Ctenochasmatiden (Pterodactyloidea) gehört. Diese beiden Flugsaurier bilden einen integralen Bestandteil einer diversen Fauna, die in der Unteren Kreide ein terrestrisches Flachland-Ökosystem im Nordosten Chinas bewohnte. Fasst man die für die Untere Kreide verfügbaren Daten zusammen, so zeigt sich eine weitgehende Differenzierung zwischen Flugsauriern, die überwiegend in kontinentalen Ökosystemen lebten (Anurognathidae, Ctenochasmatoidea, Dsungaripteroidea) und jenen, die auch oft in marinen Bereichen auftreten (Ornithocheiroidea). Darüber hinaus gibt es auch Hinweise auf eine Differenzierung innerhalb der kontinentalen Habitate, zwischen Pterosauriern, die sich in den Ebenen und küstennahen Bereichen aufhielten (Anurognathidae, Ctenochasmatoidea) und den Bewohnern von mehr küstenfernen Ökosystemen (Dsungaripteroidea). Die von den Taxa der Yixian-Formation angezeigte Erweiterung der stratigraphischen und geographischen Reichweite für Taxa höheren Ranges unterstreichen die Unvollständigkeit und Unausgewogenheit des Fossilberichtes der Flugsaurier und seine Unzulänglichkeit für biostratigraphische Zonierungen. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmng.20000030109" target="_blank">10.1002/mmng.20000030109</a>

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WANG, XIAOLIN, DIOGENES DE ALMEIDA CAMPOS, ZHONGHE ZHOU, and ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER. "A primitive istiodactylid pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from the Jiufotang Formation (Early Cretaceous), northeast China." Zootaxa 1813, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1813.1.1.

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A new pterosaur, Hongshanopterus lacustris gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, western Liaoning, China is described. The specimen (IVPP V14582) consists of a skull preserved in palatal view and some isolated cervical vertebrae. Based on the labiolingually compressed teeth with a triangular crown Hongshanopterus lacustris is referred to the Istiodactylidae. It presents several plesiomorphic features such as the teeth not confined to the anterior third of the skull but extended more posteriorly, and is thus considered the most primitive member of this group. This new species also differs from other istiodactylids by having more teeth, some showing the crown distinctively directed posteriorly. Three other members of the Istiodactylidae are currently represented in the Jiufotang deposits: Nurhachius ignaciobritoi, Istiodactylus sinensis and Longchengpterus zhaoi. To those we add Liaoxipterus brachyognathus, previously classified in the Ctenochasmatidae but that also has triangular labiolingually compressed teeth, and is a potential senior synonym of Lonchengpterus zhaoi. The palatal anatomy of Hongshanopterus lacustris also agrees with previous hypothesis that considers Istiodactylidae more closely related to the Anhangueridae than to Pteranodon (or Pteranodontidae).

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Alarcón, Muñoz Jhonatan, Oviedo Karina Buldrini, Dániel Bajor, and Rogers David Rubilar. "Note On New Pterosaur Remains (Archosauria: Pterodactyloidea) From Cerro La Isla, Atacama Region, Northern Chile." Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 71, no. 2 (2022): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.54830/bmnhn.v71.n2.2022.213.

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Alarcón Muñoz, Jhonatan, Buldrini Oviedo, Karina, Bajor, Dániel, Rubilar Rogers, David (2022): Note On New Pterosaur Remains (Archosauria: Pterodactyloidea) From Cerro La Isla, Atacama Region, Northern Chile. Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Chile 71 (2): 1-8, DOI: 10.54830/bmnhn.v71.n2.2022.213, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.54830/bmnhn.v71.n2.2022.213

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Hone, David W.E., René Lauer, Bruce Lauer, and Frederik Spindler. "Petrodactyle wellnhoferi gen. et sp. nov.: A new and large ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic of Germany." Palaeontologia Electronica 26, no. 2 (2023): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.26879/1251.

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Hone, David W.E., Lauer, René, Lauer, Bruce, Spindler, Frederik (2023): Petrodactyle wellnhoferi gen. et sp. nov.: A new and large ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Palaeontologia Electronica (a25) 26 (2): 1-28, DOI: 10.26879/1251, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1251

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Martill, David M., Eberhard Frey, C. M. Bell, and Guillermo Chong Diaz. "Ctenochasmatid pterosaurs from Early Cretaceous deposits in Chile." Cretaceous Research 27, no. 5 (2006): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2006.03.002.

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Soto, Matías, Felipe Montenegro, Pablo Toriño, Valeria Mesa, and Daniel Perea. "A new ctenochasmatid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the late Jurassic of Uruguay." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 111 (November 2021): 103472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103472.

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15

Jiang, Shunxing, and Xiaolin Wang. "A new ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, western Liaoning, China." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 4 (2011): 1243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000400011.

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A nearly complete skull of a new ctenochasmatid pterosaur, Pterofiltus qiui gen. et sp. nov., from the Lower Cretaceous deposits of Liaoning, China, is described here. The specimen (IVPP V12339), was collected from the shale of the lower Yixian Formation (125 Ma) at the Zhangjiagou locality. It has the following combination of characters: about 112 teeth in total (including the upper and lower jaws); the dentition occupies more than 50% of the skull length; the anterior teeth vary in size; the mandibular symphysis is longer than half of the whole mandible length; in ventral view, an apparent symphyseal trough in the median part of the symphysis.

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Zhiming, DONG, and LÜ Junchang. "A New Ctenochasmatid Pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning Province." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 79, no. 2 (2005): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2005.tb00878.x.

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17

Alarcón-Muñoz, Jhonatan, Laura Codorniú, Edwin González, et al. "A new locality with ctenochasmatid pterosaurs (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) in the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile." Cretaceous Research 135 (July 2022): 105173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105173.

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Perea, Daniel, Matías Soto, Pablo Toriño, Valeria Mesa, and John G. Maisey. "A Late Jurassic-?earliest Cretaceous ctenochasmatid (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea): The first report of pterosaurs from Uruguay." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 85 (August 2018): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2018.05.011.

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Codorniú, Laura, Luis Chiappe, and David Rivarola. "Neonate morphology and development in pterosaurs: evidence from a Ctenochasmatid embryo from the Early Cretaceous of Argentina." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 455, no. 1 (2017): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp455.17.

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Alarcón-Muñoz, Jhonatan, Sergio Soto-Acuña, Laura Codorniú, David Rubilar-Rogers, Michel Sallaberry, and Manuel Suárez. "New ctenochasmatid pterosaur record for Gondwana: discovery in the Lower Cretaceous continental deposits of the Atacama Desert, northern Chile." Cretaceous Research 110 (June 2020): 104378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104378.

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Qvarnström, Martin, Erik Elgh, Krzysztof Owocki, Per E. Ahlberg, and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. "Filter feeding in Late Jurassic pterosaurs supported by coprolite contents." PeerJ 7 (August 26, 2019): e7375. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7375.

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Diets of pterosaurs have mainly been inferred from indirect evidence such as comparative anatomy, associations of co-occurring fossils, and functional morphology. Gut contents are rare, and until now there is only a single coprolite (fossil dropping), with unidentified inclusions, known. Here we describe three coprolites collected from a palaeosurface with numerous pterosaur tracks found in early Kimmeridgian (Hypselocyclum Zone) intertidal deposits of the Wierzbica Quarry, Poland. The specimens’ morphology and association to the tracks suggest a pterosaur producer. Synchrotron scans reveal numerous small inclusions, with foraminifera making up the majority of the identifiable ones. Other small remains include shells/carapaces (of bivalves, ostracods, and other crustaceans/arthropods) and bristles (some possibly of polychaete worms). The high density of the small shelly inclusions suggest that they were not accidently ingested, but constituted an important food source for the pterosaur(s), perhaps together with unpreserved soft-bodied animals. The combined evidence from the tracks and coprolites suggest a filter-feeding ctenochasmatid as the most likely tracemaker. If true, this significantly expands the bromalite record for this pterosaur group, which was previously only known from gastroliths. Moreover, this study also provides the first direct evidence of filter feeding in Jurassic pterosaurs and shows that they had a similar diet to the recent Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis).

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Fernandes, Alexandra E., Helmut Tischlinger, Monika Rothgaenger, and Oliver W. M. Rauhut. "A new species and the earliest occurrence of the Gnathosaurinae (Pterosauria) from the Late Kimmeridgian of Brunn, Germany." PalZ, June 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-025-00725-0.

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Abstract The so-called “Solnhofen limestones” of southern Germany are widely recognized for their abundance of Late Jurassic fossil vertebrates, with pterosaurs being no exception. Within the recognized plenitude of the pterosaurs within this assemblage, although ctenochasmatid remains are relatively abundant, gnathosaurines are scarce, with only one known Solnhofen representative of the group known thus far. The Late Kimmeridgian locality of Brunn (near Regensburg, Germany) represents the oldest locality of the Solnhofen complex (“Solnhofen Archipelago” in recent literature), with only one pterosaur having been described from this locality to date. Here, a second pterosaur taxon from within this locality and a new gnathosaur is introduced, Spathagnathus roeperi gen. et sp. nov., whose novel tooth and dental enamel features add to the known dental diversity for the group. The new taxon represents the oldest occurrence of a gnathosaurine and contributes to the paleoenvironmental stratigraphic range for the Gnathosaurinae within the overall fossil assemblage of the Solnhofen Archipelago. Furthermore, the new taxon adds to the known diversity of ctenochasmatids in the Late Jurassic and underlines the importance of this early radiation of pterodactyloid pterosaurs during this time.

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ZHOU, CHANG-FU, and FENGMIN FAN. "Tooth replacement of the filter-feeding pterosaur Forfexopterus and its implications for ecological adaptation." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 97, suppl 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202520240673.

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Abstract A “comb-dentition”, characterized by long, needle-like, and closely-spaced teeth, is found in the ctenochasmatid pterosaurs as an adaptation for filter-feeding. However, little is known about their tooth replacement pattern, hindering our understanding of the development of the filter-feeding apparatus of the clade. Here, we describe the tooth replacement of the pterosaur Forfexopterus from the Jehol Biota based on high-resolution X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) reconstruction. As in the ornithocheirid Coloborhynchus, the tooth germs are relatively medially positioned along the middle line; the replacement teeth erupt at the posteromedial side of the functional tooth; no more than one replacement tooth present in each alveolus. The replacement teeth are less than half of the length of the full-grown tooth, and alternatively positioned along the tooth row. The alternatively-positioned young and mature functional teeth are dominant and abrased, maintaining the active tooth-tooth occlusion of the filter-feeding apparatus. Reconstruction of Zahnreihen shows an average Z-spacing of 2.02, comparable to that of the simple alternate replacement (Z-spacing = 2) between odd- and even-numbered tooth positions in reptiles. Based on comparisons with Balaenognathus, Ctenochasma, and Pterodaustro, the tooth replacement pattern appears to be varied in ctenochasmatids, and needs to be further studied in the future.

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Zhou, Chang-Fu, Xinyue Wang, and Jiahao Wang. "First evidence for tooth–tooth occlusion in a ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, November 26, 2021, SP521–2021–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp521-2021-141.

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AbstractCtenochasmatid pterosaurs flourished and diversified in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota. Here, a partial mandible of Forfexopterus is described based on a three-dimensional reconstruction using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) data. The first nine pairs of functional teeth of the rostral dentition revealed along with their replacements. The functional teeth are evenly arranged with a tooth density of 2.2 teeth/cm. The tooth crown is distinctly reduced from its base to the tip, and framed by two weak ridges, possibly a pair of vestigial carinae. The replacement teeth are sharp and pointed, and have erupted slightly against the medial surface of the functional teeth. Surprisingly, tooth wear is observed in this specimen, the first record of tooth–tooth occlusion in ctenochasmatids. The wear facets exhibit high-angled lingual and lower-angled labial facets, implying a unique tooth–tooth occlusion in pterosaur clade. This discovery indicates that the Jehol ctenochasmatids possibly employed a more active feeding strategy than other filter-feeding pterosaurs (e.g. Ctenochasma, Pterodaustro, Gnathosaurus).

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Smith, Roy E., and David M. Martill. "A ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Portland Limestone Formation (Late Jurassic, Tithonian) of southern England." Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, March 2025, 101100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.101100.

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Hone, David W. E., René Lauer, Bruce Lauer, and Frederik Spindler. "Petrodactyle wellnhoferi gen. et sp. nov.: A new and large ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic of Germany." Palaeontologia Electronica, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1251.

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Fernandes, Alexandra E., Diego Pol, and Oliver W. M. Rauhut. "The oldest monofenestratan pterosaur from the Queso Rallado locality (Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Toarcian) of Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina." Royal Society Open Science 11, no. 12 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.241238.

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As the first group of tetrapods to achieve powered flight, pterosaurs first appeared in the Late Triassic. They proliferated globally, and by the Late Jurassic through the Cretaceous, the majority of these taxa belonged to the clade Monofenestrata (which includes the well-known Pterodactyloidea as its major subclade), typified by their single undivided fenestra anterior to the orbit. Here, a new taxon Melkamter pateko gen. et sp. nov., represented by the specimen MPEF-PV 11530 (comprising a partial cranium and associated postcranial elements), is reported from the latest Early Jurassic (Toarcian) locality of Queso Rallado (Cañadón Asfalto Formation) and referred to the clade Monofenestrata, increasing our previously known taxonomic and geographic representations, and temporal range for this clade. This occurrence marks the oldest record of Monofenestrata globally and helps to shed critical light on the evolutionary processes undergone during the ‘non-pterodactyloid’-to-pterodactyloid transition within the Pterosauria. In addition, another single isolated tooth from the same locality shows ctenochasmatid affinities. These finds further elucidate the still-poor Gondwanan Jurassic pterosaur fossil record, underscoring that most of our current ideas about the timing and modes of pterosaur evolution during that period are largely based on (and biased by) the pterosaur fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere.

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