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Azliani, Nurul, and Ida Nurhayati. "Pengaruh Penambahan Level Ekstrak Kayu Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Sebagai Pewarna Alami Terhadap Mutu Organoleptik Kue Cubit Mocaf." Jurnal Dunia Gizi 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33085/jdg.v1i1.2918.
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Pendahuluan; Ekstrak dari serutan kayu secang menghasilkan pigmen bewarna merah yang bernama brazilin yang dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti pewarna alami. Kue cubit mocaf merupakan produk makanan olahan yang berbahan dasar tepung mocaf. Dalam penelitian ini pembuatan kue cubit mocaf dengan penambahan ektrak secang sebagai pemberi pewarna alami.Tujuan; Untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi penambahan ekstrak secang terhadap organoleptik kue cubit mocaf.Bahan dan Metode; Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dan menggunakan pola rancangan faktorial yaitu 3 perlakuan dari penambahan ekstrak secang dengan kadar yang berbeda. Jumlah total 6 perlakuan dengan variasi penambahan ekstrak secang sebanyak 2%, 3%, dan 4%.Hasil; Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak kayu secang berpengaruh terhadap mutu organoleptik kue cubiit mocaf. Hasil uji organoleptik kue cubit mocaf dengan variasi penambahan ekstrak secang yang meliputi warna, rasa, aroma dan tekstur.Kesimpulan; Warna kue cubit mocaf yang dihasilkan yaitu pada perlakuan dengan penambahan ekstrak secang sebanyak 4% yaitu warna merah merona. Untuk rasa pada perlakuan penambahan ekstrak secang sebanyak 4%, aroma kue cubit mocaf khas tidak terlalu tajam, dan untuk tekstur dari kue cubit mocaf lembut yaitu pada kue cubit mocaf dengan penambahan ekstrak secang sebanyak 4%.
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Guralnick, Eleanor. "Sargonid sculpture and the late Assyrian cubit." Iraq 58 (1996): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021088900003193.
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AbstractDuring the Spring of 1991, the Fall of 1993 and the Summer of 1994, a major effort was completed to measure all the surviving untrimmed, monolithic and essentially entirely preserved Late Assyrian sculptured slabs and figures from Khorsabad, dating to the time of Sargon II, that are now held in Western museums. The programme of measurement was undertaken as the Paris slabs were in the process of being installed in their new home in the Richelieu Wing, Musée du Louvre, Paris. The Khorsabad slabs in the British Museum, London, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, and the Sargon stele in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin were also measured. In addition, a number of slabs in the British Museum from the South-West and North Palaces at Nineveh were measured. Some were carved during the reign of Sennacherib, while others, from Room 23, were decorated in the reign of Assurbanipal.The first stages in the analysis of the measurements have already led to a number of useful observations concerning the standards of measurement used in decorating Late Assyrian Palaces. Measurement of untrimmed slab widths and frieze heights from Nineveh portraying battle scenes suggest that the standard Late Assyrian cubit equalled 51.5 cm in length. Slabs from Khorsabad Façade L are cut to this same cubit. On the other hand, religio-mythological royal emblemata, or guardians of the gates, at the palace of Sargon at Khorsabad were carved in accordance with a cubit of 56.6 cm, precisely three finger-breadths longer than the standard cubit. A slab featuring King Sargon was carved to a cubit 55 cms in length, precisely two finger-breadths longer than the standard. This confirms the existence of three Late Assyrian cubits: a standard cubit, a “Big Cubit” (KÙŠ GAL-ti in the annals of Sennacherib, AS4.LUM GAL-ti in a text of Esarhaddon), and the rare “Cubit of the King” (KÙŠ LUGAL in Late Assyrian cuneiform documents), which is probably the same as the “Royal Cubit” (basileios pēchys), three finger-breadths longer than the standard cubit, mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus (I, 178).
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Stone, Mark H. "The Cubit: A History and Measurement Commentary." Journal of Anthropology 2014 (January 30, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/489757.
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Historical dimensions for the cubit are provided by scripture and pyramid documentation. Additional dimensions from the Middle East are found in other early documents. Two major dimensions emerge from a history of the cubit. The first is the anthropological or short cubit, and the second is the architectual or long cubit. The wide geographical area and long chronological period suggest that cubit dimensions varied over time and geographic area. Greek and Roman conquests led to standardization. More recent dimensions are provided from a study by Francis Galton based upon his investigations into anthropometry. The subjects for Galton’s study and those of several other investigators lacked adequate sample descriptions for producing a satisfactory cubit/forearm dimension. This finding is not surprising given the demise of the cubit in today’s world. Contemporary dimensions from military and civilian anthropometry for the forearm and hand allow comparison to the ancient unit. Although there appears no pressing need for a forearm-hand/cubit dimension, the half-yard or half-meter unit seems a useful one that could see more application.
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Khorasani, Sina. "CUBIT: Capacitive qUantum BIT." C 4, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c4030039.
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Pratiwi, Noviati Dwi, Agus Wijanarka, and Fery Lusviana Widiany. "Sifat Fisik, Sifat Organoleptik, Kadar Serat Pangan Kue Cubit dengan Pencampuran Okra dan Garut." Pro Food 7, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 785–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/profood.v7i1.192.
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ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effect of mixing okra flour and arrowroot flour in making pinch cake on physical properties, organoleptic properties and dietary fiber content. This was a pure experimental study with a simple randomized design. The independent variable was variation in mixing okra flour and arrowroot flour, while the dependent variables were physical properties, organoleptic properties and dietary fiber content. There were four variations of pinch cake studied, with the ratio of wheat flour: okra flour: arrowroot flour by 100%: 0%: 0%, 70%: 15%: 15%, 50%: 25%: 25%, and 30%: 35%:35%. Data were analyzed univariate and bivariate. The results showed that the physical properties of the cubit cake had a slightly soft texture and a brownish yellow color. Pinch cake with the most preferred treatment is B variation, with the proportion of wheat flour: okra flour: arrowroot flour mixing is 70%:15%:15%. The highest dietary fiber content is found in kue cubit B, which is 17.8%. Variation of mixing okra flour and arrowroot flour have a significant effect on the physical properties, organoleptic properties and dietary fiber content of pinch cake.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pencampuran tepung okra dan tepung garut pada pembuatan kue cubit terhadap sifat fisik, sifat organoleptik dan kadar serat pangan. Penelitian berjenis eksperimental murni dengan rancangan acak sederhana. Variabel bebasnya variasi pencampuran tepung okra dan tepung garut, sedangkan variabel terikatnya uji sifat fisik, uji organoleptik dan kadar serat pangan. Terdapat empat variasi kue cubit yang diteliti yaitu dengan perbandingan tepung terigu: tepung okra: tepung garut sebesar 100%:0%:0%, 70%:15%:15%, 50%:25%:25%, dan 30%:35%:35%. Data dianalisis univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat fisik secara objektif kue cubit memiliki tekstur agak empuk dan warna kuning kecoklatan. Kue cubit dengan perlakuan yang paling disukai adalah kue cubit B, dengan proporsi pencampuran tepung terigu: tepung okra: tepung garut sebesar 70%:15%:15%. Kadar serat pangan tertinggi terdapat pada kue cubit B yaitu 17,8%. Variasi pencampuran tepung okra dan tepung garut berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sifat fisik, tingkat kesukaan dan kadar serat pangan kue cubit.
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Simon, Bennett. "Ezekiel's Geometric Vision of the Restored Temple: From the Rod of His Wrath to the Reed of His Measuring." Harvard Theological Review 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 411–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816009000935.
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“I am the man who has seen affliction under the rod of His wrath.” (Lam 3:1)“Now there was a wall all around the outside of the temple area. The length of the measuring reed in the man's hand was six long cubits, each being a cubit and a handbreadth in length; so he measured the thickness of the wall.” (Ezek 40:5)
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Alam, Muhammad Gilang Perkasa, Suardy Suardy, and Ratnawaty Fadilah. "PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI TEPUNG MOCAF (Modified Cassava Flour) TERHADAP MUTU KUE CUBIT." Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Pertanian 5 (March 1, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/jptp.v5i0.8559.
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This study aims to determine the best substitution between mocaf flour substitution and wheat flour and substitution of mocaf flour and breadfruit flour in making cubit cake and find out the best substitution treatment for mocaf flour with flour or mocaf flour substitution with breadfruit flour in making cubit cakes in proximate tests and organoleptic test. This research method uses a completely randomized design (CRD). The results of the study were used using ANOVA variance analysis technique with DMRT further test (Duncan multiple rate). Proximate test analysis results showed that the best treatment of mocaf flour substitution with breadfruit flour in making cubit cake was treatment using 60% mocaf flour and 40% breadfruit flour. And the results of organoleptic test analysis conducted by the panelists showed that the best treatment of substitution of mocaf flour with breadfruit flour in the making of kuecubit was the treatment using 40% mocaf flour and 60% breadfruit flour.
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Benes, Massimiliano. "A Possible use of the Cubit Rod in Ancient Egypt to Measure and Draw Lengths Based on Fractions." Journal of Mathematical Sciences: Advances and Applications 67, no. 1 (October 10, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18642/jmsaa_7100122234.
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We will discuss about a possible method of using the cubit rod by the architects and the surveyors of Ancient Egypt to measure and draw lengths, comparing it with the other interpretations present in Literature. Instead of the modern decimal notation, which sees the use of comma to represent a number or a measure, at that time there was a wide use of fractions in calculations. The current work proposes that, through the cubit rod and its partitions of the finger into fractions, it could be possible to obtain very accurate measurements.
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Smith, J. R. "The Ancient Egyptian Cubit and its Subdivision." Survey Review 36, no. 284 (April 2002): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.2002.36.284.470.
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Guralnick, Eleanor. "Sargonid Sculpture and the Late Assyrian Cubit." Iraq 58 (1996): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4200421.
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Henty, Liz. "Ludovic McLellan Mann's place in the history of prehistoric metrology." Scottish Archaeological Journal 42, Supplement (October 2020): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/saj.2020.0145.
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Megalithic metrology, the notion that Neolithic monument builders employed a standard unit of measurement when setting out stone circles, has a long history. William Stukeley was the first to suggest that this standard unit was the druid cubit. He may have drawn on Isaac Newton's 1728 description of the temple of Abydos, which noted that the layout utilised cubits in the design, though the druid cubit was Stukeley's invention. This idea of a standard universal measure seemingly lay dormant for over a century until Edward Duke, Charles Piazzi Smyth and Sir William Flinders Petrie proposed other metrological systems. The subject was taken up again in 1930 when Ludovic McLellan Mann wrote a pamphlet entitled Craftsmen's Measures in Prehistoric Times in which he detailed new measures; the ‘alpha unit’ (0.619 inches) and the ‘beta unit’ (0.55 inches). A special committee formed from members of the Glasgow Archaeological Society and the Glasgow University Geological Society resoundingly disagreed, but Mann found approval from outside the archaeological community when his ideas were taken up by Major F C Tyler, who used them to elaborate on his own version of the lengths of Alfred Watkins’ old straight tracks. More famously, Alexander Thom made megalithic metrology, (the megalithic rod, yard, foot, and inch) an essential part of his thesis, ideas which received an esoteric twist in the New Age writings of John Michell. Was this an original discovery or was Thom influenced by Mann and others before him?
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Ewins, P. D. "The truth about global warming." Aeronautical Journal 104, no. 1037 (July 2000): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000091727.
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God said to Noah, “Make yourself an ark with ribs of cypress; cover it with reeds and coat it inside and out with pitch. The length shall be three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits and its height thirty cubits. You shall make a roof, giving it a fall of one cubit when complete; and put a door in the side of the ark and build three decks. I intend to bring the waters of the flood over the earth to destroy every human being under heaven.“ Genesis Ch. 6 God and Noah were not only the earliest recorded partnership in the history of naval architecture but they were also the most successful. God prepared the requirement and outline specification; Noah responded with a fully engineered design and construction which was not only to survive the worst floods ever seen but was also completed on time. Of course, we know nothing about cost overruns, but I doubt that cost was uppermost in Noah's mind and labour - he used his sons - was in any case cheap!
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Gorokhov, A. V., and G. I. Eremenko. "QUANTUM DYNAMICS OF THE CUBIT SYSTEM IN EXTERNAL FIELDS." Vestnik of Samara University. Natural Science Series 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7525-2020-26-4-68-75.
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A system of two dipole-dipole interacting two-level elements (qubits) in external fields is considered. It is shown that using the coherent states (CS) of the dynamic symmetry group of the SU(2)SU(2) system, the time evolution can be reduced to the "classical" dynamics of the complex parameters of the CS. The trajectories of the CS are constructed and the time dependences of the probability of finding qubits at the upper levels are calculated.
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Kale, Gül. "Intersections Between the Architect’s Cubit, the Science of Surveying, and Social Practices in CaʿFer Efendi’s Seventeenth-Century Book on Ottoman Architecture." Muqarnas Online 36, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): 131–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22118993-00361p07.
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Abstract In 1614 Caʿfer Efendi devoted four chapters of his book on architecture to the science of surveying. Caʿfer’s text is the only extant comprehensive book written by a scholar on the relation between architecture and various forms of knowledge. His sections on surveying have attracted little scholarly attention since they were often viewed as ad hoc chapters in a biography of the chief architect Mehmed Agha. An investigation into the intersection between architecture, as represented by the architect’s cubit, the science of surveying, and jurisprudence sheds significant light on how scholars assessed the legitimacy of early modern Ottoman architecture. In this article, I examine the relationship between architectural practices, mathematical knowledge, and social practices by focusing on Caʿfer Efendi’s elaborations on the architect’s cubit, units of measure, and mensuration of areas. These links need to be understood through the cultural and scientific context in which architects and scholars collaborated. I also explore Caʿfer Efendi’s identity, which gave him the tools to discuss such intrinsic connections. When read along with court decrees, and in conjunction with the use of mathematical sciences for civic affairs, this investigation reveals how Ottoman architecture was embedded in the scientific discourses, social practices, and ethical concerns of the early seventeenth century.
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Vertiienko, H. "THE ARMS OF ANCIENT IRANIANS BY THE TEXTS OF YOUNG AVESTA: DISTANT WEAPON." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. History, no. 136 (2018): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2640.2018.136.1.03.
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In paper is provided the analysis of the Young Avestan lexis connected with the terminology of the distant weapon of Ancient Iranians – bow and arrows. The wide range of its differentiation is revealed. The new semantic interpretations and additions are offered to several terms: sruuī.staii- (designation of a horny shaft of an arrow); tiγråŋhō, aŋhū- (designation of bow tips); aštaiiō (the position of four cubit length of bow pull); arəzaži- (metaphor of an arrow); ϑanuuarətan- (metaphor of a bow-string).
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Duran, Zaide, and Umut Aydar. "Digital modeling of world's first known length reference unit: The Nippur cubit rod." Journal of Cultural Heritage 13, no. 3 (July 2012): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.12.006.
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Fiorillo, Fausta, and Corinna Rossi. "3D survey and metric analysis of the Late Roman Fort of Umm al-Dabadib (Egypt)." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i3.590.
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This paper presents a metric analysis and interpretation of the 3D survey of the Late Roman Fort of Umm al-Dabadib (Kharga Oasis, Egypt). The aim is to verify if a modular measure was used in the construction of the Fort and whether this was congruent with Roman or Egyptian units of measurement. Horizontal and vertical sections were extracted from the 3D model of the Fort derived from a close-range photogrammetry survey method. The resulting technical drawings were used for the study and interpretation of the dimensional patterns of the Fort that revealed the correspondence<strong> </strong>of the units of measurement of the building to Egyptian Reformed Cubit. This research is part of the project LIFE (Living in a Fringe Environment), funded by the ERC CoGrant 68167.
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Plug, C. "The Registered Distance of the Celestial Sphere: Some Historical Cross-Cultural Data." Perceptual and Motor Skills 68, no. 1 (February 1989): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1989.68.1.211.
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Estimates of the diameters of the sun and moon expressed in centimetres have been reported by several authors in the past. These estimates imply that the sizes of the sun and moon are perceived as if these bodies are only some tens of metres distant. In this study five units of length that were used by ancient astronomers to estimate arcs on the celestial sphere were investigated. The purpose was to determine whether the lengths and angles represented by these units imply a specific registered distance of the star sphere. The sizes of the Babylonian cubit, Arab fitr and shibr, Greek eclipse digit, and Chinese chang support the conclusion that the registered distance of the stars was about 10 to 40 metres in these four cultures over the last two millennia.
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Ware, Jayson, and David A. Bright. "Evolution of a Treatment Programme for Sex Offenders: Changes to the NSW Custody-Based Intensive Treatment (CUBIT)." Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 15, no. 2 (July 2008): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13218710802014543.
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Lai, Ching-Yi, and Runyao Duan. "On the one-shot zero-error classical capacity of classical-quantum channels assisted by quantum non-signalling correlations." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 5&6 (April 2017): 380–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.5-6-2.
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Duan and Winter studied the one-shot zero-error classical capacity of a quantum channel assisted by quantum non-signalling correlations, and formulated this problem as a semidefinite program depending only on the Kraus operator space of the channel. For the class of classical-quantum channels, they showed that the asymptotic zero-error classical capacity assisted by quantum non-signalling correlations, minimized over all classicalquantum channels with a confusability graph G, is exactly log ϑ(G), where ϑ(G) is the celebrated Lov´asz theta function. In this paper, we show that the one-shot capacity for a classical-quantum channel, induced from a circulant graph G defined by equal-sized cyclotomic cosets, is logbϑ(G)c, which further implies that its asymptotic capacity is log ϑ(G). This type of graphs include the cycle graphs of odd length, the Paley graphs of prime vertices, and the cubit residue graphs of prime vertices. Examples of other graphs are also discussed. This gives Lov´asz ϑ function another operational meaning in zero-error classical-quantum communication.
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Xu, Xiaojun. "Adding a Cubit to Bible Understanding: A Study of Notes in the Chinese Union Version Bible and the Sigao Bible." Bible Translator 72, no. 1 (April 2021): 31–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2051677020971015.
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The note as a paratextual element has played an important role in Bible translation. This article collects the translational notes from the New Testament in the Chinese Protestant Union Version Bible (CUV) and the Chinese Catholic Sigao Bible (SBV) to uncover the ideological leanings of translators as well as the types and functions of translational notes in these versions. With a quantitative and qualitative analysis of eight selected notes, the article shows that: (1) CUV followed the “without note or comment” principle for unbiased comments and thus employed more linguistic notes, but SBV followed the Catholic tradition in writing exegetical comments; (2) the notes help readers understand the reasons for textual variations and the problem of selectivity in translating; and (3) CUV translators took account of the Chinese literati’s taste, whereas SBV aimed to reach the common people. Further research is needed for a more in-depth interpretation.
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Stiros, Stathis C. "Doric Foot and Metrological Implications of the Ancient Theatre of Makyneia, Western Greece." Metrology 2, no. 3 (August 19, 2022): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metrology2030023.
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Understanding the length and subdivisions of ancient length units is necessary for Archaeology, Architecture, and engineering, among other fields. These metrological units derive from anthropocentric concepts (fathom, cubit, foot, finger, etc.) and hence their metrological characteristics are variable and unknown for various ancient civilizations. The Roman length units are well determined, but the ancient Greek units are not. A rule sculpted in a metrological relief recently permitted the recognition of the Doric foot as having a length of 327 mm, but the broader use and divisions of this length unit remain unknown. In this article we present evidence of use of the Doric foot from the modeling of an ancient, atypical small theatre of the 4th–3rd century B.C., at Makyneia, on the western Greece mainland. It was found that this structure was designed using the Doric foot and its division in 24 (or even 12) digits. This result from a small provincial town indicates that the Doric foot was in broad use in architectural and engineering works of the ancient Greek World, and this result may be used to solve various problems of that era.
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Kubba, Shamil. "The Ubaid Period : Evidence of Architectural Planning and the Use of a Standard Unit of Measurement - the "Ubaid cubit" in Mesopotamia." Paléorient 16, no. 1 (1990): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1990.4518.
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Cruz Hernández, Aldenamar, David Hernández Sanchez, Armando Gómez-Vázquez, Alejandra Govea-Luciano, Juan M. Pinos-Rodríguez, Alfonso Chay-Canul, Alejandro Cordova Izquierdo, and Hortensia Brito Vega. "Tannin concentration and degradation rate in vitro of Morus alba and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis." Acta Universitaria 29 (October 9, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2019.2197.
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The study evaluated the influence of age (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), free condensed tannins (FCT), fiber-bound condensed tannins (FBCT), protein-bound condensed tannin content (PBCT), in vitro degradation rate of DM (DMkd), CP (CPkd) and NDF (NDFkd) of Morus alba (MA) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (HRS). For MA leaves, there was a quadratic (p < 0.01) relationship between CP content and age: the CP content of 60, 90 and 120 days-old leaves was similar, but it was lower than that of 30 days-old leaves. For HRS leaves, CP content decreased linearly (p < 0.01) as age increased, and NDF content increased linearly (p < 0.01). For both MA and HRS, there were cubit (p < 0.01) effects of age on FCT, FBCT and PBCT content, in which the highest values were found in 120-d-old leaves and the lowest in 30 and 90 d-old leaves. Furthermore, old leaves had a linear decrease in DMkd, CPkd, and NDFkd. DMkd, CPkd, and NDFkd negatively correlated (p < 0.001) with FCT, FBCT, and PBCT content. For both MA and HRS, 90 days-old leaves had higher nutritional value than 120 days-old leaves.
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Sutherland, James, and Anubhav Datta. "Fabrication, Testing, and 3D Comprehensive Analysis of Swept-Tip Tiltrotor Blades." Journal of the American Helicopter Society 68, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/jahs.68.012002.
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This paper covers the design, fabrication, testing, and modeling of a family of Froude-scale tiltrotor blades. They are designed with the objective of gaining a fundamental understanding of the impact of a swept tip on tiltrotor whirl flutter. The goal of this paper is to describe the development of the blades needed for this purpose. The rotor is three bladed with a diameter of 4.75 ft. The blades have a VR-7 profile, chord of 3.15 inches, and linear twist of –37° per span. The swept-tip blades have a sweep of 20° starting at 80% R. The blade properties are loosely based on the XV-15 design. A CATIA and Cubit-based high-fidelity three-dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed. It accurately represents the fabricated blade and is analyzed with X3D. Experiments in a vacuum chamber were carried out to demonstrate the structural integrity of the blades. Measured frequencies and strains were validated with X3D predictions proving the fidelity of the 3D model. Thus, even though the wind tunnel facilities were closed due to COVID-19, hover and forward flight calculations for the blade stress could be performed using the high-fidelity 3D structural model. The results prove the blades have sufficient structural integrity and stress margins to allow for wind tunnel testing.
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Mauchamp, Nicolas A., and Satoshi Hamaguchi. "Why are physical sputtering yields similar for incident ions with different masses?—physical sputtering yields of the Lennard–Jones system." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 22 (March 8, 2022): 225209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac57dc.
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Abstract Plasma etching of nano-meter-scale complex structures for semiconductor device manufacturing requires a deeper understanding of etching mechanisms. For example, it is known experimentally that the sputtering yield of a material tends to have weak dependence on the mass of incident ions except for extremely light ions such as helium. To understand this property, the sputtering yield of a system of atoms interacting with Lennard–Jones (LJ) potentials was evaluated with molecular dynamics simulation. As the simplest possible case involving two atomic species, a single-element face-centered-cubit (fcc) LJ solid surface interacting with purely repulsive atoms was examined, which emulates a solid surface sputtered by noble-gas ions. The sputtering of such a system at specific incident ion energy depends only on two parameters, i.e. the mass ratio and a parameter representing the relative interaction range between the surface atom and the incident ion. For real materials of our concern used in plasma etching, the range of these two parameters was found to be relatively limited. It was also found that the physical sputtering yield of the LJ system weakly depends on the mass ratio in this relatively narrow parameter range. Because the simple model predicts the weak yield dependence on the incident ion mass, it is considered as a generic property of physical sputtering, independent of the detailed atomic interactions of the surface material and incident ion species.
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Karki, Krishna B. "Greenhouse gases, global warming and glacier ice melt in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 8 (December 26, 2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v8i0.721.
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Concentration of greenhouse gases has been found increasing over the past centuries. Carbon dioxide (9-26% greenhouse effect), methane (4-9%), and nitrous oxide (3-6%) are the three principal greenhouse gasses though chloroflourocarbon and halon are also included as greenhouse gasses but are in very small greenhouse effect. These gasses are produced both from natural process and anthropogenic activities .Increase of these greenhouse gasses from nature in the atmosphere is mainly from the decomposition of organic matter, nitrification and denitrification of nitrogen including respiration by the plants. Anthropogenic production of carbon dioxide is from burning of fossil fuel whereas for methane livestock and paddy cultivation. Agricultural activities mainly use of mineral fertilizer is responsible for nitrous oxide emission. Increase of these gasses in atmosphere increases temperature that further accelerates evaporation of moisture from the earth’s surface. Increase in water vapor in the atmosphere will further aggravate temperature rise. This increase in atmospheric temperature has direct effect in the melting of glacier ice in Nepalese Himalaya. Melting of ice and increases water volume in the glacier fed rivers and glacier lakes. Rise in water volume beyond its capacity the glacial lakes bursts releasing millions of cubit meters of water and takes million of lives and properties downstream. If this continues there will be no more ice left in the Himalaya and in the long run all the rivers of Nepal will go dry and country will face serious water shortage for drinking, irrigation and other purposes.
The Journal of AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 1-7
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Lam Wai Ling, Gladys. "Blended Learning Strategies for Advertising Design Studies." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.037.
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Technological developments have brought profound challenges to design education. To understand how design educators adapt to new technological directions, this article examines student feedback from advertising design courses that apply blended learning approaches. This study identified three blended learning strategies conducive to meaningful learning: timely and meaningful feedback; engagement with real world tasks; and support from expert tutors. This article also discusses potential resistance and challenges in implementing instruction in blended technological environments.
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Oh, Jae-Eun, and Francesco Zurlo. "The Role of Technology in Reforming Design Education." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.033.
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Design education has significantly changed since the 1950s. The era depended widely on normative models such as those proposed by Benjamin Bloom (Bloom et al. 1956) and his collaborators, which resulted in the formulation of Bloom's Taxonomy. Comprising six interchangeable layers (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation) of higher and lower thinking, Bloom's taxonomy sets in place an archetypal model for education that thrives on object-driven goals. Here, pedagogical interchange and the object-driven and organised structure of education can adapt to each layer within the taxonomic structure.
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Venkatesh, Aruna. "Facilitating Tacit Knowledge Construction." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.043.
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Design knowledge, for its most part, is tacit. The embedded and inherent nature of tacit knowledge implies that it is a cognitive and internal construct acquired through the design act of doing. However, it is also socially constructed through shared experiences, collaborations and interactions. The design studio is a dynamic, pedagogical site that facilitates the construction of tacit knowledge through its myriad of interactive spaces. Online and virtual platforms offer opportunities to extend the learning boundaries of its social realm. Studies in the influence of these spaces on tacit knowledge construction are currently insufficient. An interpretive study was conducted in different studio environments within the Environment and Interior Design discipline of the School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University to further the understanding of tacit knowledge construction in blended learning environments.
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Chin, Scott. "Rising to the Challenge." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.039.
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With the widening scope of design, the importance of the design studio has concomitantly responded by transforming its own character to become inclusive of the educational domains of history, professional practices, theories, technical, and material studies. The absorption of such domains, part-and-parcel of the studio setting, has irrevocably highlighted the importance of education within the container of the studio or rather ‘in-situ’ education. However, with the volatility of external factors, the challenges posed to design education are multiple. Especially in light of the rise of a global pandemic, educators globally have had to implement crisis strategies in response. This short visual essay outlines the obstacles of online teaching; moving from resistance to embracing the tools and features that online education provides. Sharing the gained experiences, starting at the rise of the pandemic, the text engages seven key points of interest, while practically demonstrating responses in the product design setting.
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Wernli, Markus. "Bringing Home Recursions." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.040.
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This report is about an explorative co-crafting course applying the notion of recursive publics to adult learning and pro-environmental activation, which aimed to engage a diverse cohort of learners towards patterns of eating, living, and engaging that promoted wellbeing and a healthy environment. This two-month-long, university-endorsed study in Hong Kong saw 22 participants fermenting their urine in which to grow an edible plant (Lactuca sativa), thereby creating a material relationship between their bodies and the environment. Technologies were employed to bring people physically together for greater emancipatory engagement inside the shared material condition. When analyzed, these technologies revealed their potential for opening or restricting the synergies from combined purpose, expertise, and immanent life processes in recursively profound and playful ways. This civic-tech study offers a recursive self-implication approach to design education as a collective negotiation process for navigating unknown territory to converge a myriad of expertise and intended beneficiaries.
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Christensen, Bo Allesøe, Peter Vistisen, and Thessa Jensen. "Almost Risking It All." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.035.
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This paper provides an argument against understanding risk-taking in design education as something ideally in need of only being calculable and formalisable. Using the German sociologist Ulrich Beck’s theory on risktaking combined with the current discourse on design thinking, together with an analysis of a three week-long interdisciplinary design workshop, we analyse and discuss how risk-taking - as a general concept - in design education is an inherent element of the education itself. We argue, however, non-calculable risks, like human-centred design concerns, like desirability of use, ethics of technology, are an equally important part of a modern-day educational skillset as calculable risks. The aim is arguing for the prospect of interdisciplinary design-based education models as one way of embracing the non-calculable elements of a problem space.
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Oh, Jae-Eun, and Francesco Zurlo. "The Pandemic and This Issue of Design Education." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.034.
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When we first initiated a call for this issue on design education, never could we have imagined or foreseen what lay ahead. Since late 2019, Hong Kong has gone through an enormously difficult time. First, spikes of social unrest, rapidly followed by COVID-19. Half of the first semester of the 2019 – 2020 academic year, as skirmishes closed in on The Hong Kong Polytechnic University campus, all courses had to move over to available and often misunderstood online platforms. As the situation finally subsided, the virus emerged, impacting the commencement of the second semester, and the overall delivery modes of a structured curriculum for an entire year.
Both faculty and students of the School of Design lived and worked in high hopes to return to faceto- face teaching sooner, rather than later. In time, hope conceded to a stark reality that online, the virtual and the digital models of education, have moved into focus as the main and primary modes of education. Long gone are the days of the digital as a mere supplemental or peripheral possibility.
The digital reality presented other challenges to design education: ensuring credible and authentic outcomes for each of the design disciplines within a non-studio setting, the expression of ideas, or demonstrating principles across and through digital platforms with the additional burdens of a digital generation that instantaneously become camera shy. Or, in the extreme the mistrust shown by students that reviewers may not understand the design work without a physical presence.
Moving one year forward, the growing pains of digital pedagogies has caused an instantaneous maturing of educators, those being educated, and of what is said, shown and discussed. Somehow, the global body of design environments have collectively responded to these and more local challenges, yet again transforming the specifics of digital pedagogies across unexplored territories.
The following series of images attest to the resilience of digital pedagogies and design institutions. May this stand as a testament to rapid responses, individuals who took the reins, and how educators shape the future of design, design-research and ultimately how design is carried forward across generations.
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Chan, Michael. "Service-Learning Education Integrated Design Education Through a Design- Build Focus." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 108–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.042.
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Different from the conventional design-built projects, the service-learning educational model represents a student led community driven education process. This photos essay delivers evidence, spanning 15 years and various contexts, demonstrating the impact of service learning and its dependency on cross-disciplinary skills. Beyond the social value, service learning fosters a series of interpersonal and professional relationships, amplifying skills and education value outside of the classroom.
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Louw, Michael. "Studio In-Situ." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.036.
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This photo essay explores the possibility of radically shifting the understanding of the design studio as a spatial construct. By considering the seven-year evolution of a (socalled) design-build project known as the Imizamo Yethu Water Platforms, it recognises the possibility of dislocating the design studio from its traditionally centralised space in the academy and moving it to the site of its investigation or intervention for the duration of a project. The Imizamo Yethu Water Platforms aimed to improve water and sanitation infrastructure in a severely under-resourced informal settlement in Cape Town, South Africa, through the insertion of small permanent public spaces. Due to a number of reasons, including the physical characteristics of the sites selected for these spaces, the design studio gradually shifted its physical location to such an extent that virtually the entire design, documentation and construction process took place in-situ.
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Choi, Iain, and Fann Zhi. "‘Time to Be an Academic Influencer’." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.038.
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This paper explores how Peer-to-Peer learning can level-up students' understanding of computer-aided design (CAD) with Autodesk Auto- CAD programme for Interior Design Year 1 students. As students come from different knowledge backgrounds, they approach the module with different understanding levels, with the weaker students unable to follow the live demonstration tutorials. A peer tutoring assignment using a student-led peer-to-peer learning pedagogy, was introduced to advance students' understanding and internalise content better by reinforcing their learning. Each group has an equal proportion of students with different levels of knowledge and capabilities, and each group member conducted self-research on a topic segment, shared their knowledge and findings within their group, and thereafter curated a 15-minute lecture and facilitation workshop for peers. Tutors provided consultation and mediation, encouraging students’ participation. The assignment’s results showed that the peer-to-peer learning approach efficaciously empowered students and motivated learning, enabling them to be self-directed learners.
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Giencke, Anneli. "Vertical Studio." Cubic Journal, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2021.4.041.
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Since 2016 the Environmental and Interior Design Programme (E&I), School of Design, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, has implemented an educational model called the vertical studio. Until now, the vertical studio model has become an instrumental peer-to-peer learning scheme while enhancing students' competency in digital literacy. A first of its kind within the design education context of Asia, the vertical studio model has contributed to advance design education practices, embracing collaborative learning opportunities, and facilitate knowledge and skills transfer of drawing techniques, technology, and digital proficiency.
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Hasdell, Peter, and Gerhard Bruyns. "Design Social | Technology • Activism • Anti-Social." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.000.
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Graafland, Arie. "Figures of thought and the Socius: Design, Creative Mapping, & Education." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.001.
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Starting from a faculty wide discussion on teaching architecture and urbanism in the nineties at the TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, I develop a brief historical overview of more recent planning and mapping techniques. During the many meetings at the faculty, discussions swept from ‘architectural’ approaches, to ‘computational’, to ‘urban’, and ‘scientific’. Although more professional experts were involved, coming from Maastricht University where new teaching models were introduced earlier on, the meetings never ended in a consensus on how to teach urbanism. What seemed to be lacking was a more historically informed approach. I use James Corner’s four approaches to mapping techniques to show not merely a ‘technique’, but the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of a particular approach. Every planning technique creates its own ‘social field’ in which it operates: the socius.
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Berman, Kim, and Khaya Mchunu. "Arts-based methods as tools for co-design in a South African community-based design co-operative." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.002.
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Arts and visual participatory methods can be effective tools to facilitate the experience of rural design actors involved in a co-design process that could be seen as contributions to the emerging praxis called “Design Social.” We identify the inclusion of visual processes to co-design and comanufacture Venda-fusion products with members of a South African rural-based sewing group called Zwonaka Sewing Co-operative. The co-design process involved a set of iterations that used visual modes such as Photovoice, painting, photographs, collaging and appliqué to create and market these products. Statements shared by the group members reveal the development of their personal agency, as well as confidence in product design, manufacturing, and ownership of the design process. These are significant outcomes for this particular social context, and we propose that the use of arts and visual methods enhances capacities of reciprocity, creative thinking and ownership through the co-design process.
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Bruyns, Gerhard. "The Social and The Spatial, Urban Models as Morphologies for a ‘Lived’ Approach to Planning." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 52–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.003.
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How and in what manner has the social been instrumental in formulating planning policies, and does Hong Kong ascribe to any social concept that facilitates its current spatial planning framework? The legacy of the social in planning originally came to fruition within the Chicago School of Social Sciences during the early 1920s. Since then, the understanding of the social and how planning responds to the social has been wide and varied. This paper examines the social’s application in spatial notions in addition to its context within Hong Kong. At its core this argument outlines the consequences of a social notion within planning and the spatial modes of recourse. Issues of scaling are brought into question when addressing planning as well as economic focus, in both the local as well as regional governance levels, which further emphasises the dynamic proxies of social and spatial factors for territorial planning. Having neither of these, the argument then highlights the realities of economic asymmetries in the disempowerment of a local populous through land speculation and housing shortages.
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Wong, Kacey. "Techno-Art-activism; the implicit Technology of Design-Social." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.004.
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This photo essay comments on the influence of artactivism in the process of the ‘social’. Moving away from the conventionality of social approach to betterment, the approach follows an artistic take, amalgamating new forms of media with the processes of design and art.
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Tipene, Luke. "Drawing the Impossible— the role of architectural drawing in the production of meaning in social space." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.005.
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This pictorial essay reflects on a unique category of architectural drawing that depicts spaces that cannot physically exist. It suggests that this specific mode of drawing plays a significant role in the production of meaning in social space through depicting ephemeral characteristics of our social relations. This argument is discussed in relation to Michel Foucault’s theoretical allegory of the heterotopic mirror, and illustrated through accompanying images of the drawing project The Virtual Relations (2009). This project used the methodology of “drawing the impossible” with Henri Lefebvre’s theory for the production of space to explore ephemeral conditions of social interaction in the domestic interior as five spatial descriptions.
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Healy, Patrick. "Design, Demos, Dialectics: Max Raphael's theory of Doric architecture." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.006.
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The main focus of this paper is to examine the analysis offered of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia by Max Raphael in his study dedicated to the remains of the temple. The temple of Zeus at Olympia is often cited as the canonical example of Doric temple architecture and Raphael examines how a particular design can have such far ranging influence, to which end he elucidates the relationship of design to the activity of a participatory and democratic process specific to the Greek polis. By bringing to bear a highly dialectical analysis of the various forces at play in both construction and the elaboration of the temple, Raphael advances a brilliant interpretation which takes account of the social, spiritual and material dimensions at play and dissolves older academic understandings of the achievement of ‘classical art’.
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Simone, AbdouMaliq. "Designing Space for the Majority: Urban Displacements of the Human." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 124–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.007.
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Social, historical and architectural research on urbanization processes in the Global South have increasingly valorized the contributions of an “urban majority” — a heuristic composite of working poor, working and lower middle class residents — to the formation of intricate repertoires of built forms, economic practices, infrastructures of affect, and collective sensibilities. Despite oscillating registers of structural violence, colonial residue, geopolitical instability, and systematic dispossession, metropolitan landscapes of the South are replete with an incessantly recalibrated intensity of working with and through uncertainty to deliver ways of life that skirt precarity. The auto-construction of the majority is usually associated with particular forms and practices. If the territories of operation usually associated with this urban majority may find themselves increasingly hemmed in by countervailing forces, is it possible to imagine new forms through which the “archives” of their capacities might be expressed? By intervening into the increasingly formatted, homogenized venues of residential and commercial space, it is possible to conceive new possibilities of the ways in which “majority life” can be re-enacted, but in a manner that strategically modulates the very ways in which that life is made visible.
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Stanojevic, Marko. "Visual Soliloquy." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 136–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.008.
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Visual Soliloquy contributes to the discussion of how graphic and information design contributes to social through design. In linking the work to notions as self-branding, micro celebrities and self-branding in defining social value for individuals. The use of the soliloquy concept is aligned with both the anti-social undertaking and social endeavor of design as praxis within the field of communication design. As evidence, the concept is supported through examples of design work and their material explorations.
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Hasdell, Peter. "Activating Design Social." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.009.
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Does the social turn in design enable transformative change in design and society? Or is it incremental change, where design confirms existing social systems with little impact? Many claims for design social have been made, often underpinned by the altruism of doing good and social engagement. The recent popularity of social design, design activism, service design, co-design, and commoning, show design as conjoined to other disciplines, but to what end? What role does design play within dialogical pairings? Does the socialising of design diffuse the agency of design to the social sciences? As we interrogate and define, conceptually and in praxis, the hybridisation of two different domains, there is a need to critically engage the question of how to define ways in which design social can become an impactful, rather simply than a consensual, confirmation. In addition this enquiry is to seek out how design social can lead to transformative moments within design practice that impacts design methodologies, social structures and its agencies.
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Brassett, Jamie. "Creating Affective Social Design: An ethical and ontological discussion." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.010.
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The ethics of designing has often been organised according to moral imperatives, and social design not only aligns with such moralities, but perpetuates them without providing a clear critique of the systems to which they adhere. To rid itself of such reactive ideologies, and so to create other conditions for the possibility of its creativity, social design might occupy itself with a different account of ethics altogether. This paper will seek to elucidate such a different ethics along the lines Baruch Spinoza proposed and Gilles Deleuze championed. That is, it will therefore call for an affective designing that operates by creating ethical ontologies. This article will bring an affective, ethical, ontological design to bear on a social entity that emerges from the relations affectivity requires, insofar as it is one that is designed.
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Wirman, Hanna. "Serious Games as Social Innovation: Case Hong Kong 2003-2017." Cubic Journal, no. 1 (April 2018): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31182/cubic.2018.1.011.
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This article investigates existing digital games that are developed and used in Hong Kong to serve the local community and tackle various educational, social, and environmental issues. An online review and interviews of experts in the field found that 517 games were used and developed in Hong Kong. The games are mostly available online for free use. In this article, a categorisation of fourteen domains is proposed based on the games' general themes and learning goals. This article discusses some examples of the games in the review, and explores the existing potential of serious games as social innovation in Hong Kong.