Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cucumis melo var. reticulatus'

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A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista, em Jaboticabal- SP, cujas coordenadas são 21o 15' 22'' S, 48o 18' 58'' W e altitude média de 595m, entre outubro de 1998 e dezembro de 2000, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de híbridos de melão rendilhado em diversas condições de cultivo, e as características de adaptabilidade e estabilidade relacionadas à produção e qualidade de frutos. Híbridos de melão rendilhado (Mission, Bônus no 2, D. Carlos, Louis, Pacstart, PPAA, Don Domingos e Nero) foram avaliados em 23 ambientes, diferenciados pela época de cultivo, densidades de plantio, presença ou ausência de cobertura dos canteiros com filme de polietileno preto ou bagacilho de cana, e cultivo em condições de campo, túnel baixo ou casa de vegetação. Foram analisadas as características: número de frutos e produção total e comercial (NFT, NFC, PFT, PFC), por planta e por m2, peso médio de frutos total e comercial (PMT, PMC), diâmetro médio de frutos (DMF), relação diâmetro longitudinal/transversal (DL/DT), índice de rendilhamento (IR) e teor de sólidos solúveis total (SST) dos frutos e a adaptabilidade e estabilidade dos híbridos. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, tendo os resultados das análises individuais sido submetidos à análise conjunta, para determinação da interação genótipo x ambiente, além de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, pela metodologia proposta por EBERHART & RUSSELL (1966). Bônus no 2 e Nero apresentaram maior NFT, NFC, PFT, PFC, por planta e por área, e, Pacstart, por ter alcançado maior PMF, também se destacou em produção. Pacstart e PPAA tiveram maior DMF. Frutos de Bônus no 2 e Nero tiveram DL/DT próximo de um, Louis menor que um e os demais maior que um. O IR variou entre os híbridos e ambientes de cultivo...
The research was carried on Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias- Universidade Estadual Paulista, at Jaboticabal-SP, 21o 15' 22'' S, 48o 18' 58'' W, and altitude of 595m, between October, 1998 and December, 2000, to evaluate the behaviour of net melon hybrids in several environments, the adaptability and stability characteristics related to the production and fruit quality. Melon hybrids (Mission, Bonus no 2, Don Carlos, Louis, Pacstart, PPAA, Don Domingos and Nero) were appraised in 23 environments, differentiated by the cultivation period (five periods), different cultive densities, soil covering with black polyethylene film or sliced sugar cane, presence or absence, and field conditions, low tunnel or greenhouse. Number of fruits, total and commercial production (TNF, CNF, TYF, CYF), mean weight, fruit size and length ratio of fruits (WMT, WMC, DMF, LR), net index (NI), refractometric index of juice (TSS) were analyzed. The experimental design was the randomized blocks with four replications. EBERHART & RUSSELL (1996) methodology was applied to obtain adaptability and stability parameters. Bônus no 2 and Nero presented the highest TNF, CNF, TYF and CYF, while Pacstart reached highest WMT, WMC and DMF. NI varied among hybrid ones and environments. SST was satisfactory for all hybrids ones (>9o brix); Don Carlos, Pacstart and PPAA obtained the smallest values. Environments with larger temperature and brightness were superior. Soil covering, low tunnel and greenhouse made possible the production in unfavorable environments. Larger densities influenced the production positively. The stability varied among hybrids (WMT, WMC< DMF, LR). The most productive hybrids were adapted to more favorable environments. The research evidenced the possibility of cultivation of netted melons at Jaboticabal-SP conditions.

Resumo: A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias - Universidade Estadual Paulista, em Jaboticabal- SP, cujas coordenadas são 21o 15' 22'' S, 48o 18' 58'' W e altitude média de 595m, entre outubro de 1998 e dezembro de 2000, com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de híbridos de melão rendilhado em diversas condições de cultivo, e as características de adaptabilidade e estabilidade relacionadas à produção e qualidade de frutos. Híbridos de melão rendilhado (Mission, Bônus no 2, D. Carlos, Louis, Pacstart, PPAA, Don Domingos e Nero) foram avaliados em 23 ambientes, diferenciados pela época de cultivo, densidades de plantio, presença ou ausência de cobertura dos canteiros com filme de polietileno preto ou bagacilho de cana, e cultivo em condições de campo, túnel baixo ou casa de vegetação. Foram analisadas as características: número de frutos e produção total e comercial (NFT, NFC, PFT, PFC), por planta e por m2, peso médio de frutos total e comercial (PMT, PMC), diâmetro médio de frutos (DMF), relação diâmetro longitudinal/transversal (DL/DT), índice de rendilhamento (IR) e teor de sólidos solúveis total (SST) dos frutos e a adaptabilidade e estabilidade dos híbridos. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, tendo os resultados das análises individuais sido submetidos à análise conjunta, para determinação da interação genótipo x ambiente, além de adaptabilidade e estabilidade, pela metodologia proposta por EBERHART & RUSSELL (1966). Bônus no 2 e Nero apresentaram maior NFT, NFC, PFT, PFC, por planta e por área, e, Pacstart, por ter alcançado maior PMF, também se destacou em produção. Pacstart e PPAA tiveram maior DMF. Frutos de Bônus no 2 e Nero tiveram DL/DT próximo de um, Louis menor que um e os demais maior que um. O IR variou entre os híbridos e ambientes de cultivo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The research was carried on Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias- Universidade Estadual Paulista, at Jaboticabal-SP, 21o 15' 22'' S, 48o 18' 58'' W, and altitude of 595m, between October, 1998 and December, 2000, to evaluate the behaviour of net melon hybrids in several environments, the adaptability and stability characteristics related to the production and fruit quality. Melon hybrids (Mission, Bonus no 2, Don Carlos, Louis, Pacstart, PPAA, Don Domingos and Nero) were appraised in 23 environments, differentiated by the cultivation period (five periods), different cultive densities, soil covering with black polyethylene film or sliced sugar cane, presence or absence, and field conditions, low tunnel or greenhouse. Number of fruits, total and commercial production (TNF, CNF, TYF, CYF), mean weight, fruit size and length ratio of fruits (WMT, WMC, DMF, LR), net index (NI), refractometric index of juice (TSS) were analyzed. The experimental design was the randomized blocks with four replications. EBERHART & RUSSELL (1996) methodology was applied to obtain adaptability and stability parameters. Bônus no 2 and Nero presented the highest TNF, CNF, TYF and CYF, while Pacstart reached highest WMT, WMC and DMF. NI varied among hybrid ones and environments. SST was satisfactory for all hybrids ones (>9o brix); Don Carlos, Pacstart and PPAA obtained the smallest values. Environments with larger temperature and brightness were superior. Soil covering, low tunnel and greenhouse made possible the production in unfavorable environments. Larger densities influenced the production positively. The stability varied among hybrids (WMT, WMC< DMF, LR). The most productive hybrids were adapted to more favorable environments. The research evidenced the possibility of cultivation of netted melons at Jaboticabal-SP conditions.
Orientadora: Leila Trevizan Braz
Coorientador: David Ariovaldo Banzatto
Banca: João Tessarioli Neto
Banca: Fernando Antônio Reis Filgueira
Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho
Banca: Izabel Cristina Leite
Doutor

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação do Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais da FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, com o objetivo de avaliar seis métodos de enxertia em melão rendilhado e seus efeitos na produtividade em três épocas de cultivo. Para o delineamento experimental, foram realizadas análises conjuntas das três épocas de cultivo (Época 1 – 21-08-2007 a 17-12-2007; Época 2- 10-03-2008 a 22-08-2008; Época 3 – 10-07-2008 a 27-11-2008) com os tipos de enxertia, mais a testemunha. Cada característica também foi avaliada separadamente, utilizando-se do delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram representados por dois métodos de enxertia utilizados no Brasil para cucurbitáceas: fenda cheia e encostia; quatro métodos da Coreia: palito, bisel, palito sem raiz e bisel sem raiz; e a testemunha que não foi submetida à enxertia. Após a realização das enxertias, as mudas permaneceram em câmara com alta umidade até o pegamento, quando foram transplantadas para casa de vegetação e tutoradas na vertical. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: diâmetros do porta-enxerto e enxerto, área foliar em três fases do cultivo, número de internódios, produção, dimensão dos frutos e sólidos solúveis. Na Época 3, observaram-se as maiores médias na maioria das características avaliadas, e foi considerada a mais indicada para a condução de mudas enxertadas. O tipo de enxertia não influenciou na maioria das características avaliadas. As enxertias tipo fenda cheia, encostia, bisel e bisel sem raiz resultaram em mais de 90% de pegamento e são as mais indicadas para melão rendilhado, uma vez que não ocorreram doenças de solo. Não houve diferença na produtividade entre os métodos de enxertia e o pé-franco.
The works was carried in greenhouse at FCAV – UNESP, Jaboticabal – SP, Brazil, to evaluated six grafting methods in muskmelon and their effects on the productivity in three seasons cultivations.The experiment design was in randomized blocks with seven treatments and three replications. (Season 1: August 21th to December 21th 2007; Season 2: March 10th to August 22th 2008 and Season 3: July 10th to November 27th 2008). The treatments was two grafting methods utilized in Brazil to cucurbits: fenda cheia and encostia; four methods from Korea: hole insertion grafting, splice grafting, combination of root pruning and hole insertion grafting, and combination of root pruning and splice grafting, and the testimony, that not be grafted process. After the grafting process, the seedlings stayed inside the high humidity chamber until the success of grafting. After the evaluations of percent of grafting, the seedlings was moved to greenhouse. Was evaluated the caracteristics of fruits: diameter of rootstocks and scion, leave area, node number, yield, fruits dimensions and SST. The season 3, has the greatest medium on the most of caracteristics evaluateds and was considered the most indicated to seedlings grafted yield. The graftings methods didn’t influenced most of caracteristics evaluateds. The grafting methods of fenda cheia, encostia, splice grafting and combination of root pruning and splice grafting, arrived more than 90% of grafting success and they are the most indicated to muskmelon. Didn’t have diference on the yield to grafting methods and testimony.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de híbridos experimentais de melão rendilhado em dois sistemas de cultivo e o desempenho de híbridos de melão rendilhado em diferentes substratos foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos no Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais da UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido de 20 de setembro de 2008 a 05 de janeiro de 2009. Foram avaliados seis híbridos experimentais, Jab 07#16, Jab 07#17, Jab 07#23, Jab 07#24, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28, e três híbridos comerciais de melão rendilhado, Bônus nº 2, Louis e Fantasy, em dois sistemas de cultivo (em solo e em fibra da casca de coco), adotando-se o manejo recomendado para a cultura, em cada um dos sistemas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, para cada sistema de cultivo, realizando-se análise conjunta dos dados. Concluiu-se que, para o cultivo em fibra da casca de coco todos os híbridos são recomendados, exceto o Jab 07#17. No cultivo em solo recomendam-se os híbridos Bônus n° 2, Fantasy, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28 e Jab 07#16. No segundo experimento foram avaliados cinco substratos (S1 = fibra da casca de coco; S2 = areia; S3 = ½ areia e ½ bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; S4 = ½ areia e ½ casca de amendoim; e S5 = areia, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de amendoim), e quatro híbridos de melão rendilhado (Bônus n° 2, Louis, Fantasy e Jab 2007#16). Utilizaram-se vasos plásticos de 13 dm3 que foram dispostos no espaçamento de 1 m entre fileiras e 0,5 m entre vasos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com quatro repetições. Concluiu-se que a melhor opção de substrato é a combinação de 50% de areia e 50% de casca de amendoim, e como segunda opção a combinação de areia, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de amendoim em partes iguais...
Aiming evaluate the net melon experimental hybrids in two crop systems as well the net melon hybrids performance in different substrates were carried out two experiments in the Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (UNESP-Jaboticabal Vegetables and Aromatic- Medicinal Plants Sector). The first experiment was carried out from Sept-20-2008 to Jan- 05-2009, where were evaluated six experimental hybrids (Jab 07#16, Jab 07#17, Jab 07#23, Jab 07#24, Jab 07#26, and Jab 07#28) and three commercial hybrids (Bônus nº 2, Louis, and Fantasy), in two crop systems (soil and coconut fiber cropping), adopting the recommended management to the melon crop in each of the two crop systems. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with nine treatments and four replications to each cultivation system. The both experiment data analysis was done joint. Productive and qualitative fruit characteristics were evaluated and, based on the results, the crop system under coconut fiber all hybrids are recommended, except the hybrid Jab 07#17, while only the hybrids Bônus n° 2, Fantasy, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28, and Jab 07#16 should be cultivated in the conventional (soil) system. In the second experiment were evaluated five substrates (S1= coconut fiber; S2= sand; S3= ½sand + ½sugar cane bagasse; S4= ½sand + ½peanut fiber; and S5= sand + sugar cane bagasse + peanut fiber in four net melon hybrids - Bônus n° 2, Louis, Fantasy, and Jab 2007#16). Plastic pots of 13dm3 each were filled up with each substrate and spaced 1m between lines and 0.5m between plots. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, in a 5x4 factorial scheme and four replications. The fruit productive and qualitative characteristics were evaluated and based on the results, the best substrate option to cultivate net melon is the 50%sand + 50% peanut fiber... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Sabe-se que nos últimos 100 anos a concentração de CO2 na atmosfera vem aumentando devido ao aumento da atividade do homem em emitir mais de 8 bilhões de toneladas anuais de gás carbônico. Pensando no que isso poderia representar para as plantas, nas últimas décadas se intens ificaram os estudos com aplicação de CO2 nas plantas via ambiente e via água. Freqüentemente foram observados aumentos em crescimento de produção sob elevadas concentrações de CO2 na atmosférica. O melão tem se constituído em ótimo negócio para o Nordeste brasileiro. O Brasil passou a destacar-se no cenário internacional, embora com registros de quedas nas exportações nos últimos anos. Procurando-se melhorar os estudos com aplicação gás carbônico CO2 com o intuito de torna viável a aplicação, ou seja, diminuir a relação Custo/Benefício procurou-se diminuir número de aplicações e o volume de CO2 por ha -1 mantendo-se a produtividade daquelas aplicadas durante todo o ciclo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito de uma dose de (CO2) em diferentes fases fenológico da cultura do melão aplicadas via água de irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial, na, qualidade, produtividade, do meloeiro cultivado em ambiente protegido. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em duas estufas de 112 m 2 cada, estudando-se o efeito na aplicação de CO2 aplicada via água de irrigação no florescimento, na frutificação e no florescimento mais frutificação, além de uma testemunha na qual não houve aplicação de CO2. O delineamento experimental para o efeito das épocas foi o de blocos casualizados , com quatro repetições. A irrigação foi realizada utilizando-se o sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, sendo estes enterrados a 15cm de profundidade, e manejados por tensiômetros. A aplicação do gás foi realizada por intermédio de um cilindro de CO2 comercial e injetadas por diferença de pressão, durante o tempo necessário à aplicação da dose pré-estabelecida. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a aplicação de CO2 via água de irrigação para os tratamentos na frutificação (T3) e florescimento (T1) proporcionou aumentos de 18%,17% em relação ao tratamento sem CO2 (T4), o menor incremento foi de 8,8% do T2 em relação ao T4.
It is known that in the last 100 years the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere is increasing due to the increase in human activity in emitting more than eight million tons yearly of carbon dioxide. Thinking on what this could mean for plants, studies had intensified in the last decades with CO2 application to plants through environment and water. Freq uently, increases in yield were observed under high CO2 concentration at atmosphere. Melon is turning into a big business for the northeast of Brazil. Brazil starts to stand out at the international scenery, beside records of export dropping in the last years. Trying to improve the studies with CO2 application, to minimize the cost benefit relationship and this way make it viable economically by diminishing the number of application and volume of CO2 per hectare maintaining the yield obtained by those applied through out year. The objective of this work was to study the effect of one single rate of CO2 applied at different crop stages through water by a subsurface drip irrigation system, at the yield and quality, of melon cultivated in greenhouse. For that, an experiment was led in two greenhouses of 112 m 2 each, being studied the effect of CO2 applied at flowering, at fruiting, and at flowering plus fruiting, besides an untreated plot with no application of CO2. The experimental design was for timing was randomized blocks with four replications. Irrigation was realized by a subsurface dripping irrigation system, which was positioned at 15 cm depth, and managed by tensionmeters. The CO2 injection, was provided by a commercial cylinder, and was done by pressure differential. Application time was that one the necessary time to apply the pre -established rate. Obtained data showed that the application of CO2 through irrigation water for the fruiting (T3) and flowering (T1) treatments provided yield increases of 18% and 17% respectively when compared to untreated (T4), the lowest yield increment was obtained by flowering plus fruiting (T2) compared to untreated.

Orientadora: Leila Trevizan Braz
Banca: Rumy Goto
Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho
Banca: Arlete Marchi Tavares de Melo
Banca: Antônio Baldo Geraldo Martins
Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de híbridos experimentais de melão rendilhado em dois sistemas de cultivo e o desempenho de híbridos de melão rendilhado em diferentes substratos foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos no Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais da UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido de 20 de setembro de 2008 a 05 de janeiro de 2009. Foram avaliados seis híbridos experimentais, Jab 07#16, Jab 07#17, Jab 07#23, Jab 07#24, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28, e três híbridos comerciais de melão rendilhado, Bônus nº 2, Louis e Fantasy, em dois sistemas de cultivo (em solo e em fibra da casca de coco), adotando-se o manejo recomendado para a cultura, em cada um dos sistemas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições, para cada sistema de cultivo, realizando-se análise conjunta dos dados. Concluiu-se que, para o cultivo em fibra da casca de coco todos os híbridos são recomendados, exceto o Jab 07#17. No cultivo em solo recomendam-se os híbridos Bônus n° 2, Fantasy, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28 e Jab 07#16. No segundo experimento foram avaliados cinco substratos (S1 = fibra da casca de coco; S2 = areia; S3 = ½ areia e ½ bagaço de cana-de-açúcar; S4 = ½ areia e ½ casca de amendoim; e S5 = areia, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de amendoim), e quatro híbridos de melão rendilhado (Bônus n° 2, Louis, Fantasy e Jab 2007#16). Utilizaram-se vasos plásticos de 13 dm3 que foram dispostos no espaçamento de 1 m entre fileiras e 0,5 m entre vasos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com quatro repetições. Concluiu-se que a melhor opção de substrato é a combinação de 50% de areia e 50% de casca de amendoim, e como segunda opção a combinação de areia, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e casca de amendoim em partes iguais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Aiming evaluate the net melon experimental hybrids in two crop systems as well the net melon hybrids performance in different substrates were carried out two experiments in the Setor de Olericultura e Plantas Aromático-Medicinais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (UNESP-Jaboticabal Vegetables and Aromatic- Medicinal Plants Sector). The first experiment was carried out from Sept-20-2008 to Jan- 05-2009, where were evaluated six experimental hybrids (Jab 07#16, Jab 07#17, Jab 07#23, Jab 07#24, Jab 07#26, and Jab 07#28) and three commercial hybrids (Bônus nº 2, Louis, and Fantasy), in two crop systems (soil and coconut fiber cropping), adopting the recommended management to the melon crop in each of the two crop systems. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with nine treatments and four replications to each cultivation system. The both experiment data analysis was done joint. Productive and qualitative fruit characteristics were evaluated and, based on the results, the crop system under coconut fiber all hybrids are recommended, except the hybrid Jab 07#17, while only the hybrids Bônus n° 2, Fantasy, Jab 07#26, Jab 07#28, and Jab 07#16 should be cultivated in the conventional (soil) system. In the second experiment were evaluated five substrates (S1= coconut fiber; S2= sand; S3= ½sand + ½sugar cane bagasse; S4= ½sand + ½peanut fiber; and S5= sand + sugar cane bagasse + peanut fiber in four net melon hybrids - Bônus n° 2, Louis, Fantasy, and Jab 2007#16). Plastic pots of 13dm3 each were filled up with each substrate and spaced 1m between lines and 0.5m between plots. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, in a 5x4 factorial scheme and four replications. The fruit productive and qualitative characteristics were evaluated and based on the results, the best substrate option to cultivate net melon is the 50%sand + 50% peanut fiber... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Total soluble solids (TSS) is a reliable indicator of melon eating quality, with a minimum standard of 10% recommended. The state of Australian melon production with respect to this quality criterion was considered within seasons, between growing districts and over seasons. It was concluded that improvement in agronomic practice and varietal selection is required to produce sweeter melons. The scientific literature addressing melon physiology and agronomy was summarised, as a background to the work that is required to improve melon production practices in Australia. The effect of source sink manipulation was assessed for commercially grown and glasshouse grown melon plants. The timing of fruit thinning, pollination scheduling, the application of a growth inhibitor and source biomass removal were assessed in relation to fruit growth and sugar accumulation. Results are interpreted against a model in which fruit rapidly increase in weight until about two weeks before harvest, with sugar accumulation continuing as fruit growth ceases. Thus treatment response is very dependant on timing of application. For example, fruit thinning at 25 days before harvest resulted in further fruit set and increased fruit weight but did not impact on fruit TSS (at 9.8%, control 9.3%), while thinning at 5 days before harvest resulted in a significant (Pless than 0.05) increase in fruit TSS (to 10.8%, control 9.3%) and no increase in fruit weight or number. A cost/ benefit analysis is presented, allowing an estimation of the increase in sale price required to sustain the implementation of fruit thinning. The effect of irrigation scheduling was also considered with respect to increasing melon yield and quality. To date, recommended practice has been to cause an irrigation deficit close to fruit harvest, with the intent of 'drying out' or 'stressing' the plant, to 'bring on' maturity and increase sugar accumulation. Irrigation trials showed that keeping plants stress-free close to harvest and during harvest, facilitated the production of sweeter fruit. The maintenance of a TSS grade standard using either batch based (destructive) sampling or (non-invasive) grading of individual fruit is discussed. On-line grading of individual fruit is possible using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), but the applicability of the technique to melons has received little published attention. Tissue sampling strategy was optimised, in relation to the optical geometry used (in commercial operation in Australia), both in terms of the diameter and depth of sampled tissue. NIR calibration model performance was superior when based on the TSS of outer, rather than inner mesocarp tissue. However the linear relationship between outer and middle tissue TSS was strong (r2 = 0.8) in immature fruit, though less related in maturing fruit (r2 = 0.5). The effect of fruit storage (maturation/senescence) on calibration model performance was assessed. There was a negligible effect of fruit cold storage on calibration performance. Currently, the agronomist lacks a cost-effective tool to rapidly assess fruit TSS in the field. Design parameters for such a tool were established, and several optical front ends compared for rapid, though invasive, analysis. Further, for visualisation of the spatial distribution of tissue TSS within a melon fruit, a two-dimensional, or hyper-spectral NIR imaging system based on a low cost 8-bit charge coupled device (CCD) camera and filter arrangement, was designed and characterised.

In this work the extraction of substances from the common melon (Cucumis melo var. Acidulus) was carried out, which has more specific application in both, the food industry, as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, becoming more valuable than the fruit in natura. The objective of this study was to extract, quantify, characterize and modify chemically by sulfation pectin the common melon (Cucumis melo var. acidulus). The extractions were performed in neutral, acidic and basic conditions, with yields of 8%, 10.8% and 14%, respectively. In addition to the Elementary Analysis, pectin extracted with acid, it was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon (13C NMR) and Hydrogen (1H NMR), Potentiometric Titration, Spectroscopy in the Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), hermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Rheology and Zeta Potential. Some of these analyzes were not performed for samples extracted in alkaline, neutral and sulfated acid, as well as for commercial use sample, for which the analysis depended on the purpose for which it was proposed, is it to determine a specific feature the material and the degree of esterification (DE) or to identify overall change in polymer structure such as sulfation. The 13C-NMR showed peaks characteristic of galacturonic acid. The FT-IR and potentiometric titration permitted the calculation of the degree of esterification (DE) of acidic, basic, neutral and sulfated samples and also a commercial sample from Sigma Aldrich; GE results of the samples obtained by these techniques were compared, showing that the samples are acidic and neutral low GE. The result of GE acid sample was also obtained by 1H NMR, confirming its low GE condition. The SEM of the sample showed particles with acidic spherical structure with surface flattening, typical drying spray dried, suggesting potential application in drug encapsulation. The XRD revealed that the material has amorphous character, an increase of crystallinity after chemical modification. The TGA technique revealed the pectin degradation in three stages. The DSC curve showed an endothermic peak at 150 ÂC and an exotherm at 245ÂC for the loss of water and the main step of breakdown of the material, respectively. The molecular weight of the acid sample, determined by GPC, showed values of typical polymeric materials 4.5 x 105 g/mol, consistent with pectins. The rheological study revealed the shear-thinning property of pectin solution.
Neste trabalho foi feita a extraÃÃo de substÃncias presentes no melÃo caipira (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) que tenham aplicaÃÃo mais especÃfica tanto na indÃstria alimentÃcia, quanto na indÃstria farmacÃutica e cosmÃtica, sendo, portanto, de maior valor comercial que os frutos in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de extrair, quantificar, caracterizar e modificar quimicamente por sulfataÃÃo a pectina do melÃo caipira (Cucumis melo var. acidulus). As extraÃÃes foram feitas em meio neutro, bÃsico e Ãcido, apresentando rendimentos de 8%, 10,8% e 14%, respectivamente. AlÃm da anÃlise elementar da pectina extraÃda em meio Ãcido, esta foi caracterizada por RessonÃncia MagnÃtica Nuclear do Carbono (RMN 13C) e do HidrogÃnio (RMN 1H), TitulaÃÃo PotenciomÃtrica, espectroscopia na regiÃo do infravermelho (FT-IR), Microscopia EletrÃnica de Varredura (MEV), DifraÃÃo de Raios-x (DRX), AnÃlise TermogravimÃtrica (TGA), Calorimetria ExploratÃria Diferencial (DSC), Cromatografia de PermeaÃÃo em Gel (GPC), Reologia e Potencial Zeta. Algumas dessas anÃlises nÃo foram realizadas para as amostras extraÃdas em meio bÃsico, neutro e a Ãcida sulfatada, bem como, para a amostra de uso comercial, para as quais, as anÃlises dependeram da finalidade a que se propunha, seja para determinar alguma caracterÃstica especÃfica do material como o Grau de EsterificaÃÃo (GE), seja para identificar mudanÃa geral na estrutura do polÃmero como a sulfataÃÃo. O RMN 13C revelou picos caracterÃsticos de Ãcido galacturÃnico. O FT-IR e a TitulaÃÃo PotenciomÃtrica permitiram o cÃlculo do Grau de EsterificaÃÃo (GE) das amostras Ãcida, bÃsica, neutra, sulfatada e tambÃm de uma amostra comercial da Sigma Aldrich; o resultado de GE das amostras, obtidos por essas tÃcnicas, foram comparados entre si, mostrando que as amostras Ãcida e neutra sÃo de baixo GE.O resultado de GE da amostra Ãcida tambÃm foi obtido por RMN 1H,confirmando sua condiÃÃo de baixo GE. O MEV da amostra Ãcida revelou partÃculas com estrutura esfÃrica com achatamentos superficiais, tÃpicos de secagem em spray dried, sugerindo potencial aplicaÃÃo em encapsulaÃÃo de fÃrmacos. A DRX revelou que o material apresenta carÃter amorfo, com aumento de cristalinidade apÃs modificaÃÃo quÃmica. A tÃcnica de TGA revelou os estÃgios de degradaÃÃo da pectina em trÃs etapas. A curva de DSC apresentou um pico endotÃrmico em 150 ÂC e um exotÃrmico em 245 ÂC, relativos à perda de Ãgua e à principal etapa de degradaÃÃo do material, respectivamente. A massa molecular da amostra Ãcida, determinada por GPC, apresentou valores tÃpicos de materiais polimÃricos 4,5 x 105 g/mol, condizentes com pectinas. O estudo reolÃgico revelou a propriedade pseudoplÃstica da soluÃÃo de pectina.

SOUSA, André Luiz Nascimento de. Extração, caracterização e modificação química da pectina do melão caipira (Cucumis melo var. acidulus). 2015. 67 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em química)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2015.
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In this work the extraction of substances from the common melon (Cucumis melo var. Acidulus) was carried out, which has more specific application in both, the food industry, as in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, becoming more valuable than the fruit in natura. The objective of this study was to extract, quantify, characterize and modify chemically by sulfation pectin the common melon (Cucumis melo var. acidulus). The extractions were performed in neutral, acidic and basic conditions, with yields of 8%, 10.8% and 14%, respectively. In addition to the Elementary Analysis, pectin extracted with acid, it was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon (13C NMR) and Hydrogen (1H NMR), Potentiometric Titration, Spectroscopy in the Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), hermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Rheology and Zeta Potential. Some of these analyzes were not performed for samples extracted in alkaline, neutral and sulfated acid, as well as for commercial use sample, for which the analysis depended on the purpose for which it was proposed, is it to determine a specific feature the material and the degree of esterification (DE) or to identify overall change in polymer structure such as sulfation. The 13C-NMR showed peaks characteristic of galacturonic acid. The FT-IR and potentiometric titration permitted the calculation of the degree of esterification (DE) of acidic, basic, neutral and sulfated samples and also a commercial sample from Sigma Aldrich; GE results of the samples obtained by these techniques were compared, showing that the samples are acidic and neutral low GE. The result of GE acid sample was also obtained by 1H NMR, confirming its low GE condition. The SEM of the sample showed particles with acidic spherical structure with surface flattening, typical drying spray dried, suggesting potential application in drug encapsulation. The XRD revealed that the material has amorphous character, an increase of crystallinity after chemical modification. The TGA technique revealed the pectin degradation in three stages. The DSC curve showed an endothermic peak at 150 °C and an exotherm at 245°C for the loss of water and the main step of breakdown of the material, respectively. The molecular weight of the acid sample, determined by GPC, showed values of typical polymeric materials 4.5 x 105 g/mol, consistent with pectins. The rheological study revealed the shear-thinning property of pectin solution.
Neste trabalho foi feita a extração de substâncias presentes no melão caipira (Cucumis melo var. acidulus) que tenham aplicação mais específica tanto na indústria alimentícia, quanto na indústria farmacêutica e cosmética, sendo, portanto, de maior valor comercial que os frutos in natura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de extrair, quantificar, caracterizar e modificar quimicamente por sulfatação a pectina do melão caipira (Cucumis melo var. acidulus). As extrações foram feitas em meio neutro, básico e ácido, apresentando rendimentos de 8%, 10,8% e 14%, respectivamente. Além da análise elementar da pectina extraída em meio ácido, esta foi caracterizada por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear do Carbono (RMN 13C) e do Hidrogênio (RMN 1H), Titulação Potenciométrica, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de Raios-x (DRX), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), Cromatografia de Permeação em Gel (GPC), Reologia e Potencial Zeta. Algumas dessas análises não foram realizadas para as amostras extraídas em meio básico, neutro e a ácida sulfatada, bem como, para a amostra de uso comercial, para as quais, as análises dependeram da finalidade a que se propunha, seja para determinar alguma característica específica do material como o Grau de Esterificação (GE), seja para identificar mudança geral na estrutura do polímero como a sulfatação. O RMN 13C revelou picos característicos de ácido galacturônico. O FT-IR e a Titulação Potenciométrica permitiram o cálculo do Grau de Esterificação (GE) das amostras ácida, básica, neutra, sulfatada e também de uma amostra comercial da Sigma Aldrich; o resultado de GE das amostras, obtidos por essas técnicas, foram comparados entre si, mostrando que as amostras ácida e neutra são de baixo GE.O resultado de GE da amostra ácida também foi obtido por RMN 1H,confirmando sua condição de baixo GE. O MEV da amostra ácida revelou partículas com estrutura esférica com achatamentos superficiais, típicos de secagem em spray dried, sugerindo potencial aplicação em encapsulação de fármacos. A DRX revelou que o material apresenta caráter amorfo, com aumento de cristalinidade após modificação química. A técnica de TGA revelou os estágios de degradação da pectina em três etapas. A curva de DSC apresentou um pico endotérmico em 150 °C e um exotérmico em 245 °C, relativos à perda de água e à principal etapa de degradação do material, respectivamente. A massa molecular da amostra ácida, determinada por GPC, apresentou valores típicos de materiais poliméricos 4,5 x 105 g/mol, condizentes com pectinas. O estudo reológico revelou a propriedade pseudoplástica da solução de pectina.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The main goal of this study was comparing traditional low density black polyethylene plastic mulch (25μm) with three different starch based biodegradable mulch films (15μm), on a muskmelon “Lusitano” (Cucumis melo var. inodorus). The mulch film layout and crop plantation, soil temperature and humidity, weeds, canopy spread area, flowering and yield and crop quality were monitored. The field trial was conducted in Azeitada – Almeirim (from April to July 2011) with a completely randomized experimental design with three replications, 25 plants each. The mulch films modalities were: PE (control), BMF1 (black biodegradable plastic film Mater-Bi®-CF04P); BMF2 (black biodegradable plastic film Mater-Bi®-CF04P with recycled material) and BMFV (green biodegradable plastic film Mater-Bi®-CF04P). The results showed the adaptability of biodegradable mulch films to climatic conditions and traditional techniques applied, not observing significant differences in fruit quality and production. Regarding the soil water content the BMF1 showed higher values when compared with BMFV, as well as BMFV compared with PE. The soil temperatures were similar in all the modalities and PE and BMFV had precocious flowering and production. A positive correlation between initial growth (36DAT) and the soil growing degree-days (temperature 10ºC) accumulated was obtained, and also between initial growth and final yield.

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A secagem é uma operação unitária bastante empregada na conservação de alimentos, sua aplicação em frutas permite um melhor aproveitamento da produção e facilita a sua comercialização. O uso de pré-tratamentos pode minimizar as alterações sensoriais, nutritivas e ainda reduzir os custos do processo de secagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência da aplicação do ultrassom e/ou vácuo como pré-tratamentos na secagem do melão tipo cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis Naud). Os pré-tratamentos foram realizados em três diferentes meios (água destilada, solução de sacarose a 50% e meio sem líquido (isolado)), sendo que para cada meio foram utilizadas quatro condições de tratamento: uma controle, uma empregando apenas o ultrassom (US), uma com apenas o vácuo (VC) e outra utilizando a associação do ultrassom com o vácuo (USVC). Para cada condição foram aplicados os tempos de processamento de 10, 20 e 30 minutos, a uma temperatura de 30º C. O processo foi avaliado em termos de perda de água e de ganho de sólidos, sendo definidas as melhores condições para a secagem. A secagem foi realizada em um secador de leito fixo com velocidade do ar de 2 m/s e 60ºC. As condições que obtiveram menor tempo de secagem foram as que utilizaram US por 10 min e USVC por 10 min para o meio com água destilada, VC por 10 min e US por 20 min para o meio que utilizou desidratação osmótica e para o meio isolado, respectivamente. Amostras processadas nessas condições foram submetidas, juntamente com amostras secas sem pré-tratamento à análise de qualidade, realizada após os pré-tratamentos e após a secagem. O processo de secagem provocou uma redução considerável dos compostos bioativos do melão, redução da atividade dos antioxidantes, maior luminosidade, intensificação nas cores vermelha e amarela, textura mais suave e redução da atividade de água (aw) a um valor seguro. A condição que utilizou o USVC em meio aquoso obteve menores percas para compostos fenólicos totais, carotenoides totais e ácido ascórbico, menor diferença total de cor e menor aw, sendo selecionada para análise sensorial. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que a amostra pré-tratada apresentou boa aceitação e não obteve diferença significativa para o melão seco sem pré-tratamento, em nenhum parâmetro estudado.
Drying is an unit operation commonly used in food preservation. Its application in fruits allows a better use of production and facilitates its marketing. The use of pretreatments for drying may minimize sensory and nutritional changes and reduce the costs of the process. The objective of this work was to study the influence of the application of ultrasound and/or vacuum as pretreatments on melon (Cucumis melo var. Cantalupensis Naud) drying. The pretreatment consisted in four processing conditions: control, one using only ultrasound (US), one with only vacuum (VC) and another using a combination of ultrasound with vacuum (USVC). For each condition, it was used processing times of 10, 20 and 30 min and the samples were immersed without and with a liquid medium (distilled water, 50g/100g sucrose solution) at 30 ° C. The process was evaluated in terms of water loss and solid gain. The drying process was conducted in a fixed bed dryer at 60°C and air velocity of 2 m/s. The conditions that obtained shorter drying time were those with US for 10 min and USVC for 10 min (both using distilled water as the liquid medium), VC for 10 min and US for 20 min, using osmotic dehydration and isolated medium, respectively. Samples processed under these conditions and the samples processed without pretreatment were submitted to quality analysis, performed after the pre-treatment and after drying. Drying resulted considerable reduction of bioactive compounds of melon, reducing the activity of antioxidants, higher brightness, enhancement in red and yellow colors, softer texture and reduce water activity (aw) to a safe value. The condition that used USVC in aqueous medium obtained the best results for total phenolic compounds, total carotenoids and ascorbic acid, lower total color difference and lower aw, being selected for sensory analysis. Sensory evaluation showed that this pretreated sample had good acceptance and no significant difference from the dried untreated melon.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The of Cucumis melo L. species is original of the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. Because of its great variability emerged some intraspecific ratings, one of the most recent and cited in the literature divides six botanical groups: cantalupensis, inodorus, conomon, dudaim, flexuosus and momordica, being the most cultivated in Brazil the two groups: inodorus and cantalupensis. Cultivates still on a small scale melons momordica known group, depending on the region of the country, as caxi melon, meloite, papoco melon or snow melon. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of 13 melon accessions momordica group crossed with two testers, identifying them with the best combination of capacity and higher heterosis. The experiment was conductedin the Department of Agronomy, Crop Area Rural Federal University of Pernambuco – Campus Brothers, Recife - PE. The experimental design was a randomized block with 4 replication sand 41 treatments, including 13 momordica melon hits, two testers and its 26 experimental hybrids. The characteristics evaluated were five: average fruit mass; average fruit length; average diameter of the fruit; pulp thickness; internal cavity. According to the data analyzed, the average length and characteristics of the fruit pulp thickness, revealed the existence of variability resulting from the effects of gene action additive and non-additive in controlling expression. As for the characteristics: average mass of the fruit, average fruit diameter and internal cavity, are prevailed genetic effects of dominance. The general combining ability, the A14, A18, and A16 accesses, showed higher values for the fruit length characteristic, especially A14 and A18, which together with the A11 also excel with higher GCA values for thickness pulp. The hybrid A14XT24, presented better specific capacity combination to average fruit weight and pulp thickness, and better heterosis values for average fruit mass, average fruit length and pulp thickness. For internal cavity, the hybrid A7XT24, stood out, presenting the lowest average. The lower heterosis for this trait was presented by combining A11XT9.
A espécie Cucumis melo L. é originaria das regiões tropicais e subtropicais da África. Devido sua grande variabilidade foram propostas algumas classificações intraespecíficas ao longo do tempo, uma das mais recentes e citadas na literatura divide a espécie em seis grupos botânicos: cantalupensis, inodorus, conomon, dudaim, flexuosus e momordica, sendo os mais cultivados no Brasil os dos grupos inodorus e cantalupensis. Cultiva-se ainda em pequena escala melões do grupo momordica conhecidos, dependendo da região do país, como melão caxi, meloite, melão papoco ou melão de neve. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de 13 acessos de meloeiro do grupo momordica em cruzamento com dois testadores, para identificar aqueles com melhor capacidade de combinação e maior heterose. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Agronomia, área de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco – Campus Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e 41 tratamentos, entre os quais 13 acessos de melão momordica, dois testadores e seus 26 híbridos experimentais. As características avaliadas foram cinco: massa média do fruto; comprimento médio do fruto; diâmetro médio do fruto; espessura da polpa e cavidade interna. As características comprimento médio do fruto e espessura da polpa revelaram a existência de variabilidade resultante da ação de efeitos gênicos aditivos e não aditivos no controle da expressão. Já para massa média do fruto, diâmetro médio do fruto e cavidade interna, predominaram os efeitos gênicos de dominância. Quanto à capacidade geral de combinação, os acessos A14, A18, e A16, apresentaram maiores valores para a característica comprimento médio do fruto, com destaque para A14 e A18, que juntamente com o A11 também apresentaram maiores valores de CGC para espessura da polpa. O hibrido A14XT24, apresentou melhor capacidade especifica de combinação para massa média do fruto e espessura da polpa, e maiores valores de heterose para massa média do fruto, comprimento médio do fruto e espessura da polpa. Para cavidade interna, o hibrido A7XT24 se destacou apresentando a menor média. O menor valor de heterose para esta característica foi apresentada pela combinação A11XT9.

A fruticultura brasileira é uma das culturas de maior expansão no mercado internacional, porém os atributos de qualidade e de tecnologias pós-colheita não vêm acompanhando esta situação. Associado ao mercado internacional de frutas, o consumo no Brasil visa excepcionalmente, o valor nutricional, em vista da necessidade de nutrientes para a grande maioria da população. Tecnologias como a radiação ionizante aplicadas na pós-colheita, podem conservar as características físico-químicas, nutricionais e sensoriais originais permitindo aos mercados consumidores receberem frutos com ótimas qualidades. Este trabalho avaliou durante três etapas, a aplicação da radiação ionizante, originária do Cobalto 60, em melão Cantaloupe visando a conservação pós-colheita durante 7 dias de armazenamento a temperatura variando de 20-22ºC.Foram estabelecidos os limites de doses de radiação através de 7 intervalos de doses (0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 e 900Gy) baseados nas doses quarentenárias múltiplas de 150 Gy, para o estabelecimento de doses mínima, máxima e ideal. Posteriormente, foram acompanhadas as características físico-químicas e nutricionais da tecnologia aplicada nos melões Cantaloupe e, por fim, as características sensoriais, através do teste de aceitabilidade.Os resultados indicaram que doses acima de 450 Gy afetaram os parâmetros físicos de firmeza, rendimento de polpa e cor (L e a*). Todavia, analisando-se os parâmetros físico-químicos e nutricionais, as doses 450 e 900 Gy mantiveram os resultados estáveis de pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, cor (a* e b*), clorofila e carotenóides, compostos fenólicos, além da taxa respiratória e do nível de etileno. O período de armazenamento foi o fator mais importante que afetou a qualidade dos frutos, independente das doses utilizadas. Pelo teste de aceitabilidade, os frutos mais apreciados pelos degustadores foram os melões irradiados com doses de 450 e 900 Gy. Portanto, concluiu-se que, a radiação ionizante é uma tecnologia viável para a conservação pós-colheita de melão Cantaloupe, porém, deve ser utilizada em combinação com outras tecnologias, especialmente para o controle de fungos
Although brazilian fructiculture has been growing in the international market, the fruit quality and the postharvest technology have not been improved properly. In Brazil, fruit nutritional factors are very important because of their potential to provide suitable nutrients for a significant part of the Country population. Some postharvest technologies, such as ionizing radiation, can keep the physical, chemical, nutritional and sensorial characteristics of the natural fruit, improving the quality of the fruits in the market. This work evaluated the effects of Cobalt 60 irradiation in Cantaloupe melon, aiming the postharvest conservation during 7 days of storage, at a temperature ranging from 20 to 22C. The doses of irradiation were set to 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750 and 900Gy, based on the multiple of 150Gy quarantine dose, aiming to establish the lowest, the highest and the ideal doses. Afterwards, physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics of irradiated fruit were checked and, finally, the sensorial characteristics through acceptability test. Results indicated that the doses higher than 450Gy affected firmness, pulp yield and color (L e a*) parameters. Nevertheless, analyzing physical, chemical and nutritional parameters, doses of 450 and 900Gy kept pH, tetrable acidity, soluble solids, color (a* and b*), chlorophyll and carotenoids, phenolic compounds, respiratory rate and ethylene level. The storage period was the most important factor that affected the quality of the fruit, despite of the radiation doses. Based on the acceptability test, the best evaluated fruits were from the treatments of 450 and 900Gy. This work allowed toconclude that fruit radiation is an appropriate technology for Cantaloupe melon post harvest conservation, but it is necessary to be used in combination with other technologies, especially to fungi control

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Objetivou-se produzir e caracterizar o extrato rico em carotenoides da polpa de melão Cantaloupe encapsulado em gelatina suína (EGS) e proteínas concentrada (EPC) e isolada (EPI) do soro do leite e, avaliar a solubilidade em água e a estabilidade de cor em iogurte. Foi realizada a determinação de carotenoides totais por espectrofotometria UV-visível e β-caroteno por Cromatografia Líquida de Ultra Eficiência. A encapsulação ocorreu por dupla emulsão A/O/A. As partículas foram caracterizadas por Difração a laser, Potencial Zeta (PZ), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Difração de raio X (DRX), Espectrofotometria no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), e avaliadas quanto à eficiência de incorporação (EI), solubilidade em água e estabilidade de cor em iogurte (CIElab). A cromatografia indicou 40 μg (0,02) de β-caroteno/g de polpa de melão. O tamanho médio de partícula e o índice de polidispersão obtidos para EGS indicaram presença de material homogêneo em escala nanométrica [59,3 (2.60) nm e 0,3 (0,04)]. Os resultados obtidos para PZ foram 21.2 (0.10) mV, - 10.8 (0.55) mV e -14.2 (0.25) mV, respectivamente, para o EGS, EPI e EPC. O MEV mostrou partículas com superfície lisa para todos os grupos avaliados, porém somente EGS apresentou tamanhos homogêneos. Todos os difratogramas obtidos revelaram estruturas amorfas. O FTIR mostrou principalmente para EGS e EPC novas bandas não observadas nos materiais isolados, indicando novas interações químicas. As eficiências de incorporação obtidas para EGS, EPC e EPI foram, respectivamente, de 90% (7,39), 77% (8,65) e, 58,5% (0,71). EGS apresentou solubilidade três vezes maior [0,073mg/ml (0,007)] comparada ao extrato bruto [0,0263mg/ml (0,003)], sendo portanto, utilizado no estudo de estabilidade. O iogurte, adicionado de EGS, não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) para nenhum dos índices de cor avaliados ao longo de 60 dias de armazenamento, ao contrário do adicionado de extrato bruto (p<0,05). A encapsulação com gelatina suína é uma estratégia promissora para o encapsulamento de carotenoides, visando ampliar o potencial de aplicação em alimentos.
The objective of this study was to produce and characterize the carotenoid-rich extract of the Cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus Naud.) Encapsulated in porcine gelatin (EPG) and whey protein concentrated (EWPC) and isolated (EWPI), to evaluate the solubility in water, and the color stability in yogurt. The total of carotenoids was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and the β-carotene by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). The encapsulation was performed by double emulsion W/O/W. The particles were characterized by Laser Diffraction, Zeta Potential (PZ), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR), and evaluated for the efficiency of incorporation (EI), water solubility, and color stability in yogurt (CIElab). The UHPLC indicated 40 μg (0.02) of β-carotene/g of Cantaloupe melon pulp. The mean particle size and polydispersity index obtained for EPG indicated the presence of homogeneous material at the nanometer scale [59.3 (2.60) nm and 0.3 (0.04)]. The results obtained for PZ were 21.2 (0.10) mV, - 10.8 (0.55) mV and -14.2 (0.25) mV, respectively, for EPG, EWPI and EWPC. SEM showed particles with a smooth surface for all groups evaluated, but only EPG presented homogeneous sizes. All the obtained diffractograms revealed amorphous structures. The FTIR showed, mainly, for EPG and EWPC new bands not observed in the isolated materials, indicating new chemical interactions. The incorporation efficiencies obtained for EPG, EWPC, and EWPI were, respectively, 90% (7.39), 77% (8.65) and, 58.5% (0.71). In the solubility test, EPG showed three times greater solubility [0.073mg / ml (0.007)] compared to the crude extract [0.0263mg / ml (0.003)], and was therefore used in the stability study. EPG added in yogurt show no significant difference (p> 0.05) for any of the evaluated color indexes during 60 days of storage, as opposed to crude extract (p <0.05). The encapsulation with porcine gelatine is a promising strategy for the encapsulation of carotenoids, increasing the potential of application in food.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior
O melÃo tem grande importÃncia para a economia brasileira, sendo sua produÃÃo exportada principalmente para os paÃses da UniÃo EuropÃia. Assim, à fundamental o controle de doenÃas pÃs-colheita deste fruto. O Fusarium pallidoroseum à um importante fitopatÃgeno que provoca podridÃes no melÃo. Esta doenÃa representa um obstÃculo sÃrio em sua comercializaÃÃo. Este trabalho avaliou os efeitos do BTH, um anÃlogo estrutural e funcional do Ãcido salicÃlico, nas respostas bioquÃmicas da defesa do melÃo desafiado com o F. pallidoroseum e do meloeiro nÃo desafiado. Doze horas depois de colhidos, os melÃes foram mergulhados em soluÃÃes de BTH (concentraÃÃes de 0,5, 1,0, e 2,0 mM de ingrediente ativo) e, depois 60 horas, foram inoculados com o fungo. Amostras dos frutos (2 cm diÃmetro x 1 cm de profundidade), prÃximos ao local de infecÃÃo, foram retiradas em 3, 7 e 10 dias apÃs inoculaÃÃo, pesadas e armazenadas à -84 ÂC atà serem utilizadas. Plantas do melÃo de 8 dias foram borrifadas com 300 ÂL de BTH nas concentraÃÃes de 0,3, 0,5, e 1,0 mM. As folhas secundÃrias foram colhidas em 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, e 14 dias apÃs tratamento. AlÃm da avaliaÃÃo do sintoma nos frutos, extratos totais do fruto e das folhas secundÃrias foram preparados com tampÃo acetato 50 mM, pH 5.2, contendo 150 mM de NaCl, e os Ãndices de proteÃna e as atividades enzimÃticas da peroxidase (POX), da fenilalanina amÃnia liase (PAL), da β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), da peroxidase do ascorbato (APX) e da superoxide dismutase (SOD) foram medidos. Observou-se que BTH nÃo reduziu significativamente a incidÃncia e a severidade da podridÃo causada pelo patÃgeno. Nem 2 mM de BTH modificou significativamente as atividades de enzimas relacionadas a defesa do fruto. Ao contrÃrio, nas plantas do melÃo, BTH aumentou as atividades da POX, GLU e da SOD, mas nÃo modificou a PAL e APX foi inibida. Estes resultados sugerem que BTH nÃo trabalhou como um indutor de defesas bioquÃmicas no melÃo, mas induziu respostas de defesa nas plantas. ConseqÃentemente, sugere-se que BTH poderia ser usado como uma estratÃgia tecnolÃgica para a proteÃÃo de frutas do melÃo contra a podridÃo causada pelo F. pallidoroseum atravÃs da induÃÃo das respostas bioquÃmicas de defesa da prÃpria planta, que, provavelmente, estarà transferindo estas caracterÃsticas aos frutos. Entretanto, esta hipÃtese que està sendo proposta necessita ser avaliada.
Melon fruit constitutes one of the main segments of the Brazilian economy. Its production is exported particularly to countries in the European Union. Thus it is fundamental the control of postharvest diseases of melon. Fusarium pallidoroseum is an important phytopathogen which provokes rot in melon fruits. This disease represents a serious obstacle in its commercialization as a foreign commodity. In this present work the effects of BTH, a structural and functional analogue of salicylic acid, on the biochemical defense responses of melon fruits challenged with F. pallidoroseum and of unchallenged melon plants were assessed. Twelve hours after harvesting melon fruits were immersed in BTH (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM concentrations of active ingredient) and 60 hours later inoculated with the fungus. Fruit cuts (2 cm diameter x 1 cm deep), close to the inoculation sites, were excised at 3, 7, and 10 days after fungal inoculation, weighed and kept at -84 ○C until used. Eight day-old melon plants were sprayed with 300 ÂL BTH at 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mM concentrations. Secondary leaves were harvested at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 hours after sprayings. Besides to symptom evaluation in melon fruits, crude extracts from the fruit cuts and leaves were prepared with 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 5.2, containing 150 mM NaCl, and the protein contents and enzymatic activities of peroxidase (POX), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), β-1,3-glucanase (GLU), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. It was observed that BTH did not reduce significantly the incidence and severity of the rot caused by the pathogen. Neither 2 mM BTH significantly modify the activities of defense-related enzymes in melon fruits. Contrary, in the melon plants, BTH increased the activities of POX, GLU, and SOD, but did not modify PAL and further inhibited APX. These results suggest that BTH did not work as an inductor of biochemical defenses in melon fruits, but it induced defense responses in the melon plants. Therefore it is suggested that BTH could be used as a technological strategy for protection of melon fruits from the rot caused by F. pallidoroseum by means of induction of biochemical defense responses of the melon plant itself which will likely be transferring these traits to its fruits. However, this hypothesis that is being proposed needs to be assessed.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝學系
81
Wound ethylene is induced when plant tissues are mechani- cally damaged. In horticultural pastharvest, wound ethylene is often an important causedwhich results worse in product quali- ty. Mushmelon is one of the high valve economy crops in Taiwan , which is widely accepted by consumers, and its quantity of yield increases with years.After mushmelon impacts,it produces a lot of wound ethylene which results in rapidly sottening the fruit. This research wants to discuss the rapid increase of ethylene yield when mushmelon is damaged, that is, the regula- tion mechanism about synthesis of ethylene. After ripe mushmelon flesh is wounded by cut into discs, the product rate of ethylene rapidly increases at the second hour, and appears the peak at the fifth hour,which is eight to ten times than it before wounded.Accompanied woth the increase of product rate of ethylene, the ACC content and EFE activity in flesh also increase. The wound ethylene product which is inhibited by AVG displays that ACC synthase by induced wound is the major cause that promotes the ethylene product. After added AVG and ACC into the discs simultaneously, the product rate of ethylene is as same as that of objects; e.g. increases with jours. The result displays that EFE activity gradually increases while ACC converted into ethylene after wounded.That both ACC synthase and EFE activity are inhibited by protein inhibitor, CHI, displays the yield increase of induced wound ethylene is due to de cove two enzymes. The ethylene which is immediately absorbed by mercury (II) perchlorate after discs are wounded inhibits the increase of EFE activity. By the same way,ethylene absorbed by NBD also inhibits the increase of EFE activity. And additional handle toward ethylene increases the EFE activity,too.According to this result, we can suggest that the increase of EFE activity while synthesis of wound ethylene of mushmelon is partly due to the stimulation of the induced ethylene's

碩士
中興大學
園藝學系所
102
In order to produce high quality melons, a fruit with a high economic value, methods such as pruning and verticle trellising, drip-irrigation with nutrient solutions, and soilless techniques have been used to increase the yield. Due to the cultivation of melons often experiencing the continuous cropping problems, good crop rotation in the same soil for a period of years is required. Therefore, development of a method that can overcome the continuous cropping obstacle when growing melons is needed. muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Honey World’ was grown in Yamazaki’s nutrient solution. With pruning treatment with dual stems by retaining two secondary vines, a 100 % fruit set rate was achieved at nodes 11-13 on the secondary vines. With one stem unpruned and the other pruned, an increased pruned degree of the secondary vines resulted in a significant decrease in the fruit set rate. With pruning treatment with only one retained (control), the fruit set rate was the lowest-only 15-20 % was achieved. The group with dual stems had the highest fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area of the whole plant, and number of leaves (234.5 g, 47.6 g, 18486.9 cm2 and 58 leaves, respectively). In addition, in this treatment, the additional lateral brenches with fruits set had the highest contents of soluble sugar and starch in their index leaves, which were 12.3 and 11.7 mg/g, respectively. The fruit weight and flesh thickness were 1452.3 g and 3.21 cm, respectively. In contrast, the fruit growth was decreased with an increasing pruned degree of the secondary vines, the fruit weight and flesh thickness in the control (with single stem) being 981.5g and 2.95 cm, respectively. The sugar content of the fruit was increased along with the reduced fruit weight, the control group having the highest total soluble solid (TSS) of 16.0 &;#8728;Brix, and the lowest TSS at 14.3 &;#8728;Brix. The study tested the effect of KCl when used to replace KNO3 in Yamazaki’s nutrient solution, including the KNO3 all being replaced with KCl, or with 1/2 KNO3 being replaced with KCl. The stem diameters, plant heights, leaf areas and chlorophyll contents of the plants in these two KCl replacement treatments were significantly lower than those of the control. Meanwhile, in these two treatments, the fruit set rates at nodes 11-13 could still reach up to 100 %, and the soluble sugar content was 13.7 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of the control. However, the starch contents were lower than that in the control. In all KNO3 treatments, the fruit weight and flesh thickness were lowest, and in 1/2 KNO3 treatment, the fruit weight and flesh thickness were not significantly different from the control. The TSS values of the fruitsin these two KCl treatments were highest, reaching up to 15 &;#8728;Brix. When drip-irrigation was applied with nutrient solutions of 1/2 KNO3 and 1/2 KCl,the effect on the number of leaves remaining above the fruit set node of the ‘Honey World’ melon was compared. Among 12, 15 and 18 leaves remaining above the fruit set node, 12 and 15 leaves had the highest fresh and dry weights, leaf area, and chlorophyll contents. The soluble sugar and starch contents in the leaves above the fruit set node of the main stem were correlated with the number of leaves remaining above the fruit set node, while the value of the top leaf were not significantly different among the different numbers of leaves remaining. 15 leaves remaining above the fruit set position resulted in the highest fruit weight, flesh thickness, and TSS, which were 1641.9 g, 2.5 cm and 14.0 &;#8728;Brix, repectively. The effect of continuous cropping was studies by testing the inhibition ability of the culture medium extract on the germination percent of ‘Golden lady’ and ‘Honey World’ melon seeds. Using culture medium extract that had been used to grow melon plants 1-3 times, the extract from three continuous croppings showed that medium with increased numbers of continuous croppings resulted in a lower germination rate, the germination rate being 15 % for ‘Golden lady’ seeds and only 8 % for ‘Honey World’ seeds. When the continuous croppings medium was used to culture seedlings, medium with an increased number of continuous cropping showed a higher inhibition effect on plant growth. An increased number of continuous croppings was significantly correlated with reduced fresh and dry weights of the plants: ‘Golden lady’ was reduced from 3.55 g and 0.41 g to 0.21 g, respectively, and ‘Honey World’ was redused from 3.57 g and 0.40 g to 2.41 g and 0.22 g, respectively. The effect of flooding and microbial inoculation were also investigated. New medium with 2-day flooding had no effect on the fresh and dry weights of the plant as compared with the control: ‘Golden lady’ was 82.6 g and 12.6 g, respectively, and‘Honey World’ was 92.7 g and 24.1 g, respectively. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter ΔFv/Fm (the maximum photosynthetic rate) of the fruit set leaf was highest under control, with medium with 2-day flooding and with trichoderma inoculation:‘Golden lady’ could be maintained at 0.78~0.83 in the growing period, and ‘Honey World’ was 0.80. When the medium had been used for continuous cropping one time, theΔFv/Fm value decined to 0.73 for ‘Golden lady’ and 0.72 for ‘Honey World’. At 70 days after transplanting of ‘Golden lady’ and ‘Honey World’ seedlings, medium with one continuous cropping cycle and after 2 days of flooding treatment showed the best chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (highestΔFv/Fm, ETR, qP and lowest NPQ values), which were no different from those of the control. Medium with one continuous cropping cycle and after 2 days of flooding treatment resulted in a similar fruit weight and TSS to the control: ‘Golden lady’ was 431.3 g and 15.5 &;#8728;Brix, and ‘Honey World’ was 832.3 g and 12.7 &;#8728;Brix. The medium total phenolic compound (TPC) content in the medium at different distances to the hypocotyl was analyzed. Before cropping, medium close at close (< 10 cm) to the hypocotyls had the lowest TPC content of 29.4~27.5 &;#181;g/g, and the pH was 6.24, and at a distance of 10-20 cm from the hypocotyls, the TPC content washigher, at 57.4~56.1 &;#181;g/g. After continuous cropping, the TPC content was reduced to 15.4~16.3 &;#181;g/g in the medium with 2-day flooding treatment; the pH was 6.7 and the Electrical conductivity (EC) was 0.3~0.4 ds/m. The effects of different treatment methods on the TPC content of the medium content was also investigated. Using medium after one continuous cropping cycle, the TPC content was increased to 80.1 &;#181;g/g; one continuous cropping cycle and one microbial inoculation could reduce the TPC content to 50.9~74.5 &;#181;g/g. Flooding treatment did not affect the accumulated TPC content, which was 28.2 &;#181;g/g. After 3 months of storage and with trichoderma and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculations, the TPC in the medium was degraded significantly by 20.6~26.0 %. With continuous cropping medium with 2-days flooding treatment, no significant degradation effect was seen. When medium with 2 and 3 continuoul cropping cycle was used, the TPC content in the medium was increased with increased numbers of cycles. Using HPLC to analyze the aromatic acids in the medium and root tissues of two melon cultivars, the root tissues were found to contain gallic acid, ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid and m-hydroxybenzoic acid, the continuous cropping medium contained gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
102
In order to produce high quality melons, a fruit with a high economic value, methods such as pruning and verticle trellising, drip-irrigation with nutrient solutions, and soilless techniques have been used to increase the yield. Due to the cultivation of melons often experiencing the continuous cropping problems, good crop rotation in the same soil for a period of years is required. Therefore, development of a method that can overcome the continuous cropping obstacle when growing melons is needed. muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Honey World’ was grown in Yamazaki’s nutrient solution. With pruning treatment with dual stems by retaining two secondary vines, a 100 % fruit set rate was achieved at nodes 11-13 on the secondary vines. With one stem unpruned and the other pruned, an increased pruned degree of the secondary vines resulted in a significant decrease in the fruit set rate. With pruning treatment with only one retained (control), the fruit set rate was the lowest-only 15-20 % was achieved. The group with dual stems had the highest fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area of the whole plant, and number of leaves (234.5 g, 47.6 g, 18486.9 cm2 and 58 leaves, respectively). In addition, in this treatment, the additional lateral brenches with fruits set had the highest contents of soluble sugar and starch in their index leaves, which were 12.3 and 11.7 mg/g, respectively. The fruit weight and flesh thickness were 1452.3 g and 3.21 cm, respectively. In contrast, the fruit growth was decreased with an increasing pruned degree of the secondary vines, the fruit weight and flesh thickness in the control (with single stem) being 981.5g and 2.95 cm, respectively. The sugar content of the fruit was increased along with the reduced fruit weight, the control group having the highest total soluble solid (TSS) of 16.0 ∘Brix, and the lowest TSS at 14.3 ∘Brix. The study tested the effect of KCl when used to replace KNO3 in Yamazaki’s nutrient solution, including the KNO3 all being replaced with KCl, or with 1/2 KNO3 being replaced with KCl. The stem diameters, plant heights, leaf areas and chlorophyll contents of the plants in these two KCl replacement treatments were significantly lower than those of the control. Meanwhile, in these two treatments, the fruit set rates at nodes 11-13 could still reach up to 100 %, and the soluble sugar content was 13.7 mg/g, which was significantly higher than that of the control. However, the starch contents were lower than that in the control. In all KNO3 treatments, the fruit weight and flesh thickness were lowest, and in 1/2 KNO3 treatment, the fruit weight and flesh thickness were not significantly different from the control. The TSS values of the fruitsin these two KCl treatments were highest, reaching up to 15 ∘Brix. When drip-irrigation was applied with nutrient solutions of 1/2 KNO3 and 1/2 KCl,the effect on the number of leaves remaining above the fruit set node of the ‘Honey World’ melon was compared. Among 12, 15 and 18 leaves remaining above the fruit set node, 12 and 15 leaves had the highest fresh and dry weights, leaf area, and chlorophyll contents. The soluble sugar and starch contents in the leaves above the fruit set node of the main stem were correlated with the number of leaves remaining above the fruit set node, while the value of the top leaf were not significantly different among the different numbers of leaves remaining. 15 leaves remaining above the fruit set position resulted in the highest fruit weight, flesh thickness, and TSS, which were 1641.9 g, 2.5 cm and 14.0 ∘Brix, repectively. The effect of continuous cropping was studies by testing the inhibition ability of the culture medium extract on the germination percent of ‘Golden lady’ and ‘Honey World’ melon seeds. Using culture medium extract that had been used to grow melon plants 1-3 times, the extract from three continuous croppings showed that medium with increased numbers of continuous croppings resulted in a lower germination rate, the germination rate being 15 % for ‘Golden lady’ seeds and only 8 % for ‘Honey World’ seeds. When the continuous croppings medium was used to culture seedlings, medium with an increased number of continuous cropping showed a higher inhibition effect on plant growth. An increased number of continuous croppings was significantly correlated with reduced fresh and dry weights of the plants: ‘Golden lady’ was reduced from 3.55 g and 0.41 g to 0.21 g, respectively, and ‘Honey World’ was redused from 3.57 g and 0.40 g to 2.41 g and 0.22 g, respectively. The effect of flooding and microbial inoculation were also investigated. New medium with 2-day flooding had no effect on the fresh and dry weights of the plant as compared with the control: ‘Golden lady’ was 82.6 g and 12.6 g, respectively, and‘Honey World’ was 92.7 g and 24.1 g, respectively. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter ΔFv/Fm (the maximum photosynthetic rate) of the fruit set leaf was highest under control, with medium with 2-day flooding and with trichoderma inoculation:‘Golden lady’ could be maintained at 0.78~0.83 in the growing period, and ‘Honey World’ was 0.80. When the medium had been used for continuous cropping one time, theΔFv/Fm value decined to 0.73 for ‘Golden lady’ and 0.72 for ‘Honey World’. At 70 days after transplanting of ‘Golden lady’ and ‘Honey World’ seedlings, medium with one continuous cropping cycle and after 2 days of flooding treatment showed the best chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (highestΔFv/Fm, ETR, qP and lowest NPQ values), which were no different from those of the control. Medium with one continuous cropping cycle and after 2 days of flooding treatment resulted in a similar fruit weight and TSS to the control: ‘Golden lady’ was 431.3 g and 15.5 ∘Brix, and ‘Honey World’ was 832.3 g and 12.7 ∘Brix. The medium total phenolic compound (TPC) content in the medium at different distances to the hypocotyl was analyzed. Before cropping, medium close at close (< 10 cm) to the hypocotyls had the lowest TPC content of 29.4~27.5 µg/g, and the pH was 6.24, and at a distance of 10-20 cm from the hypocotyls, the TPC content washigher, at 57.4~56.1 µg/g. After continuous cropping, the TPC content was reduced to 15.4~16.3 µg/g in the medium with 2-day flooding treatment; the pH was 6.7 and the Electrical conductivity (EC) was 0.3~0.4 ds/m. The effects of different treatment methods on the TPC content of the medium content was also investigated. Using medium after one continuous cropping cycle, the TPC content was increased to 80.1 µg/g; one continuous cropping cycle and one microbial inoculation could reduce the TPC content to 50.9~74.5 µg/g. Flooding treatment did not affect the accumulated TPC content, which was 28.2 µg/g. After 3 months of storage and with trichoderma and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) inoculations, the TPC in the medium was degraded significantly by 20.6~26.0 %. With continuous cropping medium with 2-days flooding treatment, no significant degradation effect was seen. When medium with 2 and 3 continuoul cropping cycle was used, the TPC content in the medium was increased with increased numbers of cycles. Using HPLC to analyze the aromatic acids in the medium and root tissues of two melon cultivars, the root tissues were found to contain gallic acid, ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid and m-hydroxybenzoic acid, the continuous cropping medium contained gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and ρ-hydroxybenzoic acid.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
103
The objectives of this thesis were to examine the effects of reducing the container volume, increasing the plant density, and using coir as an alternative to peat as a medium for melon culture. Oriental melon ''Jill'' plants were transplanted in a plastic planter (60 x 12 x 18 cm, referred to as planter treatment) and a plastic bag used for planting mushrooms ( r = 5 cm, h = 23 cm, referred to as bag treatment ). After being planted for 25 days, the plant height of plants subjected to bag treatment was 101.96 cm, which was significantly greater than that of plants under planter treatment, at 98.13 cm. The interaction of container volume and leaf node significantly affected the photosynthesis chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and relative chlorophyll content index. The values of the electron transport rate, photosynthetically active radiation and relative chlorophyll content index on the 10th node leaf upwards of the fruiting node following bag treatment were greatest. The fruit harvest period of plants under bag treatment was significantly longer than that of plants under planter treatment. The fresh weight, dry weight and total leaf area of the 12 leaves upwards of the fruiting node were 114.31 g, 18.33 g and 3542.62 cm2, respectively, significantly larger than those of plants under planter treatment. There were no significant differences in the fruit weight and fruit shape index between plants grown under bag or planter treatment. The fruit flesh thickness and fruit flesh rate following bag treatment were higher, while the total soluble solids of fruit of plants under planter treatment, 14.0 0Brix, was significantly higher. Four or six melon plants per basket (box) were transplanted in plastic baskets (56 x 37 x 18 cm, referred to as basket treatment) and a plastic bag for planting mushrooms (r = 5 cm, h = 23 cm, referred to as bag treatment). After being transplanted for 21 days, the plant height, internode length and stem diameter of plants under basket treatment were significantly greater than those of plants under bag treatment. The total area, fresh weight and dry weight of the 12 leaves upwards of the fruiting node of the 4 plants per basket under basket treatment, which were 3061.66 cm2, 92.30 g and 13.81 g, respectively, were the maxima. The fresh weight and dry weight of leaves beneath the fruiting node were independent of the effects of container volume and plant density. The photosynthesis chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and relative chlorophyll content index of plants under bag treatment were not influenced by the plant density. The photosynthesis chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of plants under basket treatment were affected significantly by the plant density. There were no significant differences in the days to onset of anthesis, fruit harvest and development, fruit shape index, fruit flesh thickness, fruit flesh rate and total soluble solids of fruit between the different treatments. The fruit weight of the 4 plants per basket from plants under basket treatment was greatest at 441.54 g, while the fruit weight of the plants under bag treatment were not significantly different with differing plant densities. Oriental melon ''Jill'' plants were transplanted into plastic baskets and bags used for planting mushrooms with 3 kinds of media: 100 % coir, 100 % commercial medium, and 50 % commercial medium + 50 % coir (v / v). After being transplanted for 28 days, there was no difference in plant height between plants grown using the different media formulas. The electron transport rate of the plants planted with coir was significantly lower under bag treatment, and the relative chlorophyll content index of plants planted with coir under basket treatment was significantly lower. The days to the onset of anthesis of plants planted with commercial formula under bag treatment was a maximum of 29.8 days. The days to fruit development and harvest were greatest at 39.2 days and 67.3 days, respectively, for plants cultured with coir under basket treatment. The fresh weight, dry weight, total leaf area, fruit weight, fruit flesh thickness and fruit flesh rate of plants planted with commercial media + coir media under basket treatment were greatest. The total soluble solids of fruit of plants planted with commercial media + coir media under bag treatment was greatest, while the total soluble solids was lowest in plants planted with coir under basket treatment. The results of this study showed that planting oriental melons in a 1.8-L plastic bag did not decrease the fruit quality, and coir could be mixed with peat moss as a medium for planting oriental melon.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
98
The oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino) is an important species of melon in Taiwan. Rather than culturing the plant outdoors according to its natural creeping growth habit, a cultivation method using a vertical trellis support in a ventilated net/plastic greenhouse resulted in significant improvement in fruit quality and value. This study compared the differences between several trimming techniques when growing oriental melon plants using a vertical trellis support system, and investigated the possibility of using electrical conductivity (EC) treatment to increase the total sugar content in the melon fruit. Two cultivars of oriental melon, ‘Silver Light’ and ‘Jill’, were used in this study. The plants were either untrimmed, or trimmed to leave 6, 9, 12 or 15 leaves remaining on each shoot. The results showed that as the number of remaining leaves increased, aboveground plant growth improved. In the two cultivars, the plants with 12 and 15 leaves remaining above each fruiting node had the highest fruit weights, at 556.7–609 g and 552.5–584 g, respectively. The flesh thickness of the ‘Jill’ cultivar with 12 leaves on each node reached 25.3mm, and that of ‘Silver Light’ with 12 and 15 leaves on each node reached 23.5 and 23.7mm, respectively. The sugar content of ‘Jill’ and ‘Silver Light’ with 12 and 15 leaves on each shoot reached 13.1~13.3°Brix. In both cultivars, the fruit setting node was designated as node 9–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16 or 17–18 of the primary branch. The height of the lower part of the plant increased as the fruit setting node position increased, while the node position of the fruit setting did not significantly affect the leaf growth and fruit characteristics. The fruit growth rate was highest during the first 10 days of fruit setting, and accounted for 80–85% of the total growth, while the fruit growth rate during days 10–18 after fruit setting accounted for 12–15% of the total growth, and no further significant increase in growth was observed from day 18 until harvest. When two primary branches were kept, saving one fruit at node 5–6, 7–8, 9–10 or 11–12, and retaining 12 or 15 leaves above the fruiting node of each secondary branches, the fruit setting node position and number of remaining leaves had a combined influence on the characteristics of the fruit. In the ‘Jill’, the plants with a fruit setting at node 9–10 of the primary branch and 15 leaves remaining above the fruiting node had the highest fruit weight of 631.5 g, followed by those with a fruit setting at node 11–12 with 12 and 15 leaves above the fruiting node, which had fruit weights of 572.7 g and 577 g, respectively. The bring greatest leaf size of ‘Jill’ was days 21–28 after growth, and began to decline thereafter. At day 14, the total soluble sugar and starch contents of the 14th leaf of ‘Jill’ was significantly decreased, while those of the 21st leaf continued to increase and were significantly higher than those of the 14th leaf. After day 14, the total soluble sugar content of the 14th leaf rebounded, and kept increasing until day 28; however, no significant change in the starch content was observed. On the other hand, no significant reduction in the total soluble sugar and starch contents of the 21st leaf was seen until day 28. The fruit sugar content of ‘Jill’ was 5.9–6.2°Brix on day 15 after fruit setting, 10.4–10.7°Brix on day 22, and 13°Brix on day 31 when the fruits were harvested, which indicated that the fruit sugar content significantly increased approximately >10 days before fruit ripening. Ten days after fruit setting in both cultivars, the plants were treated with liquid salt fertilizer (EC = 6 dS m-1). Liquid salt EC treatment did not significantly affect the plant growth of either cultivar, while the water content of the leaves above the fruit setting node was significantly lower in the treatment group than there in the control. Furthermore, salt-treated ‘Jill’ plants had a fruit weight of 818 g, which was not significantly different from that of the control (770 g); however, the treatment fruit had a significantly higher sugar content than that of the control, at 14.1 vs. 13.1°Brix, respectively. Salt-treated ‘Silver light’ plants had a fruit weight of 691.7 g, which was not significantly different to that of the control (750.7 g), and the treatment fruit had a significantly higher sugar content than the control group, at 14.1 vs. 13.1°Brix. EC treatment significantly decreased the water content of the fruit flesh by about 1.45–1.65% in both cultivars of melon.

碩士
國立中興大學
園藝學系所
99
For the production of high-quality melons, growing plants in an insect-proof greenhouse using a vertical cultivation system and supplementing with nutrient solution, This study investigated the factors that may improve melon quality and production, including the pruning method, number of leaves to be retained, location of the fruit setting position, and use of NaCl to adjust the concentration of the nutrient solution. In 2–3 weeks, the total leaf growth of the ‘Summer Phoenix’ muskmelon had the highest fresh dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content and soluble sugar content. In 5–6 weeks, the 10th leaf growth showed a significant reduction in chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and △Fv/Fm, while the 20th leaf growth did not exhibit this phenomenon. From 2–14 days after fruit setting, the fruits showed rapid enlargement, and the fruit weight reached more than 1000 g. Two weeks before harvest, the total soluble solids increased greatly in the fruits, reaching above 13.7 °Brix in mature fruit. Comparing the growth of ‘Golden Lady’ and ‘Summer Phoenix’ muskmelons using different cultivation methods, including vertical one-branch pruning, vertical two- branch pruning or creeping cultivation, the results showed that the ‘Golden Lady’ under creeping cultivation had a significantly greater plant height and leaf area (241.8 cm and 6319 cm2, respectively) than that cultivated vertically. The three cultivation methods had no differing effects on plant growth for the ‘Summer Phoenix’ melon. Creeping cultivation resulted in the greatest fruit size for both ‘Golden Lady’ and ‘Summer Phoenix’, which was 1433.9 g and 1728.6 g, respectively. ‘Golden Lady’ with vertical one-branch pruning cultivation had a total soluble solids of 15.7 °Brix, which was higher than that produced by vertical two-branch pruning or creeping cultivation (15.0 and 14.2 °Brix, respectively). In terms of shade, at the fruit position, the upper leaves had no significant shading effect on the lower leaves with the creeping cultivation method, while for the ‘Summer Phoenix’ with the vertical cultivation methods, the PPFD and ETR increased significantly with leaf node position. This suggest that the upper leaves had a shading effect on the lower leaves, and the PPFD and ETR of the lower leaves decreased by 500 and 80 μmol m-2s-1, respectively. To compare the effects of different trimming methods on fruit growth, ‘Autumn Phoenix’, ‘Summer Phoenix’, ‘Golden Lady’ and ‘Autumn Sweet’ muskmelons were used different trimming methods that left 9, 12 or 15 leaves remaining above the fruit set position, with the branch topped. The results showed that the plant height and the total leaf area of the leaves above the fruit set position both increased with an increasing number of leaves remaining above the fruit set position. The plants with 12 or 15 leaves remaining above the fruit set position had the highest sugar content. ‘Autumn Phoenix’ with 12 leaves remaining exhibited a significantly higher fruit weight and flesh thickness, at 738.3 g and 2.90 cm, respectively. ‘Summer Phoenix’ and ‘Golden Lady’ had the best fruit growth with 9 leaves remaining, followed by 12 and 15 leaves remaining. For ‘Autumn Sweet’ with 12 and 15 leaves remaining above each fruiting node, the fruit weight was 897.3g and 880.3 g and the total soluble solids was 13.9 and 14.6 °Brix, respectively. During the fruit growth period, ‘Autumn Phoenix’ and ‘Autumn Sweet’ muskmelons with 12 leaves remaining above each fruiting node maintained a higher △Fv/Fm, which was around 0.7. To compare the effect of fruit set position on fruit growth, using ‘Golden Lady’, ‘Summer Phoenix’, ‘Golden Honey’ and ‘Autumn Sweet’ muskmelon plants, the fruit setting position on the primary branch was kept at node 9, 12 or 15, retaining 12 leaves above the nodes. The plant height of all four cultivars increased as the fruit set position increased, significantly increasing the number of days from planting to flowering. With the exception of ‘Summer Phoenix’, the fruit size increased with increasing fruit set position in all 3 cultivars. With the fruit set position at node 15, ‘Golden Lady’ had the highest fruit weight, length and flesh thickness, of 1167.4 g, 14.7 cm and 3.47 cm, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those resulting from a fruit set position at nodes 9 and 12, while the fruit sugar content did not differ significantly between different fruit set positions. ‘Golden Honey’ and ‘Autumn Sweet’ had similar results to those for ‘Golden Lady’. However, ‘Summer Phoenix’ with the fruit set position at node 9 had the largest fruit size, while with the fruit set position at node 15, it had a higher total soluble solids of 13.8 °Brix. In ‘Golden Lady’ and ‘Autumn Sweet’, as the fruit set position increased, the carbohydrate content in the leaves increased. The soluble sugar level synthesized by the 10th leaf of the plant with the fruit set position at node 15 was higher than that of plants with the fruit set position at nodes 12 and 9, which was 5.32, 4.55 and 4.29 mg/g DW, respectively. The results were positively correlated with fruit size. To investigate the effect of the concentration of the nutrient solution, the EC value of the nutrient solution was adjusted to 2, 5 and 8 ds m-1 (EC 2, 5 and 8) using NaCl, and the solutions were used to treat ‘Summer Phoenix’ and ‘Golden Lady’ muskmelon plants during the period of flowering to 15 days after fruit setting. In ‘Summer Phoenix’, The plant growth was not affected by EC 2 and EC 5 treated during the flowering period. In ‘Golden Lady’, The plant growth of EC 2 and EC 8 treatment was poor. In both cultivars, the leaf △Fv/Fm decreased as the EC value of the nutrient solution increased. EC5 treatment had no effect on the plant growth of ‘Golden Lady’ during flowering or 15 days after fruit setting, while the treatment did improve the fruit quality. EC 8 treatment reduced the chlorophyll content of the 10th leaf above the fruit set position in both cultivars, the values being 2.08 and 1.46 mg/g DW, respectively. In terms of fruit total soluble solids, EC 8 treatment increased the content of the ‘Summer Phoenix’ muskmelon to 13.8 °Brix, which did not differ significantly from that of the control, at 13.2 °Brix. In addition, EC 8 treatment and flowering-period EC 5 treatment significantly increased the total soluble solids of ‘Golden Lady’ to 15.4 and 16.0 °Brix, respectively. In conclusion, analysis of leaf photosynthesis revealed the selection criteria for a suitable cultivar, showing the factors that might affect physiological performance. Among the 4 cultivars, when vertical one or two-branch pruning methods were used, 12 leaves were retained above the fruit setting position, the fruit setting position was maintained at nodes 12–15 on the primary branch, and the nutrient solution was adjusted to EC 5 with NaCl, For producing the fruit with the highest quality.

博士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
101
The oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa cv. “Silver Light”) is an important fruit crop in the tropical and subtropical regions. However, oriental melon production is severely decreased by fungal diseases. In this study, antifungal protein (AFP) and chitinase (CHI) fusion genes were introduced into oriental melons to control fungal diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Transformation of oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa cv. “Silver Light”) with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 containing antifungal protein (AFP) and chitinase (CHI) fusion genes under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) gene as a selectable marker was performed. Cotyledon explants of oriental melon were inoculated by Agrobacterium suspensions with pBI121–AFP–CHI and cultured in a regeneration medium. After regeneration, genomic DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to confirm the presence of putative transgenic shoots. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the AFP–CHI fusion gene was incorporated into the genomic DNA of the PCR–positive lines. RT–PCR analysis showed that the AFP–CHI fusion gene was expressed in the individual transgenic lines. Western blot analysis revealed the accumulation of CHI protein in leaves. A segregation analysis of the T1 generation confirmed the inheritance of the transgene. Our results demonstrated that the AFP–CHI fusion gene was effective in protecting the transgenic melon plants against fungal disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum.