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1
Erkelens, C. J. "Contribution of Disparity to the Perception of 3D Shape as Revealed by Bistability of Stereoscopic Necker Cubes." Seeing and Perceiving 25, no. 6 (2012): 561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18784763-00002396.
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The Necker cube is a famous demonstration of ambiguity in visual perception of 3D shape. Its bistability is attributed to indecisiveness because monocular cues do not allow the observer to infer one particular 3D shape from the 2D image. A remarkable but not appreciated observation is that Necker cubes are bistable during binocular viewing. One would expect disparity information to veto bistability. To investigate the effect of zero and non-zero disparity on perceptual bistability in detail, perceptual dominance durations were measured for luminance- and disparity-defined Necker cubes. Luminance-defined Necker cubes were bistable for all tested disparities between the front and back faces of the cubes. Absence of an effect of disparity on dominance durations suggested the suppression of disparity information. Judgments of depth between the front and back sides of the Necker cubes, however, showed that disparity affected perceived depth. Disparity-defined Necker cubes were also bistable but dominance durations showed different distributions. I propose a framework for 3D shape perception in which 3D shape is inferred from pictorial cues acting on luminance- and disparity-defined 2D shapes.
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Schnake, Mel E. "Equity in Effort: The "Sucker Effect" in Co-Acting Groups." Journal of Management 17, no. 1 (March 1991): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700104.
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This research investigates the effects of negative social cues on worker quantitative task performance, internal work motivation, and job satisfaction. Negative social cues may create an effect similar to a class of social dilemma phenomena in small groups known as the "sucker effect." The sucker effect was originally identified as a particular form of social loafing and stems from the perceptions that others in the group are withholding, or intend to withhold, effort. Individuals who hold this perception then withhold effort themselves to avoid being played for a "sucker" Although most social loafing research has examined the sucker effect in situations where individuals performed additive or disjunctive tasks, this experimental research investigates the degree to which the sucker effect occurs among individuals working in co-acting groups. Two common managerial strategies, goal setting and punishment, are examinedfor their ability to reduce the sucker effect. The results show that the sucker effect does occur in co-acting groups and that both punishment and goal setting may be used to reduce it. Further, goal setting was a more effective strategy than punishment.
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Ellis, Judi, and Alan Milne. "Retrieval Cue Specificity and the Realization of Delayed Intentions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 49, no. 4 (November 1996): 862–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755662.
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Successful performance of a delayed intention relies, in part, on recognition that a cue provides a signal for the retrieval and realization of that intention. The relative ease with which cues are recognized should influence the likelihood of successfully acting upon a delayed intention (cf. Einstein & McDaniel, 1990). We report three studies in which we manipulated ease of recognition by providing, at encoding, either the particular cues (category exemplars) that subsequently appeared during the test phase or the name of the category from which these cues were drawn—specific or general encoding instructions, respectively. Recognition of cues at test, and thus delayed intention performance, should be enhanced by the provision of specific rather than general instructions at encoding—the “specificity effect” identified by Einstein, McDaniel, Richardson, Guynn, and Cunfer (1995). This contrast, however, is likely to be influenced by both category-exemplar and exemplar-exemplar relations. The experiments reported here explored the influence of these relations on delayed intention performance. The results indicate the importance of the semantic relations (a) among cues and (b) between cues and the category from which they are drawn in determining the superiority of specific over general cue instructions.
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Buckingham, Gavin, Elizabeth Evgenia Michelakakis, and Jonathan Cole. "Perceiving and acting upon weight illusions in the absence of somatosensory information." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 1946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00587.2015.
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When lifting novel objects, individuals' fingertip forces are influenced by a variety of cues such as volume and apparent material. This means that heavy-looking objects tend to be lifted with more force than lighter-looking objects, even when they weigh the same amount as one another. Expectations about object weight based on visual appearance also influence how heavy an object feels when it is lifted. For instance, in the “size-weight illusion,” small objects feel heavier than equally weighted large objects. Similarly, in the “material-weight illusion,” objects that seem to be made from light-looking materials feel heavier than objects of the same weight that appear to be made from heavy-looking materials. In this study, we investigated these perceptual and sensorimotor effects in IW, an individual with peripheral deafferentation (i.e., a loss of tactile and proprioception feedback). We examined his perceptions of heaviness and fingertip force application over repeated lifts of objects that varied in size or material properties. Despite being able to report real weight differences, IW did not appear to experience the size- or material-weight illusions. Furthermore, he showed no evidence of sensorimotor prediction based on size and material cues. The results are discussed in the context of forward models and their possible influence on weight perception and fingertip force control.
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Mirza, Reehan S., Maud C. O. Ferrari, Joseph M. Kiesecker, and Douglas P. Chivers. "Responses of American toad tadpoles to predation cues: behavioural response thresholds, threat-sensitivity and acquired predation recognition." Behaviour 143, no. 7 (2006): 877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853906778017926.
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AbstractPredation is one of the most important selective forces acting on prey animals. To respond adaptively to predation threats and increase their chances of survival, prey animals have to be able to recognize their potential predators. Even though a few studies demonstrated innate predator recognition, the vast majority of animals have to rely on learning to acquire this information. Often aquatic prey animals can learn to recognize predators when they detect conspecific alarm cues associated with cues from a novel predator. In this study, we exposed American toad (Bufo americanus) tadpoles to varying concentrations of chemical alarm cues (cues from injured conspecifics). We identified a concentration of cues which caused an overt antipredator response (supra-threshold concentration) and a lower concentration for which the prey failed to exhibit a response (sub-threshold concentration). In a second experiment, we attempted to condition the tadpoles to recognize the odour of larval dragonflies (Anax sp.) by pairing the dragonfly odour with either the sub-threshold concentration or the supra-threshold concentration of alarm cues. In both cases, the tadpoles learned to recognize the predator based on this single pairing of alarm cues and predator odour. Moreover, the intensity of the learned response was stronger for tadpoles conditioned with the supra-threshold concentration of alarm cues than the sub-threshold concentration. This is the first documented case of this mode of learning in anuran amphibians. Learned recognition of predators has important implications for survival.
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Wei, Mian, Xiaoying Fan, Miao Ding, Ruifeng Li, Shipeng Shao, Yingping Hou, Shaoshuai Meng, Fuchou Tang, Cheng Li, and Yujie Sun. "Nuclear actin regulates inducible transcription by enhancing RNA polymerase II clustering." Science Advances 6, no. 16 (April 2020): eaay6515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay6515.
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Gene expression in response to stimuli underlies many fundamental processes. However, how transcription is regulated under these scenarios is largely unknown. Here, we find a previously unknown role of nuclear actin in transcriptional regulation. The RNA-seq data reveal that nuclear actin is required for the serum-induced transcriptional program. Using super-resolution imaging, we found a remarkable enhancement of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) clustering upon serum stimulation, and this enhancement requires nuclear actin. Pol II clusters colocalized with the serum-response genes and nuclear actin filaments upon serum stimulation. Furthermore, N-WASP is required for serum-enhanced Pol II clustering. N-WASP phase-separated with Pol II and nuclear actin. In addition to serum stimulation, nuclear actin also enhanced Pol II clustering upon interferon-γ treatment. Together, our work unveils that nuclear actin promotes the formation of transcription factory on inducible genes, acting as a general mechanism underlying the rapid response to environmental cues.
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Saunders, Katharine M., H. Jane Brockmann, Winsor H. Watson, and Steven H. Jury. "Male horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus use multiple sensory cues to locate mates." Current Zoology 56, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.5.485.
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Abstract The use of multisensory cues to locate mates can increase an organism's success by acting as a back-up plan when one system fails, by providing additional information to the receiver, and by increasing their ability to detect mates using senses that have different ranges in a variable aquatic environment. In this contribution we review the sensory cues that male horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus are known to use when locating mates and then provide new data that shed light on this subject. During the breeding season, females migrate into shore during high tides to spawn. Males attach to females as they approach the beach or are attracted to pairs already spawning. Vision is well established as an important cue in attracting males. Although chemoreception is well known in other marine arthropods, and horseshoe crabs have the anatomy available, there are few studies on chemical cues in this species. Experiments are presented here that provide evidence for chemical cue use. We show that the attraction, and retention, of attached and satellite males to actively spawning females and mating pairs involves multimodal cues.
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Paterson, Ian. "Any room at the inn? The impact of religious elite discourse on immigration attitudes in the United Kingdom." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 20, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 594–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148118778956.
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To date, scholarship has neglected the role of elite cues in shaping immigration attitudes. When included, attention has been limited to political elites and parties. Yet, other societal actors have the potential to shape attitudes. This article employs mixed methods to analyse the discourse of the Church of England and attempts to uncover whether this discourse impacts the immigration attitudes of ‘their’ audience in the United Kingdom during 2005–2015. The discourse analysis finds that non-threatening migration frames dominate. Using European Social Survey (ESS) data (Rounds 4–7), regression analysis indicates that greater exposure to elite cues, via attendance at religious services, is consistently related to more positive immigration attitudes. Thus, for those most exposed, elite cues may be acting as a partial bulwark against the ubiquitous security-threat discourse of political elites. Overall, findings imply that despite their previous neglect, religious elite actors have the capacity to shape immigration attitudes and therefore de/construct issues of security.
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Miskolczi, Pál, Rajesh Kumar Singh, Szymon Tylewicz, Abdul Azeez, Jay P. Maurya, Danuše Tarkowská, Ondřej Novák, Kristoffer Jonsson, and Rishikesh P. Bhalerao. "Long-range mobile signals mediate seasonal control of shoot growth." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 22 (May 13, 2019): 10852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902199116.
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In perennial plants, seasonal shifts provide cues that control adaptive growth patterns of the shoot apex. However, where these seasonal cues are sensed and communicated to the shoot apex remains unknown. We demonstrate that systemic signals from leaves play key roles in seasonal control of shoot growth in model tree hybrid aspen. Grafting experiments reveal that the tree ortholog of Arabidopsis flowering time regulator FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the plant hormone gibberellic acid (GA) systemically convey seasonal cues to the shoot apex. GA (unlike FT) also acts locally in shoot apex, downstream of FT in seasonal growth control. At the shoot apex, antagonistic factors—LAP1, a target of FT and the FT antagonist TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1)—act locally to promote and suppress seasonal growth, respectively. These data reveal seasonal changes perceived in leaves that are communicated to the shoot apex by systemic signals that, in concert with locally acting components, control adaptive growth patterns.
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Shephard, Alexander M., Vadim Aksenov, and C. David Rollo. "Conspecific mortality cues mediate associative learning in crickets, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)." Journal of Orthoptera Research 27, no. 2 (December 10, 2018): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jor.27.25484.
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Many terrestrial and aquatic animals learn associations between environmental features and chemical cues of mortality risk (e.g. conspecific alarm pheromones or predator-derived cues), but the chemical nature of the cues that mediate this type of learning are rarely considered. Fatty acid necromones (particularly oleic and linoleic acids) are well established as cues associated with dead or injured conspecifics. Necromones elicit risk aversive behavior across diverse arthropod phylogenies, yet they have not been linked to associative learning. Here, we provide evidence that necromones can mediate associative olfactory learning in an insect by acting as an aversive reinforcement. When house crickets (Achetadomesticus) were forced to inhabit an environment containing an initially attractive odor along with a necromone cue, they subsequently avoided the previously attractive odor and displayed tolerance for an initially unattractive odor. This occurred when crickets were conditioned with linoleic acid but not when they were conditioned with oleic acid. Similar aversive learning occurred when crickets were conditioned with ethanol body extracts composed of male and female corpses combined, as well as extracts composed of female corpses alone. Conditioning with male body extract did not elicit learned aversion in either sex, even though we detected no notable differences in fatty acid composition between male and female body extracts. We suggest that necromone-mediated learning responses might vary depending on synergistic or antagonistic interactions with sex or species-specific recognition cues.
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ABBOT-SMITH, KIRSTEN, and LUDOVICA SERRATRICE. "Word order, referential expression, and case cues to the acquisition of transitive sentences in Italian." Journal of Child Language 42, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000913000421.
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ABSTRACTIn Study 1 we analyzed Italian child-directed-speech (CDS) and selected the three most frequent active transitive sentence frames used with overt subjects. In Study 2 we experimentally investigated how Italian-speaking children aged 2;6, 3;6, and 4;6 comprehended these orders with novel verbs when the cues of animacy, gender, and subject–verb agreement were neutralized. For each trial, children chose between two videos (e.g., horse acting on cat versus cat acting on horse), both involving the same action. The children aged 2;6 comprehended S + object-pronoun + V (soprov) significantly better than S + V + object-noun (svonoun). We explain this in terms of cue collaboration between a low cost cue (case) and the firstargument = agent cue which we found to be reliable 76% of the time. The most difficult word order for all age groups was the object-pronoun + V + S (oprovs). We ascribe this difficulty to cue conflict between the two most frequent transitive frames found in CDS, namely V + object-noun and object-pronoun + V.
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Saraswat, Ghungroo, Rajdeep Guha, Kalyani Mondal, Piyali Saha, Sayani Banerjee, Prarthana Chakraborty, Aditya Konar, and Syed N. Kabir. "Molecular cues to the anti-implantation effect of nano-puerarin in rats." Reproduction 151, no. 6 (June 2016): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-16-0035.
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AbstractPuerarin, a selective oestrogen receptor modulator, intercepts implantation in rats, albeit at unacceptably higher doses. We developed poly lactic-co-glycolic acid-encapsulated nano-puerarin (PN) and mapped the molecular pathway underlying its anti-implantation effects. Smooth-surfaced and spherical PN having a mean diameter of ∼147nm was obtained with good yield, efficient encapsulation, and optimum drug loading. In culture, PN slowly and steadily released puerarin, which was readily taken up by the decidual cells. PN exerted a dose-dependent anti-implantation effect. As marked by attenuated expression of stromal cell desmin, alkaline phosphatase, IGFBP1, and decidual prolactin-related protein, the anti-implantation effect of PN seemed secondary to compromised decidualization. Usingin vivo(pregnant and pseudopregnant rats) andin vitro(endometrial stromal cell culture) treatment models, we document that PN enforced inhibition of uterine expression ofHbegfandHoxa10and their downstream signalling molecules, Cyclin D3 (CCND3)/CDK4. PN also efficiently ablated theIhh-Nr2f2-Bmp2signalling pathway and invited the loss of uterine potential for decidualization. There was a dose-dependent up-regulation of RHOA and its effector protein kinase, ROCK1, leading to the promotion of MLC phosphorylation and actin–myosin interaction. PN also down-regulated the stromal cell activation of ERK½ and expression of MMP9. These effects acting together stabilized the stroma and inhibited the stromal cell migration. Central to this array of events was the adversely altered endometrial expression of oestrogen receptor subtypes and repression of progesterone receptor that indulged endless proliferation of luminal epithelia and distorted the precisely choreographed stroma–epithelia crosstalk. Thus, PN dismantles the endometrial bed preparation and prevents implantation.
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Turner-Bridger, Benita, Cinzia Caterino, and Jean-Michel Cioni. "Molecular mechanisms behind mRNA localization in axons." Open Biology 10, no. 9 (September 2020): 200177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.200177.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) localization allows spatiotemporal regulation of the proteome at the subcellular level. This is observed in the axons of neurons, where mRNA localization is involved in regulating neuronal development and function by orchestrating rapid adaptive responses to extracellular cues and the maintenance of axonal homeostasis through local translation. Here, we provide an overview of the key findings that have broadened our knowledge regarding how specific mRNAs are trafficked and localize to axons. In particular, we review transcriptomic studies investigating mRNA content in axons and the molecular principles underpinning how these mRNAs arrived there, including cis-acting mRNA sequences and trans-acting proteins playing a role. Further, we discuss evidence that links defective axonal mRNA localization and pathological outcomes.
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DE LERMA BARBARO, A., G. PERLETTI, I. M. BONAPACE, and E. MONTI. "Inflammatory cues acting on the adult intestinal stem cells and the early onset of cancer (Review)." International Journal of Oncology 45, no. 3 (June 10, 2014): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2490.
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Nazzi, Thierry, and Alison Gopnik. "Sorting and acting with objects in early childhood: an exploration of the use of causal cues." Cognitive Development 18, no. 3 (July 2003): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0885-2014(03)00025-x.
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Nava, Michele M., Manuela T. Raimondi, and Riccardo Pietrabissa. "Controlling Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Stem Cells via Mechanical Cues." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/797410.
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The control of stem cell responsein vitro, including self-renewal and lineage commitment, has been proved to be directed by mechanical cues, even in the absence of biochemical stimuli. Through integrin-mediated focal adhesions, cells are able to anchor onto the underlying substrate, sense the surrounding microenvironment, and react to its properties. Substrate-cell and cell-cell interactions activate specific mechanotransduction pathways that regulate stem cell fate. Mechanical factors, including substrate stiffness, surface nanotopography, microgeometry, and extracellular forces can all have significant influence on regulating stem cell activities. In this paper, we review all the most recent literature on the effect of purely mechanical cues on stem cell response, and we introduce the concept of “force isotropy” relevant to cytoskeletal forces and relevant to extracellular loads acting on cells, to provide an interpretation of how the effects of insoluble biophysical signals can be used to direct stem cells fatein vitro.
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Rodriguez-Paras, Carolina, Johnathan T. McKenzie, Pasakorn Choterungruengkorn, and Thomas K. Ferris. "Severity-Mapped Vibrotactile Cues to Support Interruption Management with Weather Messaging in the General Aviation Cockpit." Atmosphere 12, no. 3 (March 6, 2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030341.
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Despite the increasing availability of technologies that provide access to aviation weather information in the cockpit, weather remains a prominent contributor to general aviation (GA) accidents. Pilots fail to detect the presence of new weather information, misinterpret it, or otherwise fail to act appropriately on it. When cognitive demands imposed by concurrent flight tasks are high, the risks increase for each of these failure modes. Previous research shows how introducing vibrotactile cues can help ease or redistribute some of these demands, but there is untapped potential in exploring how vibratory cues can facilitate “interruption management”, i.e., fitting the processing of available weather information into flight task workflow. In the current study, GA pilots flew a mountainous terrain scenario in a flight training device while receiving, processing, and acting on various weather information messages that were displayed visually, in graphical and text formats, on an experimental weather display. Half of the participants additionally received vibrotactile cues via a connected smartwatch with patterns that conveyed the “severity” of the message, allowing pilots to make informed decisions about when to fully attend to and process the message. Results indicate that weather messages were acknowledged more often and faster when accompanied by the vibrotactile cues, but the time after acknowledgment to fully process the messages was not significantly affected by vibrotactile cuing, nor was overall situation awareness. These findings illustrate that severity-encoded vibrotactile cues can support pilot awareness of updated weather as well as task management in processing weather messages while managing concurrent flight demands.
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Rhebergen, F., R. C. Taylor, M. J. Ryan, R. A. Page, and W. Halfwerk. "Multimodal cues improve prey localization under complex environmental conditions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1814 (September 7, 2015): 20151403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1403.
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Predators often eavesdrop on sexual displays of their prey. These displays can provide multimodal cues that aid predators, but the benefits in attending to them should depend on the environmental sensory conditions under which they forage. We assessed whether bats hunting for frogs use multimodal cues to locate their prey and whether their use varies with ambient conditions. We used a robotic set-up mimicking the sexual display of a male túngara frog ( Physalaemus pustulosus ) to test prey assessment by fringe-lipped bats ( Trachops cirrhosus ). These predatory bats primarily use sound of the frog's call to find their prey, but the bats also use echolocation cues returning from the frog's dynamically moving vocal sac. In the first experiment, we show that multimodal cues affect attack behaviour: bats made narrower flank attack angles on multimodal trials compared with unimodal trials during which they could only rely on the sound of the frog. In the second experiment, we explored the bat's use of prey cues in an acoustically more complex environment. Túngara frogs often form mixed-species choruses with other frogs, including the hourglass frog ( Dendropsophus ebraccatus ). Using a multi-speaker set-up, we tested bat approaches and attacks on the robofrog under three different levels of acoustic complexity: no calling D. ebraccatus males, two calling D. ebraccatus males and five D. ebraccatus males. We found that bats are more directional in their approach to the robofrog when more D. ebraccatus males were calling. Thus, bats seemed to benefit more from multimodal cues when confronted with increased levels of acoustic complexity in their foraging environments. Our data have important consequences for our understanding of the evolution of multimodal sexual displays as they reveal how environmental conditions can alter the natural selection pressures acting on them.
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Lacchini, Elia, and Alain Goossens. "Combinatorial Control of Plant Specialized Metabolism: Mechanisms, Functions, and Consequences." Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology 36, no. 1 (October 6, 2020): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-011620-031429.
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Plants constantly perceive internal and external cues, many of which they need to address to safeguard their proper development and survival. They respond to these cues by selective activation of specific metabolic pathways involving a plethora of molecular players that act and interact in complex networks. In this review, we illustrate and discuss the complexity in the combinatorial control of plant specialized metabolism. We hereby go beyond the intuitive concept of combinatorial control as exerted by modular-acting complexes of transcription factors that govern expression of specialized metabolism genes. To extend this discussion, we also consider all known hierarchical levels of regulation of plant specialized metabolism and their interfaces by referring to reported regulatory concepts from the plant field. Finally, we speculate on possible yet-to-be-discovered regulatory principles of plant specialized metabolism that are inspired by knowledge from other kingdoms of life and areas of biological research.
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Janssen, Christian P., Duncan P. Brumby, and Rae Garnett. "Natural Break Points." Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making 6, no. 1 (January 5, 2012): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555343411432339.
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What factors determine when people interleave tasks when multitasking? Here the authors look at the role of priorities and cognitive and motor cues. A study was conducted in which participants steered a simulated vehicle while also dialing two phone numbers that contained sets of repeating digits. Participants tended to interleave tasks after typing in a complete set of repeating digits and sometimes also at the cognitive chunk boundary. The exact pattern of how participants interleaved these tasks depended on their priority objective. A modeling analysis that explored performance for a series of alternative strategies for task interleaving, given the cognitive and task constraints, suggested why participants avoided interleaving at other points: Such strategies tend to move performance away from a trade-off curve that strikes an optimal balance between dialing and driving performance. The study highlights the role that cognitive and motor cues can play in dual-task performance and the importance of being aware, and acting on, priorities. Further implications and limitations are discussed.
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Saadaoui, Mehdi, Mickaël Machicoane, Florencia di Pietro, Fred Etoc, Arnaud Echard, and Xavier Morin. "Dlg1 controls planar spindle orientation in the neuroepithelium through direct interaction with LGN." Journal of Cell Biology 206, no. 6 (September 8, 2014): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201405060.
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Oriented cell divisions are necessary for the development of epithelial structures. Mitotic spindle orientation requires the precise localization of force generators at the cell cortex via the evolutionarily conserved LGN complex. However, polarity cues acting upstream of this complex in vivo in the vertebrate epithelia remain unknown. In this paper, we show that Dlg1 is localized at the basolateral cell cortex during mitosis and is necessary for planar spindle orientation in the chick neuroepithelium. Live imaging revealed that Dlg1 is required for directed spindle movements during metaphase. Mechanistically, we show that direct interaction between Dlg1 and LGN promotes cortical localization of the LGN complex. Furthermore, in human cells dividing on adhesive micropatterns, homogenously localized Dlg1 recruited LGN to the mitotic cortex and was also necessary for proper spindle orientation. We propose that Dlg1 acts primarily to recruit LGN to the cortex and that Dlg1 localization may additionally provide instructive cues for spindle orientation.
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Ziaeetabar, Fatemeh, Jennifer Pomp, Stefan Pfeiffer, Nadiya El-Sourani, Ricarda I. Schubotz, Minija Tamosiunaite, and Florentin Wörgötter. "Using enriched semantic event chains to model human action prediction based on (minimal) spatial information." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 28, 2020): e0243829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243829.
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Predicting other people’s upcoming action is key to successful social interactions. Previous studies have started to disentangle the various sources of information that action observers exploit, including objects, movements, contextual cues and features regarding the acting person’s identity. We here focus on the role of static and dynamic inter-object spatial relations that change during an action. We designed a virtual reality setup and tested recognition speed for ten different manipulation actions. Importantly, all objects had been abstracted by emulating them with cubes such that participants could not infer an action using object information. Instead, participants had to rely only on the limited information that comes from the changes in the spatial relations between the cubes. In spite of these constraints, participants were able to predict actions in, on average, less than 64% of the action’s duration. Furthermore, we employed a computational model, the so-called enriched Semantic Event Chain (eSEC), which incorporates the information of different types of spatial relations: (a) objects’ touching/untouching, (b) static spatial relations between objects and (c) dynamic spatial relations between objects during an action. Assuming the eSEC as an underlying model, we show, using information theoretical analysis, that humans mostly rely on a mixed-cue strategy when predicting actions. Machine-based action prediction is able to produce faster decisions based on individual cues. We argue that human strategy, though slower, may be particularly beneficial for prediction of natural and more complex actions with more variable or partial sources of information. Our findings contribute to the understanding of how individuals afford inferring observed actions’ goals even before full goal accomplishment, and may open new avenues for building robots for conflict-free human-robot cooperation.
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Roitman, Jamie D., and Amy L. Loriaux. "Nucleus accumbens responses differentiate execution and restraint in reward-directed behavior." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00350.2013.
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Our behavior is powerfully driven by environmental cues that signal the availability of rewarding stimuli. We frequently encounter stimuli—a bowl of candy or an alert from our smartphone—that trigger actions to obtain those rewards, even though there may be positive outcomes associated with not acting. The inability to restrain one's action in the presence of reward-associated cues is one type of impulsive behavior and a component of such maladaptive behaviors as overeating, gambling, and substance abuse. The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is ideally situated to integrate multiple cognitive and affective inputs to bias action via outputs through the basal ganglia. NAc neurons have been shown to respond to cues that predict reward availability, goal-directed behaviors aimed at obtaining them, and delivery of the reward itself. As these processes are typically associated, it is difficult to discern whether signals in the NAc are more closely related to processing reward-predictive aspects of goal-directed behavior or selection of behavioral response. To dissociate these possibilities, we recorded the activity of NAc neurons while rats performed a task in which two different cues both informed rats of reward availability but required them to either press a lever (Go) or withhold pressing (NoGo) to obtain the reward. Individual cue-responsive neurons showed either increases or decreases in activity at cue onset. Increases in activity were larger, and decreases smaller, when rats withheld lever pressing, whether correctly for NoGo trials or in error on Go trials. Thus NAc cue responses correlated with action, regardless of cue type or accuracy.
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Gardini, Simona, Paolo Caffarra, and Annalena Venneri. "Decreased drug-cue-induced attentional bias in individuals with treated and untreated drug dependence." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 21, no. 4 (August 2009): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5215.2009.00389.x.
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Objective:The present study investigated the attentional bias induced by drug-related stimuli in active abusers; abstinent abusers on opioid substitution therapy; and abstinent drug-dependent patients in recovery on a community-based non-pharmacological therapy programme. Drug-dependent groups included both cocaine and heroin abusers.Methods:Classical and emotional Stroop tasks were used to test all drug-dependent patients and controls with no history of addiction. Response times were recorded. An interference effect was obtained by comparing the congruent and incongruent conditions in the classical Stroop version. An attentional bias towards drug cues was derived by comparing latencies in the neutral and emotional conditions of the emotional Stroop.Results:No between-group differences were found in the classical Stroop. In the emotional Stroop, active drug-dependent patients showed higher attentional bias (i.e. longer response times to drug-related words) than any of the other three groups.Conclusion:The attentional bias induced by drug cues in patients with addiction disorder might change depending on the patients' clinical status. All treated patients, whether on opioid substitution therapy or on community therapy, showed less attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli than active drug users, although the observed smaller bias was most likely induced by therapy acting through different mechanisms. Although drug-cues response is influenced by other multiple variables, e.g. motivation, craving, classical conditioning and substance availability, these data lend support to the hypothesis that treatment might contribute to decrease the attentional bias towards drug cues, which seems to play a critical role in achieving a positive outcome in the treatment of addiction.
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Kail, Michèle, and Agnès Charvillat. "Local and topological processing in sentence comprehension by French and Spanish children." Journal of Child Language 15, no. 3 (October 1988): 637–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900012605.
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ABSTRACTThis cross-linguistic study investigates the relative importance of validity in terms of the strengths of syntactic cues and cue processing cost in sentence comprehension by French and Spanish children (4; 6–6; 6). The notion of cue cost refers to the distinction between local and topological processing types. Choices of the agent (cue strength) and latencies (cue cost) were collected through the acting out of sentences containing different syntactic cues. These cues (word order, clitic pronoun, verbal agreement plus accusative preposition a in Spanish) are ordered on a continuum from the most topological (word order) to the most local (preposition a). The analysis of cue strengths reveals that, while for French children a linguistic cue is all the stronger the more topological it is (verbal agreement < clitic pronoun < word order), for Spanish children a cue is all the stronger the more local it is (word order < clitic pronoun < verbal agreement < preposition a). The fact that Spanish children's latencies are always shorter (2150 msec) than those of French children (3110 msec) must be related to the effect of the preposition a which permits efficient role assignments with minimal cost. These results stress the importance of locality in sentence processing. On the other hand, a comparison with our similar adult cross-linguistic data demonstrates that the impact of cue cost changes over time.
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Bone, Daniel, Chi-Chun Lee, Matthew P. Black, Marian E. Williams, Sungbok Lee, Pat Levitt, and Shrikanth Narayanan. "The Psychologist as an Interlocutor in Autism Spectrum Disorder Assessment: Insights From a Study of Spontaneous Prosody." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57, no. 4 (August 2014): 1162–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-13-0062.
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PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine relationships between prosodic speech cues and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) severity, hypothesizing a mutually interactive relationship between the speech characteristics of the psychologist and the child. The authors objectively quantified acoustic-prosodic cues of the psychologist and of the child with ASD during spontaneous interaction, establishing a methodology for future large-sample analysis.MethodSpeech acoustic-prosodic features were semiautomatically derived from segments of semistructured interviews (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, ADOS; Lord, Rutter, DiLavore, & Risi, 1999; Lord et al., 2012) with 28 children who had previously been diagnosed with ASD. Prosody was quantified in terms of intonation, volume, rate, and voice quality. Research hypotheses were tested via correlation as well as hierarchical and predictive regression between ADOS severity and prosodic cues.ResultsAutomatically extracted speech features demonstrated prosodic characteristics of dyadic interactions. As rated ASD severity increased, both the psychologist and the child demonstrated effects for turn-end pitch slope, and both spoke with atypical voice quality. The psychologist's acoustic cues predicted the child's symptom severity better than did the child's acoustic cues.ConclusionThe psychologist, acting as evaluator and interlocutor, was shown to adjust his or her behavior in predictable ways based on the child's social-communicative impairments. The results support future study of speech prosody of both interaction partners during spontaneous conversation, while using automatic computational methods that allow for scalable analysis on much larger corpora.
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Abelson, Robert P., Nilanjana Dasgupta, Jaihyun Park, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. "Perceptions of the Collective Other." Personality and Social Psychology Review 2, no. 4 (November 1998): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0204_2.
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It is contended that perceptions of groups are affected by particular variables that do not apply to individuals (e.g., intragroup similarity and proximity). Importantly, the perception of outgroup threat has incomplete analogs at the individual level. Results from 3 studies support predictable distinctions between representations of individuals and of groups. Study I showed that priming of the word they produces more extreme negative judgments of the protagonist(s) in a story about 4 individuals acting jointly than in the same story with a single person acting alone. The opposite result holds for priming with the word he. Study 2, with Korean participants, demonstrates that actions by individuals or groups elicit differing preferences for redress. Individual responses (e.g., getting mad) to an individual racial insult (e.g., a snub by a waitress) are preferred to collective responses (e.g., circulating a petition), whereas the reverse preferences holdfor a group insult (e.g., taunts from a gang of White youths). In Study 3, cues to the entitivity of a group are introduced. This concept, introduced by Donald Campbell (1958), distinguishes different degrees of “groupness. ” Visual depictions of collections of unfamiliar humanoid creatures (greebles) were used to convey that they were either similar or dissimilar and either proximate or scattered. Results confirm the expectation that similarity and proximity-two entitive conditions-elicit more negative judgments of the group. Attention to other cues for entitivity may enrich social psychological views of stereotyping and prejudice by focusing on perceptions of groups as coordinated actors with the potential to bring about negative consequences. Such experiments point to the needfor greater research focus on the vastly understudied but fundamental problem of the social cognition of group behavior.
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Zisman, Sophie, Karen Marom, Oshri Avraham, Lilah Rinsky-Halivni, Uri Gai, Gilit Kligun, Vered Tzarfaty-Majar, Tatsuo Suzuki, and Avihu Klar. "Proteolysis and membrane capture of F-spondin generates combinatorial guidance cues from a single molecule." Journal of Cell Biology 178, no. 7 (September 17, 2007): 1237–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200702184.
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The formation of neuronal networks is governed by a limited number of guidance molecules, yet it is immensely complex. The complexity of guidance cues is augmented by posttranslational modification of guidance molecules and their receptors. We report here that cleavage of the floor plate guidance molecule F-spondin generates two functionally opposing fragments: a short-range repellent protein deposited in the membrane of floor plate cells and an adhesive protein that accumulates at the basement membrane. Their coordinated activity, acting respectively as a short-range repellant and a permissive short-range attractant, constricts commissural axons to the basement membrane beneath the floor plate cells. We further demonstrate that the repulsive activity of the inhibitory fragment of F-spondin requires its presentation by the lipoprotein receptor–related protein (LRP) receptors apolipoprotein E receptor 2, LRP2/megalin, and LRP4, which are expressed in the floor plate. Thus, proteolysis and membrane interaction coordinate combinatorial guidance signaling originating from a single guidance cue.
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Cristescu, Tamara C., and Anna Christina Nobre. "Differential Modulation of Word Recognition by Semantic and Spatial Orienting of Attention." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 5 (May 2008): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20503.
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In the present study, we investigated the ability to orient attention to abstract associative features of complex stimuli, more specifically, to the semantic categories of visual word stimuli. We compared the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of semantic orienting with those elicited by spatial orienting to word stimuli. Two parallel, cued lexical-decision tasks, with semantic- or spatial-orienting cues, were used. Results showed that both semantic and spatial orienting facilitated behavioral performance. The event-related potential analysis revealed different and non-overlapping patterns of modulation of word processing by semantic and spatial orienting. Modulation by semantic orienting started later, affecting only the potentials linked to conceptual or semantic processing (N300 and N400). The pattern of N300/N400 modulation in the semantic-orienting condition was similar to that observed in semantic-priming tasks, and was compatible with the operation of controlled semantic processes. Spatial orienting significantly enhanced the amplitude of the early visual potential P1 as well as the language-related N400 potential. These findings showed that the similar end-result of behavioral facilitation by semantic and spatial orienting is achieved through largely distinct mechanisms acting upon separate levels of stimulus analysis.
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Lakehal, Abdellah, Asma Dob, Ondřej Novák, and Catherine Bellini. "A DAO1-Mediated Circuit Controls Auxin and Jasmonate Crosstalk Robustness during Adventitious Root Initiation in Arabidopsis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184428.
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Adventitious rooting is a post-embryonic developmental program governed by a multitude of endogenous and environmental cues. Auxin, along with other phytohormones, integrates and translates these cues into precise molecular signatures to provide a coherent developmental output. Auxin signaling guides every step of adventitious root (AR) development from the early event of cell reprogramming and identity transitions until emergence. We have previously shown that auxin signaling controls the early events of AR initiation (ARI) by modulating the homeostasis of the negative regulator jasmonate (JA). Although considerable knowledge has been acquired about the role of auxin and JA in ARI, the genetic components acting downstream of JA signaling and the mechanistic basis controlling the interaction between these two hormones are not well understood. Here we provide evidence that COI1-dependent JA signaling controls the expression of DAO1 and its closely related paralog DAO2. In addition, we show that the dao1-1 loss of function mutant produces more ARs than the wild type, probably due to its deficiency in accumulating JA and its bioactive metabolite JA-Ile. Together, our data indicate that DAO1 controls a sensitive feedback circuit that stabilizes the auxin and JA crosstalk during ARI.
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Mahmud, Nadim, Kazumi Yoshinaga, Craig Beam, and Hiroto Araki. "Environmental Cues Can Promote Symmetrical Division of Functional Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.1397.1397.
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Abstract Widespread clinical use of ex-vivo expanded human umbilical cord blood (CB) grafts has been limited by lack of proper understanding of factors regulating self-renewal type of symmetric cell divisions. The expansion of the number of functional hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) ex-vivo requires the creation of an environment which favors symmetrical division. In our current studies, addition of late acting cytokines, (GM-CSF, IL-6, Epo) with early acting cytokines (thrombopoietin, SCF, Flt-3 ligand) resulted in loss of expansion of stem/progenitor cells. These data indicate that modification of HSC fate is not fully independent of external humoral influences. We have previously demonstrated that following treatment of CD34+ cells with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5azaD) and trichostatin A (TSA) there is a 10- fold increase in the number of SCID mouse repopulating cells (SRC). This increase of SRC, however, occurred concomitantly with an increase in absolute number of CD34+CD90+ cells as well as primitive progenitors which gives rise to colony forming unit Mix lineage (CFU-Mix). We hypothesized that if the primary CD34+ cells generates CFU-Mix/CFU-GM in a ratio of ‘X’, then to observe a higher rate of symmetric cell division we would expect to see the ratio increased (>X) in the 5azaD/TSA treated cells in comparison to cells cultured in the absence of 5azaD/TSA (< X). Interestingly, analyses of our data suggest that when 5azaD/TSA treated CD34+ cells are cultured for 5 days and assayed for colonies we observed a significant increase in the ratio of CFU-Mix/CFU-GM in contrast to cells cultured in cytokines alone, 0.373 ± 0.06 and 0.066 ± 0.032 respectively. The ratio of CFU-Mix/CFU-GM of CB CD34+ cells (day 0) was 0.262 ± 0.045. These findings indicate that 5azaD/TSA treatment promotes the ratio of CFU-Mix/CFU-GM possibly by enhancing symmetric division of CFU-Mix while in the absence of 5azaD/TSA treatment the culture condition likely induces differentiation. In addition, we have also investigated the ratio of progenitor cells/differentiated cells by assessing the ratio of human CD34+ cells/CD33+ cells in the bone marrow of immunodeficient mice following transplantation (8 weeks) of equal numbers of CD34+ cells. The ratio of CD34+ cells/CD33+ cells following transplantation of 5azaD/TSA treated cells was 0.52 ± 0.14 (n = 11) while in the absence of 5azaD/TSA the ratio dropped to 0.31± 0.16 (n = 4). The ratio following transplantation of primary CD34+ (day 0) cells was 0.62 ± 0.14 (n = 6). These data suggest that 5azaD/TSA treated cells maintain the balance of generation of CD34+ cells/CD33+ cells at a comparable rate to that of primary CD34+ cells, while the CD34+ cells generated in the absence of 5azaD/TSA promotes generation of more differentiated cells. Alternatively, it is also possible that 5azaD/TSA treatment of CD34+ cells in the culture results in inhibition of myeloid differentiation at the cost of proliferation. However, the latter possibility is unlikely, since treatment of CB cells with 5azaD/TSA results in an increase in the absolute number of progenitors including SRC possessing both myeloid and lymphoid differentiation potential. Taken together, these data support our hypothesis that chromatin modifying agents in the culture is capable of promoting self-renewal type of symmetric cell division possessing in vivo multilineage marrow repopulating potential.
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Bouwman, Karen M., and Dana M. Hawley. "Sickness behaviour acting as an evolutionary trap? Male house finches preferentially feed near diseased conspecifics." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (February 17, 2010): 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0020.
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Host behaviour towards infectious conspecifics is a crucial yet overlooked component of pathogen dynamics. Selection is expected to favour individuals who can recognize and avoid infected conspecifics in order to reduce their own risk of infection. However, evidence is scarce and limited to species employing chemical cues. Here, we experimentally examine whether healthy captive house finches ( Carpodacus mexicanus ) preferentially forage near a same-sex, healthy conspecific versus one infected with the directly transmissible pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), which causes lethargy and visible conjunctivitis. Interestingly, male house finches strongly preferred feeding near diseased conspecifics, while females showed no preference. This sex difference appeared to be the result of lower aggression rates in diseased males, but not in females. The reduced aggression of diseased males may act as an ‘evolutionary trap’ by presenting a historically beneficial behavioural cue in the context of a new environment, which now includes a recently emerged, potentially fatal pathogen. Since MG can be directly transmitted during feeding, healthy males may inadvertently increase their risk of contracting MG. This behaviour is likely to significantly contribute to the continued persistence of MG epidemics in wild populations.
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Stroka, Kimberly M., and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos. "Physical Biology in Cancer. 4. Physical cues guide tumor cell adhesion and migration." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 306, no. 2 (January 15, 2014): C98—C109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2013.
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As tumor cells metastasize from the primary tumor location to a distant secondary site, they encounter an array of biologically and physically heterogeneous microenvironments. While it is well established that biochemical signals guide all stages of the metastatic cascade, mounting evidence indicates that physical cues also direct tumor cell behavior, including adhesion and migration phenotypes. Physical cues acting on tumor cells in vivo include extracellular matrix mechanical properties, dimensionality, and topography, as well as interstitial flow, hydrodynamic shear stresses, and local forces due to neighboring cells. State-of-the-art technologies have recently enabled us and other researchers to engineer cell microenvironments that mimic specific physical properties of the cellular milieu. Through integration of these engineering strategies, along with physics, molecular biology, and imaging techniques, we have acquired new insights into tumor cell adhesion and migration mechanisms. In this review, we focus on the extravasation and invasion stages of the metastatic cascade. We first discuss the physical role of the endothelium during tumor cell extravasation and invasion and how contractility of endothelial and tumor cells contributes to the ability of tumor cells to exit the vasculature. Next, we examine how matrix dimensionality and stiffness coregulate tumor cell adhesion and migration beyond the vasculature. Finally, we summarize how tumor cells translate and respond to physical cues through mechanotransduction. Because of the critical role of tumor cell mechanotransduction at various stages of the metastatic cascade, targeting signaling pathways involved in tumor cell mechanosensing of physical stimuli may prove to be an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
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Debats, Nienke B., Rolf W. van de Langenberg, Idsart Kingma, Jeroen B. J. Smeets, and Peter J. Beek. "Exploratory Movements Determine Cue Weighting in Haptic Length Perception of Handheld Rods." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (November 2010): 2821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01029.2009.
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In the present study, we sought to unravel how exploratory movements affect length perception of rods that are held in and wielded by hand. We manipulated the mechanical rod properties—mass ( m), first moment of mass distribution (M), major principal moment of inertia ( I1)—individually, allowing us to assess the relative contribution of each of these mechanical variables to the perceptual judgment. Furthermore we developed a method to quantify the force components of the mechanical variables in the total of forces acting at the hand-rod interface, and we calculated each component's relative contribution. The laws of mechanics dictate that these relative force contributions depend on the characteristics of the exploratory movements performed. We found a clear relationship between the relative force contribution of the mechanical variables and their contribution to perceived rod length. This finding is the first quantitative demonstration that exploration style determines how much each mechanical variable influences length perception. Moreover, this finding suggested a cue weighting mechanism in which exploratory movements determine cue reliability (and thus cue weighting). We developed a cue combination model for which we first identified three length cues in the form of ratios between the mechanical variables. Second, we calculated the weights of these cues from the recorded rod movements. The model provided a remarkably good prediction of the experimental data. This strongly suggests that rod length perception by wielding is achieved through a weighted combination of three specific length cues, whereby the weighting depends on the characteristics of the exploratory movements.
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Yu, Hung-Hsiang, Alex S. Huang, and Alex L. Kolodkin. "Semaphorin-1a Acts in Concert With the Cell Adhesion Molecules Fasciclin II and Connectin to Regulate Axon Fasciculation in Drosophila." Genetics 156, no. 2 (October 1, 2000): 723–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.2.723.
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Abstract Semaphorins comprise a large family of phylogenetically conserved secreted and transmembrane glycoproteins, many of which have been implicated in repulsive axon guidance events. The transmembrane semaphorin Sema-1a in Drosophila is expressed on motor axons and is required for the generation of neuromuscular connectivity. Sema-1a can function as an axonal repellent and mediates motor axon defasciculation. Here, by manipulating the levels of Sema-1a and the cell adhesion molecules fasciclin II (Fas II) and connectin (Conn) on motor axons, we provide further evidence that Sema-1a mediates axonal defasciculation events by acting as an axonally localized repellent and that correct motor axon guidance results from a balance between attractive and repulsive guidance cues expressed on motor neurons.
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Clark, P., S. Britland, and P. Connolly. "Growth cone guidance and neuron morphology on micropatterned laminin surfaces." Journal of Cell Science 105, no. 1 (May 1, 1993): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.105.1.203.
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Neurite growth cones detect and respond to guidance cues in their local environment that determine stereotyped pathways during development and regeneration. Micropatterns of laminin (which was found to adsorb preferentially to photolithographically defined hydrophobic areas of micropatterns) were here used to model adhesive pathways that might influence neurite extension. The responses of growth cones were determined by the degree of guidance of neurite extension and also by examining growth cone morphology. These parameters were found to be strongly dependent on the geometry of the patterned laminin, and on neuron type. Decreasing the spacing of multiple parallel tracks of laminin alternating with non-adhesive tracks, resulted in decreased guidance of chick embryo brain neurons. Single isolated 2 microns tracks strongly guided neurite extension whereas 2 microns tracks forming a 4 microns period multiple parallel pattern did not. Growth cones appear to be capable of bridging the narrow non-adhesive tracks, rendering them insensitive to the smaller period multiple parallel adhesive patterns. These observations suggest that growth cones would be unresponsive to the multiple adhesive cues such as would be presented by oriented extracellular matrix or certain axon fascicle structures, but could be guided by isolated adhesive tracks. Growth cone morphology became progressively simpler on progressively narrower single tracks. On narrow period multiple parallel tracks (which did not guide neurite extension) growth cones spanned a number of adhesive/non-adhesive tracks, and their morphology suggests that lamellipodial advance may be independent of the substratum by using filopodia as a scaffold. In addition to acting as guidance cues, laminin micropatterns also appeared to influence the production of primary neurites and their subsequent branching. On planar substrata, dorsal root ganglion neurons were multipolar, with highly branched neurite outgrowth whereas, on 25 microns tracks, neurite branching was reduced or absent, and neuron morphology was typically bipolar. These observations indicate the precision with which growth cone advance may be controlled by substrata and suggest a role for patterned adhesiveness in neuronal morphological differentiation, but also highlight some of the limitations of growth cone sensitivity to substratum cues.
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D'Aniello, Cristina, Federica Cermola, Eduardo Jorge Patriarca, and Gabriella Minchiotti. "Vitamin C in Stem Cell Biology: Impact on Extracellular Matrix Homeostasis and Epigenetics." Stem Cells International 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8936156.
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Transcription factors and signaling molecules are well-known regulators of stem cell identity and behavior; however, increasing evidence indicates that environmental cues contribute to this complex network of stimuli, acting as crucial determinants of stem cell fate.L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C (VitC)) has gained growing interest for its multiple functions and mechanisms of action, contributing to the homeostasis of normal tissues and organs as well as to tissue regeneration. Here, we review the main functions of VitC and its effects on stem cells, focusing on its activity as cofactor of Fe+2/αKG dioxygenases, which regulate the epigenetic signatures, the redox status, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition, depending on the enzymes’ subcellular localization. Acting as cofactor of collagen prolyl hydroxylases in the endoplasmic reticulum, VitC regulates ECM/collagen homeostasis and plays a key role in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells towards osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and tendons. In the nucleus, VitC enhances the activity of DNA and histone demethylases, improving somatic cell reprogramming and pushing embryonic stem cell towards the naive pluripotent state. The broad spectrum of actions of VitC highlights its relevance for stem cell biology in both physiology and disease.
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Simpson, Craig G., Sujatha Manthri, Katarzyna Dorota Raczynska, Maria Kalyna, Dominika Lewandowska, Branislav Kusenda, Monika Maronova, et al. "Regulation of plant gene expression by alternative splicing." Biochemical Society Transactions 38, no. 2 (March 22, 2010): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0380667.
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AS (alternative splicing) is a post-transcriptional process which regulates gene expression through increasing protein complexity and modulating mRNA transcript levels. Regulation of AS depends on interactions between trans-acting protein factors and cis-acting signals in the pre-mRNA (precursor mRNA) transcripts, termed ‘combinatorial’ control. Dynamic changes in AS patterns reflect changes in abundance, composition and activity of splicing factors in different cell types and in response to cellular or environmental cues. Whereas the SR protein family of splicing factors is well-studied in plants, relatively little is known about other factors influencing the regulation of AS or the consequences of AS on mRNA levels and protein function. To address fundamental questions on AS in plants, we are exploiting a high-resolution RT (reverse transcription)–PCR system to analyse multiple AS events simultaneously. In the present paper, we describe the current applications and development of the AS RT–PCR panel in investigating the roles of splicing factors, cap-binding proteins and nonsense-mediated decay proteins on AS, and examining the extent of AS in genes involved in the same developmental pathway or process.
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Oliver, B., J. Singer, V. Laget, G. Pennetta, and D. Pauli. "Function of Drosophila ovo+ in germ-line sex determination depends on X-chromosome number." Development 120, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 3185–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.11.3185.
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Germ-line sex determination in Drosophila melanogaster requires an assessment of the number of X chromosomes as measured against autosomal standards (XX = female, X = male) and signaling from the soma. Both of these sex determination cues are required for female-specific Sex-lethal+ function in germ cells. The ovo+ locus encodes zinc finger protein(s) required for female-specific splicing of Sex-lethal+ pre-mRNA, making ovo+ a candidate function acting between the two principal cues and Sex-lethal+. We have made ovo reporter genes and find that they show high activity in the germ line of females and low activity in the germ line of males. XY flies transformed into somatic females do not show high levels of reporter activity, while XX flies transformed into somatic males do. This shows that high level ovo+ expression depends on the number of X chromosomes, not the somatic sexual signals. The requirement for ovo+ function is restricted to XX flies. Mutations in ovo have no effect on XY males, X0 males or XY females, but have pronounced effects on germ cell viability in XX females, XX females with sex transformed germ lines, and XX males indicating that ovo+ gene products are required for events occurring only in flies with two X chromosomes.
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Smith, Claire Friedemann, Sarah Drew, Sue Ziebland, and Brian D. Nicholson. "Understanding the role of GPs’ gut feelings in diagnosing cancer in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 698 (August 24, 2020): e612-e621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x712301.
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BackgroundGrowing evidence for the role of GPs’ gut feelings in cancer diagnosis raises questions about their origin and role in clinical practice.AimTo explore the origins of GPs’ gut feelings for cancer, their use, and their diagnostic utility.Design and settingSystematic review and meta-analysis of international research on GPs’ gut feelings in primary care.MethodSix databases were searched from inception to July 2019, and internet searches were conducted. A segregated method was used to analyse, then combine, quantitative and qualitative findings.ResultsTwelve articles and four online resources were included that described varied conceptualisations of gut feelings. Gut feelings were often initially associated with patients being unwell, rather than with a suspicion of cancer, and were commonly experienced in response to symptoms and non-verbal cues. The pooled odds of a cancer diagnosis were four times higher when gut feelings were recorded (OR 4.24, 95% confidence interval = 2.26 to 7.94); they became more predictive of cancer as clinical experience and familiarity with the patient increased. Despite being included in some clinical guidelines, GPs had varying experiences of acting on gut feelings as some specialists questioned their diagnostic value. Consequently, some GPs ignored or omitted gut feelings from referral letters, or chose investigations that did not require specialist approval.ConclusionGPs’ gut feelings for cancer were conceptualised as a rapid summing up of multiple verbal and non-verbal patient cues in the context of the GPs’ clinical knowledge and experience. Triggers of gut feelings not included in referral guidance deserve further investigation as predictors of cancer. Non-verbal cues that trigger gut feelings appear to be reliant on continuity of care and clinical experience; they tend to remain poorly recorded and are, therefore, inaccessible to researchers.
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Gilmour, Craig A., Ronald K. Crowden, and Anthony Koutoulis. "Heat shock, smoke and darkness: partner cues in promoting seed germination in Epacris tasmanica (Epacridaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 5 (2000): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99029.
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The Epacridaceae is one of the families that dominate Australian heathlands, environments prone to disturbance events such as fire and seasonal drought. To investigate the role of fire-related cues in breaking seed-dormancy mechanisms in the Epacridaceae, the influences of heat shock, darkness, direct smoke and varying concentrations of aqueous smoke solutions (5, 10 and 100%) on seed germination of the Tasmanian endemic Epacris tasmanica were examined. A small fraction (5.3%) of non-dormant E. tasmanica seed could germinate in the absence of fire-related cues. The most effective treatment for promoting seed germination was direct smoke (74.67%); however, germination with direct smoke was delayed by about two weeks when compared to other significant treatments, suggesting an initial inhibitory effect. Significant interactions were recorded between all classes of treatments (heat shock, darkness and smoke solutions), with treatments acting sequentially and additively to promote germination. The most effective combinatory treatment tested was 5% smoked water (5%S) in conjunction with darkness (D) and heat-shock (H) treatments (5%SDH), which raised germination levels to 49%. In the absence of heat shock, darkness and various concentrations of smoked water had no significant effect on seed germination. The 5%SDH treatment promoted seed germination significantly also in two wet-heathland (E. lanuginosa (42.7%) and E. obtusifolia (64.7%)) and two dry-heathland Epacris species (the Tasmanian endemic E. apsleyensis (72.7%) and the rare mainland Australian E. purpurascens (75%)). The results of this study indicate that fire-related dormancy-breaking cues act synergistically in promoting seed germination in E. tasmanica and suggesting that their level of influence may reflect the ecology of Epacris species.
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Deponti, Daniela, Roberta Buono, Giuseppina Catanzaro, Clara De Palma, Renato Longhi, Raffaella Meneveri, Nereo Bresolin, et al. "The Low-Affinity Receptor for Neurotrophins p75NTR Plays a Key Role for Satellite Cell Function in Muscle Repair Acting via RhoA." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 16 (August 15, 2009): 3620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-01-0012.
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Regeneration of muscle fibers, lost during pathological muscle degeneration or after injuries, is mediated by the production of new myofibres. This process, sustained by the resident stem cells of the muscle, the satellite cells, is finely regulated by local cues, in particular by cytokines and growth factors. Evidence in the literature suggests that nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in muscle fiber regeneration; however, its role and mechanism of action were unclear. We have investigated this issue in in vivo mouse models of muscle regeneration and in primary myogenic cells. Our results demonstrate that NGF acts through its low-affinity receptor p75NTR in a developmentally regulated signaling pathway necessary to myogenic differentiation and muscle repair in vivo. We also demonstrate that this action of NGF is mediated by the down-regulation of RhoA-GTP signaling in myogenic cells.
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Jepson, P. C., and T. P. Healy. "The location of floral nectar sources by mosquitoes: an advanced bioassay for volatile plant odours and initial studies with Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 78, no. 4 (December 1988): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015492.
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AbstractThe development and testing of a bioassay system to evaluate the potency of floral odours as mediators of long-range floral nectar source location by mosquitoes are described. The bioassay is quantitative and behaviourally discriminating, upwind flying and landing acting as indices of behavioural activity over the 24-h light:dark cycle. In initial tests, the responses of Aedes aegypti (L.) to the flowers and floral odours of ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) were investigated. A. aegypti exhibited a biphasic diel cycle of nectar-feeding behaviour and landed on modified flowers that retained either their disc or ray florets. Most significantly, the mosquitoes responded in a similar way to the odour of L. vulgare in the absence of visual stimuli or nutritional cues. They did not respond to solvent extracts of ox-eye daisy flowers.
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Lumsden, A., J. D. Clarke, R. Keynes, and S. Fraser. "Early phenotypic choices by neuronal precursors, revealed by clonal analysis of the chick embryo hindbrain." Development 120, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.6.1581.
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The mechanisms that generate diverse neuronal phenotypes within the central nervous system are thought to involve local cues or cell-cell interactions acting late in neurogenesis, perhaps as late as the last precursor cell division. We describe here a clonal analysis of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain, using an intracellular tracer to mark single precursor cells, that suggests the operation of an alternative strategy. The majority of clones, ranging from 1 to 46 cells, contained neurons of only one of several possible phenotypes. These single-phenotype clones were not positionally restricted within a rhombomere but were interspersed with other clones containing distinct phenotypes. The assignment of neuronal phenotype in this brain region may, therefore, be made in early precursors and remembered through several rounds of mitotic expansion and dispersal.
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Sassoli, Chiara, Federica Pierucci, Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini, and Elisabetta Meacci. "Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P)/ S1P Receptor Signaling and Mechanotransduction: Implications for Intrinsic Tissue Repair/Regeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 5545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225545.
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Tissue damage, irrespective from the underlying etiology, destroys tissue structure and, eventually, function. In attempt to achieve a morpho-functional recover of the damaged tissue, reparative/regenerative processes start in those tissues endowed with regenerative potential, mainly mediated by activated resident stem cells. These cells reside in a specialized niche that includes different components, cells and surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), which, reciprocally interacting with stem cells, direct their cell behavior. Evidence suggests that ECM stiffness represents an instructive signal for the activation of stem cells sensing it by various mechanosensors, able to transduce mechanical cues into gene/protein expression responses. The actin cytoskeleton network dynamic acts as key mechanotransducer of ECM signal. The identification of signaling pathways influencing stem cell mechanobiology may offer therapeutic perspectives in the regenerative medicine field. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)/S1P receptor (S1PR) signaling, acting as modulator of ECM, ECM-cytoskeleton linking proteins and cytoskeleton dynamics appears a promising candidate. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the contribution of S1P/S1PR signaling in the control of mechanotransduction in stem/progenitor cells. The potential contribution of S1P/S1PR signaling in the mechanobiology of skeletal muscle stem cells will be argued based on the intriguing findings on S1P/S1PR action in this mechanically dynamic tissue.
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Bizzarri, Mariano, Alessandra Cucina, and Sara Proietti. "Tumor Reversion: Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition as a Critical Step in Managing the Tumor-Microenvironment Cross-Talk." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 32 (December 21, 2017): 4705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170609082757.
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Tumour reversion represents a promising field of investigation. The occurrence of cancer reversion both in vitro and in vivo has been ascertained by an increasing number of reports. The reverting process may be triggered in a wide range of different cancer types by both molecular and physical cues. This process encompasses mandatorily a change in the cell-stroma interactions, leading to profound modification in tissue architecture. Indeed, cancer reversion may be obtained by only resetting the overall burden of biophysical cues acting on the cell-stroma system, thus indicating that conformational changes induced by cell shape and cytoskeleton remodelling trigger downstream the cascade of molecular events required for phenotypic reversion. Ultimately, epigenetic regulation of gene expression (chiefly involving presenilin-1 and translationally controlled tumour protein) and modulation of a few critical biochemical pathways trigger the mesenchymal-epithelial transition, deemed to be a stable cancer reversion. As cancer can be successfully ‘reprogrammed’ by modifying the dynamical cross-talk with its microenvironment thus the cell-stroma interactions must be recognized as targets for pharmacological intervention. Yet, understanding cancer reversion remains challenging and refinement in modelling such processes in vitro as well as in vivo is urgently warranted. This new approach bears huge implications, from both a theoretical and clinical perspective, as it may facilitate the design of a novel anticancer strategy focused on mimicking or activating the tumour reversion pathway.
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Guarner-Lans, Verónica, Abril Ramírez-Higuera, María Esther Rubio-Ruiz, Vicente Castrejón-Téllez, María Elena Soto, and Israel Pérez-Torres. "Early Programming of Adult Systemic Essential Hypertension." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041203.
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Cardiovascular diseases are being included in the study of developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) and essential systemic hypertension has also been added to this field. Epigenetic modifications are one of the main mechanisms leading to early programming of disease. Different environmental factors occurring during critical windows in the early stages of life may leave epigenetic cues, which may be involved in the programming of hypertension when individuals reach adulthood. Such environmental factors include pre-term birth, low weight at birth, altered programming of different organs such as the blood vessels and the kidney, and living in disadvantageous conditions in the programming of hypertension. Mechanisms behind these factors that impact on the programming include undernutrition, oxidative stress, inflammation, emotional stress, and changes in the microbiota. These factors and their underlying causes acting at the vascular level will be discussed in this paper. We also explore the establishment of epigenetic cues that may lead to hypertension at the vascular level such as DNA methylation, histone modifications (methylation and acetylation), and the role of microRNAs in the endothelial cells and blood vessel smooth muscle which participate in hypertension. Since epigenetic changes are reversible, the knowledge of this type of markers could be useful in the field of prevention, diagnosis or epigenetic drugs as a therapeutic approach to hypertension.
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Olsen, Henrik L., Åke Olofsson, and Björn Hagerman. "The effect of audibility, signal-to-noise ratio, and temporal speech cues on the benefit from fast-acting compression in modulated noise." International Journal of Audiology 44, no. 7 (January 2005): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14992020500175855.
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Lewis, Philip, Horst W. Korf, Liz Kuffer, J. Valérie Groß, and Thomas C. Erren. "Exercise time cues (zeitgebers) for human circadian systems can foster health and improve performance: a systematic review." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, no. 1 (December 2018): e000443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000443.
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BackgroundCircadian system time cues (zeitgebers) acting synergistically at the right times can foster chronobiological homeostasis and ultimately health. Modern 24/7 societies are challenging chronobiological homeostasis and public health. Exercise has been discussed as a potential zeitgeber for the human circadian system. Thus, if timed correctly, exercise may help in maintenance of chronobiological homeostasis and foster public health amidst increasingly challenging 24/7 lifestyles.ObjectiveTo test, using a systematic review of the literature, the following hypothesis: exercise is a zeitgeber for the human circadian system.Data sourcesThe PubMed database was systematically searched on 19 October 2017 for relevant scientific studies and reports concerning chronobiology and exercise. Eligibility criteria were defined to include articles considering exercise as a potential zeitgeber for human circadian rhythmicity or chronobiological effects of exercise on health and/or physical performance. Cognitive effects and effects on children were excluded from the synthesis.ResultsOur systematic literature search and synthesis is compatible with the validity of the hypothesis. We report that potential exercise-zeitgeber properties may be used to improve health and performance.ConclusionsInformed timing of exercise, specific to the circadian rhythm phase and zeitgeber exposure of the individual, must be advocated in performance and disease contexts as an adjunct therapeutic or preventative strategy and physical enhancer.
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Ambrosini, Ettore, Marcello Costantini, and Corrado Sinigaglia. "Grasping with the eyes." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 3 (September 2011): 1437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00118.2011.
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When observing someone else acting on an object, people implement goal-specific eye movement programs that are driven by their own motor representation of the observed action. Usually, however, we observe people acting in contexts where more objects, different in shape and size, are present. Is our brain able to select the intended target even when there are different objects in the visual scene? And if this is the case, what kind of information does our motor system capitalize on? We recorded eye movements while participants observed an actor reaching for and grasping one of two objects requiring two different kinds of grip to be picked up. In a control condition, the actor merely reached for and touched one of the two objects without preshaping her hand according to the target features. Results showed higher accuracy and earlier saccadic movements when participants observed an actually grasping hand than when they observed a mere reaching hand devoid of any kind of target-related preshaping. This clearly suggests that the hand preshaping provided the observer with enough motor cues to proactively and reliably saccade toward the object to be grasped, thus identifying it even when the action target was not previously known. Our findings strongly corroborate the direct matching hypothesis suggesting that in processing others' actions, we take advantage of the same motor knowledge that enables us to efficiently perform those actions.