Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cult of technology'

Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of History<br>Donald J. Mrozek<br>In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, military aviation technology grew expensive and politically divisive, and this is not without precedent. In the 1960s and 1970s, the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Falcon represented a controversial shift both in the cost of development and in tactical doctrine for the United States Air Force (USAF), yet the motivating factors that influenced their design are not fully understood. Most of the literature either has focused on a teleological exploration of technical evolution or has held to a “genius inventor” paradigm, lionizing individual engineers and planners. Other works have focused on these aircraft as factors that changed the Air Force's tactical approach to warfighting or have simply evaluated their combat performance. Although these approaches are valuable, they do not account for the effect that institutional culture and historical memory had on the F-15 and F-16 programs. This dissertation argues that the culture of the fighter pilot community was based on a constructed memory of World War I fighter combat, idealizing a heroic, romanticized image of “Knights of the Air.” This fighter pilot community attempted to influence the F-15 and F-16 programs to conform to their vision of an idealized past. Furthermore, a smaller group of these pilots, calling themselves the “Fighter Mafia” (and later the “Reformers”) radicalized these ideas, rejecting the Eagle and Falcon as not representative of their ideal vision. Through public and political activism, this group affected the discourse of military technology from the mid-1970s to the present. Drawing on David Nye’s work on the connections between technology and cultural historical narratives and identity, this work will demonstrate that culture and institutional historical memory can be important factors in driving the development of military technology.

Capes<br>A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um estudo qualitativo para verificar a relação entre a tecnologia e os saberes ancestrais tradicionais no Candomblé, em três nações de diferentes terreiros. As nações são as seguintes: Ketu, Jêje e Bantu. O terreiro Ketu localiza-se na cidade de Salvador; o terreiro Jêje localiza-se no recôncavo baiano, na cidade de Cachoeira; e o terceiro terreiro, Bantu, localiza-se na cidade de São José dos Pinhais, região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR, este sendo um terreiro rural. A proposta deste estudo nestes três terreiros é constatar a relação entre o Candomblé e a internet considerando analisar como se articula essa religião que se refere à natureza e aos valores e saberes ancestrais frente aos avanços tecnológicos. A metodologia se constituiu em analisar entrevistas realizadas com sacerdotisas e sacerdotes, bem como representantes religiosos das três nações pesquisadas. Outro foco desse trabalho foi analisar os impactos da urbanização e da perda de territorialidade, e a importância da preservação da linguagem e a oralidade nos terreiros de Candomblé e ao mesmo tempo da ancestralidade e a hierarquia nas tradições das religiões de matriz africana na África e na diáspora. A análise foi constantemente articulada com uma discussão sobre as mudanças ocorridas na legislação brasileira no que se refere aos direitos das religiões de matriz africana, considerando que essas religiões foram historicamente discriminadas, associadas ao primitivismo e à barbárie. A importância deste trabalho consiste em trazer à tona uma discussão permanente e necessária sobre intolerância religiosa e “estado laico”.<br>This research intend to develop a qualitative study to investigate the relationship between technology and traditional knowledge in traditional Candomblé in three terraces of different nations. The following nations are: Ketu, Jêje and Bantu. The yard Ketu is located in the city of Salvador, the yard Jêje recôncavo located in Bahia, in Cachoeira and the third yard, Bantu, located in the city of St. Joseph of the Pines, metropolitan region of Curitiba-PR, this being one rural yard. The purpose of this study these three terraces is observed the relationship between the internet and Candomblé considering analyze how religion articulates this relation to nature and to the values and ancestral knowledge forward to technological advances. The methodology consisted in analyzing interviews with priestesses and priests and religious representatives of the three nations surveyed. Another focus of this work was to analyze the impacts of urbanization and loss of territoriality, and the importance of preserving the language and orality in the yards of Candomblé while the ancestry and hierarchy in the traditions of African religions in Africa and in the diaspora. The analysis has been constantly linked with a discussion of the changes in Brazilian law regarding the rights of religions of African, considering that these religions were historically discriminated associated with primitivism and barbarism. The importance of this work is to bring to the fore a permanent and necessary discussion about religious intolerance and "secular state".

Published Article<br>Vision 2020 represents the preferred developmental way forward for the Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT). It defines the intention of greatly increasing the involvement of its staff and students in innovation and technology transfer activities, resulting in the CUT having a greater effect on the socioeconomic development of the region. The article describes educational processes that would prepare graduates for such activities, as well as financial and other support measures to assist (prospective) entrepreneurs to convert research outputs into commercially viable products. The potential value to such individuals of participating in formal innovation and incubation activities is also described.

L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier l’initiation de la fracture dans la technologie Smart CutTM, utilisée pour la fabrication industrielle de substrats de type silicium sur isolant (SOI). Pour cela, des études statistiques ont permis de quantifier les variabilités temporelles et spatiales du phénomène d’initiation de la fracture. Ces études ont permis de déceler l’influence de certains paramètres de fabrication sur l’initiation de la fracture mais ont aussi révélé son caractère aléatoire. Puis, le phénomène de croissance des microfissures enterrées, qui conduit in fine au déclenchement de la fracture, a été caractérisé grâce à l’utilisation de la technique de microscopie confocale en lumière infra-rouge. Cela a montré l’existence d’un comportement particulier des microfissures situées dans les zones préférentielles d’initiation qui sont à l’origine de l’initiation spontanée de la fracture. Un modèle a été proposé pour montrer comment le développement particulier de ces microfissures et leur rupture en bord d’échantillon, ou sur un défaut de collage, peut déclencher une fracture. Ensuite, l’initiation mécanique, réalisée par application d’une contrainte au niveau de l’interface de collage des substrats, a été étudiée.Un nouveau dispositif, développé dans cette thèse, a permis de mesurer la force nécessaire pour initier la fracture. Ces résultats ont ensuite été mis en relation avec des mesures de la quantité de gaz présente à l’interface de fracture pour comprendre l’évolution de la force d’initiation en fonction de différents paramètres expérimentaux. Pour finir, un procédé d’initiation mécanique compatible avec une fabrication industrielle de substrats SOI, et permettant d’améliorer le contrôle de l’étape de fracture, a été développé<br>The purpose of this thesis is to study the fracture initiation in the Smart CutTM technology, used for the industrial production of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates. For this purpose, statistical studies allowed us to quantify the temporal and spatial variability of the fracture initiation phenomenon. These studies helped to detect the influence of certainmanufacturing parameters on fracture initiation, but also revealed its randomnature. Then, the growth phenomenon of buried microcracks, which ultimately leads to fracture initiation, was characterized using the technique of confocal microscopy with infrared light. This showed the existence of a particular behaviour of the microcracks located in the preferential initiation zones which are at the origin of the spontaneous initiation of the fracture. A model has been proposed to showhowthe particular development of these microcracks and their rupture at the edge of the sample, or on a bonding defect, can trigger a fracture. Then, mechanical initiation, performed by applying stress at the bonding interface of the substrates, was studied. A new device, developed in this thesis, allowed to measure the force necessary to initiate the fracture. These results were then related to measurements of the gas quantity at the fracture interface in order to understand the evolution of the initiation force as a function of different experimental parameters. Finally, a mechanical initiation process compatible with an industrial SOI substrate fabrication, and allowing to improve the control of the fracture step, was developed

Este trabalho introduz o conceito de cortes k e cortes kl sobre um circuito mapeado, em uma representação netlist. Esta nova abordagem é derivada do conceito de cortes k e cortes kl sobre AIGs (and inverter graphs), respeitando as diferenças entre essas duas formas de representar um circuito. As principais diferenças são: (1) o número de entradas em um nodo do grafo, e (2) a presença de inversores e buffers de forma explícita no circuito mapeado. Um algoritmo para enumerar cortes k e cortes kl é proposto e implementado. A principal motivação de usar cortes kl sobre circuitos mapeados é para realizar otimizações locais na síntese lógica de circuitos digitais. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é uma abordagem nova de remapeamento iterativo, utilizando cortes kl, reduzindo a área do circuito e respeitando as restrições de temporização do circuito. O uso de portas lógicas complexas pode potencialmente reduzir a área total de um circuito, mas elas precisam ser escolhidas corretamente de forma a manter as restrições de temporização do circuito. Ferramentas comerciais de síntese lógica trabalham melhor com portas lógicas simples e não são capazes de explorar eventuais vantagens em utilizar portas lógicas complexas. A abordagem proposta de remapeamento iterativo utilizando cortes kl é capaz de explorar uma quantidade maior de portas lógicas com funções lógicas diferentes, reduzindo a área do circuito, e mantendo as restrições de temporização intactas ao fazer uma checagem STA (análise temporal estática). Resultados experimentais mostram uma redução de até 38% de área na parte combinacional de circuitos para um subconjunto de benchmarks IWLS 2005, quando comparados aos resultados de ferramentas comerciais de síntese lógica. Outra contribuição deste trabalho é um novo modelo de rendimento (yield) para fabricação de circuitos integrados (IC) digitais, considerando problemas de resolução da etapa de litografia como uma fonte de diminuição do yield. O uso de leiautes regulares pode melhorar bastante a resolução da etapa de litografia, mas existe um aumento de área significativo ao se introduzir a regularidade. Esta é a primeira abordagem que considera o compromisso (trade off) de portas lógicas com diferentes níveis de regularidade e diferentes áreas durante a síntese lógica, de forma a melhorar o yield do projeto. A ferramenta desenvolvida de remapeamento tecnológico utilizando cortes kl foi modificada de forma a utilizar esse modelo de yield como função custo, de forma a aumentar o número de boas amostras (dies) por lâmina de silício (wafer), com resultados promissores.<br>This work introduces the concept of k-cuts and kl-cuts on top of a mapped circuit in a netlist representation. Such new approach is derived from the concept of k-cuts and klcuts on top of AIGs (and inverter graphs), respecting the differences between these two circuit representations. The main differences are: (1) the number of allowed inputs for a logic node, and (2) the presence of explicit inverters and buffers in the netlist. Algorithms for enumerating k-cuts and kl-cuts on top of a mapped circuit are proposed and implemented. The main motivation to use kl-cuts on top mapped circuits is to perform local optimization in digital circuit logic synthesis. The main contribution of this work is a novel iterative remapping approach using klcuts, reducing area while keeping the timing constraints attained. The use of complex gates can potentially reduce the circuit area, but they have to be chosen wisely to preserve timing constraints. Logic synthesis commercial design tools work better with simple cells and are not capable of taking full advantage of complex cells. The proposed iterative remapping approach can exploit a larger amount of logic gates, reducing circuit area, and respecting global timing constraints by performing an STA (static timing analysis) check. Experimental results show that this approach is able to reduce up to 38% in area of the combinational portion of circuits for a subset of IWLS 2005 benchmarks, when compared to results obtained from logic synthesis commercial tools. Another contribution of this work is a novel yield model for digital integrated circuits (IC) manufacturing, considering lithography printability problems as a source of yield loss. The use of regular layouts can improve the lithography, but it results in a significant area overhead by introducing regularity. This is the first approach that considers the tradeoff of cells with different level of regularity and different area overhead during the logic synthesis, in order to improve overall design yield. The technology remapping tool based on kl-cuts developed was modified in order to use such yield model as cost function, improving the number of good dies per wafer, with promising interesting results.

Published Article<br>The former Technikon Free State, now the CUT, was concerned about the academic achievements of students and decided to introduce a programme to enhance the outcomes of student learning. The then Technikon initially identified weak performers and advised / compelled them to attend special classes. This programme proved to be unsuccessful due to the potential stigma associated with attending special classes. The Technikon commenced with its first research initiatives to implement supplemental instruction (SI) in 1993. The founders of SI, Profs Diana Martin and Robert Blanc of the University of Kansas City in Missouri, USA, presented demonstrations at joint workshops and also invited attendees to attend SI workshops in the USA. Soon permission was granted to implement SI at this institution in 1993. A new dimension to the concept of SI, namely to record SI lectures for discussion afterwards was added.

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 18, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

Le sujet de cette thèse est lié à l'étape d'implantation de la technologie Smart Cut™. Cette technologie utilise l'hydrogène pour transférer des couches de silicium sur des substrats isolants. Le transfert se fait par une fracture induite par la formation des défauts bidimensionnels appelés dans la littérature des plaquettes (en anglais « platelets »). Plus précisément, nous avons étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse les défauts qui apparaissent dans l'état post implantation et leur évolution de l'endommagement d'implantation vers l'état qui contient des plaquettes. L'étude est organisée en deux parties : une première partie qui contient les résultats obtenus par simulation atomistique et une deuxième partie qui contient l'étude par spectroscopie infrarouge de l'évolution des concentrations des défauts suites à des recuits à différentes températures. Les simulations atomistiques ont été effectuées dans le cadre de la théorie de la fonctionnelle densité et ont permis de calculer des énergies de formation et de migration/recombinaisons. Les défauts étudiés sont les interstitiels d'hydrogène atomique et moléculaire, des lacunes et multi-lacunes hydrogénées et finalement des différents modèles de plaquettes. Ces énergies ont permis réaliser un schéma hiérarchique de stabilité des défauts. Ce schéma a été confronté avec des analyses infrarouge sur des échantillons de silicium implanté par hydrogène (à 37 keV) dans le régime dit de «sous-dose» qui ne permets habituellement la formation immédiate des plaquettes lors de l'étape de l'implantation. Ces analyses ont permis de discriminer des évolutions des concentrations de défauts déduites des comportements lors des recuits des pics correspondants aux défauts. La comparaison entre ces évolutions et le schéma énergétique a permis de valider un scénario d'évolution des défauts vers l'état plaquette<br>The topic of this thesis is related to the implantation step of the Smart Cut™ technology. This technology uses hydrogen in order to transfer silicon layers on insulating substrates. The transfer is performed through a fracture induced by the formation of bidimensional defects well known in Iiterature as "platelets". More exactly, we have studied within this thesis work the defects appearing in the post implant state and the evolution of the implantation damage towards a state dominated by platelets. The study is organised into two parts: in the first part we present the results obtained by atomic scale simulations while the second part we present an infrared spectroscopy study of the evolution of defects concentrations after annealing at different temperatures. The atomic scale simulations have been performed within the density functional theory and they allowed us to compute the formation energies and the migration and recombination barriers. The defects included in our study are: the atomic and diatomic interstitials, the hydrogenated vacancies and multivacancies and the several platelets models. The obtained energies allowed us to build a stability hierarchy for these types of defects. This scheme has been confronted with some infrared analysis on hydrogen implanted silicon samples (37 keV) in a sub-dose regime which does not allow usually the formation of platelets during the implantation step. The analysis of the infrared data allowed the detailed description of the defects concentration based on the behaviour of peaks corresponding to the respective defects during annealing. The comparison between these evolutions and the energy scheme obtained previously allowed the validation of an evolution scenario of defects towards the platelet state

La technologie Smart Cut™ est un procédé générique de transfert de couches minces utilisé pour la fabrication des substrats silicium sur isolant (SOI) à l’échelle industrielle. L’implantation d’ions légers dans un substrat de silicium oxydé mène à la formation d’une zone fragilisée enterrée au sein du cristal. Ce substrat implanté est ensuite solidarisé à un support mécanique grâce à la technique de collage par adhésion moléculaire. Sous l’effet de la température, les espèces implantées évoluent sous la forme de microfissures qui se développent de manière parallèle à la surface. Après recuit, une fracture se déclenche au niveau de la zone implantée et permet le report de la fine couche monocristalline. L’objet de cette thèse est d’étudier l’aspect dynamique de cette étape de fracture.Pour ce faire, la vitesse de rupture et la déformation des plaques à l’arrière du front de fracture ont tout d’abord été mesurées à l’aide d’un montage optique original qui a ensuite été étendu aux études sur plaque entière 300mm. Ces données ont ensuite été modélisées. Dans un deuxième temps, l’interaction entre le front de fracture et des ondes acoustiques émises dynamiquement au cours de sa propagation a été étudiée. Celle-ci conduit à l’apparition récurrente d’un motif périodique sur le faciès de rupture qui consiste en une très faible variation de rugosité sur de très grandes périodes (mm). Des mesures expérimentales permettent tout d’abord de mettre en évidence cette émission acoustique et d’étudier ses caractéristiques. La modélisation physique du phénomène puis sa simulation numérique permettent ensuite de retrouver la forme typique de ce motif. Enfin, des solutions technologiques sont proposées pour empêcher son apparition sur le faciès de rupture des plaques SOI<br>The Smart Cut™ technology is a generic way of transferring very thin layers of crystalline material onto a mechanical substrate. It is currently the industrial standard for Silicon On Insulator (SOI) manufacturing. The implantation of relatively high doses of gas ions in a thermally oxidized silicon substrate leads to the formation of a buried weakened layer in the crystal. The implanted wafer is then bonded onto a host substrate using direct wafer bonding. Under annealing, the implanted species evolve into microcracks lying parallel to the surface, and a controlled fracture process finally occurs along the implanted layer. The aim of this thesis is to study the dynamics of this fracture step.First of all, the fracture velocity and the deformation profile behind the crack tip have been measured using an original optical setup, which has been extended to full wafer studies. A model has been established to explain these data. Then, the interaction of the fracture front with self-generated acoustic waves has been studied. This interaction leads to the appearance of a macroscopic periodic pattern on post-split SOI wafers which is made of small variations of the SOI roughness on very large periods (mm). Experimental studies are first carried out to look at the fracture acoustic emission for different experimental conditions. Numerical simulations based on acoustic phase calculations are then performed to recover the typical pattern shape, with results consistent with experimental data. Finally, technologic solutions are proposed to prevent the pattern formation on the post-split SOI wafers

Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Quality of certain Leucospermum and Leucadendron cultivars after approximately 21 days shipping has been reported to be substandard due to ‘drying out’ of leaves and, in the case of Leucadendrons, involucral leaves. The nature of the symptoms of this ‘drying out’ and the conditions under which they form, viz. long exposures to low temperatures, has led us to hypothesize that these are symptoms of chilling injury (CI). Chilling injury, as far as we are aware, has not been documented on Leucospermums or Leucadendrons. Typical CI symptomology is discussed and shown for Leucospermum ‘Gold Dust’, ‘High Gold’ and ‘Succession’ and for Leucadendron ‘Chameleon’, ‘Laurel Yellow’ and ‘Safari Sunset’. The nature of CI symptoms for Leucospermums and Leucadendrons was generally membranous breakdown that manifested in some cases as a ‘water soaked’ appearance which, at a more advanced stage, was generally visible as ‘dried out’ patches on the leaves. In the case of the Leucadendrons CI was also visible on the immature involucral leaves which are more sensitive to chilling conditions than mature leaves. Dark discoloration of especially immature involucral leaves is also a symptom of CI. As water uptake of shoots with chilling injury is hindered the styles of the Leucospermums wilt. As can be expected, the lower the temperature below the threshold temperature and the longer the exposure the more severe the symptoms. CI was recorded on cut flower shoots of Leucospermum ‘Gold Dust’, ‘High Gold’, ‘Rigoletto’, ‘Succession’ and ‘Vlam’ after 21 and 24 days storage at 1ºC. After 24 days storage the chilling injury was more severe than after 21 days storage in most cases. Each cultivar was pulsed with 5 ml per stem of a 2% (w/v) sugar solution of either lactulose, sucrose, glucose, fructose or mannose before storage. After storage, CI was recorded on day 0, 3, 7 and 10 of the vase phase. Of the cultivars tested ‘Vlam’ and especially ‘Rigoletto’ were more prone to chilling injury development. ‘High Gold’ and ‘Vlam’ shoots were pulsed with 0 (control), 1.5, 3 or 4% (w/v) solutions of either mannose or fructose. The best control of CI for both cultivars was achieved with 1.5% (w/v) solution. Lower concentrations of mannose and fructose were tested on ‘High Gold’ shoots, with a 1% (w/v) solution giving the best control for both. At high concentrations signs of toxicity became evident directly after pulsing. ‘High Gold’ shoots were pulsed with 1% (w/v) solutions of mannose and fructose and sugar analyses were performed on shoots at different stages of storage and after 10 days in the vase. A slight increase in mannose and fructose was detectable in the stems of the shoots directly after pulsing but not in the leaves or the inflorescences. This is due to the low concentrations being used. The levels of all the carbohydrates decreased during the 21 days storage and more so during the vase phase of the flowering shoots. The fact that such low concentrations were effective in controlling chilling injury suggests that the sugars may have an effect other than on the osmotic potential. Cut ‘flower’ shoots of Leucadendron ‘Chameleon’, ‘Laurel Yellow’ and ‘Safari Sunset’ were stored for 14, 21 and 28 days, at 1º, 3º and 5ºC and CI development recorded during the subsequent 10 day vase phase. ‘Laurel Yellow’ and ‘Safari Sunset’ showed signs of chilling injury on the leaves after 28 days storage at 3ºC or lower and ‘Safari Sunset’ stored for 21 days developed chilling injury during the vase phase. Immature involucral leaves were more sensitive to chilling injury than leaves. CI increased with longer exposure times and lower storage temperatures for all three cultivars evaluated. ‘Chameleon’ was the most chilling tolerant of the cultivars up to 21 days. At 5ºC chilling injury was low irrespective of cold storage duration but longer exposures to 1º and 3ºC resulted in increased chilling injury development during the vase phase. All three cultivars were pulsed with 5 ml per stem of a 1% (w/v) solution of lactulose, sucrose, glucose, fructose or mannose and stored for 14, 21 and 28 days at 1ºC. The sugars reduced chilling injury on the leaves for ‘Safari Sunset’ when stored for 28 days and, to a lesser extent, in ‘Chameleon’. The sugars failed to reduce chilling injury of the involucral leaves of ‘Chameleon’ and ‘Laurel Yellow’ whereas there was some control especially after 28 days for ‘Safari Sunset’. In some cases the sugar pulse exacerbated chilling injury. Chilling injury generally increased rapidly after storage during the first three days in the vase and then at a lower rate for the next seven days. Leucadendron ‘Chameleon’, ‘Laurel Yellow’ and ‘Safari Sunset’ ‘cut flower’ shoots were pulsed with a 1% (w/v) glucose solution. Expressed on a dry weight basis, an increase in glucose concentration was not detected. The reduction in chilling injury of leaves by a sugar pulse is speculated, as for the Leucospermums, to be as a result of their presence in the apoplast and not the symplast and that their presence there protects the membranes against chilling conditions in some way.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kwaliteit van sekere Leucospermum en Leucadendron kultivars na ongeveer 21 dae verskeping is waargeneem as substandaard as gevolg van die uitdroog van blare en, in die geval van Leucadendrons, die ‘involucral’ blare. Die aard van die simptome van hierdie uitdroging en die toestande waaronder dit plaasvind nl. lang periodes van blootstelling aan lae temperature, het ons tot die hipotese gebring dat hierdie simptome van koueskade is. Sover as wat ons bewus is, is koueskade nog nie gedokumenteer op Leucospermums of Leucadendrons nie. Tipiese koueskade simptomologie word bespreek en gewys vir Leucospermum ‘Gold Dust’, ‘High Gold’ en ‘Succession’ en vir Leucadendron ‘Chameleon’, ‘Laurel Yellow’ en ‘Safari Sunset’. Die koueskade simptome vir Leucospermums en Leucadendrons was oor die algemeen membraan afbraak wat ‘n water deurdrenkte voorkoms tot gevolg gehad het wat in ‘n meer gevorderde stadium sigbaar was as uitgedroogde kolle op die blare. In die geval van Leucadendrons was koueskade ook sigbaar op die onvolwasse ‘involucral’ blare wat meer sensitief is vir koue toestande as volwasse blare. Donker verkleuring van veral onvolwasse ‘involucral’ blare is ook ‘n simptoom van koueskade. Aangesien wateropname van stele met koueskade verhinder word, verwelk die ‘styles’ van die Leucospermums. Soos verwag kan word hoe laer die temperature onder die drempel temperatuur en hoe langer die blootstelling, hoe meer ernstig die simptome. Koueskade is aangeteken op gesnyde blomstele van Leucospermum ‘Gold Dust’, ‘High Gold’, ‘Rigoletto’, ‘Succession’ en ‘Vlam’ na 21 en 24 dae opberging by 1°C. Na 24 dae opberging was die koueskade meer ernstig as na 21 dae opberging in meeste gevalle. Elke kultivar het 5ml per steel van ‘n 2% (g/v) suiker oplossing van laktolose, sucrose, glucose, fruktose of mannose voor opberging opgeneem. Na opberging is koueskade aangeteken op dag 0, 3, 7 en 10. Van die kultivars wat getoets is, was ‘Vlam’ en veral ‘Rigoletto’ meer geneig tot koueskade ontwikkeling. ‘High Gold’ en ‘Vlam’ stele is geplaas in oplossings van 0 (kontrole), 1.5, 3 of 4 % (g/v) oplossings van mannose of fruktose. Die beste beheer van koueskade vir beide kultivars is deur die 1.5 (g/v) oplossing behaal. Laer konsentrasies van mannose en fruktose is getoets op ‘High Gold’ stele met ‘n 1% (g/v) mannose oplossing wat die beste beheer gegee het. Met hoë konsentrasies het tekens van toksisiteit sigbaar geword direk na opneem van die oplossing. ‘High Gold’ stele is geplaas in 1% (g/v) oplossings van mannose of fruktose en suiker analises is uitgevoer op stele by verskillende stadiums van opberging en na 10 dae in die vaas. ‘n Effense toename in mannose en fruktose is waargeneem in die stele van die blomme direk na opname van die oplossing, maar nie in die blare of die blomme nie. Dit is as gevolg van die lae konsentrasies wat gebruik is. Die vlakke van al die koolhidrate het afgeneem gedurende die 21 dae opberging en nog meer so gedurende die vaas periode van die blommende stele. Die feit dat sulke lae konsentrasies effektief is in die beheer van koueskade dui daarop dat die suikers ‘n effek het anders as op die osmotiese potensiaal. Snyblomme van Leucadendron ‘Chameleon’, ‘Laurel Yellow’ en ‘Safari Sunset’ is opgeberg vir 14, 21 en 28 dae, by 1º, 3º en 5°C en koueskade ontwikkeling is aangeteken gedurende die opvolgende 10 dae vaas periode. ‘Laurel Yellow’ en ‘Safari Sunset’ het tekens gewys van koueskade op die blare na 28 dae opberging by 3°C of laer en ‘Safari Sunset’ opgeberg vir 21 dae het koueskade ontwikkel gedurende die vaas periode. Onvolwasse ‘involucral’ blare was meer sensitief vir koueskade as die blare. Koueskade het toegeneem met langer blootstellingstye en laer opbergins temperature vir al drie kultivars geëvalueer. ‘Chameleon’ was die mees koueverdraagsaam van die drie kultivars tot op 21 dae. By 5°C was laag ongeag van die koue opberging tydperk, maar langer blootstellings aan 1º en 3°C het gelei tot toename in koueskade ontwikkeling gedurende die vaas periode. Al drie kultivars is voorsien met 5ml per steel van ‘n 1% (g/v) oplossing van lactulose, sucrose, glucose, fruktose of mannose en opgeberg vir 14, 21 en 28 dae by 1°C. Die suikers het koueskade verminder op die blare van ‘Safari Sunset’ wanneer opgeberg vir 28 dae en, tot ‘n mindere mate, in ‘Chameleon’. Die suikers het egter nie koueskade verminder van die ‘involucral’ blare van ‘Chameleon’ en ‘Laurel Yellow’ nie, waar daar egter wel in ‘n mate beheer was veral na 28 dae vir ‘Safari Sunset’. In sommige gevalle het die voorsiening van suiker die koueskade vererger. Koueskade het oor die algemeen vinnig toegeneem na opberging gedurende die eerste drie dae in die vaas en dan teen ‘n laer tempo vir die volgende sewe dae. Leucadendron ‘Chameleon’, ‘Laurel Yellow’ en ‘Safari Sunset’ snyblom stele is voorsien van ‘n 1% (g/v) glukose oplossing. Uitgedruk op ‘n droëmassa basis is ‘n toename in glukose konsentrasie nie waargeneem nie. Die afname in koueskade van blare deur die voorsiening van ‘n suiker oplossing is gespekuleer vir die Leucospermums, om ‘n resultaat te wees van hulle teenwoordigheid in die apoplas en nie die simplas nie, en dat die teenwoordigheid daar die membrane op ‘n manier beskerm teen koue toestande.

Research Project focused on developing innovative devices using the low-cost sensors to obtain the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) as well as obtain a good water quality as a 2nd treatment in the Wastewater Treatment Plant. In addition to sensor calibration, the multi-parameter monitor prototype were tested in several contexts: a) Laboratory scale with natural soil columns, to figure out the sensor response under controlled conditions, calibration and validation; b) Field scale in many geological contexts, for Air-Soil quality (methane and carbon dioxide measurements): Natural Gas Storage Site in Minerbio, Italy; Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing activities in Greeley, CO, USA; for Water Quality: Wastewater Treatment Plant in Algarve, Portugal. The monitoring system provided a huge set of data for which can be used statistical analysis, management and processing (Big DATA). The source identification of greenhouse gas emissions is identified in several IPCC reports that climate change is the major emergency for the socio / economic / environmental equilibrium of Earth planet. No outliers were identified as methane gas concentrations at Minerbio gas storage site, Italy and at Hydraulic activities in Greeley, Colorado. The soil column experiments for infiltration basins in the Wastewater treatment plant in Algarve, Portugal, gave us good results, the water quality was improved after the 2nd treatment. The low-cost sensors (gas – water) gave as a good calibration and validation with r2 coefficient of correlation of 0.70 – 0.96.<br>Il progetto di ricerca si è concentrato sullo sviluppo di dispositivi innovativi utilizzando i sensori a basso costo per ottenere le concentrazioni di gas (GHG) quali anidride carbonica (CO2) e metano (CH4) e ottenere una buona qualità dell'acqua come secondo trattamento nelle acque reflue nell’impianto di trattamento. Oltre alla calibrazione del sensore, il prototipo di monitoraggio multiparametro è stato testato in diversi contesti: a) Nel laboratorio con colonne di terreno naturali, suoli, per determinare la risposta del sensore in condizioni controllate, calibrazione e validazione; b) Scala di campo in molti contesti geologici, per la qualità Aria-suolo (misure di metano e anidride carbonica, radon) nel sito di stoccaggio di gas naturale a Minerbio, Italia; Attività di perforazione e fratturazione idraulica in Greeley, Colorado, USA; per la qualità dell'acqua: impianto di trattamento delle acque reflue in Algarve, Portogallo. Il sistema di monitoraggio ha fornito un enorme set di dati per i quali è stato possibile utilizzare analisi statistiche, gestione ed elaborazione (Big DATA). L'identificazione della fonte delle emissioni di gas è stata identificata in diversi rapporti dell'IPCC secondo cui i cambiamenti climatici rappresentano l'emergenza principale per l'equilibrio socio / economico / ambientale del pianeta Terra. Non sono stati identificati valori anomali come concentrazioni di gas metano nel sito di stoccaggio di Minerbio (Italia) e nelle attività di perforazione in Greeley, Colorado, USA. Gli esperimenti con la colonna di terreno per i bacini di infiltrazione nell'impianto di trattamento delle acque reflue in Algarve, in Portogallo, ci hanno dato buoni risultati, la qualità dell'acqua è stata migliorata dopo il 2 ° trattamento. I sensori a basso costo (gas - acqua) per la qualita’ dell’aria e del suolo, hanno fornito una buona calibrazione e validazione con coefficiente di correlazione r2 di 0,70 - 0,96.

Le tantalate de lithium (LiTaO3) et le niobate de lithium (LiNbO3) sont des matériaux ferroélectriques aux propriétés physiques remarquables. Leur utilisation sous forme de couches minces monocristallines reportées sur un substrat hôte représente un intérêt majeur dans de nombreux domaines de recherche tels que les mémoires, la radiofréquence, l’optique. . . La technologie Smart Cut™ permet le report de couches minces monocristallines. Elle est basée sur la combinaison de deux techniques, l’implantation ionique et le collage direct. Le travail développé dans cette thèse a été consacré à la réalisation de substrats innovants intégrant une couche sub-micrométrique de LiTaO3 ou de LiNbO3, par application de la technologie Smart Cut™. En premier lieu, l’étape d’implantation ionique (ions hydrogène et hélium) en vue de la fracture a été particulièrement investiguée. Des comportements différents entre les deux matériaux ont été observés et analysés. Dans un deuxième temps, la technologie Smart Cut™ a été appliquée avec succès et a permis de reporter des couches minces monocristallines de LiTaO3 et LiNbO3 sur une électrode métallique. Des analyses physico-chimiques et électriques ont permis d’évaluer et de comprendre l’impact du procédé de transfert sur les propriétés du LiTaO3 et du LiNbO3. En particulier, il a été nécessaire de développer des traitements de finition spécifiques à ces nouveaux matériaux. Ainsi, la qualité finale des couches obtenues s’avère être proche de celle d’un matériau massif, notamment du point de vue des caractéristiques ferroélectriques et piézoélectrique. Ces résultats ont permis, en collaboration avec des laboratoires applicatifs du CEA, de réaliser de premiers dispositifs simples dans le domaine des mémoires et des filtres acoustiques de volume (BAW). Les résultats électriques obtenus sont au niveau de l’état de l’art mondial. Ce travail permet d’ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine des substrats à base de couches minces piézoélectriques ou ferroélectriques<br>The increasing demand for high performance devices makes single crystal with high physical properties more and more important for telecommunication, memories, or pyroelectric detectors applications. Among crystals potentially capable to increase device performance and to extend those applications area, lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) and lithium niobate (LiNbO3) are materials of choice. In this work, we present the potentiality of the Smart Cut™ technology to realize innovative and generic substrates composed with thin single crystal layer of LiTaO3 and LiNbO3. The Smart Cut™ technology is a technology based on two main techniques; ion implantation and direct wafer bonding. In a first time, fracture mechanisms with H+ and He ion implantation have been investigated; different behaviours according to the used ion have been highlighted and explained. In a second time, using the Smart cut™ technology, 3 inches full wafer transfers of sub-micron layers have been achieved. The crystalline quality of transferred layers, as well as their ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties have been characterized and were found to be close to single crystal bulk material properties. Those results enabled in collaboration with applicative laboratories of CEA-LETI to realise some simple devices in the field of ferroelectric probe memories and RF bulk acoustic wave filters (BAW). Results obtained were in both cases close to the state of the art and demonstrate the potentiality of this technology to create a new family of engineered substrates based on thin single crystal layers of ferroelectric and/or piezoelectric materials

Published Article<br>In their research as well as their teaching, universities of technology (UoTs) expect to be infused by the application of technology and to be integrally related to the world of work. At the same time, research at UoTs is characteristically innovatory, in the specific sense of transforming research discoveries into products or services that are user-oriented and commercially viable. Since practical problems and user needs do not respect disciplinary boundaries it follows, firstly, that such research at a UoT will in some sense not respect disciplinary boundaries, i.e. it will have to connect, cross, or integrate traditional disciplines. This paper seeks accordingly conceptually to differentiate the relevant senses of multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinary (MIT) research. It then characterises the fourteen current research programmes at Central University of Technology (CUT) in these regards, comparing the findings from interviews with the programme leaders with the insights of the authors. Secondly, in that most research at UoTs is also expected to be innovatory, it is demanded of researchers that they also master the skill of researching the feasible applications of findings, developing products, and envisaging commercialisation; and handing the stakeholder relationships that arise in these interactions. The interviews further indicate the extent to which the respective programmes have moved down the MIT road. They also reveal that the challenges that are faced by the programmes are overwhelming generic rather than specifically MIT-related. Some strategic recommendations are extracted from the findings.

This master´s thesis focuses on the basic principles of the nonconventional technology of electrical discharge machining (EDM) with an emphasis on wire-cut electrical discharge machining performed in a mediumsized company. The thesis deals with manufacture of a belt pulley 75-8M-130, and checks of accuracy of wire-cut EDM machines. Following the study of the current status of electrical discharge machining in the engineering company, measures for assurance and increase of accuracy of wire-cut EDM machines are proposed.

Optimal cut plans for cutter suction dredgers aim to maximize operational efficiency. Maximizing operational efficiency involves minimization of stoppage time resulting from non-productive dredger movements. To automate a systematic search for optimal twodimensional cut plans for cutter suction dredgers two models with an adaptive simulated annealing-based solution approach were developed. The first model, the dredge cut nesting model, optimizes irregular stock cutting problems where stencils represent dredge cuts and sheets represent dredging areas. Stencils are collections of unit dredge cuts with dimensions related to an effective cutting width which can be achieved with the cutter suction dredger considered. The objectives of the dredge cut nesting model are to maximize sheet coverage and to minimize stencil overlap. Centroids of unit dredge cuts of final nest layouts are extracted and used as grid nodes in the second model. The second model, the dredger routing model, optimizes asymmetric travelling salesperson problems with turning costs. The objectives of the dredger routing model are to minimize total route length and sum of turning angles, and to maximize average link length. A link consists of two or more route edges which are aligned with each other to within specified limits. A significant result of this research is that an engineering application of both models showed that two-dimensional cut plans for cutter suction dredgers can be systematically optimized and that dredger routes with minimum turning costs can be found. However, results also showed that the dredger routing model is not yet sophisticated enough to find cut plans for cutter suction dredgers for which overall project execution time is minimal.

Doctor of Philosophy<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>Michael E. Dikeman<br>Sixty cull cows were utilized to investigate the effects of feeding a single or sequence of β-adrenergic agonists (β-AA) on performance, mRNA expression, carcass traits, economics, meat palatability, and ground beef color. Treatments included: 1) concentrate fed for 74 d (C); 2) concentrate fed for 49 d then supplemented with ractopamine-HCl for 25 d (RH); 3) concentrate fed for 51 d then supplemented with zilpaterol-HCl for 20 d (ZH); 4), concentrate fed for 26 d then supplemented with RH for 25 d followed by ZH for 20 d (RH + ZH). No differences existed among treatments for performance or carcass characteristics. However, cows supplemented with ZH (ZH and RH + ZH treatments) had increased LM areas (P = 0.18) compared to control and RH cows. Sequential feeding of RH followed by ZH had no influence on β2-adrenergic receptor (AR) mRNA expression. However, β2-AR mRNA was increased (P < 0.05) in the RH and ZH treatments when RH or ZH was supplemented during the last 20 to 25 d of feeding. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) Type IIa mRNA decreased (P < 0.05) from d 24 to 51 in all cows, while MHC-IIx increased (P < 0.05) in the ZH and RH + ZH treatments during ZH supplementation. No differences were observed in ground beef color shelf-life among treatments. Effects of β-AA supplementation on meat palatability varied among muscles. Infraspinatus steaks had improved (P < 0.05) WBSF values with β-AA supplementation. Psoas major steaks from the RH + ZH treatment were rated as more tender than steaks from all other treatments. Non-enhanced LM steaks from ZH supplemented cows had higher (P = 0.12) WBSF values along with decreased (P < 0.0001) percentages of degraded desmin compared to control and RH cows. Collagen solubility of the LM was increased with ZH supplementation compared to RH and control cows. Enhancement of steaks with 0.1 M calcium lactate improved LM tenderness of β-AA supplemented cows. Implanting and feeding cull cows for 74 d, regardless of β-AA supplementation, added value by transiting cows from a “cull” cow to “white” cow market.

This thesis is oriented to technological and design direction. It is focused on the upgrading of existing machinery from a structural perspective. There is studied the impact of design modifications to the existing production process from a technological point of view. This thesis is specifically concentrated on the technology division of the material, especially on the technology cutting-off in dry condition. There is examined the ability of self-sharpening cutting tools and the quality of the final product under varying input conditions. The job is finished by the carried out techno-economic evaluation, where are compared the costs of the structural adjustments in comparison with mechanical equipment, that could be purchased on the market. The thesis is finished with overall analysis of the optimal efficiency of the production process.

This thesis deals with technology of electric discharge machining with emphasis on application of the principle of material removal on wire cut electric discharge machine. The main part is concentrated on wire cut electric discharge machining in terms of a small tool making shop. The goal of the thesis is to create a wire cut electric discharge machining workplace in the company with a focus on the production of cutting tools. The thesis defines requirements for each component of cutting tools and strategies for their machining. Machining of model part and subsequent technical - economic evaluation is included in the final part.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de la cinétique de Smart Cut™ dans du silicium après implantation hydrogène, pour des températures de recuit comprises entre 500°C et 1300°C. Ainsi, la cinétique de séparation de couches (splitting) est caractérisée en considérant des recuits dans un four à moufle ainsi que des recuits laser. Sur la base de cette caractérisation, un modèle physique, basé sur le comportement de l’hydrogène implanté durant le recuit, est proposé. Le modèle s’appuie sur des caractérisations SIMS de l’évolution de la concentration d’hydrogène durant le recuit, ainsi que sur des simulations numériques. Le modèle propose une explication aux propriétés des films obtenus en fonction des conditions de recuit et mesurées par microscopie optique, AFM ainsi que par des mesures des énergies d’interfaces. Sur la base du modèle de splitting obtenu, deux procédés de fabrication de films de silicium sont proposés pour l’élaboration de matériaux de silicium sur saphir et verre par recuit laser ainsi que pour l’élaboration de feuilles de silicium monocristallin par épitaxie en phase liquide sur substrat silicium implanté. L’étude de premier procédé prouve pour la première fois la possibilité d’appliquer le procédé Smart Cut™ sur des substrats de silicium implanté. Les films ainsi obtenus présentent des grandes surfaces de transfert (wafer de 200 mm), ce qui présente un grand intérêt industriel. L’étude propose différentes caractérisations des films obtenus (AFM, profilométrie optique, mesure 4 pointe). Le deuxième procédé est démontré en utilisant des bancs d’épitaxie en phase liquide de silicium (température supérieure à 1410°C) afin d’effectuer des dépôts sur des substrats de silicium implantés. Les films obtenus montrent un grand degré de croissance épitaxiale (jusqu’à 90% du film déposé mesuré par EBSD) et présentent une épaisseur aussi faible que 100 µm. D’autre part, le détachement par Smart Cut™ des films ainsi déposés est démontré<br>At first, the thesis studies the kinetics of Smart Cut™ in silicon implanted with hydrogen ions for annealing temperature in the range 500°C-1300°C. The kinetics is characterized by using a specially-dedicated furnace and by considering laser annealing. Based on the related characterization and observations, a physical model is established based on the behavior of implanted hydrogen during annealing. The model is strengthened by SIMS characterization focused on the evolution of hydrogen during annealing and on numerical calculations. Additionally, the model proposes an explanation for the properties of the obtained films as a function of the annealing conditions, based on optical microscope and AFM observations and bonding energy characterization. Based on this splitting model, two innovative processes for fabrication of silicon films are proposed. The first process allows to produce films of silicon on sapphire and films of silicon on glass by considering a laser annealing. The second produces foils of monocrystalline silicon by liquid phase epitaxial growth on implanted silicon substrate. The study of the first process proves for the first time the possibility to apply the Smart Cut™ for substrates of implanted silicon. The resulting films present large surface of transferred films (up to 200 mm wafers), which is very interesting in an industrial perspective. The study proposes different characterization of the films obtained by this process (AFM, optical profilometry and 4 probe measurement). The second process is demonstrated by using a chamber of liquid phase epitaxial growth of silicon (deposition temperature superior to 1410°C) in order to deposit liquid silicon on implanted silicon substrates. The obtained films show a high degree of epitaxial growth (up to 90% of the film as characterized by EBSD) and show a thickness as low as 100µm. Additionally the detachment by Smart Cut of the deposited films is demonstrated

The Institution of Civil Engineers in their first Royal Charter quoted 'Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of mankind'. Looking at the fundamental design and stability of the tree branch connection ('Global Joint') response to loading through biomimicry can inspire designs using infrastructure materials. This project develops the process of strain monitoring image technology on timber to analyse the mechanical behaviour of the fibres internal to a Global Joint. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is applied to images taken during British Standard structural tension tests of batten samples of timber ('Components‘) taken from an Oak tree Global Joint. A detailed process is described by which results from the PIV were extrapolated and the interpretation techniques used on the resulting contour plots. The resulting contour plot shows the impending failure of the Component as the tension is applied during the test. The sequential images taken during the test allow the strain values to be evaluated. This means the interaction of the visible timber surface fibres during testing can be analysed without the need for strain gauges or alterations to the Component. The Components are structurally analysed individually and then reformed back to present the natural structural design of the Global Joint. The PIV strain results from the tension tested Components are combined with the peak stress values to find the structural performance of the interior of the Global Joint. This re-formation enables the analysis of the natural structural design facilitating the review of the internal workings.

This master’s thesis deals with technology of wire electrical discharge machining in theoretical and practical level. Theoretical part of the thesis explains in detail the principle of electrical discharge machining, describes functional parts and settings of a current wire EDM machines and also the possibility of using method for production of specific parts. Practical part of the thesis solves manufacturing of gearing on pinion manufactured by wire cutter EXCETEK V650 and statistically evaluates precision parameters on surfaces of the carriers taken by specific technological conditions with the same machine.

?rea de concentra??o: Educa??o e Gest?o de Institui??es Educacionais.<br>Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-02-02T19:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cecilia_godinho_batista.pdf: 1532107 bytes, checksum: 79cfba515a55a51509539b4a6bba225f (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-02-03T12:13:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cecilia_godinho_batista.pdf: 1532107 bytes, checksum: 79cfba515a55a51509539b4a6bba225f (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-03T12:13:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cecilia_godinho_batista.pdf: 1532107 bytes, checksum: 79cfba515a55a51509539b4a6bba225f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017<br>O desenrolar da ed uca??o profissional desde sua g?nese pautou - se pelas demandas econ?micas, pol?ticas e sociais. Essa realidade perdura at? hoje, no mundo contempor?neo, em que em decorr?ncia da explos?o tecnol?gica, essa modalidade de ensino foi reestruturada com base na n ecessidade de educar os sujeitos de forma integral, para que sejam capazes de atuar autonomamente na sociedade tecnol?gica em que est?o inseridos. Para tanto, os Institutos Federais de Educa??o assumem o desafio de oferecer uma educa??o profissional que at enda n?o somente as necessidades do mercado de trabalho, mas tamb?m desenvolva aspectos intelectuais e humanos, valores ?ticos, de cidadania e de criticidade no uso das tecnologias. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma investiga??o cient?fica para anali sar como as tecnologias integram o curr?culo do Curso de Inform?tica, integrado ao Ensino M?dio, no Instituto Federal de Educa??o do Norte de Minas Gerais ? IFNMG, no Campus Pirapora. A metodologia tra?ada, para esta pesquisa qualitativa, foi a an?lise de documentos legais, curriculares e metodol?gicos do curso, aplica??o de question?rios para alunos e entrevista com docentes e profissionais do apoio pedag?gico. A discuss?o e interpreta??o dos dados coletados foram por meio da an?lise de conte?do. Ao final da pesquisa c onstatou - se nos documentos legais do curso pesquisado que o Campus Pirapora possui concep??es quando a import?ncia da tecnologia ser um elemento transversal em toda pr?tica pedag?gica. Na perspectiva dos docentes as tecnologias s?o ferramentas que quando usadas com planejamento trazem resultados significativos ao ensino e aprendizagem. Infelizmente, percebeu - se que ainda s?o poucas as tecnologias utilizadas pelos docentes e que a maioria utiliza com frequ?ncia somente o data show em sala de aul a . No entanto, alguns relatam utilizar ainda o computador, internet , v?deos e softwares para contextualizar e significar a constru??o do conhecimento. Quanto ao olhar dos pedagogos quanto a tecnologia percebeu - se que utilizam para facilitar o acompanhament o das pr?ticas docentes e realizar as devidas interven??es no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Os alunos relataram que quando o professor utiliza a tecnologia em sala de aula cria uma din?mica e maior interesse pelo conte?do. Em suma, mesmo que de forma limitada, constatou - se que as tecnologias est?o inseridas no curr?culo do curso e os docentes, alunos e pedagogos compreendem que as ferramentas tecnol?gicas podem facilitar e potencializar os processos de ensino e aprendizagem.<br>Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017.<br>The course of professional education since its genesis was based on economic, political and social demands This reality continues to this days, in the contemporary world, where due to the technological explosion, this modality of teaching has been restructured based on the need to educate the subjects in an integral way, so that they are able to act autonomously in the technological society in which they are inserted. Therefore, the Federal Institutes o f Education assume the challenge of offering a professional education that not only meets the needs of the labor market, but also develops intellectual and human aspects, ethical values, citizenship and criticality in the use of technology. The aim of this work was to carry out a scientific investigation to analyze how the technologies integrate the curriculum of the Informatics Course, integrated to the High School, in the Federal Institute of Education of the North of Minas Gerais - IFNMG, in the Pirapora Campus. The methodology outlined for this qualitative research was the analysis of legal, curricular and methodological documents of the course, application of questionnaires for students and interviews with teachers and pedagogical support professionals. The discussion and interpretation of the collected data was based on the content analysis. At the end of the research, it was found in the legal documents of the studied course that the Pirapora Campus has conceptions of the importance of technology as a transversal element in all pedagogical practice. From the perspective of teachers, technologies are tools that when used with planning bring significant results to teaching and learning. Unfortunately, it was realized that there are still few technologies used by teachers and that most often use only the classroom data show. However, some of the teacher report still use the computer, internet, videos and software to contextualize and signify the construction of knowledge. Regarding the pedagogues' perspect ive on technology, it was noticed that the they use it to facilitate the monitoring of teaching practices and to make the necessary interventions in the teaching and learning process. Students reported that when the teacher uses technology in the classroom it creates a dynamic and more interest in the content. To summarize, even in a limited form, it has been found that technologies are present in the curriculum of the course and teachers, students and pedagogues understand that technological tools may faci litate and enhance teaching and learning processes.

Le mecanisme de transfert dans le procede smart-cut a ete etudie. L'elaboration par le procede smart-cut d'une structure soi, nommee unibond, a ete apprehendee. Le procede smart-cut fait appel a l'implantation d'hydrogene et des traitements thermiques post-implantation. Au niveau microscopique, cette etude a mis en evidence les defauts responsables de la fracture dans le silicium. L'evolution de ces microcavites ou microfissures au cours du recuit de transfert a ete quantifiee. La coalescence de ces microcavites a ete explicitee par le mecanisme d'ostwald ripening. Au niveau macroscopique, les effets de l'application, par collage direct, d'une plaque de silicium sur la plaque implantee ont ete etudies. L'influence de la repartition d'hydrogene implante dans le silicium a ete apprehendee. Les energies d'activation du procede ont ete determinees. Le mecanisme de diffusion de l'hydrogene implante a ete mis en evidence. Enfin, le materiau soi-unibond a ete caracterise et presente un interet majeur pour l'industrie ulsi

Master of Science<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>Terry A. Houser<br>Two experiments were completed as a part of this study. The objective of the first experiment was to determine the differences in chemical characteristics of trimmings from hot processed and traditionally processed cull meat goats. Crossbred cull doe goats (n=18) were assigned to one of 3 kills days with 6 replications per day. The sides of each goat were randomly assigned to hot processed (HP) or traditionally processed (TP). HP sides were fabricated within 2 h of slaughter, ground with 2% salt and dry ice and then held at 2oC for 24h. TP sides were chilled at 2oC for 24 h prior to fabrication and grinding. After sampling, 2% salt was added to remaining trim yielding 2 treatments: traditionally processed with no salt added (TPNS) and traditionally processed with salt added (TPS). As expected, the HP treatment had a higher (P<0.0001) ultimate pH than TP and a higher water holding capacity (WHC) than TPS (P<0.002) and TPNS (P<0.001) treatments. HP and TPNS had significantly higher (P<0.0007 and P<0.0003, respectively) percent moisture than TPS. Percent fat was similar (P>0.19) for all treatments. However, TPNS had more protein (P<0.0001) than either the HP or TPS treatments. HP and TPS had decreasing L* values until d 6 when values increased significantly while TPNS decreased steadily by day. HP and TPS differed significantly from TPNS until d 6 when no significant differences were seen. For all treatments, a* values showed decreasing values until d 6. For all treatments, b* values increased until d 5. The objective of the second experiment was to investigate the viability of composting as a means for disposing of goat tissues resulting from the slaughter and fabrication process. By-products from the slaughter of cull meat goats (n=18) were assigned to 3 treatment piles: bones, offal + head (OH), and whole (bones, skull, and offal). Bones and OH piles increased in temperature, with peaks at wk 7 and wk 9, while whole piles had elevated temperatures from wk 5 to wk 9. Bone piles had statistically lower temperatures through wk 3, but were not statistically different than other treatments through the duration of the study. Whole piles had higher (P<0.0001) temperatures over the 8 wk composting period than OH and bone piles. Bone decomposition progressed over 90 d; at d 60, bones in whole piles had greater (P<0.05) decomposition than in bone piles. Similarly, skulls decomposition increased over the 90 d period. At d 60 and 90, skulls in whole piles had greater (P<0.05) decomposition than skulls in OH piles.

A terceirização, ou o processo de transferência de suas atividades, por parte das organizações, para terceiros, é uma prática utilizada há muito tempo e que vem se tornando mais comum. O mesmo também ocorre especificamente em relação às atividades da área de Tecnologia da Informação, desde o início da utilização dos computadores nas organizações até os dias atuais. Diversos são os motivos que levam as organizações a terceirizar, parcial ou totalmente, suas diferentes atividades e serviços na área de Tecnologia da Informação, sendo muitos deles associados à redução de custos, melhoria de qualidade e foco nas atividades essenciais da organização. Algumas teorias econômicas embasam as decisões de terceirização por parte das organizações, particularmente a economia dos custos de transação, custos de produção e teoria de agência. Esta tese tem como objetivo realizar um estudo exploratório sobre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento da terceirização de Tecnologia da Informação, bem como de fatores que influenciam a adoção dessas formas. A tese propõe um modelo, elaborado com base na literatura existente sobre o assunto, segundo o qual, determinados fatores econômicos e objetivos estratégicos das organizações influenciam na escolha de um modelo de gestão da terceirização. Além disso, o modelo propõe uma taxonomia para as formas de gestão da terceirização de Tecnologia da Informação, divididas em dois grupos: os modos de contratação e os modos de gerenciamento, e também analisa os relacionamentos específicos entre eles. A pesquisa utilizou uma amostra composta por 228 empresas, em sua maior parte indústrias, usuárias de serviços de Tecnologia da Informação, que participaram de um survey, através de um website na internet. Sobre os dados provenientes da amostra foram aplicadas várias técnicas estatísticas, como análise de correlação, análise de clusters e análise de variância, para validar as hipóteses do modelo. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o modelo de pesquisa parcialmente, comprovando os relacionamentos entre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento, porém, não permitindo conclusões definitivas sobre a influência de fatores econômicos e objetivos estratégicos na definição e escolha dos modelos de gestão. Dos relacionamentos entre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento é possível identificar um conjunto de três arranjos distintos, para a gestão da terceirização de TI pelas organizações. Além disso, são apresentados resultados e conclusões adicionais a respeito dos responsáveis pelo processo de terceirização, pelo orçamento de terceirização, quantidade e diversidade de serviços terceirizados e, ainda, sobre a satisfação com os resultados obtidos com a terceirização de serviços de TI. Dos relacionamentos entre as formas de contratação e gerenciamento é possível identificar um conjunto de três arranjos distintos, para a gestão da terceirização de TI pelas organizações.<br>Outsourcing, or the process of transferring activities to third parties has being underused for a long time and it is becoming a common practice. This is also true in the Information Technology area, ever since computers have been introduced in organizations. There are many reasons associated to the partial or total outsourcing of activities and services in Information Technology, many of them regarding cutting costs, quality improvement and focus on the organization core activities. Some economic theories support the outsourcing decisions such as transaction costs economics, production costs and the agency theory. The objective of this Thesis is to present an exploratory study regarding contracting and management models in Information Technology outsourcing, as well as, the factors that have being taken into consideration in the decision for such models. This Thesis proposes a model, based on the existing literature on the subject, in which companies specific economic factors and strategic objectives influence the choice for an outsourcing management model. Furthermore, the model proposes a taxonomy for the outsourcing management in Information Technology, divided into two groups: contracting and management models. It also analyses the specific relationship between them. The survey has collected information from 228 companies, most of them industries which use Information Technology services and that have answered a questionnaire in a Internet website. Some statistical methods have been applied on the collected sample data; such as, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and variance analysis in order to support the model hypothesis. The results partially confirm the research model, validating the relationship between contracting and management models. However, it was not possible to draw final conclusions on the influence of economic factors and strategic objectives in defining and choosing management models. From de relationships between contracting and management models it is possible to identify a set of three distinct groups for the management of Information Technology outsourcing in the organizations. Moreover, additional results and conclusions are presented regarding the responsibility for the outsourcing process, budgets, amount and diversity of outsourcing services, and, satisfaction with the outsourcing services results in Information Technology.

La technologie Smart Cut est un procédé d’élaboration de films minces et de substrats SOI basé sur l’implantation ionique d’ions légers dans le matériau (H+). Lors d’un traitement thermique, les défauts étendus hydrogénés nucléés durant l’implantation se développent, conduisant à la formation d’une ligne de fissuration dans le matériau et au transfert du film mince. Les travaux de thèse ont consisté à étudier l’étape de rupture du silicium liée au developpement de ces défauts structuraux sous activation thermique. Les mécanismes physico-chimiques clés impliqués dans la rupture du silicium ont pu être décrits ou quantifiés. Ils ont permis de mettre en évidence un mécanisme global de transfert de films minces et les différents modes de croissance des défauts étendus hydrogénés. Suite à l’analyse du silicium implanté et recuit, des modèles permettant de prévoir le développement des micro-fissures et d’optimiser la technologie Smart Cut ont été proposés<br>The Smart Cut technology is a thin layer and SOI substrates making process based on ion implantation of light elements in the material (H+). During a thermal treatment, the hydrogenated extended defects, created at the time of the implantation, grow up and form a fracture line in the material leading to the thin layer transfer. The research was essentially focused on the splitting mechanism in silicon related to the hydrogen extended defects growth under thermal treatment. The key physical chemistry and mechanical mechanisms of the hydrogen-induced layer transfer in silicon have been studied and quantified. A comprehensive picture of the splitting phenomenon was underlined. The different steps of growth kinetics of hydrogen extended defects were subsequently described. Following the analysis of the implanted and annealed silicon, models allowing to predict the growth kinetics of microcracks and optimize the Smart Cut technology were proposed

Le collage par adhésion moléculaire consiste en la mise en contact de deux surfaces lisses et propres, afin de créer une adhésion entre elles. Cette technologie a de nombreux intérêts dans la réalisation de structures empilées pour la microélectronique. Il est donc nécessaire d'avoir une connaissance approfondie des phénomènes physiques associes à cette technologie, ce qui est le but de cette thèse. Dans cette étude les mécanismes mis en place sont bases sur la théorie des contacts lors de l'adhésion de surfaces rugueuses ainsi que sur le stockage et la diffusion de l'hydrogène a l'interface de collage. La caractérisation de cette interface de collage par réflexion des rayons x et spectroscopie infrarouge a permis de modéliser les mécanismes proposés<br>The molecular bonding consists in the adhesion between two flat and clean surfaces. This technology has many interests in the realization of stacked structures for the microelectronic industry. It is then necessary to have a good knowledge of the physical mechanism involved in this technology, which is the purpose of the PHD, the mechanisms given in this study are based on the contact theory and the storage and diffusion of hydrogen at the bonding interface. The bonding interface characterization by x-ray reflexion and infrared spectroscopy allowed the modelization of the proposed mechanisms

Le procédé Smart-Cut® s’appuie sur la capacité de l’hydrogène introduit dans le silicium à forte concentration, à former des cavités et/ou microfissures, pouvant mener à la fracture. Nous avons identifié deux modes de croissance des cavités sous activation thermique. Le premier découle de la minimisation de l’énergie inter faciale globale du système formé par les défauts lenticulaires liés à l’hydrogène dans le silicium : C’est un mûrissement d’Ostwald. Il apparaît dans certaines conditions expérimentales et notamment dans les premiers instants de croissance des cavités. Un autre mécanisme intervient sous activation thermique dans la croissance des cavités et microfissures qui donneront lieu à la fracture finale du matériau. Il a été assimilé à un phénomène d’ouverture par propagation de fissures dont la force motrice est notamment la pression de gaz présente dans ces microfissures. L’étude cinétique de la fracture a révélé que le phénomène limitant le mécanisme est la diffusion de l’hydrogène au niveau de la zone implantée. L’énergie d’activation dans le domaine des hautes températures correspond à la migration de l’hydrogène libre dans le silicium ; dans le domaine des basses températures, la diffusion de l’hydrogène nécessite sa dissociation de sites de piégeage, ce qui se traduit par une augmentation de l’énergie d’activation du mécanisme de fracture. Nous avons souligné l’équivalence entre la contribution mécanique de la pression interne des microfissures sous activation thermique et une sollicitation mécanique externe appliquée à la structure implantée pour aboutir à la fracture. Nous avons souligné l’équivalence entre la contribution mécanique de la pression interne des microfissures sous activation thermique et une sollicitation mécanique externe appliquée à la structure implantée pour aboutir à la fracture. A cet effet, deux essais mécaniques relevant de modes de chargement différents (traction et mixte) ont été mis en œuvre. L’analyse des faciès de rupture dans tous les cas de propagation de fracture (thermique et/ou mécanique) a mis en évidence des conditions expérimentales favorisant la qualité du transfert et la rugosité des surfaces fracturées<br>The Smart-Cut® process is based on hydrogen ability to form platelets, cavities and microsplittings that may induce material splitting, when introduced into silicon at high concentration. We have identified two growth mechanisms upon annealing relevant to hydrogen cavities. The first one appears as an Ostwald ripening to minimize the global interfacial energy of the system formed by hydrogen cavities in silicon. We underlined this mechanism in some experimental conditions and essentially at the first times of platelets growth. Another mechanism intervenes in the growth of cavities and microsplittings that will give rise to the final fracture of the material. It consists in a mechanical opening crack phenomenon between cavities and microsplittings of whom driving force is especially the internal molecular hydrogen pressure. The splitting kinetics study have revealed that the controlling phenomenon is hydrogen diffusion in the implanted zone. Activation energy in the high temperature range is related to free atomic hydrogen migration in silicon. In the low temperature range, hydrogen diffusion requires dissociation from trapping sites, which induces an increase of splitting mechanism activation energy. We have also underlined the equivalence between the mechanical work of the internal microsplitting pressure, upon annealing and an external mechanical work applied to the implanted structure to obtain the final splitting. Two mechanical tests implying different charge angles have been used for this purpose. The analysis of surface morphologies in every splitting case (upon thermal annealing and/or thanks to external applied forces) exhibited experimental conditions favourable to good splitting quality and roughness

Ce memoire est consacre a une methode short-cut de dimensionnement d'une colonne de rectification comportant plusieurs alimentations et soutirages lateraux pour la separation de melanges multi-constituants. La procedure est fondee sur un principe de decomposition de la colonne en plusieurs sections pour chacune desquelles il est possible de determiner le reflux minimum ainsi que le nombre de plateaux minimum a partir de formules classiques de fenske, underwood, gilliland. L'algorithme fournit tres rapidement le reflux operatoire, le nombre de plateaux theoriques, les debits et compositions des soutirages lateraux, la position des alimentations et des soutirages. Plusieurs exemples de nature differente sont presentes afin d'illustrer la mise en uvre de la procedure et du code de calcul. Les resultats fournis par cette methode short-cut sont compares avec ceux d'un programme rigoureux de simulation. L'accord qui est tres satisfaisant, permet de valider cette procedure rapide et tres interessante pour le dimensionnement de ce type de separation complexes ou l'initialisation de logiciels de simulation. Dans une deuxieme partie, on s'interesse a la synthese optimale de cascades de colonnes t a l'opportunite d'introduire des colonnes comportant au moins un soutirage intermediaire. Cette approche, a caractere evolutif permet de reduire le nombre de colonnes et l'energie totale necessaire a la separation. Apres une analyse des cascades complexes, on presente plusieurs exemples d'illustration justifiant le developpement d'une telle demarche

Esta pesquisa engloba o estudo e desenvolvimento de novas heteroestruturas semicondutoras, tomando como base as estruturas SOI (Silicon-On-Insulator - silício sobre isolante) obtidas pela técnica Smart Cut, estudadas nestes últimos anos no Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP). Esta técnica combina a solda direta para a união de lâminas e a implantação iônica (I/I) de íons leves para a separação de camadas especificadas. São essenciais na preparação destas estruturas SOI, processos de I/I, limpeza e ativação das superfícies das lâminas e recozimentos em fornos a temperaturas moderadas. Estudamos também, diferentes métodos para a obtenção de novas heteroestruturas, basicamente combinando as técnicas de fabricação da estrutura SOI e os métodos de formação do carbeto de silício (SiC), que chamaremos de heteroestruturas SiCOI (Silicon Carbide-On-Insulator). O método usado para a formação do SiC depende, em cada caso, das características desejadas para o filme que, ao mesmo tempo, estão relacionadas com a aplicação à qual estará destinado. Analisamos três métodos de obtenção do material SiC com características específicas diferentes. A metodologia proposta aborda as seguintes tarefas: Tarefa 1: Obtenção de estruturas SOI pelo método convencional utilizado em trabalhos anteriores e melhoramento das características superficiais da estrutura resultante. Tarefa 2: partindo de uma lâmina de Si previamente coberta por uma camada isolante, fabricar a heteroestrutura SiC/isolante/Si, onde a camada de SiC é crescida pelo método de deposição química de vapor assistida por plasma (PECVD). O filme obtido por deposição PECVD é amorfo e portanto são necessárias etapas de cristalização posteriores ao crescimento. Tarefa 3: partindo de uma estrutura SOI, fabricar a heteroestrutura SiC/SiO2/Si, onde a camada de SiC é obtida por implantação de íons de carbono (C+) na camada ativa de Si da estrutura SOI para sua transformação em SiC. Tarefa 4: partindo de uma estrutura SOI, fabricar a heteroestrutura SiC/SiO2/Si, onde a camada de SiC é obtida por conversão direta da camada ativa de Si da estrutura SOI em SiC como resultado da carbonização do Si usando exposição a ambiente de hidrocarbonetos. Como resultado deste trabalho foram obtidas estruturas SOI Smart Cut com valor médio de rugosidade superficial dentro dos valores esperados segundo a bibliografia consultada. Durante o desenvolvimento de heteroestruturas SiC/isolante/Si obtidas utilizando a técnica de PECVD obtivemos filmes com boas características estruturais. Os recozimentos feitos em ambiente de N2 aparentemente trazem resultados satisfatórios, conduzindo à completa cristalização dos filmes. Nas análises feitas para a fabricação de heteroestruturas SiC/isolante/Si utilizando I/I de carbono confirma-se a formação de c-SiC depois de realizado o recozimento térmico.<br>In this work we study new semiconductors heterostructures, based on SOI (Silicon-On- Insulator) structures obtained by \"Smart-Cut\" process, that were studied in the last years at Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP). This technique combines high-dose hydrogen ion implantation (I/I) and direct wafer bonding. To produce SOI structures some processes are essential: I/I process, cleaning and activation of the surfaces, and conventional thermal treatments at moderated temperatures. We also investigate different methods to obtain new heterostructures, basically combining SOI technologies and silicon carbide (SiC) growth processes, which will be called as SiCOI (Silicon Carbide-On-Insulator) heterostructures. The utilized methods to obtain the SiC are related, in each case, with the desired film\'s characteristics, which at the same time are associated with the final application. We analyze three methods to obtain SiC material with specific different characteristics. The proposed methodology approaches the following tasks: Task 1: Fabrication of SOI structures by the conventional technology previously used by us, and the improvement of superficial characteristic of the final structure. Task 2: Fabrication of SiC/insulator/Si heterostructures from Si substrate previously covered with an insulator capping layer, where the SiC layer is deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The PECVD film is amorphous and therefore, a thermal annealing step is necessary for crystallization. Task 3: Fabrication of SiC/SiO2/Si heterostructures from SOI structure, where the SiC layer is synthesized through a high dose carbon implantation into the thin silicon overlayer of a SOI wafer. Task 4: Fabrication of SiC/SiO2/Si heterostructures from SOI structure, where the SiC layer is achieved by direct carbonization conversion of the silicon overlayer of a SOI wafer In this work we have obtained Smart Cut SOI structures with surface roughness similar to the previous reported. We also obtained SiC/insulator/Si heterostructures with good structural characteristics using PECVD technique. The investigated N2 thermal annealing appears to be suitable for the crystallization of all the amorphous films deposited by PECVD. We have shown the possibility of using carbon ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing to form c-SiC for SiC/insulator/Si heterostructures.

Au vu des limitations rencontrées par la miniaturisation des circuits microélectroniques, l’augmentation de performances des systèmes repose largement aujourd’hui sur la fabrication d’empilements de couches minces complexes et innovants pour offrir davantage de compacité et de flexibilité. L’intérêt grandissant pour la réalisation de structures innovantes temporaires, i.e. permettant de réaliser des circuits sur les deux faces d’un même film, nous a mené à évaluer les potentialités d’une technologie combinant le transfert de films minces monocristallins, i.e. la technologie Smart Cut™, et un procédé de de porosification partielle du silicium afin de mettre au point une technologie de double report de film monocristallin. En ce sens, des substrats de silicium monocristallin ont été partiellement porosifiés par anodisation électrochimique. La mise en œuvre de traitements de substrats partiellement poreux a nécessité l’emploi de techniques de caractérisation variées pour dresser une fiche d’identité des couches minces poreuses après anodisation et évaluer l’évolution des propriétés de ces couches en fonction des différents traitements appliqués. Les propriétés chimiques, structurales et mécaniques des couches de Si poreux ont ainsi été étudiées via l’utilisation de différentes techniques de caractérisation (XPS-SIMS, AFM-MEB-XRD, nanoindentation, technique d’insertion de lame, etc.). Ces études ont permis d’appréhender et de décrire les mécanismes physiques mis au jeu au cours des différents traitements et de déterminer les caractéristiques {porosité, épaisseur} optimales des couches poreuses compatibles avec les séquences de la technologie proposée. La technologie Smart Cut™ a ainsi été appliquée à des substrats partiellement porosifiés menant à la fabrication réussie d’une structure temporaire de type Silicium-sur-Isolant avec une couche de silicium poreux enterrée. Ces structures temporaires ont été « démontées » dans un second temps par collage polymère ou collage direct et insertion de lame menant au second report de film mince monocristallin par rupture au sein de la couche porosifiée et donc fragile. Les structures fabriquées ont été caractérisées pour vérifier leur intégrité et leurs stabilités chimique et mécanique. Les propriétés cristallines du film mince de Si monocristallin, reporté en deux temps, ont été vérifiées confirmant ainsi la compatibilité des structures fabriquées avec des applications microélectroniques telles que les applications de type « Back-Side Imager » nécessitant une implémentation de composants sur les deux faces du film. Ainsi une technologie prometteuse et performante a pu être élaborée permettant le double report de films minces monocristallins et à fort potentiel pour des applications variées comme les imageurs visibles ou le photovoltaïque<br>As scaling of microelectronic devices is confronted from now to fundamental limits, improving microelectronic systems performances is largely based nowadays on complex and innovative stack realization to offer more compaction and flexibility to structures. Growing interest in the fabrication of innovative temporary structures, allowing for example double sided layer processing, lead us to investigate the capability to combine one technology of thin single crystalline layer transfer, i.e. the Smart Cut™ technology, and partial porosification of silicon substrate in order to develop an original double layer transfer technology of thin single crystalline silicon film. To this purpose, single crystalline silicon substrates were first partially porosified by electrochemical anodization. Application of suitable treatments of porous silicon layer has required the use of several characterization methods to identify intrinsic porous silicon properties after anodization and to verify their evolution as function of different applied treatments. Chemical, structural and mechanical properties of porous silicon layers were studied by using different characterization techniques (XPS-SIMS, AFM-MEB-XRD, nanoindentation, razor blade insertion, etc.). Such studies allowed comprehending and describing physical mechanisms occurring during each applied technological steps and well determining appropriated {porosity, thickness} parameters of porous silicon layer with the developed technological process flow. The Smart Cut™ technology was successfully applied to partially porosified silicon substrates leading to the fabrication of temporary SOI-like structures with a weak embedded porous Si layer. Such structures were then “dismantled” thanks to a second polymer or direct bonding and razor blade insertion to produce a mechanical rupture through the fragile embedded porous silicon layer and to get the second thin silicon film transfer. Each fabricated structure was characterized step by step to check its integrity and its chemical and mechanical stabilities. Crystalline properties of the double transferred silicon layer were verified demonstrating the compatibility of such structures with microelectronic applications such as “Back-Side Imagers” needing double-sided layer processing. Eventually, a promising and efficient technology has been developed to allow the double transfer of thin single crystalline silicon layer which presents a high potential for various applications such as visible imagers or photovoltaic systems

This practice-based thesis is an interrogation of ‘being’, one not centred on the human being. It concerns a being that manifests through dynamic inter-relation between human and other entities and phenomena in the universe. It considers several interrelated questions, interrogating notions of 'relational being','non-anthropocentric being', 'the being of a space', ‘the space of being’. Ultimately, one is considering the implications of relational being for ‘deep ecology’. With regard ‘relational being’, key inter-related Buddhist ideas drive the thinking and practice: ‘relational origination’ (pratityasamutpada), and ‘emptiness’(shunyata). Furthermore at the heart of this particular history of technology is a discussion of the significance of zero. The Sanskrit term shunya, means both ‘zero’ and ‘empty’, and relates to shunyata. There are several principal objectives. Firstly an analysis of perceived relational dynamics in Ellora’s rock-cut architecture, technology, and ontology. Secondly, scrutiny of apparent correspondence between Ellora’s Edifice Twenty-Nine and a contemporary Tantric shrine: the Water Temple, constructed in 1991. Thirdly, an examination of ideas in contemporary science and technology that engender reconsiderations of notions of ‘relational being’. The primary practical outcomes are two films: relationship-place naka-ma and zero = every day? Both approach the question through phenomenological process, paralleling Ando’s conception of ‘architecture’ as an integrated and inter-acting entity of built edifice, wider landscape, and the spectatorship of persons who frequent it. This research engenders ‘new knowledge’ in terms of: offering pluralistic, trans-national and trans-disciplinary insight on current thinking relating to art, architecture, technology, spectatorship, and ontological practice; evolving knowledge with regard interactions between body, humanly constructed entities, wider environments/ecologies; engendering new perspectives on considerations of cyberspace, Ellora, Ando, and the Water Temple; contributing to a counter thesis vis-à-vis the colonial project of objectification and ossification of the other.

Les substrats de silicium sur isolant (SOI) sont très prometteurs pour la technologie CMOS. Un substrat SOI est notamment formé d'une couche extrêmement fine de silicium cristallin. Il a été démontré que les caractéristiques des transistors dépendent fortement de l'épaisseur de cette couche. Il est indispensable que les variations d'épaisseur soient parfaitement contrôlées et caractérisées sur une large gamme spatiale ce qui représente un grand défi. Des méthodes d'analyse de données, obtenues par différentes techniques expérimentales ont été développées, ceci permet de caractériser la rugosité et l'épaisseur de couches fines sur la bande spectrale d'intérêt. L'analyse approfondie de l'impact des principales étapes technologiques de la fabrication de substrats FD-SOI, sur l'uniformité d'épaisseur de la couche de silicium a permis de déterminer l'empreinte spectrale de ces étapes. En outre, nous avons étudié les phénomènes physiques à l'origine du lissage thermique. Un model statistique basé sur la diffusion surfacique des ad-atomes d'un cristal a été développé. Ce model permet de prédire l'évolution de la topographie des surfaces de silicium traitées par un recuit thermique<br>New generations of transistors will be fabricated on Fully Depleted Silicon-On-Insulator (FD-SOI) wafers. A FD-SOI wafer consists of an ultrathin top silicon layer sitting on top of a buried oxide layer itself on top of a thick Si handle wafer. As transistor characteristics strongly depends on thickness variations of the Si layer, the capability of assessing and mastering thickness uniformity has become the real challenge for the CMOS technology to overcome. In this work, we propose a multi-scale metrology method, based on the use of spectral functions allowing the treatment of data recorded from several experimental techniques, to describe both roughness and thickness variations of thin layers. Using these methods, we investigate the impact of some technological process steps involved in the fabrication of the FD-SOI wafers, on the resulting thickness uniformity features and determine their spectral foot-print. Finally, we investigate the underlying physical mechanisms involved in the surface smoothening of Si layers by thermal annealing. We develop a statistic model describing surface self-diffusion allowing predicting the roughness evolution of Si surfaces during thermal annealing

Litteratur visar på att bysthållare (BH) är ett mycket komplext plagg och endast småjusteringar kan förändra passformen. I denna studie har BH konstruerats med syfte attundersöka vad olika avskärningar över kupan gör med passformen. På modeföretaget därstudien utförts fanns det ett önskemål om bra BH-grunder som underlag för att undvika attleverantören gör konstruktionerna, då måttlista och skiss inte anses som tillräckligt braunderlag att skicka. Genom att själva göra konstruktionerna anser sig företaget få merkontroll över BH:ns passform. Konstruktionerna i denna studie har utvecklats i CADprogramvaranModaris. Detta följt av uppsömnad och avprovning, där BH:arna testas påolika provmodeller med mått motsvarande företagets målgrupp. Under avprovningarna haravprovningsprotokoll förts, där frågor relaterade till litteraturen ställs till de medverkande.Det visar sig att passformen förändras när avskärningen gör det. Detta på grund av attfördelningen av vidden ändras, vilket innebär att kupan får en ny form. För att undvikapassformsproblem på företag kan en idé vara att utveckla ett flertal olika grundkonstruktionermed olika avskärningar, så att endast mindre justeringar krävs, och färre justeringar behövsgöras från grunden.<br>Literature shows that bras are a very complex piece of clothing and only small adjustmentscan change the fit. In this study, bras has been constructed with the purpose to examine whatdifferent cuts on the bras cup make with the fit. The fashion brand where this study has beenperformed, wanted a basic pattern for bras, since communication with vendors using onlysketches and measurement lists was not enough to get a good result. The patterns in thisstudy have been developed in CAD software Modaris. This followed by sewing and fittingsessions on fitting models with body measurement corresponding to the brands target group.During the fittings, a protocol related to literature is written. After analysing the fit of thebras, it came to show that shape is changed even though the width of the cup is the same.This is because the width is divided differently which gives the cup a new shape. To avoidfitting problems it could be a good idea that companies have more than one basic pattern forbras with different cuts to base their models on, to decrease the proportion of major fittingchanges.

Les matériaux silicium-sur-isolant (SOI) présentent de nombreux avantages pour la production de nouvelles générations de circuits intégrés fonctionnant à très basses tensions. Ils constituent désormais l’une des voies principales de recherche dans le domaine de la micro-électronique à très grande densité d’intégration. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de mettre au point des technique permettant d’obtenir des matériaux SOI de bonne qualité, capables de rivaliser avec le silicium massif. Les mécanismes de création de défauts lors de la réalisation de deux types de substrats SOI, SIMOX Faible Dose et UNIBOND® (obtenus respectivement par les techniques SIMOX et Smart-Cut®), ont été étudiés. Après implantation de faibles doses d’oxygène (technique SIMOX), la formation de couches enterrées d’oxydes au cours du recuit à haute température a été appréhendée. L’étude des mécanismes de croissance et de coalescence des précipités d’oxydes à haute température a permis d’améliorer la qualité diélectrique des couches enterrées de silice. Enfin, une étude systématique des défauts (dislocations, fautes d’empilement) et des propriétés électriques des films de silicium de ces deux matériaux, a été menée par différentes techniques de caractérisation. Elle constitue la première synthèse comparative des qualités de ces matériaux SOI, qui présentent actuellement un fort potentiel pour la réalisation de circuits intégrés très performants<br>Silicon on insulator materials are very attractive for the production of new generation circuits for low voltage applications. To face the bulk silicon industry and to respond to the increasing interest for the ultra large scale integration, techniques for the formation of high quality SOI material are required. Defect generation mechanisms during the synthesis of two SOI substrates, Low Dose SIMOX and UNIBOND® (elaborated with the SIMOX and Smart-Cut® techniques, respectively), have been investigated. After low dose oxygen implantation (SIMOX process), the formation of buried oxide layers during high temperature annealing has been studied. The buried oxide dielectric quality has been improved with the understanding of oxide precipitate growth and ripening mechanism. Finally, a systematic study has been performed on the top silicon films in order to characterize the crystalline defects (dislocations, stacking faults) and the electrical properties of these two materials. This corresponds to the first results concerning the comparison of these new promising SOI materials for the production of high performance integrated circuits

This study deals with unconventional materials cutting technology with a fo-cus on abrasive water jet cutting and CO2 laser. The thesis is divided into theoretical and experimental section. The theoretical part describes principles and functions of nonconventional technologies, the basic division and practical applications. The practical part is focused on choosing the best technology with the production of samples and their subsequent comparison. The thesis recommends producer and type of the machine which best meets requirements on basis of the test results.

Large-scale graph-structured datasets are growing at an increasing rate. Social network graphs are an example of these datasets. Processing large-scale graphstructured datasets are central to many applications ranging from telecommunication to biology and has led to the development of many parallel graph algorithms. Performance of parallel graph algorithms largely depends on how the underlying graph is partitioned. In this work, we focus on studying streaming vertex-cut graph partitioning algorithms where partitioners receive a graph as a stream of vertices and edges and assign partitions to them on their arrival once and for all. Some of these algorithms maintain a state during partitioning. In some cases, the size of the state is so huge that it cannot be kept in a single machine memory. In many real world scenarios, several instances of a streaming graph partitioning algorithm are run simultaneously to improve the system throughput. However, running several instances of a partitioner drops the partitioning quality considerably due to the incomplete information of partitioners. Even frequently sharing states and its combination with buffering mechanisms does not completely solves the problem because of the heavy communication overhead produced by partitioners. In this thesis, we propose an algorithm which tackles the problem of low scalability and performance of existing streaming graph partitioning algorithms by providing an efficient way of sharing states and its combination with windowing mechanism. We compare state-of-the-art streaming graph partitioning algorithms with our proposed solution concerning performance and efficiency. Our solution combines a batch processing method with a shared-state mechanism to achieve both an outstanding performance and a high partitioning quality. Shared state mechanism is used for sharing states of partitioners. We provide a robust implementation of our method in a PowerGraph framework. Furthermore, we empirically evaluate the impact of partitioning quality on how graph algorithms perform in a real cloud environment. The results show that our proposed method outperforms other algorithms in terms of partitioning quality and resource consumption and improves partitioning time considerably. On average our method improves partitioning time by 23%, decreases communication load by 15% and increase memory consumption by only 5% compared to the state-of-the-art streaming graph partitioning.

How many local actors need to do what to reduce Hammarby Sjöstad’s climate impact till 2030 in alignment with "Carbon Law”, i.e. halving the citizens’ consumption-based emissions every ten years? This is demonstrated in a backcasting study of the city district. The local actors’ reduction potentials concerning ground transport, food, housing, aviation and other consumption are explored in individual transitions. The quantitative city district scenario scales up the individual transitions to city district level, asking how many local actors must do how much, starting when, for the Sjöstad’s target to be reached? The overarching backcasting has both prognostic and explorative elements but is essentially normative. It is both quantitative and qualitative, addressing the two main questions what does it take and by whom? The result shows that the city district’s aim is feasible only if Stockholm City and other external actors fulfil their climate targets and the technological development continues to advance. These are external contributions shaping the local actors’ field of options. Furthermore, the result shows that a vast majority of the households must utilize a substantial part of their full potential for the target to be met. New organizational models and actor networks must also emerge for the transition to launch. The scenario’s qualitative part illustrates the need for energy managers, local supermarkets, car sharing companies etc. to become agents of change. The transition is further catalyzed by local network builder and transition agent ElectriCITY.<br>Hur många lokala aktörer behöver göra vad för att minska Hammarby Sjöstads klimatpåverkan till 2030 i linje med "Carbon Law", det vill säga att halvera invånarnas konsumtionsbaserade utsläpp vart tionde år? Detta demonstreras i en backcastingstudie av stadsdelen. De lokala aktörernas reduktionspotential för marktransporter, livsmedel, bostäder, flyg och övrig konsumtion utforskas i enskilda omställningar. Det kvantitativa stadsdelsscenariot skalar upp de enskilda omställningarna till stadsdelsnivå och frågar: Hur många lokala aktörer måste göra hur mycket, och när för att Sjöstadens Carbon Law-mål ska nås? Den övergripande backcastingstudien har både prognostiska och explorativa inslag men är huvudsakligen normativ. Den är både kvantitativt och kvalitativt då den både adresserar frågan Vad krävs det och av Vem? Resultatet visar att stadsdelsmålet endast är möjligt att nås om Stockholms stad och andra aktörer uppfyller sina klimatmål och den tekniska utvecklingen framskrider. Detta är externa bidrag som formar de lokala aktörernas handlingsutrymme. Vidare visar resultatet att en majoritet av hushållen måste utnyttja en betydande del av sin fulla potential för att målet ska nås. Nya organisationsmodeller och aktörsnätverk måste också utvecklas för att omställningen ska ta fart. Scenariots kvalitativa del illustrerar behovet av att exempelvis energiförvaltare, lokala livsmedelsbutiker och bilpoolsföretag blir förändringsagenter i omställningen. Övergången katalyseras vidare av den lokala förändringsdrivaren och nätverksbyggaren ElectriCITY.

Digitalisering i dagens byggindustri spelar större roll än tidigare. Användning av pappersritningar minskar och tillgång till 3D/BIM modell i VR eller en surfplatta är mer vanligt, men för att detta ska fungera krävs utveckling inom området. Arbetets första del försöker underöka skillnaden mellan Autodesk Revit parametrar length och cut length av stålbalkar för längdavtagning så att processen kan förenklas och göras till en mer automatisk. Andra delen fokuserar på implementering av konstruktionsdetaljer i 3D modeller. Metod för arbetet består av en litteraturstudie för insamling av information och två datorundersökningar. Den första datorundersökningen för gransk-ningen av skillnaden mellan längdparametrarna för enstaka balkar och olika kombinationer med byggelement. Den andra datorundersökningen består av två olika sätt att tillverka förband, Revit 2018 som erbjuder färdiga lösningar och Revit 2019 där allt byggs från olika komponenter. Resultatet visar att parametern length oftast inte har någon betydelse för den verkliga längden och cut length är den parameter som visar korrekta längden. Lösning med förband i 3D modeller kan hittas i Revit 2019 men kräver förbättringar för kompletta resultat. Revit 2018 kan användas i vissa specialfall, men inte för komplexa modeller.<br>Digitalization in the construction industry is taking huge stepstowards becoming less dependent on paper drawings and insteadincreasing usage of 3D/BIM models throughout the whole constructionprocess. This thesis attempts to gain a better understanding forAutodesk Revit parameters length and cut length of steel beams, toincrease accuracy and level of automatization for quantity takeoffs.The second part of thesis contains implementation of steelconnections in 3D models since the creation usually takes place in 2Dprograms. Method contains information search in books, other theses, websitesand two computer studies. The first one for length measurementpurpose to understand difference between length parameters of singlebeams and interactions between various construction elements. Thesecond part contains test of steel connections tool in Revit 2018 onthe simple steel construction and toolbar steel in Revit 2019 forconstructing a couple parts from 2D drawings. The results make it clear that parameter length usually has nothingin common with the actual length of the beam and cut length is theparameter one should be consider. Solutions for steel connections in3D models might be found in Revit 2019, although some improvementsare necessary. Revit 2018 might be useful in some minor cases, butnothing too complicated.

Esta dissertação introduz o conceito de cortes KL, o que permite controlar tanto o número K de entradas como o número L de saídas em uma região de um circuito. O projeto de um circuito digital pode ser dividido em duas fases: síntese lógica e síntese física. Dentro de síntese lógica, um dos principais passos é o mapeamento tecnológico. Tradicionalmente, o processo de mapeamento tecnológico somente lida com funções de saída única, para a construção de circuitos. O objetivo deste método é explorar o uso de blocos de múltiplas saídas no mapeamento tecnológico. Para prover escalabilidade, o conceito de fatoração de cortes é estendido para os cortes KL. Algoritmos para enumerar esses cortes e também para enumerar alguns subconjuntos de cortes com características específicas são apresentados e os resultados são mostrados. Como exemplos de aplicações práticas, diferentes algoritmos de cobertura são propostos. O algoritmo guloso é uma alternativa simples e produz bons resultados em área, mas é muito restritivo, pois não é factível em mapeamento orientado à atraso. Outro algoritmo de cobertura apresentado é uma extensão do algoritmo de fluxo de área e permite a utilização de cortes com várias saídas, mantendo possível a consideração de outros custos. Um algoritmo de correspondência Booleana que é capaz de lidar com blocos com múltiplas saídas também é descrito. Isso permite a utilização de uma biblioteca padrão com células com mais de uma saída no mapeamento tecnológico. Os resultados mostram a viabilidade e utilidade do método.<br>This thesis introduces the concept of KL-feasible cuts, which allows controlling both the number K of inputs and the number L of outputs in a circuit region. The design of a digital circuit can roughly be divided in two phases: logic synthesis and physical synthesis. Within logic synthesis, one of the main steps is the technology mapping. Traditionally, the technology mapping process only handles single output functions, in order to construct circuits. The objective of this method is to explore the use of multiple output blocks on technology mapping. To provide scalability, the concept of factor cuts is extended to KL-cuts. Algorithms for enumerating these cuts and also for enumerating some subsets of cuts with some special characteristics are presented and results are shown. As examples of practical applications, different covering algorithms are proposed. The greedy algorithm is a simple alternative and produces good results in area, but it is too restrictive, as it is not practical in timing oriented mapping. The other covering algorithm presented is an extension to the area flow algorithm and allows cuts with multiple outputs to be used while making possible the control of some other costs. A Boolean matching algorithm that is able to handle multiple output blocks is also described, which permits the use of a standard cell library with more than one output on technology mapping. The results show the viability and usefulness of the method.

Akut- och psykiatriska avdelningar på länssjukhuset Ryhov i Jönköping använder sig av snabbtest för drogscreening med varierande kvalitet under de tider då analysinstrumentet Konelab Prime 30i inte är bemannat. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera sensitivitet och specificitet hos Multitest 15 från tillverkaren Acro Biotech, och jämföra resultat från två olika avläsningstider. Antalet urinprover som samlades in för analys uppgick till 272. Positiva och negativa urinprover med drogkoncentrationer inom ±50% från varje drogs gränsvärde insamlades. Senare inkluderades drogkoncentrationer utanför detta intervall. Proverna testades med Multitest 15 vid laboratoriet för klinisk kemi på Ryhov efter utförd analys med Konelab Prime 30i, vars analysresultat utgjorde referens. De droger som testades var amfetamin, metamfetamin, ecstasy, bensodiazepiner, buprenorfin, kokain, metadon, morfin, THC, oxykodon och tramadol. För alla droger sammantaget var sensitiviteten 86,7% - 100%, specificiteten 33,3% - 100% och träffsäkerheten 71,4% - 94,7%. Provurvalet inom intervallet ±50% från gränsvärdet var begränsat, vilket avsevärt påverkat dessa beräkningar, och Konelab Prime 30i använder semikvantitativ metod vilken endast ger approximativa koncentrationsvärden som referens.<br>The emergency and psychiatric wards on the county hospital Ryhov in Jönköping utilize onsite drug testing with varying quality during evenings and night-time when no staff are operating the chemistry analyzer Konelab Prime 30i. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of sensitivity and specificity of Acro Biotech Multitest 15 and comparing results from two different reading-times. The number of urine samples collected for analysis was 272. Positive and negative urine samples with drug concentrations within ± 50% from cut-off were collected. Later, concentrations outside of this range was included. The samples were tested with Multitest 15 at the laboratory for clinical chemistry at Ryhov after analysis with Konelab Prime 30i providing reference results. The drugs tested were amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, benzodiazepines, buprenorphine, cocaine, methadone, morphine, THC, oxycodone and tramadol. All drugs included, the sensitivity was 86.7% - 100%, the specificity 33% - 100% and the accuracy 71.4% - 94.7%. The sample selection within the range ±50% from the cut-off value was limited, which significantly affected these calculations, and Konelab Prime 30i uses a semi-quantitative method only providing approximate concentration values for reference.

Le matériau SOI présente de nombreux avantages pour les composants basse consommation et basse tension, ce qui le positionne comme matériau de base pour les applications microélectroniques futures. Le nouveau procédé Smart-Cut®, permettant la fabrication de matériau SOI, combine deux technologies de base : l'implantation d'hydrogène et le collage par adhésion moléculaire, assurant ainsi la possibilité de production de fort volume à faible coût. Cette thèse traite de l'étape de collage par adhésion moléculaire, du recuit haute température de la structure SOI et des caractéristiques du matériau fini. Les mécanismes de formation des défauts macroscopiques lors du transfert du film SOI ont été identifiés ; il a alors été possible de développer une séquence de nettoyage avant collage optimisée, évitant la formation de ces défauts. La mise en œuvre d'un outil spécifique permettant une analyse par réflexions internes multiples, en spectroscopie infrarouge des structures collées, a permis d'observer l'évolution chimique de l'interface de collage dans le cas de collages silicium/silicium, silicium/oxyde thermique et silicium/oxyde thermique implanté. La corrélation de ces résultats microscopiques avec une caractérisation macroscopique de l'énergie du collage a mené à la compréhension des mécanismes de collage. Les spécificités du recuit haute température et de l'oxydation de la structure SOI ont été appréhendées. Cette étape de recuit a alors été optimisée. Le matériau SOI-Unibond® alors obtenu est compatible avec les besoins de l'industrie ULSI<br>The SOI material allows many advantages in the field of low power and low voltage applications and then appears as the base substrate for future microelectronics devices. The new Smart-Cut® process for SOI material elaboration combines two basic technologies: hydrogen implantation and wafer bonding, which allows low cost and high volume production. This thesis deals with the cleaning step before bonding optimization, the high temperature annealing of the SOI structure and the SOI material properties. Formation mechanism of macroscopic defects occurring during splitting have been explained. Then, a cleaning sequence leading to macroscopic defect free structure could have been developed. A specific tool inducing multiple internal reflections for infrared spectroscopy analysis has been involved. Then, it has been possible to study the chemical evolution of the bonding interface in case of silicon to silicon bonding, silicon to thermal oxide bonding and silicon to implanted oxide bonding. The correlation between these microscopic results and the macroscopic characterization of the bonding energy has led to the understanding of wafer bonding mechanisms. The specificities of the high temperature annealing and of thermal oxidation of the SOI structure has been discussed. Then, the annealing step has been optimized and the SOI material obtained can match ULSI industry requirements

In this Master’s Degree project the topic of handheld deep cutting is analysed. These days in the construction business workers face the challenge of cutting into concrete, brick and other mineralbased materials deeper than 15 cm. Currently there are a few handheld solutions for deep cutting but they have some major limitations, such as low reliability and safety, high price, maintenance and tiresome usage of these machines. In this paper the project is divided into two components – market research and concept development. To build a knowledge base, firstly, current technical platforms for handheld deep cutting machines are reviewed. Then, theoretical background behind market research and concept development is analysed. Following theoretical framework market research and concept development are implemented and steps taken described. Secondary research, customer interviews and focus groups are the main sources of information for the market research. Morphological and Pugh’s matrices are then used to generate and evaluate possible concepts, while software packages SolidWorks and KeyShot are used as tools for development of design features. Findings from the market research revealed that window, door, ventilation openings, resizing of bricks or concrete elements and fixing mistakes done during moulding are the main applications of deep cutting machines. It was noticed that most of the construction professionals are not aware of these machines, use workarounds or hire subcontractors. Single-phase electric ring saw is the outcome from product concepting stage. Three design features – toothed ring, telescopic blade guard and start switch – are then proposed. Finally, discussion of the whole project and its conclusions are given, recommendations and short overview on future work are provided. Work consists of 7 parts: introduction, frame of reference, implementation, results, discussion and conclusions, recommendations and future work, references. Thesis consists of: 68 pages of text without appendixes, 40 figures, 4 tables, 35 references. 8 appendixes attached.<br>I detta masterprojekt analyseras ämnet handhållen djupskärning. Nuförtiden inom byggbranchen står arbetarna inför utmaningen att skära i betong, tegel och annat mineralbaserat material som är djupare än 15 cm. För närvarande finns det ett antal handhållna lösningar för djupskärning, dock med stora begränsningar så som låg pålitlighet och säkerhet, högt pris och behov av underhåll samt tröttsam användning av dessa maskiner. I detta arbete delas projektet upp i två komponenter – marknadsundersökning och konceptutveckling. För att bygga upp en kunskapsbas granskas först nuvarande tekniska plattformar för handhållna djupskärningsmaskiner. Därefter analyseras teoretisk bakgrund om marknadsundersökning och konceptutveckling. Baserat på det teoretiska ramverket, implementeras marknadsundersökningar och konceptutveckling och genomförandet beskrivs. Sekundär forskning, kundintervjuer och fokusgrupper är de primära informationskällorna för marknadsundersökningen. Morfologiska och Pughs matriser används sedan för att generera och utvärdera möjliga koncept, medan programen SolidWorks och KeyShot används som verktyg för utveckling av designfunktioner. Resultat från marknadsundersökningen visade att fönster, dörrar, ventilationsöppningar, storlekändringar på tegelstenar eller betongelement och korrigering av defekter som uppkommit under gjutning är de huvudsakliga användningsområdena för djupskärningsmaskiner. Det noterades att de flesta byggnadsarbetarna inte är medvetna om dessa maskiner, använder improviserade lösningar eller anlitar underleverantörer. Enfasig elektrisk ringsåg är resultatet av produktkonceptionsstadiet. Tre designdetaljer – tandad ring, teleskopskärmskydd och startbrytare – föreslås därefter. Slutligen presenteras diskussion om projektet och dess slutsatser samt rekommendationer och en kort översikt över framtida arbete. Arbetet består av 7 delar: introduktion, referensram, genomförande, resultat, diskussion och slutsatser, rekommendationer och framtida arbete, referenser. Avhandlingen består av: 68 sidor text utan bilagor, 40 figurer, 4 tabeller, 35 referenser. 8 bilagor bifogade.

The aim of this research is to define the provenance of Mesolithic and Neolithic pottery found in some prehistoric sites in Central-Sudan. The study focuses on the analysis of both local raw materials (clay and temper) and ceramic artefacts. In particular, this research is orientated towards the application of Sr isotope analysis (87Sr/86Sr) to pottery characterised by similar pastes in terms of bulk chemical and petrographic composition. Moreover, the possibility of using Sr isotope analysis in provenance studies of pottery in Central Sudan is here investigated. The analysed samples have been found in several Mesolithic and Neolithic sites located along the Nile River across Central-Sudan and on an area located western of the river, in ancient times connected to the Nile by a tributary. The full set of samples includes both raw materials and pottery sherds. A total of 29 clays have been collected between 2013 and 2014 along the Nile system, covering a distance of nearly 1600 km, while during 2015 campaign six more samples have been added to the set of samples. Raw materials are described by a total of 35 geological samples, including clays, sands and rocks. As regards pottery, the initial selection criteria have been discussed with the archaeologist, Sandro Salvatori, and lead to the creation of a set of samples made by Mesolithic sherds found at Al Khiday (16-D-5) characterized by both quartz-tempered paste and decorative motifs that have a wide spatial-temporal distribution in Central Sudan (Rocker stamp dotted zigzag and Rocker stamp plain zigzag). Later, the set have been increased by adding Neolithic quartz-tempered pottery coming from both Al Khiday (16-D-5) and other regions where the same decorative motifs have been found, and in particular from: i) the Wadi Soba area, located along the Blue Nile and particularly the sites of Sheikh Mustafa and Al Mahalab supplied four sherds; ii) the Wadi Howar region lies in southern fringe of the Sudanese Eastern Sahara, and three samples from the site of Ennedi Erg have been studied. Lastly, the study was integrated with the analysis of K-feldspar-tempered pottery that has been found in several prehistoric archaeological sites of central Sudan, included Al Khiday. While raw materials and quartz-tempered pottery have been ground as is usual, pastes of K-feldspar-tempered pottery were micro-drilled in order to collect only the fine matrix and remove the K-feldspar inclusions. The issue regarding K-feldspar provenance is still under debate: it is usually found in combination with specific ceramic decorations (incised wavy line, rocker stamp dotted zigzag packed, alternating pivoted stamp) but its geological origin is attributable to outcrops of granite-like rocks (granite, syenite, and related ring complexes) that lies only in relatively small areas far away from Al Khiday sites (about 80-100 km), as the nearest location where they outcrop. Therefore, movement of raw materials or finite objects? The answer to this issue is very important to define social structure, relationships and exchange patterns within Mesolithic hunter-gatherer-fisher communities of central Sudan. As regards pottery studies, usually the localisation of the supply zone (the zone where people had direct access to the source of raw material/s) and therefore the definition of the provenance area are based on the presence of specific minero-petrographic markers if the ceramic production is committed to coarse pastes. If the pastes are of fine manufacture, the supply zone is identified by geochemical characteristics belonging to specific reference groups (e.g. production wastes). Nevertheless, in many cases the lack of specific traits of both lithological and geochemical nature prevents the resolution of important issues concerning pottery provenance. In the particular case study of Al Khiday, the presence of abundant quartz in the pastes causes a strong dilution effect also on trace elements potentially useful as markers of provenance. In cases where the coarse fraction of a ceramic is composed entirely of quartz (SiO2), which does not contains significant amounts of Rb or Sr, the Sr isotopic composition of the ceramic is derived almost entirely from the clay fraction. For this reason, the region of Central-Sudan is a suitable area where to apply this analytical method. The application of Sr isotopic analysis in ceramic provenance study rests on the premise that the geological origins of the minerals in ceramic pastes are not entirely obscured by processes associated with ceramic production. The comparison between the isotopic fingerprint of clays deposited by the Nile River across the central-Sudan and that of pottery coming from aforementioned prehistoric archaeological sites helped in the interpretation of provenance and production. Some supply zones have been excluded while others turned out to be more than plausible. Nevertheless, the study of pottery through Sr isotope analysis must face also the fact that the ceramic vessels were used in daily life and were subject to contamination by solid and liquid food. The comparison of Sr isotope signatures obtained from clay and pottery yielded information about the mixing processes of Nile sediments along the areas of interest and about some possible supply zones for raw materials used in pottery production. Because of the contamination of the sherds, which is evident analysing the bulk Sr contents, it is possible to make only some hypothesis about pottery provenance but all this information considerably contributed to the reconstruction of the material culture of Mesolithic and Neolithic populations of central Sudan.<br>Scopo di questo progetto è lo studio di provenienza di ceramiche antiche rinvenute in alcuni siti archeologici del Sudan centrale, inteso come analisi sia delle materie prime locali che delle produzioni ceramiche. Nello specifico il lavoro è stato rivolto all’applicazione dell’analisi degli isotopi dello Stronzio (87Sr/86Sr) allo studio di manufatti ceramici che presentano impasti analoghi in termini di composizione petrografica e chimica di bulk, con la possibilità di utilizzare tale metodo per la determinazione della provenienza. I frammenti ceramici oggetto di studio provengono da diversi siti Mesolitici e Neolitici situati lungo il corso del Nilo che attraversa il Sudan centrale e in un’area posta ad ovest di questo, attraversata da uno dei suoi antichi affluenti. Il set di campioni analizzati include sia argille che ceramiche. Un totale di 29 argille è stato campionato tra il 2013 ed il 2014 coprendo una distanza di circa 1600 km, mentre nella campagna del 2015 ne sono state aggiunte sei, per un totale di 35 campioni geologici, tra argille, sabbie e rocce. Per quanto riguarda le ceramiche, dopo un confronto con l’archeologo Sandro Salvatori, per iniziare sono stati selezionati campioni provenienti dai siti di Al Khiday (16-D-5) appartenenti al periodo Mesolitico, decorati secondo uno stile ben distribuito nell’arco spazio-temporale relativo al Sudan Centrale (Rocker stamp dotted zigzag e Rocker stamp plain zigzag) e caratterizzati da impasto temperato a quarzo. Successivamente il set di campioni è stato ampliato aggiungendo ceramiche, sempre temperate a quarzo, appartenenti al periodo Neolitico provenienti sia dal medesimo sito di Al Khiday (16-D-5) che da altre zone in cui è stato rinvenuto lo stesso tipo di ceramica decorata con il medesimo motivo: la regione di Wadi Soba lungo il Nilo Blu, nello specifico i siti di Sheikh Mustafa e Al Mahalab; i siti della regione di Wadi Howar nel nord-ovest del Sudan, più precisamente dall’Ennedi Erg. Infine il quadro è stato completato con lo studio degli esemplari di ceramica temperata a feldspato potassico rinvenuta in numerosi siti archeologici, compreso quello di Al Khiday. Da questi impasti è stata meccanicamente prelevata unicamente la matrice fine e sono stati rimossi gli inclusi di feldspato potassico, la cui presenza determina delle importanti variazioni composizionali rispetto a quelle dell’argilla utilizzata. L’ipotesi della provenienza di questo smagrante è ancora dibattuta: si trova principalmente abbinato a specifici motivi decorativi (incised wavy line, rocker stamp dotted zigzag packed, alternating pivoted stamp) ma la sua origine geologica è imputabile ad affioramenti di rocce di tipo granitico che si trovano solo in determinate aree a molti chilometri di distanza (almeno 80-100 km) dai siti di Al Khiday. Questa parte del lavoro è stata rivolta alla risoluzione della questione se il feldspato venisse importato nei centri produttivi e mescolato con le argille locali di queste aree, o se i manufatti ceramici venissero prodotti in vicinanza delle zone di affioramento del feldspato e poi diffuse regionalmente. Pertanto, circolazione di una materia prima o di prodotti finiti? La risposta a questo quesito rappresenta un elemento importante nella definizione delle relazioni e della struttura sociale delle comunità di cacciatori-raccoglitori-pescatori Mesolitici. Per quel che riguarda i materiali ceramici, la presenza di markers minero-petrografici in produzioni ad impasto grossolano e specifici caratteri geochimici riferibili a gruppi di riferimento, cioè a produzioni di sicura origine locale (scarti di cottura, materiali di fornaci) o a materiali argillosi per le produzioni ad impasto fine, costituiscono il miglior vincolo nella definizione delle aree di approvvigionamento delle materie prime, e pertanto della provenienza. In molti casi però, l’assenza di elementi peculiari, siano essi litologici o geochimici, impedisce di risolvere importanti problematiche di provenienza delle ceramiche. Negli impasti presi in esame, inoltre, la predominanza di smagrante quarzoso determina anche un forte effetto di diluizione degli elementi in traccia, che quindi non consente di fornire indicazioni sulla provenienza delle argille. Per questo motivo il territorio del Sudan centrale preso in esame rappresenta una zona adatta per sperimentare questa indagine scientifica e, proprio in questo caso, l’analisi dei rapporti isotopici dello stronzio potrebbe rivelarsi decisiva; nei casi in cui viene utilizzato uno smagrante quarzoso, il quale non contiene quantità significative di Rb o Sr, la composizione isotopica dello stronzio nella ceramica è derivata per lo più dalla frazione argillosa/limosa. Il confronto tra l’impronta isotopica delle argille deposte dal Nilo lungo il suo corso attraverso il Sudan centrale e quella delle ceramiche provenienti dai siti sopracitati ha fornito una chiave di lettura per definire la provenienza di manufatti nei quali l’assenza di markers petrografici ne impedisce invece la collocazione. Alcune aree di approvvigionamento sono state escluse mentre altre sono risultate essere più plausibili. Tuttavia, lo studio del rapporto isotopico dello Sr in manufatti ceramici deve fare i conti con il fatto che questi oggetti erano parte integrante della vita quotidiana di queste popolazioni ed erano legati alla preparazione e alla consumazione del cibo, sia solido che liquido. Il confronto dei rapporti isotopici dello Sr di argille e ceramiche ha fornito informazioni sia riguardo ai processi di mescolamento dei sedimenti lungo il corso del Nilo nel Sudan centrale che ad alcune possibili zone di approvvigionamento di materie prime per la produzione delle ceramiche prese in esame. Ma, a causa della contaminazione dei frammenti ceramici, la quale si manifesta principalmente nell'analisi del contenuto in Sr, è possibile abbozzare solo alcune ipotesi sulla provenienza di queste ceramiche, sulla unica base isotopica. Tuttavia queste informazioni hanno contribuito in modo considerevole alla ricostruzione della cultura materiale delle popolazioni Mesolitiche e Neolitiche del Sudan centrale.