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1
Vilca, Vera Carlos Francisco. "Centro Cultural y Museo de las culturas Moche y Chimú en Trujillo." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657365.
Full textAbstract:
El proyecto se enfoca en analizar los aspectos culturales y sociológicos de la ciudad de Trujillo, y fusionarlos con la arquitectura de Centro Cultural y Museo para elaborar un proyecto arquitectónico que respete las características principales del contexto y se relacione entre ellas.
En la investigación, se encontraron tradiciones culturales de la época incaica en Trujillo que aún siguen practicándose. Sin embargo, la práctica de estas va quedando en el olvido o reducido al punto de solo practicarlo en especificas familias que conservan estas tradiciones. Por lo que realizar un proyecto que albergue, difunda estos aspectos culturales de Trujillo, que armonice con su contexto natural y su cultural, fue el principal objetivo de este trabajo.
Es por ello que, en fusión con el regionalismo crítico, a modo de énfasis, se pudo generar una sinergia entre la arquitectura y cada una de las características propias del lugar. Ya sea por su ubicación, emplazamiento, colores, materiales y técnicas constructivas.
Permitiendo que el proyecto funcione como un foco cultural que alberga las principales actividades culturales de Trujillo, así como promover la difusión de las culturas Moche y Chimú, y principalmente armonizando con su contexto inmediato.
Mediante la exhibición de piezas arqueológicas de ambas culturas, la promoción y difusión de las actividades culturales de la zona se logra con éxito el propósito del proyecto. El cual tiene como finalidad mantener viva las principales culturas de Trujillo, Cultura Moche y Chimú, y que su legado se mantenga vigente con el transcurrir del tiempo.The project focuses on analyzing the cultural and sociological aspects of the city of Trujillo, and merging them with the architecture of the Cultural Center and Museum to develop an architectural project that respects the main characteristics of the context and is related to each other. In the investigation, cultural traditions from the Inca period were found in Trujillo that are still being practiced. However, the practice of these is being forgotten or reduced to the point of only practicing it in specific families that preserve these traditions. Therefore, carrying out a project that shelters, disseminates these cultural aspects of Trujillo, that harmonizes with its natural and cultural context, was the main objective of this work. That is why, in fusion with critical regionalism, by way of emphasis, a synergy could be generated between the architecture and each of the characteristics of the place. Either because of its location, location, colors, materials and construction techniques. Allowing the project to function as a cultural focus that houses the main cultural activities of Trujillo, as well as promoting the diffusion of the Moche and Chimú cultures, and mainly harmonizing with its immediate context. Through the exhibition of archaeological pieces from both cultures, the promotion and dissemination of the cultural activities of the area, the purpose of the project is successfully achieved. The purpose of which is to keep alive the main cultures of Trujillo, the Moche and Chimú culture, and that their legacy remains in force over time.
Tesis
2
Méndez, Chumpitazi Luis Alonso. "Centro de Interpretación en Chan Chan." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/624701.
Full textAbstract:
La cultura Chimú es muy diferente al resto de culturas pre-incas. Mientras la mayoría de ellas adoraban al sol, los chimúes ponían especial énfasis en las estrellas y la luna. En base a ellas edificaron su cosmología, su orden social y su arquitectura, sin embargo no existen referencias a ello ni en la zona arqueológica, ni en el museo local. Un proyecto que permita mantener viva la cultura local y aumentar el entendimiento de la cultura Chimú sin competir con el museo ya existente se entiende necesario. Teniendo en cuenta todas estas variables un Centro de Interpretación es la mejor respuesta.Chimor culture is very different from the rest of pre-Inca cultures. While most of them worshiped the sun, the Chimor placed special emphasis on the stars and the moon. They built their cosmology, their social order and their architecture based on them, however there are no references to it neither in the archaeological zone nor in the local museum. A project that allows keeping the local culture alive and increasing the understanding of the Chimor culture without competing with the existing museum is necessary. Taking into account all these factors, an Interpretation Center is the best answer.
Tesis
3
Cerdán, Lobato Kleyson Oswaldo. "Vida en la frontera: Asentamientos rurales en el norte del cerro San Ildefonso, valle bajo de Jequetepeque, durante el Periodo Intermedio Tardío." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/17215.
Full textAbstract:
El presente estudio abarca la problemática de los asentamientos rurales chimú durante
el Intermedio Tardío en el valle bajo del Jequetepeque, a través del análisis de su
arquitectura y funcionalidad. El área de estudio pertenece a la cuenca del río Chamán,
zona en la que se han reconocido algunos asentamientos de gran importancia como San
Ildefonso, San José de Moro, etc. Prospecciones realizadas en el marco de este trabajo
lograron identificar nuevos sitios y caracterizar mejor otros, como el caso del sitio de
estudio, Las Tinajas, sitio periférico a San Ildefonso, en el que se logró registrar
arquitectura en regular estado de conservación con abundante presencia de material
cultural en superficie (sobre todo cerámica). Las evidencias registradas en campo, así
como el levantamiento arquitectónico del asentamiento, nos permiten caracterizar un tipo
de sitio de carácter rural, con presencia de cerámica Chimú e indicadores que sugieren un
uso doméstico durante la fase Chimú Tardía del periodo Intermedio Tardío.
4
Castañeda, Murga José Juan. "La ocupación indígena de la traza urbana de la ciudad de Trujillo, 1534 - 1619." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/15629.
Full textAbstract:
Esta tesis trata como los indígenas llegaron a ocupar el espacio de la traza urbana de la ciudad
de Trujillo desde su fundación hasta 1619, año en que ocurrió el terremoto de San Valentín.
Se explica las causas por las que Diego de Almagro escogió el valle de Chimo para la
fundación de una nueva ciudad, para ello se investiga en los antecedentes geopolíticos del
reino Chimor, de la conquista y ocupación inka, la abundancia de huacas -indicador de
tesoros- en el paisaje y la necesidad de contar con indígenas aliados en caso de una guerra.
Siguiendo un patrón que venía desde la reconquista, Trujillo es fundado sobre un centro
administrativo inka y organizado espacialmente, siguiendo un patrón en damero en torno a
una plaza y con las instituciones del poder a su alrededor. Los solares que se repartieron a
los primeros vecinos eran enormes y seguían un patrón urbanístico que alcanzó gran
desarrollo en América, dando paso a una arquitectura que incluyó elementos constructivos
locales. En cuanto a la ciudad, se estudia su organización espacial: la plaza mayor, las calles
y casas, destacando la ubicación de sus principales edificios. Finalmente se estudia a los
indígenas urbanos, indicando de donde procedían y a que se dedicaban, resaltando también
la ausencia de barrios indígenas fuera de la traza y su cultura material, evidenciando el
surgimiento de una nueva cultura indígena urbana que incorporaba elementos tanto nativos
como occidentales.Tesis
5
Lima, Silvia Cunha. "Tecnologia cerâmica chimu: estudo arqueométrico da coleção do MAE/USP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/71/71131/tde-05112010-101643/.
Full textAbstract:
Existe um amplo debate sobre as influências culturais remotas nos Andes e o surgimento da cerâmica nesses contextos. Nosso estudo não pretende retroceder aos períodos Formativo ou Cerâmico Inicial, mas apenas situar a coleção de cerâmica chimu do MAE/USP em relação ao debate atual sobre as relações de continuidade ou descontinuidade na costa norte peruana, através do estudo da tecnologia de produção cerâmica. O sistema tecnológico que caracteriza essa produção geralmente aparece na bibliografia com ênfase nas características de moldagem de seus artefatos e a vasta produção cerâmica desse período raramente é estudada a partir de sua variabilidade tecnológica. Este estudo busca enxergar possíveis diferenças tecnológicas que possam existir por trás dessa mensagem de unicidade e homogeneidade, explícita na cerâmica chimu, e investigar a respeito do significado das escolhas tecnológicas que caracterizam esse processo. A escolha de uma coleção de peças inteiras, de um estilo cerâmico monocromático, coletadas provavelmente aleatoriamente e carente de informação contextual impôs a necessidade de pensarmos numa metodologia diferenciada para a investigação das escolhas tecnológicas. A combinação da análise macroscópica de aspectos morfológicos e iconográficos, com a investigação sistemática através de técnicas físico-químicas não destrutivas permitiu o aprofundamento no conhecimento da tecnologia e especificidades do processo de produção dos artefatos, ao fornecer dados que foram fundamentais para inferências dos aspectos culturais das escolhas tecnológicas associadas a essa coleção.There is a wide debate on the remote Andes cultural influences and the appearance of ceramics in these contexts. Our study does not intend to go back to Formative periods, but only to retrieve the collection of Chimu pottery MAE / USP with respect to the current debate regarding the relative continuity or discontinuity in Peru\'s northern coast, through the study of ceramic production technology. The technological system that characterizes this production usually appears in the literature with emphasis on the characteristics of molding and the vast production and ceramic artifacts from this period is rarely studied from its technological variability. This study aims to see the future technological differences that may exist behind this message of unity and homogeneity, explicit in Chimu ceramics, and inquiring into the meaning of technology choices that characterize this process. The choice of a collection of whole pieces of a ceramic style monochrome, probably collected at random and lacking in contextual information imposed the need to devise a methodology for the investigation of different technology choices. The combination of macroscopic analysis of morphological and iconographic, with the systematic investigation by physico-chemical techniques non destructive has allowed the depth knowledge of technology and the particularities of the production of the artifacts, to provide data that were fundamental to infer cultural aspects of technology choices associated with this collection.
6
Tigre, Laís Alcântara. "Manufatura de tapeçarias andinas: culturas pré-colombianas - Mochicas e Chimús." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100133/tde-26112018-112605/.
Full textAbstract:
A tapeçaria é uma das formas mais antigas de tecelagem. Esse tipo de tecido possibilita a criação de imagens complexas e suas técnicas e origem são um grande mistério na história geral. A produção têxtil no Peru vem de por volta de 8000 anos a. C. e ao longo da história da região, diferentes culturas desenvolveram a tecnologia têxtil até a chegar à tecnologia manual que temos hoje. As culturas Moche e Chimú viveram na costa norte peruana e desenvolveram técnicas de tecelagem, dentre elas a tapeçaria, que são realizadas até hoje no país, com desenhos antigos e desenhos novos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: investigar a manufatura de tapeçarias dos séculos XIII à XVI no Peru, distinguindo entre as culturas Mochica e Chimú; demonstrar como a tecnologia manual da produção têxtil, foi empregada nas artes têxteis de Elena Izcue e nas tapeçarias de Maximo Laura, mostrando uma continuidade do povo peruano em usar a mesma temática de seus ancestrais e demonstrar como as técnicas ancestrais são usadas hoje para manter comunidades que permanecem utilizando elementos culturais tradicionais e como eles utilizam a manufatura para permanecer com uma identidade cultural e agregar valor aos têxteis produzidos no Peru. Foi realizada uma pesquisa documental e visitas de campo nos sítios arqueológicos e eventos utilizados para manter as técnicas ancestrais ativas. A revisão bibliográfica gerou uma discussão que possibilitou a comparação entre as duas culturas, que apesar de semelhantes em seus desenhos tinham diferenças nas técnicas para produção têxtil, a comparação de Elena Izcue e Maximo Laura no uso dos motivos pré-colombianos em suas obras e a demonstração, através de teóricos clássicos dos estudos culturais, de que as técnicas tradicionais de manufatura têxtil são uma forma de identidade cultural. Foi possível concluir que as atividades tradicionais são uma forma de manter o modo de vida dos povos que vivem em comunidades interioranas e que ainda hoje preservam os rituais e tradições de seus antepassados; que a identidade cultura peruana está atrelada a atividade de produção têxtil manualTapestry is one of the oldest forms of weaving. This type of fabric enables the creation of complex images. Their techniques, and origin, are a great mystery in general history. The textile production in Peru comes from around 8000 years a. C. and throughout the history of the region, different cultures have developed the textile technology until the manual technology that we have today. The Moche and Chimú cultures lived on the northern Peruvian coast and developed weaving techniques, among them tapestry, which are held until today in the country, with old designs and new designs. The objectives of this study were: to investigate the manufacture of tapestries from the 13th to 16th centuries in Peru, distinguishing between the Mochica and Chimú culture; demonstrate how the manual technology of textile production was used in the textile arts of Elena Izcue and in the tapestries of Maximo Laura, showing a continuity of the Peruvian people in using the same theme of their ancestors and demonstrating how the ancestral techniques are used today to maintain communities who remain using traditional cultural elements and how they use manufacturing to remain with a cultural identity and add value to the textiles produced in Peru. Documentary research and field visits were carried out at the archaeological sites and events used to keep the ancestral techniques active. The literature review generated a discussion that allowed the comparison between the two cultures, which although similar in their drawings had differences in techniques for textile production, the comparison of Elena Izcue and Maximo Laura in the use of pre-Columbian motifs in their works and the demonstration, through classical cultural studies theorists, that traditional textile manufacturing techniques are a form of cultural identity. It was possible to conclude that traditional activities are a way of maintaining the way of life of the peoples who live in interior communities and who still today preserve the rituals and traditions of their ancestors; that the Peruvian identity is linked to the activity of manual textile production
7
Castillo, Narrea Luís Enrique Jesús Alberto. "Conservación y Restauración de algunos objetos Arqueológicos: Arte, Técnica y Metalurgia. Procedentes de tres sociedades contemporáneas: Sicán, Chimú y Chiribaya." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101427.
Full text
8
Joseph, Edith Michelle Maryse <1977>. "Application of FTIR microscopy to cultural heritage materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/1404/.
Full textAbstract:
Research in art conservation has been developed from the early 1950s, giving a significant contribution to the conservation-restoration of cultural heritage artefacts. In fact, only through a profound knowledge about the nature and conditions of constituent materials, suitable decisions on the conservation and restoration measures can thus be adopted and preservation practices enhanced. The study of ancient artworks is particularly challenging as they can be considered as heterogeneous and multilayered systems where numerous interactions between the different components as well as degradation and ageing phenomena take place. However, difficulties to physically separate the different layers due to their thickness (1-200 µm) can result in the inaccurate attribution of the identified compounds to a specific layer. Therefore, details can only be analysed when the sample preparation method leaves the layer structure intact, as for example the preparation of embedding cross sections in synthetic resins. Hence, spatially resolved analytical techniques are required not only to exactly characterize the nature of the compounds but also to obtain precise chemical and physical information about ongoing changes. This thesis focuses on the application of FTIR microspectroscopic techniques for cultural heritage materials. The first section is aimed at introducing the use of FTIR microscopy in conservation science with a particular attention to the sampling criteria and sample preparation methods. The second section is aimed at evaluating and validating the use of different FTIR microscopic analytical methods applied to the study of different art conservation issues which may be encountered dealing with cultural heritage artefacts: the characterisation of the artistic execution technique (chapter II-1), the studies on degradation phenomena (chapter II-2) and finally the evaluation of protective treatments (chapter II-3). The third and last section is divided into three chapters which underline recent developments in FTIR spectroscopy for the characterisation of paint cross sections and in particular thin organic layers: a newly developed preparation method with embedding systems in infrared transparent salts (chapter III-1), the new opportunities offered by macro-ATR imaging spectroscopy (chapter III-2) and the possibilities achieved with the different FTIR microspectroscopic techniques nowadays available (chapter III-3).
In chapter II-1, FTIR microspectroscopy as molecular analysis, is presented in an integrated approach with other analytical techniques. The proposed sequence is optimized in function of the limited quantity of sample available and this methodology permits to identify the painting materials and characterise the adopted execution technique and state of conservation. Chapter II-2 describes the characterisation of the degradation products with FTIR microscopy since the investigation on the ageing processes encountered in old artefacts represents one of the most important issues in conservation research. Metal carboxylates resulting from the interaction between pigments and binding media are characterized using synthesised metal palmitates and their production is detected on copper-, zinc-, manganese- and lead- (associated with lead carbonate) based pigments dispersed either in oil or egg tempera. Moreover, significant effects seem to be obtained with iron and cobalt (acceleration of the triglycerides hydrolysis). For the first time on sienna and umber paints, manganese carboxylates are also observed. Finally in chapter II-3, FTIR microscopy is combined with further elemental analyses to characterise and estimate the performances and stability of newly developed treatments, which should better fit conservation-restoration problems.
In the second part, in chapter III-1, an innovative embedding system in potassium bromide is reported focusing on the characterisation and localisation of organic substances in cross sections. Not only the identification but also the distribution of proteinaceous, lipidic or resinaceous materials, are evidenced directly on different paint cross sections, especially in thin layers of the order of 10 µm. Chapter III-2 describes the use of a conventional diamond ATR accessory coupled with a focal plane array to obtain chemical images of multi-layered paint cross sections. A rapid and simple identification of the different compounds is achieved without the use of any infrared microscope objectives. Finally, the latest FTIR techniques available are highlighted in chapter III-3 in a comparative study for the characterisation of paint cross sections. Results in terms of spatial resolution, data quality and chemical information obtained are presented and in particular, a new FTIR microscope equipped with a linear array detector, which permits reducing the spatial resolution limit to approximately 5 µm, provides very promising results and may represent a good alternative to either mapping or imaging systems.
9
Kendix, Elsebeth Langholz <1972>. "Trasmission and Reflection (ATR)Far-Infrared Spectroscopy Applied in the Analysis of Cultural Heritage Materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2266/.
Full textAbstract:
FIR spectroscopy is an alternative way of collecting spectra of many inorganic pigments
and corrosion products found on art objects, which is not normally observed in the MIR region.
Most FIR spectra are traditionally collected in transmission mode but as a real novelty it is now
also possible to record FIR spectra in ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance) mode. In FIR
transmission we employ polyethylene (PE) for preparation of pellets by embedding the sample
in PE. Unfortunately, the preparation requires heating of the PE in order to produces at
transparent pellet. This will affect compounds with low melting points, especially those with
structurally incorporated water. Another option in FIR transmission is the use of thin films. We
test the use of polyethylene thin film (PETF), both commercial and laboratory-made PETF.
ATR collection of samples is possible in both the MIR and FIR region on solid, powdery or
liquid samples. Changing from the MIR to the FIR region is easy as it simply requires the
change of detector and beamsplitter (which can be performed within a few minutes). No
preparation of the sample is necessary, which is a huge advantage over the PE transmission
method. The most obvious difference, when comparing transmission with ATR, is the
distortion of band shape (which appears asymmetrical in the lower wavenumber region) and
intensity differences. However, the biggest difference can be the shift of strong absorbing bands
moving to lower wavenumbers in ATR mode. The sometimes huge band shift necessitates the
collection of standard library spectra in both FIR transmission and ATR modes, provided these
two methods of collecting are to be employed for analyses of unknown samples. Standard
samples of 150 pigment and corrosion compounds are thus collected in both FIR transmission
and ATR mode in order to build up a digital library of spectra for comparison with unknown
samples. XRD, XRF and Raman spectroscopy assists us in confirming the purity or impurity of
our standard samples. 24 didactic test tables, with known pigment and binder painted on the
surface of a limestone tablet, are used for testing the established library and different ways of
collecting in ATR and transmission mode. In ATR, micro samples are scratched from the
surface and examined in both the MIR and FIR region. Additionally, direct surface contact of
the didactic tablets with the ATR crystal are tested together with water enhanced surface
contact. In FIR transmission we compare the powder from our test tablet on the laboratory
PETF and embedded in PE. We also compare the PE pellets collected using a 4x beam
condenser, focusing the IR beam area from 8 mm to 2 mm. A few samples collected from a
mural painting in a Nepalese temple, corrosion products collected from archaeological Chinese
bronze objects and samples from a mural paintings in an Italian abbey, are examined by ATR
or transmission spectroscopy.
10
Bonacini, Irene <1984>. "Development of new analytical procedures aimet at the characterization of artistic samples." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7083/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, new advances in the development of spectroscopic based methods for the characterization of heritage materials have been achieved.
As concern FTIR spectroscopy new approaches aimed at exploiting near and far IR region for the characterization of inorganic or organic materials have been tested. Paint cross-section have been analysed by FTIR spectroscopy in the NIR range and an “ad hoc” chemometric approach has been developed for the elaboration of hyperspectral maps. Moreover, a new method for the characterization of calcite based on the use of grinding curves has been set up both in MIR and in FAR region. Indeed, calcite is a material widely applied in cultural heritage, and this spectroscopic approach is an efficient and rapid tool to distinguish between different calcite samples.
Different enhanced vibrational techniques for the characterisation of dyed fibres have been tested. First a SEIRA (Surface Enhanced Infra-Red Absorption) protocol has been optimised allowing the analysis of colorant micro-extracts thanks to the enhancement produced by the addition of gold nanoparticles. These preliminary studies permitted to identify a new enhanced FTIR method, named ATR/RAIRS, which allowed to reach lower detection limits. Regarding Raman microscopy, the research followed two lines, which have in common the aim of avoiding the use of colloidal solutions. AgI based supports obtained after deposition on a gold-coated glass slides have been developed and tested spotting colorant solutions. A SERS spectrum can be obtained thanks to the photoreduction, which the laser may induce on the silver salt. Moreover, these supports can be used for the TLC separation of a mixture of colorants and the analyses by means of both Raman/SERS and ATR-RAIRS can be successfully reached. Finally, a photoreduction method for the “on fiber” analysis of colorant without the need of any extraction have been optimised.
11
Giulianelli, Lara <1978>. "Chemistry of aerosol particles and fog droplets during fall-winter season in the Po Valley." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6300/.
Full textAbstract:
Air quality represents a key issue in the so-called pollution “hot spots”: environments in which anthropogenic sources are concentrated and dispersion of pollutants is limited. One of these environments, the Po Valley, normally experiences exceedances of PM10 and PM2.5 concentration limits, especially in winter when the ventilation of the lower layers of the atmosphere is reduced.
This thesis provides a highlight of the chemical properties of particulate matter and fog droplets in the Po Valley during the cold season, when fog occurrence is very frequent. Fog-particles interactions were investigated with the aim to determine their impact on the regional air quality.
Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected in Bologna, urban site, and San Pietro Capofiume (SPC), rural site, during two campaigns (November 2011; February 2013) in the frame of Supersito project. The comparison between particles size-distribution and chemical composition in both sites showed the relevant contribution of the regional background and secondary processes in determining the Po Valley aerosol concentration.
Occurrence of fog in November 2011 campaign in SPC allowed to investigate the role of fog formation and fog chemistry in the formation, processing and deposition of PM10. Nucleation scavenging was investigated with relation to the size and the chemical composition of particles. We found that PM1 concentration is reduced up to 60% because of fog scavenging. Furthermore, aqueous-phase secondary aerosol formation mechanisms were investigated through time-resolved measurements.
In SPC fog samples have been systematically collected and analysed since the nineties; a 20 years long database has been assembled. This thesis reports for the first time the results of this long time series of measurements, showing a decrease of sulphate and nitrate concentration and an increase of pH that reached values close to neutrality. A detailed discussion about the occurred changes in fog water composition over two decades is presented.
12
Ciacci, Luca <1984>. "Integration of MFA and LCA methodologies: the anthropogenic aluminium cycle in Italy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5524/.
Full textAbstract:
MFA and LCA methodologies were applied to analyse the anthropogenic aluminium cycle in Italy with focus on historical evolution of stocks and flows of the metal, embodied GHG emissions, and potentials from recycling to provide key features to Italy for prioritizing industrial policy toward low-carbon technologies and materials.
Historical trend series were collected from 1947 to 2009 and balanced with data from production, manufacturing and waste management of aluminium-containing products, using a ‘top-down’ approach to quantify the contemporary in-use stock of the metal, and helping to identify ‘applications where aluminium is not yet being recycled to its full potential and to identify present and future recycling flows’. The MFA results were used as a basis for the LCA aimed at evaluating the carbon footprint evolution, from primary and electrical energy, the smelting process and the transportation, embodied in the Italian aluminium. A discussion about how the main factors, according to the Kaya Identity equation, they did influence the Italian GHG emissions pattern over time, and which are the levers to mitigate it, it has been also reported.
The contemporary anthropogenic reservoirs of aluminium was estimated at about 320 kg per capita, mainly embedded within the transportation and building and construction sectors. Cumulative in-use stock represents approximately 11 years of supply at current usage rates (about 20 Mt versus 1.7 Mt/year), and it would imply a potential of about 160 Mt of CO2eq emissions savings. A discussion of criticality related to aluminium waste recovery from the transportation and the containers and packaging sectors was also included in the study, providing an example for how MFA and LCA may support decision-making at sectorial or regional level. The research constitutes the first attempt of an integrated approach between MFA and LCA applied to the aluminium cycle in Italy.
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Corticelli, Claudio <1986>. "Valutazione della mobilita' di contaminanti inorganici tramite test di cessione su matrici ambientali contaminate." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6371/.
Full textAbstract:
La caratterizzazione di sedimenti contaminati è un problema complesso, in questo lavoro ci si è occupati di individuare una metodologia di caratterizzazione che tenesse conto sia delle caratteristiche della contaminazione, con analisi volte a determinare il contenuto totale di contaminanti, sia della mobilità degli inquinanti stessi.
Una adeguata strategia di caratterizzazione può essere applicata per la valutazione di trattamenti di bonifica, a questo scopo si è valutato il trattamento di soil washing, andando ad indagare le caratteristiche dei sedimenti dragati e del materiale in uscita dal processo, sabbie e frazione fine, andando inoltre a confrontare le caratteristiche della sabbia in uscita con quelle delle sabbie comunemente usate per diverse applicazioni. Si è ritenuto necessario indagare la compatibilità dal punto di vista chimico, granulometrico e morfologico.
Per indagare la mobilità si è scelto di applicare i test di cessione definiti sia a livello internazionale che italiano (UNI) e quindi si sono sviluppate le tecnologie necessarie alla effettuazione di test di cessione in modo efficace, automatizzando la gestione del test a pHstat UNI CEN 14997. Questo si è reso necessario a causa della difficoltà di gestire il test manualmente, per via delle tempistiche difficilmente attuabili da parte di un operatore.
Le condizioni redox influenzano la mobilità degli inquinanti, in particolare l’invecchiamento all’aria di sedimenti anossici provoca variazioni sensibili nello stato d’ossidazione di alcune componenti, incrementandone la mobilità, si tratta quindi di un aspetto da considerare quando si individuano le adeguate condizioni di stoccaggio-smaltimento, si è eseguita a questo scopo una campagna sperimentale.The characterization of contaminated sediments is a daedalean problem , in this paper the focus is to identify a method of characterization that takes into account both the characteristics of the contamination, with analysis to determine the total content of contaminants, and the mobility of the pollutants themselves. An adequate characterization strategy can be applied for the evaluation of managing options, and treatments of reclamation, for this purpose , it is assessed the treatment of soil washing, taking account of the characteristics of the sediment and dredged material in the process output, sands and fine fraction, and also to comparing the characteristics of the sand in output with those of sands commonly used for different applications. It was considered necessary to investigate the compatibility from the chemical point of view, particle size and morphology. Different leaching test have been applied to investigate the mobility, they are defined in the international and Italian norms (UNI) and therefore have developed the technologies necessary to carry out tests of the sale effectively, automating the management of test pHStat CEN 14997. That has been helpful due to the type of test, which is difficult to handle in manual way. The redox conditions affect the mobility of pollutants , in particular the aging of anoxic sediments in air causes substantial changes in the oxidation state of some components , increasing mobility , it is therefore an aspect to be considered when identifying the appropriate conditions storage - disposal. With that goal a series of experiments have been carried out.
14
Raffo, Simona <1987>. "The Influence of the Environment on the Atmospheric Corrosion of Weathering Steel: Field and Laboratory Studies." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7544/.
Full textAbstract:
Weathering steel (WS) describes a class of material, presenting higher corrosion resistance and enhanced mechanical properties than carbon steel when exposed to medium-aggressive environments (rural, urban and light-industrial). The chemical composition of WS, including elements such as Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn, promotes the creation of an adherent passivation layer, which opposes the entry of corrosive species and protects material from further corrosion. However, depending on the exposure environment, the evolution and the composition of patinas can strongly change; the exposure to corrosive atmospheres (i.e., marine sites and industrial/urban areas) destabilizes the patina and reduces corrosion resistance, leading WS to be more susceptible to corrosion and wash-out processes. Consequently, WS releases a certain quantity of alloying metals that could disperse in surrounding areas (soil or water); depending on their chemical form, mobility and bioavailability, some of these elements could represent an hazard to the environment and to living organisms, because of their persistence and potential chronic toxicity.
In this work, the issue of atmospheric corrosion of WS was extensively investigated through field and laboratory tests, to evaluate and quantify the effects that surface treatments, exposure geometry, environmental factors and main atmospheric contaminants may have on WS corrosion.
Specifically, the characterization of the composition and morphology of corrosion products formed on WS was combined with an innovative approach, that is the quantification of metal dissolution during the early years of exposure, when environmental impact could be greater, and the application of multivariate data analysis. A specific focus was made on the interaction of material with the main aggressive saline ions contained in particulate matter.
This work allowed to give a more complete and comprehensive characterization of the environmental behavior of weathering steel and to point out interesting conclusion on the main environmental aspects affecting outdoor corrosion of this material.
15
Saracino, Michela <1982>. "Advanced Oxidation Processes Based on Photocatalysis for the Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Water." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7545/.
Full textAbstract:
Many organic pollutants are daily released into the environment or pass through the wastewater treatment plants contaminating surface and drinkable water. Part of these pollutants belongs to the category of the emerging organic contaminants since they are still unregulated or in process of regularization. They give cause of concern since they are dangerous for human health and for the survivor of a large number of living organisms. The implementation of wastewater treatment plants against the emerging contaminants is one of the challenges for the enhancement of the water quality, and advanced oxidation processes represent new technologies very promising as tertiary treatments. The research activity carried out during my PhD course focused on degradation test on aqueous solutions contaminated with different class of pollutants such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, both as single compound solutions and mixture of contaminants. The photocatalytic process was studied developing a new pre-industrial pilot plant and testing new TiO2-based photocatalysts in a view of a technological transfer of the photocatalytic methodology. The reuse of a photocatalyst consisting of TiO2 supported on a solid substrates was also investigated with the aim to avoid some problems related to the use of a dispersed catalyst. Photocatalytic process coupled with ultrasounds was also examined in order to speed up the decomposition of the pollutants. The disappearance of every pollutant was followed by HPLC analysis and the mineralization was assessed by the determination of total organic carbon.
In the end, the energy consumption related to the processes tested on the mixture of contaminants was calculated in order to establish the best methodology to obtain good degradation rate with reasonable costs.
16
Combi, Tatiane <1987>. "Contamination Trends of Legacy and Emerging Compounds in Sediments from the Adriatic Sea." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7476/.
Full textAbstract:
Sediments are the final repositories for most pollutants, which can accumulate and remain in the sedimentary matrix for long periods of time and may accumulate through the food web, affecting marine biota, aquatic-dependent wildlife, and ultimately human health. Thus, a wide-ranging work monitoring different groups of contaminants in sediments is a key tool for a comprehensive understanding of contaminants behavior and identification of the overall environmental quality and possible threatens to the whole marine ecosystem. POPs, among which PCBs and DDTs rank first, polycyclic aromatic hyrocarbons (PAHs), and selected groups contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) (fragrances, UV filters, endocrine disruptors) were the objective of this work. First, PCB congeners were analyzed in sediment cores and recent sediments along the north-south axis of the western Adriatic Sea. Chronological records of PCB concentrations and homologue patterns were assessed, supporting the reconstruction of PCBs fluxes and total inventories. Then, the spatial distribution and fate of selected legacy and emerging compounds were investigated in surface sediments sampled along the Adriatic mud-wedge and in deep-sea regions from the southern Adriatic basin, providing the first extensive dataset and also the evaluation of potential ecotoxicological risk of target emerging contaminants in sediments from the Adriatic Sea. Finally, the analyzes of selected legacy contaminants (PCBs, DDTs and PAHs) in sediment cores from coastal and deep-sea sediments from the Adriatic Sea supported the comparison between these two areas and further reinforces the hypothesis on the transfer of contaminants from contaminated areas in the northern Adriatic to the deep southern Adriatic basin. The present thesis is the summary of the work carried out in the last three year of the PhD program “Scienze ambientali: tutela e gestione delle risorse naturali” and contains three manuscripts (two under review and one in preparation), and the main conclusions regarding this PhD research project.
17
Theodoridou, Magdalini <1983>. "Physical and mineralogical changes of Hungarian monumental stones exposed to different conditions: stone-testing in-situ and under laboratory conditions." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2256/.
Full textAbstract:
The Székesfehérvár Ruin Garden is a unique assemblage of monuments belonging to the cultural
heritage of Hungary due to its important role in the Middle Ages as the coronation and burial
church of the Kings of the Hungarian Christian Kingdom. It has been nominated for “National
Monument” and as a consequence, its protection in the present and future is required. Moreover, it
was reconstructed and expanded several times throughout Hungarian history. By a quick overview
of the current state of the monument, the presence of several lithotypes can be found among the
remained building and decorative stones. Therefore, the research related to the materials is crucial
not only for the conservation of that specific monument but also for other historic structures in
Central Europe.
The current research is divided in three main parts: i) description of lithologies and their
provenance, ii) physical properties testing of historic material and iii) durability tests of analogous
stones obtained from active quarries. The survey of the National Monument of Székesfehérvár,
focuses on the historical importance and the architecture of the monument, the different
construction periods, the identification of the different building stones and their distribution in the
remaining parts of the monument and it also included provenance analyses. The second one was
the in situ and laboratory testing of physical properties of historic material. As a final phase
samples were taken from local quarries with similar physical and mineralogical characteristics to
the ones used in the monument. The three studied lithologies are: fine oolitic limestone, a coarse
oolitic limestone and a red compact limestone. These stones were used for rock mechanical and
durability tests under laboratory conditions.
The following techniques were used:
a) in-situ: Schmidt Hammer Values, moisture content measurements, DRMS, mapping
(construction ages, lithotypes, weathering forms)
b) laboratory: petrographic analysis, XRD, determination of real density by means of helium
pycnometer and bulk density by means of mercury pycnometer, pore size distribution by mercury
intrusion porosimetry and by nitrogen adsorption, water absorption, determination of open
porosity, DRMS, frost resistance, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, uniaxial compressive strength test
and dynamic modulus of elasticity.
The results show that initial uniaxial compressive strength is not necessarily a clear indicator of
the stone durability. Bedding and other lithological heterogeneities can influence the strength and
durability of individual specimens. In addition, long-term behaviour is influenced by exposure
conditions, fabric and, especially, the pore size distribution of each sample. Therefore, a statistic
evaluation of the results is highly recommended and they should be evaluated in combination with
other investigations on internal structure and micro-scale heterogeneities of the material, such as
petrographic observation, ultrasound pulse velocity and porosimetry. Laboratory tests used to
estimate the durability of natural stone may give a good guidance to its short-term performance
but they should not be taken as an ultimate indication of the long-term behaviour of the stone.
The interdisciplinary study of the results confirms that stones in the monument show deterioration
in terms of mineralogy, fabric and physical properties in comparison with quarried stones.
Moreover stone-testing proves compatibility between quarried and historical stones. Good
correlation is observed between the non-destructive-techniques and laboratory tests results which
allow us to minimize sampling and assessing the condition of the materials. Concluding, this
research can contribute to the diagnostic knowledge for further studies that are needed in order to
evaluate the effect of recent and future protective measures.
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Cuzman, Oana Adriana <1978>. "Biofilms on exposed monumental stones: mechanism of formation and development of new control methods." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2257/.
Full textAbstract:
Within the stone monumental artefacts artistic fountains are extremely favorable to formation of biofilms, giving rise to biodegradation processes related with physical-chemical and visual aspect alterations, because of their particular exposure conditions. Microbial diversity of five fountains (two from Spain and three from Italy) was investigated. It was observed an ample similarity between the biodiversity of monumental stones reported in literature and that one found in studied fountains. Mechanical procedures and toxic chemical products are usually employed to remove such phototrophic patinas. Alternative methods based on natural antifouling substances are recently experimented in the marine sector, due to their very low environmental impact and for the bio settlement prevention on partially immersed structures of ships. In the present work groups of antibiofouling agents (ABAs) were selected from literature for their ability to interfere, at molecular level, with the microbial communication system “quorum sensing”, inhibiting the initial phase of biofilm formation. The efficacy of some natural antibiofoulants agents (ABAs) with terrestrial (Capsaicine - CS, Cinnamaldehyde - CI) and marine origin (Zosteric Acid - ZA, poly-Alkyl Pyridinium Salts – pAPS and Ceramium botryocarpum extract - CBE), incorporated into two commercial coatings (Silres BS OH 100 - S and Wacker Silres BS 290 - W) commonly used in stone conservation procedures were evaluated. The formation of phototrophic biofilms in laboratory conditions (on Carrara marble specimens and Sierra Elvira stone) and on two monumental fountains (Tacca’s Fountain 2 - Florence, Italy and Fountain from Patio de la Lindaraja - Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain) has been investigated in the presence or absence of these natural antifouling agents. The natural antibiofouling agents, at tested concentrations, demonstrated a certain inhibitory effect. The silane-siloxane based silicone coating (W) mixing with ABAs was more suitable with respect to ethyl silicate coating (S) and proved efficacy against biofilm formation only when incompletely cured. The laboratory results indicated a positive action in inhibiting the patina formation, especially for poly-alkyl pyridinium salts, zosteric acid and cinnamaldehyde, while on site tests revealed a good effect for zosteric acid.
19
Quaranta, Marta <1980>. "On the degradation mechanisms under the influence of pedological factors through the study of archeological bronze patina." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2258/.
Full textAbstract:
This experimental thesis concerns the study of the long-term behaviour of ancient bronzes
recently excavated from burial conditions. The scientific interest is to clarify the effect of soil
parameters on the degradation mechanisms of ancient bronze alloy. The work took into
consideration bronzes recovered from the archaeological sites in the region of Dobrudja,
Romania.
The first part of research work was dedicated to the characterization of bronze artefacts using
non destructive (micro-FTIR, reflectance mode) and micro-destructive (based on sampling
and analysis of a stratigraphical section by OM and SEM-EDX) methods. Burial soils were
geologically classified and analyzed by chemical methods (pH, conductivity, anions content).
Most of objects analyzed showed a coarse and inhomogeneous corroded structure, often made
up of several corrosion layers. This has been explained by the silt nature of soils, which
contain low amount of clay and are, therefore, quite accessible to water and air. The main
cause of a high dissolution rate of bronze alloys is the alternate water saturation and
instauration of the soil, for example on a seasonal scale. Moreover, due to the vicinity of the
Black Sea, the detrimental effect of chlorine has been evidenced for few objects, which were
affected by the bronze disease.
A general classification of corrosion layers was achieved by comparing values of the ratio
Cu/Sn in the alloy and in the patina. Decuprification is a general trend, and enrichment of
copper within the corrosion layers, due to the formation of thick layers of cuprite (Cu2O), is
pointed out as well. Uncommon corrosion products and degradation patterns were presented
as well, and they are probably due to peculiar local conditions taking place during the burial
time, such as anaerobic conditions or fluctuating environmental conditions.
In order to acquire a better insight into the corrosion mechanisms, the second part of the thesis
has regarded simulation experiments, which were conducted on commercial Cu-Sn alloys,
whose composition resembles those of ancient artefacts one. Electrochemical measurements
were conducted in natural electrolytes, such as solutions extracted from natural soil (sampled
at the archaeological sites) and seawater. Cyclic potentiodynamic experiments allowed
appreciating the mechanism of corrosion in both cases. Soil extract’s electrolyte has been
evaluated being a non aggressive medium, while artificial solution prepared by increasing the
concentration of anions caused the pitting corrosion of the alloy, which is demonstrated by
optical observations.
In particular, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy allows assessing qualitatively the
nature of corroded structures formed in soil and seawater. A double-structured layer is
proposed, which differ, in the two cases, for the nature of the internal passive layer, which
result defectiveness and porous in case of seawater.
20
Ozga, Izabela Joanna <1982>. "Multi-pollutants impact on modern cement built heritage." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2264/.
Full textAbstract:
It is well known that the deposition of gaseous pollutants and aerosols plays a major role in
causing the deterioration of monuments and built cultural heritage in European cities. Despite
of many studies dedicated to the environmental damage of cultural heritage, in case of cement
mortars, commonly used in the 20th century architecture, the deterioration due to air multipollutants
impact, especially the formation of black crusts, is still not well explored making
this issue a challenging area of research.
This work centers on cement mortars – environment interactions, focusing on the diagnosis of
the damage on the modern built heritage due to air multi-pollutants. For this purpose three
sites, exposed to different urban areas in Europe, were selected for sampling and subsequent
laboratory analyses: Centennial Hall, Wroclaw (Poland), Chiesa dell'Autostrada del Sole,
Florence (Italy), Casa Galleria Vichi, Florence (Italy). The sampling sessions were performed
taking into account the height from the ground level and protection from rain run off
(sheltered, partly sheltered and exposed areas). The complete characterization of collected
damage layer and underlying materials was performed using a range of analytical techniques:
optical and scanning electron microscopy, X ray diffractometry, differential and gravimetric
thermal analysis, ion chromatography, flash combustion/gas chromatographic analysis,
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer. The data were elaborated using
statistical methods (i.e. principal components analyses) and enrichment factor for cement
mortars was calculated for the first time.
The results obtained from the experimental activity performed on the damage layers indicate
that gypsum, due to the deposition of atmospheric sulphur compounds, is the main damage
product at surfaces sheltered from rain run-off at Centennial Hall and Casa Galleria Vichi. By
contrast, gypsum has not been identified in the samples collected at Chiesa dell'Autostrada del
Sole. This is connected to the restoration works, particularly surface cleaning, regularly
performed for the maintenance of the building.
Moreover, the results obtained demonstrated the correlation between the location of the
building and the composition of the damage layer: Centennial Hall is mainly undergoing to
the impact of pollutants emitted from the close coal power stations, whilst Casa Galleria Vichi
is principally affected by pollutants from vehicular exhaust in front of the building.
21
Cechova, Eva <1982>. "The effect of linseed oil on the properties of lime-based restoration mortars." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2267/.
Full textAbstract:
The traditional lime mortar is composed of hydrated lime, sand and water. Besides these constituents it may also contain additives aiming to modify fresh mortar´s properties and/or to improve hardened mortar´s strength and durability. Already in the first civilizations various additives were used to enhance mortar´s quality, among the organic additives, linseed oil was one of the most common. From literature we know that it was used already in Roman period to reduce water permeability of a mortar, but the mechanism and the technology, e.g. effects of different dosages, are not clearly explained. There are only few works studying the effect of oil experimentally. Knowing the function of oil in historical mortars is important for designing a new compatible repair mortar. Moreover, linseed oil addition could increase the sometimes insufficient durability of lime-based mortars used for reparation and it could be a natural alternative to synthetic additives. In the present study, the effect of linseed oil on the properties of six various lime-based mortars has been studied. Mortars´ compositions have been selected with respect to composition of historical mortars, but also mortars used in a modern restoration practise have been tested. Oil was added in two different concentrations – 1% and 3% by the weight of binder. The addition of 1% of linseed oil has proved to have positive effect on mortars´ properties. It improves mechanical characteristics and limits water absorption into mortar without affecting significantly the total open porosity or decreasing the degree of carbonation. On the other hand, the 3% addition of linseed oil is making mortar to be almost hydrophobic, but it markedly decreases mortars´ strength. However, all types of tested lime-based mortars with the oil addition showed significantly decreased water and salt solution absorption by capillary rise. Addition of oil into mortars is also decreasing the proportion of pores which are easily accessible to water. Furthermore, mortars with linseed oil showed significantly improved resistance to salt crystallization and freeze-thaw cycles. On the base of the obtained results, the addition of 1% of linseed oil can be taken into consideration in the design of mortars meant to repair or replace historic mortars.
22
Ruggeri, Anna <1976>. "Study of the building and decorative materials and techniques used in Hungarian Roman sites." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2269/.
Full textAbstract:
The aims of this research were:
- To identify the characteristics, properties and provenance of the building and
decorative material found in three Hungarian Roman sites: Nagyharsány,
Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta and Aquincum
- To provide a database of information on the different sites
- To have an overview of main conservation strategies applied in Hungary.
Geological studies, macroscopical and microscopical observations, XRD investigations,
physical and chemical analyses allowed us to define the characteristics and properties of the
different kinds of collected materials.
Building stones sampled from Nagyharsány site showed two different kinds of massive
limestone belonging to the areas surrounding the villa.
Also Building stones sampled from Nemesvámos-Balácapuszta Roman villa proved to be
compatible with limestone belonging to local sources.
Mural painting fragments show that all samples are units composed of multilayered
structures.
Mosaic tesserae can be classified as following:
-Pale yellow , blackish and pink tesserae are comparable with local limestone;
-White tessera, composed of marble, was probably imported from distant regions of the
Empire, as the usual practice of Romans.
Mortars present different characteristics according to the age, the site and the functions:
-Building mortars are generally lime based, white or pale yellow in colour, present a high
percentage of aggregates represented by fine sand;
-Supporting mortars from both mosaics and mural paintings are reddish or pinkish in colour,
due to the presence of high percentage of brick dust and tiles fragments, and present a higher
content of MgO.
Although the condition of the sites, there is an insignificant content of soluble salts.
Database
The whole study has allowed us to provide work sheets for each samples, including all
characteristics and properties.
Furthermore, all sites included in the frame of the research have been described and illustrated
on the base of their floor plans, material and construction methodologies.
It can be concluded that:
1. In Nagyharsány Archaeological site, it is possible to define a sequence of different
construction phases on the base of the study of building material and mortars. The
results are comparable with the chronology of the site provided by the archaeologists
2. The material used for construction was of local origin while the more precious ones,
used for decorative elements, were probably imported from long distance
3. Construction techniques in Hungary mainly refer to the usual Roman knowledge and
practice (Vitruvius); few differences have been found
4. The database will represent an archive for Archaeologists, Historians and
Conservators dealing with Roman period in Hungary.
23
Hayashi, Mikiko <1976>. "The Effect of Preservative Interventions on the Chemical- Physical and Structural Characteristics of Panel Painting." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2270/.
Full textAbstract:
This work studies the impact of two traditional Romanian treatments, Red Petroleum and Propolis, in
terms of real efficiency and consequence on the wooden artifacts. The application of these solutions is still a
widely adopted and popular technique in preservative conservation but the impact of these solutions is not well
known. It is important to know the effect of treatments on chemical-physical and structural characteristics of the
artifacts, not only for understanding the influence on present conditions but also for foreseeing the future
behavior. These treatments with Romanian traditional products are compared with a commercial antifungal
product, Biotin R, which is utilized as reference to control the effectiveness of Red Petroleum and Propolis.
Red Petroleum and Propolis are not active against mould while Biotin R is very active. Mould attack is
mostly concentrated in the painted layer, where the tempera, containing glue and egg, enhance nutrition
availability for moulds. Biotin R, even if is not a real insecticide but a fungicide, was the most active product
against insect attack of the three products, followed by Red Petroleum, Propolis and untreated reference.
As for colour, it did not change so much after the application of Red Petroleum and Biotin R and the
colour difference was almost not perceptible. On the contrary, Propolis affected the colour a lot. During the
exposure at different RH, the colour changes significantly at 100% RH at equilibrium and this is mainly due to
the mould attack.
Red Petroleum penetrates deeply into wood, while Propolis does not penetrate and remains only on the
surface. However, Red Petroleum does not interact chemically with wood substance and it is easy volatilized in
oven-dry condition. On the contrary Propolis interacts chemically with wood substance and hardly volatilized,
even in oven-dry condition and consequently Propolis remains where it penetrated, mostly on the surface.
Treatment by immersion has impact on wood physical parameters while treatment by brushing does not
have significant impact. Especially Red Petroleum has an apparent impact on moisture content (MC) due to the
penetration of solution, while Propolis does not penetrate so much and remains only on surface therefore
Propolis does not have so much impact as Red Petroleum. However, if the weight of the solution penetrated in
wood is eliminated, there is not significant difference in MC between treated and untreated samples. Considering
physical parameters, dimensional stability is an important parameter. The variation of wood moisture content
causes shrinkages/swelling of the wood that polychrome layer can only partially follow. The dimension of
wooden supports varied under different moisture conditioning; the painted layer cannot completely follow this deformation, and consequently a degradation and deterioration caused by detachment, occurs. That detachment
affects the polychrome stratification of the panel painting and eventually the connections between the different
layer compositions of the panel painting.
24
Kovacs, Timea <1982>. "Durability of crystalline monumental stones in terms of their petrophysical characteristics." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2272/.
Full textAbstract:
The durability of stone building materials is an issue of utmost importance in the field of
monument conservation. In order to be able to preserve our built cultural heritage, the thorough
knowledge of its constituent materials and the understanding of the processes that affect them
are indispensable.
The main objective of this research was to evaluate the durability of a special stone type, the
crystalline stones, in correlation with their intrinsic characteristics, the petrophysical properties.
The crystalline stones are differentiated from the cemented stones on the basis of textural
features. Their most important specific property is the usually low, fissure-like porosity. Stone
types of significant monumental importance, like the marble or granite belong to this group. The
selected materials for this investigation, indeed, are a marble (Macael marble, Spain) and a granite
(Silvestre Vilachán granite, Spain). In addition, an andesite (Szob andesite, Hungary) also of
significant monumental importance was selected. This way a wide range of crystalline rocks is
covered in terms of petrogenesis: stones of metamorphic, magmatic and volcanic origin, which
can be of importance in terms of mineralogical, petrological or physical characteristics.
After the detailed characterization of the petrophysical properties of the selected stones, their
durability was assessed by means of artificial ageing. The applied ageing tests were: the salt
crystallization, the frost resistance in pure water and in the presence of soluble salts, the salt mist
and the action of SO2 in the presence of humidity.
The research aimed at the understanding of the mechanisms of each weathering process and at
finding the petrophysical properties most decisive in the degradation of these materials.
Among the several weathering mechanisms, the most important ones were found to be the
physical stress due to crystallization pressure of both salt and ice, the thermal fatigue due to cyclic
temperature changes and the chemical reactions (mostly the acidic attack) between the mineral
phases and the external fluids.
The properties that fundamentally control the degradation processes, and thus the durability of
stones were found to be: the mineralogical and chemical composition; the hydraulic properties
especially the water uptake, the permeability and the drying; the void space structure, especially
the void size and aperture size distribution and the connectivity of the porous space; and the
thermal and mechanical properties.
Because of the complexity of the processes and the high number of determining properties, no
mechanisms or characteristics could be identified as typical for crystalline stones. The durability
or alterability of each stone type must be assessed according to its properties and not according
to the textural or petrophysical classification they belong to.
Finally, a critical review of standardized methods is presented, based on which an attempt was
made for recommendations of the most adequate methodology for the characterization and
durability assessment of crystalline stones.
25
Paglione, Marco <1984>. "Advanced spectroscopic techniques and chemometric analysis for atmospheric organic aerosol characterization and source apportionment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5218/.
Full textAbstract:
Atmospheric aerosol particles directly impact air quality and participate in controlling the climate system. Organic Aerosol (OA) in general accounts for a large fraction (10–90%) of the global submicron (PM1) particulate mass.
Chemometric methods for source identification are used in many disciplines, but methods relying on the analysis of NMR datasets are rarely used in atmospheric sciences. This thesis provides an original application of NMR-based chemometric methods to atmospheric OA source apportionment. The method was tested on chemical composition databases obtained from samples collected at different environments in Europe, hence exploring the impact of a great diversity of natural and anthropogenic sources. We focused on sources of water-soluble OA (WSOA), for which NMR analysis provides substantial advantages compared to alternative methods. Different factor analysis techniques are applied independently to NMR datasets from nine field campaigns of the project EUCAARI and allowed the identification of recurrent source contributions to WSOA in European background troposphere: 1) Marine SOA; 2) Aliphatic amines from ground sources (agricultural activities, etc.); 3) Biomass burning POA; 4) Biogenic SOA from terpene oxidation; 5) “Aged” SOAs, including humic-like substances (HULIS); 6) Other factors possibly including contributions from Primary Biological Aerosol Particles, and products of cooking activities. Biomass burning POA accounted for more than 50% of WSOC in winter months. Aged SOA associated with HULIS was predominant (> 75%) during the spring-summer, suggesting that secondary sources and transboundary transport become more important in spring and summer.
Complex aerosol measurements carried out, involving several foreign research groups, provided the opportunity to compare source apportionment results obtained by NMR analysis with those provided by more widespread Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) techniques that now provided categorization schemes of OA which are becoming a standard for atmospheric chemists. Results emerging from this thesis partly confirm AMS classification and partly challenge it.
26
Venturini, Elisa <1985>. "Application of innovative methods of source apportionment in air contamination assessment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5584/.
Full textAbstract:
In this work, new tools in atmospheric pollutant sampling and analysis were applied in order to go deeper in source apportionment study. The project was developed mainly by the study of atmospheric emission sources in a suburban area influenced by a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI), a medium-sized coastal tourist town and a motorway. Two main research lines were followed. For what concerns the first line, the potentiality of the use of PM samplers coupled with a wind select sensor was assessed. Results showed that they may be a valid support in source apportionment studies. However, meteorological and territorial conditions could strongly affect the results. Moreover, new markers were investigated, particularly focusing on the processes of biomass burning. OC revealed a good biomass combustion process indicator, as well as all determined organic compounds. Among metals, lead and aluminium are well related to the biomass combustion. Surprisingly PM was not enriched of potassium during bonfire event.
The second research line consists on the application of Positive Matrix factorization (PMF), a new statistical tool in data analysis. This new technique was applied to datasets which refer to different time resolution data. PMF application to atmospheric deposition fluxes identified six main sources affecting the area. The incinerator’s relative contribution seemed to be negligible. PMF analysis was then applied to PM2.5 collected with samplers coupled with a wind select sensor. The higher number of determined environmental indicators allowed to obtain more detailed results on the sources affecting the area. Vehicular traffic revealed the source of greatest concern for the study area. Also in this case, incinerator’s relative contribution seemed to be negligible. Finally, the application of PMF analysis to hourly aerosol data demonstrated that the higher the temporal resolution of the data was, the more the source profiles were close to the real one.
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Baravelli, Valentina <1978>. "Studio analitico sulla valorizzazione di biomasse tramite pirolisi reattiva." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2007. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/290/.
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Bugani, Simone <1977>. "Evaluation of the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and conservation treatments on stone building materials." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/716/.
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Pastorelli, Gianluca <1975>. "Archaeological Baltic amber: degradation mechanisms and conservation measures." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2259/.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this project was to achieve a deep understanding of the mechanisms by
which Baltic amber degrades, in order to develop techniques for preventive
conservation of archaeological amber objects belonging to the National Museum of
Denmark’s collections.
To examine deterioration of Baltic amber, a starting point was to identify and monitor
surface and bulk properties which are affected during degradation.
The way to operate consisted of the use of accelerated ageing to initiate degradation
of raw Baltic amber samples in different conditions of relative humidity, oxygen
exposure or pH and, successively, of the use of non/micro-destructive techniques to
identify and quantify changes in visual, chemical and structural properties.
A large piece of raw Baltic amber was used to prepare several test samples for two
different kinds of accelerated ageing: thermal-ageing and photo-ageing.
During the ageing, amber samples were regularly examined through several analytical
techniques related to different information: appearance/colour change by visual
examination, photography and colorimetry; chemical change by infrared
spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis; rate of oxidation by
oxygen measurement; qualitative analysis of released volatiles by gas
chromatography – mass spectrometry.
The obtained results were analysed through both critical evaluation and statistical
study.
After the interpretation of the achieved data, the main relations between amber and
environmental factors during the degradation process became clearer and it was
possible to identify the major pathways by which amber degrades, such as hydrolysis
of esters into alcohols and carboxylic acids, thermal-oxidation and photo-oxidation of
terpenoid components, depolymerisation and decomposition of the chemical structure.
At the end it was possible to suggest a preventive conservation strategy based on the
control of climatic, atmospheric and lighting parameters in the environment where
Baltic amber objects are stored and displayed.
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Starinieri, Vincenzo <1975>. "Study of materials and technology of ancient floor mosaics' substrate." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2263/.
Full textAbstract:
Ancient pavements are composed of a variety of preparatory or foundation layers constituting the substrate, and of a layer of tesserae, pebbles or marble slabs forming the surface of the floor. In other cases, the surface consists of a mortar layer beaten and polished. The term mosaic is associated with the presence of tesserae or pebbles, while the more general term pavement is used in all the cases. As past and modern excavations of ancient pavements demonstrated, all pavements do not necessarily display the stratigraphy of the substrate described in the ancient literary sources. In fact, the number and thickness of the preparatory layers, as well as the nature and the properties of their constituent materials, are often varying in pavements which are placed either in different sites or in different buildings within a same site or even in a same building. For such a reason, an investigation that takes account of the whole structure of the pavement is important when studying the archaeological context of the site where it is placed, when designing materials to be used for its maintenance and restoration, when documenting it and when presenting it to public. Five case studies represented by archaeological sites containing floor mosaics and other kind of pavements, dated to the Hellenistic and the Roman period, have been investigated by means of in situ and laboratory analyses. The results indicated that the characteristics of the studied pavements, namely the number and the thickness of the preparatory layers, and the properties of the mortars constituting them, vary according to the ancient use of the room where the pavements are placed and to the type of surface upon which they were built. The study contributed to the understanding of the function and the technology of the pavementsâ substrate and to the characterization of its constituent materials. Furthermore, the research underlined the importance of the investigation of the whole structure of the pavement, included the foundation surface, in the interpretation of the archaeological context where it is located. A series of practical applications of the results of the research, in the designing of repair mortars for pavements, in the documentation of ancient pavements in the conservation practice, and in the presentation to public in situ and in museums of ancient pavements, have been suggested.
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Simionescu, Ana Bogdana <1977>. "Durability of monumental stones treated with siloxane-based water repellents." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2268/.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis investigates the effect of siloxane-based water repellents on the
durability of monumental stones. Laspra, a micritic limestone typical for the Spanish
region of Asturias, and Repedea, an oolitic limestone from Moldavia, Romania were
selected for the present study, due to their regional / national significance and level of
usage. As for the siloxane-based water repellents, three worldwide used products,
namely Lotexan-N, Silres® BS 290 and Tegosivin HL 100 and a newly synthesized
nanocomposite material, TMSPMA, obtained starting from the 3(trimethoxysilyl)propyl
methacrylate as a precursor were investigated.
The limestones and the water repellents were thoroughly characterized using
specific techniques. The coating of the two monumental stones with the mentioned
products and the investigation of coating efficiency yielded to the conclusion that all
treatments induce good water repellent properties.
The treated limestones were afterwards submitted to different artificially
accelerated ageing tests – resistance against UV irradiation, resistance to salt mist action
and resistance to SO2 action in the presence of humidity –, the results being analyzed
according to standardized evaluation methods.
The durability of the treated stones was proved to depend on both stone
characteristics and water repellent chemical structure. All four water repellents induced a
good protection against UV irradiation, no significant differences among them being
noticed. As far as the resistance to salt mist action is concerned, the product that afforded
the best results when applied on Laspra was TMSPMA, and on Repedea, Silres® BS 290
or / and TMSPMA showed the highest efficiency. The best resistance to SO2 action in the
presence of humidity was conferred by Tegosivin HL 100 and TMSPMA when applied
on Laspra, while Silres® BS 290 and TMSPMA afforded better results in the case of
Repedea.
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Finessi, Emanuela <1977>. "Chemical characterization of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol of biogenic and anthropogenic origin." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2808/.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this thesis was the chemical characterization of synthetic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from atmospherically relevant anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs during reaction chamber experiments. In parallel, the resulting chemical features of these laboratory-SOA were used to interpret the composition of ambient samples of atmospheric fine particulate matter collected at several sites in Europe, in order to determine the fraction of ambient aerosol organic mass accounted for by biogenic and anthropogenic SOA.
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Sciutto, Giorgia <1981>. "Development of advanced analytical approaches for the characterization of organic substances in artistic and archaeological samples." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3688/.
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Selleri, Paola <1974>. "An advanced analytical study on linseed oil paint binder." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3691/.
Full textAbstract:
Drying oils, and in particular linseed oil, were the most common binding media employed in painting between XVI and XIX centuries. Artists usually operated some pre-treatments on the oils to obtain binders with modified properties, such as different handling qualities or colour. Oil processing has a key role on the subsequent ageing of and degradation of linseed oil paints.
In this thesis a multi-analytical approach was adopted to investigate the drying, polymerization and oxidative degradation of the linseed oil paints. In particular, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), yielding information on the macromolecular scale, were compared with gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) and direct exposure mass spectrometry (DEMS) providing information on the molecular scale. The study was performed on linseed oils and paint reconstructions prepared according to an accurate historical description of the painting techniques of the 19th century.
TGA revealed that during ageing the molecular weight of the oils changes and that higher molecular weight fractions formed. TGA proved to be an excellent tool to compare the oils and paint reconstructions. This technique is able to highlight the different physical behaviour of oils that were processed using different methods and of paint layers on the basis of the different processed oil and /or the pigment used. GC/MS and DE-MS were used to characterise the soluble and non-polymeric fraction of the oils and paint reconstructions. GC/MS allowed us to calculate the ratios of palmitic to stearic acid (P/S), and azelaic to palmitic acid (A/P) and to evaluate effects produced by oil pre-treatments and the presence of different pigments. This helps to understand the role of the pre-treatments and of the pigments on the oxidative degradation undergone by siccative oils during ageing. DE-MS enabled the various molecular weight fractions of the samples to be simultaneously studied, and thus helped to highlight the presence of oxidation and hydrolysis reactions, and the formation of carboxylates that occur during ageing and with the changing of the oil pre-treatments and the pigments.
The combination of thermal analysis with molecular techniques such as GC-MS, DEMS and FTIR enabled a model to be developed, for unravelling some crucial issues:
1) how oil pre-treatments produce binders with different physical-chemical qualities, and how this can influence the ageing of an oil paint film;
2) which is the role of the interaction between oil and pigments in the ageing and degradation process.
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Santini, Alessandro <1983>. "Industrial ecology applied to ELV management. Material and energy recovery from ASR." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4496/.
Full textAbstract:
This PhD thesis reports on car fluff management, recycling and recovery. Car fluff is the residual waste produced by car recycling operations, particularly from hulk shredding. Car fluff is known also as Automotive Shredder Residue (ASR) and it is made of plastics, rubbers, textiles, metals and other materials, and it is very heterogeneous both in its composition and in its particle size. In fact, fines may amount to about 50%, making difficult to sort out recyclable materials or exploit ASR heat value by energy recovery.
This 3 years long study started with the definition of the Italian End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) recycling state of the art. A national recycling trial revealed Italian recycling rate to be around 81% in 2008, while European Community recycling target are set to 85% by 2015. Consequently, according to Industrial Ecology framework, a life cycle assessment (LCA) has been conducted revealing that sorting and recycling polymers and metals contained in car fluff, followed by recovering residual energy, is the route which has the best environmental perspective.
This results led the second year investigation that involved pyrolysis trials on pretreated ASR fractions aimed at investigating which processes could be suitable for an industrial scale ASR treatment plant. Sieving followed by floatation reported good result in thermochemical conversion of polymers with polyolefins giving excellent conversion rate. This factor triggered ecodesign considerations. Ecodesign, together with LCA, is one of the Industrial Ecology pillars and it consists of design for recycling and design for disassembly, both aimed at the improvement of car components dismantling speed and the substitution of non recyclable material.
Finally, during the last year, innovative plants and technologies for metals recovery from car fluff have been visited and tested worldwide in order to design a new car fluff treatment plant aimed at ASR energy and material recovery.
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Cespi, Daniele <1987>. "Assessment and optimization of chemical industrial processes from a life cycle perspective." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6855/.
Full textAbstract:
During the PhD program in chemistry, curriculum in environmental chemistry, at the University of Bologna the sustainability of industry was investigated through the application of the LCA methodology. The efforts were focused on the chemical sector in order to investigate reactions dealing with the Green Chemistry and Green Engineering principles, evaluating their sustainability in comparison with traditional pathways by a life cycle perspective. The environmental benefits associated with a reduction in the synthesis steps and the use of renewable feedstock were assessed through a holistic approach selecting two case studies with high relevance from an industrial point of view: the synthesis of acrylonitrile and the production of acrolein. The current approach wants to represent a standardized application of LCA methodology to the chemical sector, which could be extended to several case studies, and also an improvement of the current databases, since the lack of data to fill the inventories of the chemical productions represent a huge limitation, difficult to overcome and that can affects negatively the results of the studies. Results emerged from the analyses confirms that the sustainability in the chemical sector should be evaluated from a cradle-to-gate approach, considering all the stages and flows involved in each pathways in order to avoid shifting the environmental burdens from a steps to another. Moreover, if possible, LCA should be supported by other tools able to investigate the other two dimensions of sustainability represented by the social and economic issues.
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Tallec, Gaëlle. "Emissions d'oxyde nitreux lors du traitement de l'azote en station d'épuration - Agglomération parisienne." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001652.
Full textAbstract:
Les systèmes de traitement biologique de l'azote, qui utilisent les processus de nitrification et de dénitrification, sont susceptibles d'émettre un gaz à effet de serre, l'oxyde nitreux (N2O). Le but de notre étude était d'estimer et d'identifier les processus et les facteurs responsables de ces émissions, provenant du traitement de l'azote sur les stations d'épuration de l'agglomération parisienne et d'en estimer l'impact sur les émissions globales de N2O au niveau du bassin de la Seine. Des expériences en laboratoire ont permis la simulation des différents traitements utilisés sur l'agglomération parisienne - boues activées secondaires et cultures fixées en traitement tertiaire - et la mesure, en conditions contrôlées, des émissions de N2O. Nous avons montré que les flux de N2O représentent entre 0.1 à 0.8 % de la charge en azote traitée suivant l'oxygénation et les doses de méthanol ajoutées. Les flux de N2O les plus importants sont observés pour une oxygénation autour de 1 mgO2 L-1 lors de la nitrification; autour de 0.3 mgO2 L-1 et pour un ajout de méthanol en traitement tertiaire, ne permettant que 60 % de la réduction totale des nitrates, lors de la dénitrification. Des essais expérimentaux utilisant différents inhibiteurs spécifiques, ont permis d'identifier les deux processus majeurs responsables de ces émissions: la nitrification-dénitrifiante autotrophe et la dénitrification hétérotrophe. Le traitement de l'azote, sur les stations de l'agglomération parisienne représenterait actuellement des émissions de N2O de l'ordre de 60-120 kgN-N2O j-1 qui augmenteront avec la mise en place des nouveaux traitements de l'azote pour l'horizon 2005-2008 à 320-480 kgN j-1, et pour l'horizon 2012-2015 à 370-750 kgN j-1. Les niveaux les plus bas de ces émissions pourront être atteints si le traitement de l'azote se fait en nitrification avec une oxygénation supérieure à 2 mgO2 L-1 et en dénitrification avec des conditions d'anoxie totales et un ajout de méthanol permettant 100 % de la réduction de la charge en nitrate. Nos résultats montrent également que les émissions de N2O, se produisant actuellement dans la basse Seine recevant les rejets azotés de l'agglomération parisienne augmenteront notablement en étant transférées vers les STEPs. Cependant, les émissions de N2O en STEPs ne représenteraient que 1 à 10 % des émissions provenant des sols agricoles.
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Poulain, Sebastien. "Caractérisation microbiologique de l'argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri et de l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00335867.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse entre dans le cadre des recherches de l'axe II de la loi Bataille (30/12/1991) sur l'éventualité d'un stockage des déchets nucléaires de haute activité à vie longue en couches géologiques profondes. A son voisinage, la présence de microorganismes pourrait influencer la mobilité de radionucléides issus des colis de déchets. Ce travail a consisté à rechercher la présence de microorganismes autochtones dans l'argile à Opalinus du Mont Terri (Suisse) et dans l'argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien de Meuse/Haute-Marne (France). L'exploration de ces environnements jusqu'à présent peu étudiés du point de vue microbiologique indique une très faible densité cellulaire dans ces sédiments argileux, mais a néanmoins conduit à l'isolement d'espèces bactériennes nouvelles. De plus, des analyses microbiologiques ont permis la caractérisation d'une partie de la population microbienne introduite dans le laboratoire souterrain de Meuse/Haute-Marne par la ventilation du site et l'activité humaine.
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Květinová, Sylvie. "Materiální kultura jako nositel sociálně-politické organizace: Keramika kultury Chimú." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-299551.
Full textAbstract:
The Chimu culture developed on the North Pacific coast of today's Peru in the so-called Late Intermediate Period, i.e. approximately AD 1000 - 1476, after which it was dominated by the Inca. Brief characterization of the Chimu culture, supported by ethnohistorical and archaeological sources, is followed by description of its crafts, especially ceramic technology, morphology and iconography. Artifacts, i.e. object used, modified or made by people, may serve apart from practical also social and symbolic roles. Based on the theoretical background of evolution of power and society, different approaches to the study of artifacts' function, specialization, exchange and social complexity are outlined and tested on the Chimu pottery assemblage from the Ethnologisches Museum in Berlin. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the 1832 available ceramic vessels, lacking the contextual find information, had to focus solely on the formal aspects of the specimens. Interpretation of the obtained results disproves primary position of pottery as means of social - political organization in the Chimu and Chimu-Inca societies (occupied by fine textiles and metal items), but still points out certain non-utilitarian aspects of both Chimu and Chimu - Inca styled pottery which probably represented a secondary socio -...
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Huang, Li-Ya, and 黃莉雅. "Toward to Gong - Chime Culture of Southeast Asia - A Research to the Gamelan Music." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/78319338381881726618.
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Schafer, Kimberly Ann. "Remembering and performing the ideal campus : the sound cultures of interwar American universities." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1821.
Full textAbstract:
In this dissertation, I examine extracurricular music of American universities between the two World Wars and consider it as an indicator of the idealization of collegiate life. Interwar discourse at American universities demonstrated the two contrasting ideals of the older collegiate model and the more recent university model. The collegiate model was associated with ideals related to character building, a sense of community, and a common curriculum, whereas the university model was associated with social utility, research, and liberal culture. Proponents of the collegiate model idealized an older collegiate life in America. One version of this idealized collegiate life captured the popular imagination of Americans in the late nineteenth century – the vision of students developing their social skills in the extracurriculum at the expense of their intellect in the official curriculum.
Various members of the university community at Stanford University, The University of Texas, and Yale University promoted this idyllic view of collegiate life in the extracurriculum. Marching bands, glee clubs, and bell instruments were thought to transmit collegiate values of community and character building. The music’s adaptation to modern trends and values, however, reveal that it did not fully adhere to an idealized image of pre-modern college life. The university communities believed that music (and sound in general) with its ability to reach listeners’ memories and emotions, was unique in its access to interior subjectivity. This belief guided university administrators to use campus sounds to instill school spirit and nostalgia. Yet the failure of certain audio memorabilia, namely the Talking Page of the Onondagan yearbook of Syracuse University and The Cactus in Sound of The University of Texas, leads us to question this assumption of special interior access. Administrators, students, and alumni all had a hand in using sounds to elicit these strong sentiments toward their university, which administrators hoped would foster increased financial supporttext
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Chimhanda, Francisca Hildegardis. "An incarnational Christology set in the context of narratives of Shona women in present day Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/598.
Full textAbstract:
Implicit in the concepts Incarnation, narrative, Christology, Shona women of Zimbabwe today is
the God who acts in human history and in the contemporaneity and particularity of our being.
The Incarnation as the embodiment of God in the world entails seizing the kairos opportunity to
expand the view and to bear the burdens of responsibility. A theanthropocosmic Christology that
captures the Shona holistic world-view is explored. The acme for a relational Christology is the
imago Dei/Christi and the baptismal indicative and imperative. God is revealed in various
manifestations of creation. Human identity and dignity is the flipside of God's attributes.
Theanthropocosmic Christology as pluralistic, differential and radical brings about a dialectic
between the whole and its parts, the uniqueness of the individual, communal ontology and
epistemology, the local and the universal, orthodoxy and orthopraxis, Christology and
soteriology. God mediates in the contingency of particularity. Emphasis is on life-affirmation
rather than sex determination of Jesus as indicated by theologies of liberation and inculturation.
At the interface gender, ethnicity, class and creed, God transcends human limitedness and
artificial boundaries in creating catholic space and advocating all-embracing apostolic action.
Difference is appreciated for the richness it brings both to the individual and the community.
Hegemonic structures and borderless texts are view with suspicion as totalising grand~narratives
and exclusivist by using generic language. The kairos in dialogue with the Incarnation is seizing
the moment to expand the view and to share the burdens, joys and responsibility in a community
of equal discipleship.
In a hermeneutic of engagement and suspicion, prophetic witness is the hallmark of Christian
discipleship and of a Christology that culminates in liberative praxis. The Christology that
emerges from Shona women highlights a passionate appropriation that involves the head, gut,
womb and heart and underlies the circle symbolism. The circle is the acme of Shona hospitality
and togetherness in creative dialogue with the Trinitarian koinonia. The Shona Christological
designation Muponesi (Deliverer-Midwife) in dialogue with the Paschal Mystery motif captures
the God-human-cosmos relationship that gives a Christology caught up in the rhythms,
dynamism and drama of life.Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
D.Th. (Systematic Theology)