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1
Hamilton, Carolyn. Racism and race relations in predominantly white schools: Preparing pupils for life in a multi-cultural society. Colchester: Children's Legal Centre, 1998.
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2
Schorch, Philipp, and Daniel Habit, eds. Curating (Post-)Socialist Environments. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455906.
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In which ways are environments (post-)socialist and how do they come about? How is the relationship between the built environment, memory, and debates on identity enacted? What are the spatial, material, visual, and aesthetic dimensions of these (post-)socialist enactments or interventions? And how do such (post-)socialist interventions in environments become (re)curated? By addressing these questions, this volume releases ›curation‹ from its usual museological framing and carries it into urban environments and private life-worlds, from predominantly state-sponsored institutional settings with often normative orientations into spheres of subjectification, social creativity, and material commemorative culture.
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Ekirch, Roger. Sleep in western culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0018.
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Although a universal necessity, sleep, as the past powerfully indicates, is not a biological constant. Before the Industrial Revolution, sleep in western households differed in a variety of respects from that of today. Arising chiefly from a dearth of artificial illumination, the predominant form of sleep was segmented, consisting of two intervals of roughly 3 hours apiece bridged by up to an hour or so of wakefulness. Notwithstanding steps taken by families to preserve the tranquillity of their slumber, the quality of pre-industrial sleep was poor, owing to illness, anxiety, and environmental vexations. Large portions of the labouring population almost certainly suffered from sleep deprivation. Despite the prevalence of sleep-onset insomnia, awakening in the middle of the night was thought normal. Not until the turn of the nineteenth century and sleep’s consolidation did physicians view segmented sleep as a disorder requiring medication.
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Kapoor, Reena, and Ezra E. H. Griffith. Cultural competence. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0060.
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Disparities exist in the rate of incarceration of minorities, with substantial elevations occurring in African American, Latino, and Native populations. Cultural competence is an essential aspect of providing mental health care in any setting. An understanding of culture is even more important in correctional settings, as several unique factors may lead to conflict and misunderstanding if not adequately addressed. First, minority ethnic groups are vastly overrepresented in prisons and jails, so a familiarity with the predominant culture of those groups is necessary to engage inmates in treatment and diagnose them accurately. Second, mental health clinicians may be unfamiliar with law enforcement culture, which heavily influences the practices of corrections officers and differs significantly from health care culture. Third, many correctional psychiatrists grow up and train outside the United States, bringing their own cultural beliefs about crime and punishment into the American health care system. As the field of cultural psychiatry has developed, scholars have attempted to apply its principles to the correctional setting to deliver competent care in prisons and jails. These papers have provided guidance to correctional mental health clinicians on matters such as immigrant populations, language barriers, validity of psychological testing in different ethnic groups, stigma of mental illness in prison, religion’s role in coping with the stress of incarceration, and many others. This chapter reviews the evolution of cultural competence skills in correctional settings and current best practices in jails and prisons to optimize effective treatment outcomes.
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Humle, Tatyana. Material Culture in Primates. Edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0017.
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This article focuses on the idea of material culture in primates. The ascription of culture to non-human animals has been controversial and a source of much debate. Much of this debate hinges on the definition of culture. This article cites the classic definition by Tylor which says that culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’. The term ‘culture’ was first used in relation to non-human primates by Kummer. This article explains elementary technology among primates which concerns predominantly subsistence behaviours, expressed in, often complex, foraging techniques. Elementary technology among wild primates is typically based on natural materials, whether vegetation or non-organic matter. The various processes involved in the transmission of material culture are explained in detail. An in-depth analysis of the conditions of material culture followed by a study of culture among primates concludes this article.
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Fearn, David. Language and Vision in the Epinician Poets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746379.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the ways in which the other two contemporary epinician poets, Simonides and Bacchylides, use aesthetics and material culture as a way of drawing attention to their own individual and distinctive poetic voices and poetic agendas. Their affinities with and differences from Pindar are explored on the strength of the available evidence. Simonides’ Danae fragment receives detailed coverage, interpreted in visual-cultural terms in relation to Simonides’ ongoing fame as the original commentator on the relation between art and text. Discussion then turns to Bacchylides, and the predominance of a visual narrative style in his work. The argument covers not only epinician material but also an interesting but understudied fragmentary dithyramb. The focus then returns to Pindar with a short treatment of the themes of vision and visual and material culture in Nemean 10.
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Boski, Pawel. Explorations in Dynamics of Symbolic Meaning with Cultural Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879228.003.0006.
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To counterbalance the predominantly verbal measures and psychometric orientation in cross-cultural psychology, this chapter proposes the concept of cultural experiment. It is a method of sampling normative behavioral scripts, exploring their inner structures of meaning, and finally designing reversals, with the expectation of disconfirmation as their ultimate validity test. Pictorial materials (videos) are the preferred methods in this approach as contextualized models of existing cultural arrangements or their modifications. Empirical evidence comes from five cross-cultural research projects spanned over 30 years. These experiments illustrate contrasts in psychological adaptation to congruent and incongruent scenarios. They provide answers when new cultural ways meet with resistance and when novelty is appreciated or tolerated. Three experiments focus on dynamics of gender role prescriptions from Polish and Scandinavian perspectives. Another study investigates person perception of culturally familiar and remote African actors. The last study explores tolerance priming through religious icons from in-group and out-group cultures.
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Chaturvedi, Santosh K. Religious, Spiritual, and Cultural Aspects of Psychiatric Ethics in Hinduism. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.46.
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Religious practices and beliefs originating from Hinduism are closely related to the presentation of psychopathology and psychiatric disorders. Many Hindu rituals and interventions are used for well-being and relief from mental distress. The predominant belief in Karma, propagated in theVedasandBhagwada Gita, is noted in clinical practice. Explanatory models related to Hinduism need to be acknowledged by mental health professionals. Hinduism-based interventions are popular and may interfere with modern psychiatric treatment. At times, Hindu health-promoting practices may be useful as an alternative or complementary method of treatment. Ayurveda and yoga are primarily based on Hindu philosophy. Psychiatric ethics in relation to Hindu religion need to weigh the benefits of these religious beliefs and spiritual practices against the benefits from modern interventions, and the potential harm arising out of practicing or not practicing these rituals and cultural traditions.
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Meyers, Erin A. Women, Gossip, and Celebrity Online. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039577.003.0005.
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This chapter offers a brief analysis of the initial ascendency of celebrity gossip blogs into popular culture during the early twenty-first century. It establishes the notion of gossip as “women's talk” and as a form of shared social meaning-making—from which context arises the celebrity gossip blog as a unique form of feminized popular culture that speaks to the broader shifts in media cultures in the early twenty-first century. As such, this chapter explores the gossip blog as a particularly feminized form of new media through attention to the existing social practices of gossip that continue to shape the place of gossip blogs within the celebrity media industry and the everyday lives of their predominantly female readers.
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Bylund, Carma L., Stephen Scott, and Khalid Alyafei. Communication skills training in Arab countries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0061.
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In this chapter, we describe some of the challenges present in healthcare communication in Arab countries, including: disclosure of diagnosis; working with families; and language barriers. We then focus specifically on the efforts being made in the multicultural state of Qatar to improve communication skills in healthcare. We describe the curricular approach with medical students at Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, with examples of challenges faced surrounding gender and culture issues. We then describe the communication skills training programme for residents, fellows, and practising physicians at Hamad Medical Corporation, the public healthcare system. Challenges in Arab countries for healthcare communication result predominantly from multicultural populations and from cultural differences with the West. This chapter explores how these clinicians can face and transcend these challenges via communication skills training.
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Santos, Frederico Rios C. dos. A Retórica da guerra cultural e o parlamento brasileiro: A argumentação no impeachment de Dilma Rousseff. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-86854-47-3.
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The origin of the term “culture wars” is controversial. It was in the United States, however, that the expression became popularized, through the publication of Culture Wars, by James Davison Hunter, in 1991. It was a description of the clash between two antagonistic world views, a conservative one, often associated with political right, and a progressive one, predominantly related to the left, but not only. Cultural war brings with it social and moral problems that concern, for example, sexuality, behavior, race, religiosity, etc., but which may also involve political and economic issues. From the point of view of language, it is asked: in view of these cultural clashes in society, would there be a rhetoric that is peculiar to it? Would it be possible to think of some regularities, even though this war has peculiar traits among countries and historical periods? To think about these issues, this work is based on the pronouncements made in the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil, during the vote on the admissibility of the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, on April 17, 2016. With the help of concepts in Rhetoric and Discourse Analysis, the objective of the book is also to evaluate in which sense the arguments in the process of dismissing the former president contributed or not to the integrity of Parliament, considered the par excellence public space for deliberation of democratic societies.
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Stronegger, Willibald J., and Kristin Attems, eds. Altersbilder und Sorgestrukturen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748905080.
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Modern notions about old age and care are often expressed in ambivalent imagery that predominantly refers to the shortcomings of elderly people. Notions of old age are an element of a society’s knowledge base: as part of the order of knowledge or of knowledge cultures. The development of age imagery depends on cultural and scientific paradigms. Their importance is determined by their ability to offer answers to basic questions relating to old age: dealing with suffering and the finiteness of life. The contributions in this volume address the societal contingency of notions of old age and their role in care facilities, nursing and medicine. With contributions by Kristin Attems, Edith Auer, Stefan Dinges, Gert Dressel, Reimer Gronemeyer, Günther Liebminger, Susanne Martin, Barbara Pichler, Karin Reinmüller, Elisabeth Reitlinger, Peter Rosegger, Willibald J. Stronegger, Manuela Völkel
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Morse, Holly. Encountering Eve's Afterlives. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198842576.001.0001.
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Encountering Eve’s Afterlives: A New Reception Critical Approach to Genesis 2-4 aims to destabilise the persistently pessimistic framing of Eve as a highly negative symbol of femininity within Western culture by engaging with marginal, and even heretical, interpretations that focus on more positive aspects of her character. In doing so it questions the myth that orthodox, popular readings represent the ‘true’ meaning of the first woman’s story, and explores the possibility that previously ignored or muted rewritings of Eve are in fact equally ‘valid’ interpretations of the biblical text.By staging encounters between the biblical Eve and re-writings of her story, particularly those that help to challenge the interpretative status quo, this book re-frames the first woman using three key themes from her story: sin, knowledge, and life. Thus, it considers how and why the image of Eve as a dangerous temptress has gained considerably more cultural currency than the equally viable pictures of her as a subversive wise woman or as a mourning mother.The book offers a re-evaluation of the meanings and the myths of Eve, deconstructing the dominance of her cultural incarnation as a predominantly flawed female, and reconstructing a more nuanced presentation of the first woman’s role in the Bible and her afterlives.
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Booker, Vaughn A. Lift Every Voice and Swing. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479892327.001.0001.
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In the twentieth century, jazz professionals became race representatives who also played an important part in shaping the religious landscape of twentieth-century African American Protestantism. They wielded the power to both define their religious communities and craft novel religious voices and performances. These music celebrities released religious recordings and put on religious concerts, and they became integral to the artistry of African American religious expression. This book argues that with the emergence of new representatives in jazz, religious authority for African Americans found a place and spokespeople in popular culture beyond traditional Afro-Protestant institutions and religious life. It examines jazz musicians’ expressions of belief, practice, and unconventional positions of religious authority. It demonstrates that these jazz professionals enacted theological beliefs and religious practices that echoed, contested with, and diverged from the predominant African American religious culture. The lives and work of Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald, and Mary Lou Williams anchor this book’s narrative of racial and religious representations as well as of religious beliefs and practices in the middle decades of the twentieth century. Through these African American jazz women and men, this book illuminates the significant Afro-Protestant cultural presence that informed, surrounded, and opposed their professional and personal lives while also contributing significantly to their artistry. This book’s focus on jazz musicians offers a novel rethinking of African American religious history by bringing the significant artistic dimensions of Afro-Protestant religion into focus as it impacted black popular culture in the twentieth century.
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Brewitt-Taylor, Sam. Christian Radicalism in the Church of England and the Invention of the British Sixties, 1957-1970. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827009.001.0001.
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Like all transformative revolutions, Britain’s Sixties was an episode of highly influential myth-making. This book delves behind the mythology of inexorable ‘secularization’ to recover, for the first time, the cultural origins of Britain’s moral revolution. In a radical departure from conventional teleologies, it argues that British secularity is a specific cultural invention of the late 1950s and early 1960s, which was introduced most influentially by radical utopian Christians during this most desperate episode of the Cold War. In the 1950s, Britain’s predominantly Christian moral culture had marginalized ‘secular’ moral arguments by arguing that they created societies like the Soviet Union; but the rapid acceptance of ‘secularization’ teleologies in the early 1960s abruptly normalized ‘secular’ attitudes and behaviours, thus prompting the slow social revolution that unfolded during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. By tracing the evolving thought of radical Anglicans—uniquely positioned in the late 1950s and early 1960s as simultaneously moral radicals and authoritative moral insiders—this book reveals crucial and unexpected intellectual links between radical Christianity and the wider invention of Britain’s new secular morality, in areas as diverse as globalism, anti-authoritarianism, sexual liberation, and revolutionary egalitarianism. From the mid-1960s, British secularity began to be developed by a much wider range of groups, and radical Anglicans faded into the cultural background. Yet by disseminating the deeply ideological metanarrative of ‘secularization’ in the early 1960s, and by influentially discussing its implications, they had made crucial contributions to the nature and existence of Britain’s secular revolution.
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Brown, Penelope. Politeness and Impoliteness. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.16.
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This article selectively reviews the literature on politeness across different disciplines—linguistics, anthropology, communications, conversation analysis, social psychology, and sociology—and critically assesses how both theoretical approaches to politeness and research on linguistic politeness phenomena have evolved over the past forty years. Major new developments include a shift from predominantly linguistic approaches to those examining politeness and impoliteness as processes that are embedded and negotiated in interactional and cultural contexts, as well as a greater focus on how both politeness and interactional confrontation and conflict fit into our developing understanding of human cooperation and universal aspects of human social interaction.
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Borella, María del Carmen. Vida ocupa. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/15941.
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«‘Vida Ocupa’. Identidad y discurso de los ocupas de la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires», es un trabajo que indaga sobre los rasgos identitarios de quienes en la actualidad deben ocupar un inmueble de forma ilegal en la ciudad autónoma de Buenos Aires. A su vez, rescata las concepciones que el Estado tiene respecto a estos actores sociales, y las existentes dentro de los Medios de Comunicación, precisamente en la ficción «Okupas» del director Bruno Stagnaro y dentro de un informe sobre «casas tomadas» emitido por el programa periodístico «La Liga» en el año 2007. Los elementos teórico conceptuales desarrollados giran en torno a tres conceptos claves: DISCURSO, IDENTIDAD Y CULTURA. La identidad como emergente de la cultura, y el discurso como el espacio en el que se producen las significaciones sociales. De esta forma, a través de una mirada comunicacional y desde una perspectiva sociocultural, este libro da cuenta las experiencias de vida de los ocupas, desnaturalizando aquellos discursos hegemónicos que predominan en el imaginario social, reconociendo las representaciones que allí aparecen de la cultura popular y definiendo qué elementos de esa totalidad pertenecen a los rasgos constitutivos en las prácticas reales.
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Keeble, N. H. ‘Come ye out from among them, and be ye separate’. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.7.
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After 1660 John Bunyan’s publications articulated and enacted a conscientious dissent from, and opposition to, the religious and, to a degree, the political, authorities of the restored monarchical regime and the re-established episcopal Church of England. In so doing, they developed a circumstantially realistic, psychologically acute, autobiographically grounded body of work that frustrated the attempts of the regime to silence Dissent through imprisonment and censorship and, by addressing the everyday concerns of readers, not only contributed significantly to the establishment of Nonconformity but created a body of work that dissented from the literary and cultural conventions of elitist Restoration writing and pointed to the way to the predominance of works of direct address to a mass readership that would characterize the English literary future.
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Domínguez, Virginia R., and Jane C. Desmond, eds. Guillermo Ibarra on Amy Spellacy. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040832.003.0031.
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This essay is a response to Amy Spellacy’s contribution in this book, Global Perspectives on the United States. While he largely concurs with Spellacy, Ibarra wonders about the persistence of Coca Cola as an iconic symbol of “America” in this period of ever-expanding global capitalism. He offers some hypotheses, too, about new ways that Coca Cola ads may be contributing to the current form of U.S. cultural hegemony. Highlighted among these is Ibarra’s idea that Coca Cola’s current messages focusing on diversity of national and ethnic groups may well work with their globalized market interests, and hence that they may display less marked racial and social differentiation than Spellacy found in the 1940s and 1950s ads. Ibarra argues that the contemporary images in Coca Cola ads are more visually egalitarian, but that seemingly successful individuals predominate, thereby imposing mainstream (middle class?) U.S. cultural values, nonetheless. The essay concludes that Coca Cola still functions as a cultural product available to everyone, epitomizing “America” and its values, and that it therefore materially contributes in profound ways to the rise of a new powerful U.S. around the planet.
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Cesario, Marilina, and Hugh Magennis, eds. Aspects of knowledge. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719097843.001.0001.
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This edited collection explores how knowledge was preserved and reinvented in the Middle Ages. Unlike previous publications, which are predominantly focused either on a specific historical period or on precise cultural and historical events, this volume, which includes essays spanning from the eighth to the fifteenth centuries, is intended to eschew traditional categorisations of periodisation and disciplines and to enable the establishment of connections and cross-sections between different departments of knowledge, including the history of science (computus, prognostication), the history of art, literature, theology (homilies, prayers, hagiography, contemplative texts), music, historiography and geography. As suggested by its title, the collection does not pretend to aim at inclusiveness or comprehensiveness but is intended to highlight suggestive strands of what is a very wide topic. The chapters in this volume are grouped into four sections: I, Anthologies of Knowledge; II Transmission of Christian Traditions; III, Past and Present; and IV, Knowledge and Materiality, which are intended to provide the reader with a further thematic framework for approaching aspects of knowledge. Aspects of knowledge is mainly aimed to an academic readership, including advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, and specialists of medieval literature, history of science, history of knowledge, history, geography, theology, music, philosophy, intellectual history, history of the language and material culture.
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Emerich, Monica M. A Vision of Health. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036422.003.0004.
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This chapter articulates the LOHAS vision of health as a three-part holistic model of self, society, and the natural world. In turn, “holistic” has been described in LOHAS more through Eastern perspectives rather than Western religious traditions in that it presupposes a state of interconnectedness of all phenomena—mind and matter, animal and human, global cultures and ecosystems. For example, the holistic worldview of Buddhism (a frequently called-upon tradition in LOHAS literature), understands that interdependence means that “humanity is only one actor” in the environment and that all actors must remain in balance for the system to be healthy. But this flies in the face of late consumer culture, where the individual reigns supreme, and where LOHAS is predominantly lodged. The final section examines how that problem is overcome, how Mother Nature becomes intertwined with the healed self as part of the healing and a vital component of the model of holistic health. It shows how healing the self becomes exonerated from the “narcissism” of the New Age and instead becomes reframed as the stepping stone to a collective good, capable of initiating global transformation based on the notion of holistic health.
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Barham, Jeremy, ed. Rethinking Mahler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199316090.001.0001.
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Gustav Mahler’s anniversary years (2010–11) have provided an opportunity to rethink the composer’s position within the musical, cultural and multi-disciplinary landscapes of the twenty-first century, as well as to reassess his relationship with the historical traditions of his own time. Comprising a collection of essays by leading and emerging scholars in the field, Rethinking Mahler in part counterbalances common scholarly assumptions and preferences which predominantly configure Mahler as proto-modernist, with hitherto somewhat neglected consideration of his debt to, and his re-imagining of, the legacies of his own historical past. It reassesses his engagement both with the immediate creative and cultural present of the late nineteenth century, and with the weight of a creative and cultural past that was the inheritance of artists living and working at that time. From a variety of disciplinary perspectives the contributors pursue ideas of nostalgia, historicism and ‘pastness’ in relation to an emergent pluralist modernity and subsequent musical-cultural developments. Mahler’s relationship with music, media and ideas past, present, and future is explored in three themed sections, addressing among them issues in structural analysis; cultural contexts; aesthetics; reception; performance, genres of stage, screen and literature; history/historiography; and temporal experience.
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Gänger, Stefanie. Inca “Antiquities” in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.60.
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This chapter discusses different ways of engaging with the Inca as an ancient past and their material culture as “antiquities” over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It holds that Inca “antiquities” had assumed principally three distinct functions by the early nineteenth century, which they were to retain into the recent era: primarily, that of “epistemic things,” objects of intellectual curiosity to antiquaries and archaeologists in Europe and across the Americas; second, that of political, predominantly “national,” symbols, available for the wider imagined collectivities of, initially at least, several South American republics; and third, that of commodities, as collectibles and museum exhibits traded on an ever-expanding trans-Atlantic antiquities market.
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Manuel, Peter. The Trajectories of Transplants. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038815.003.0002.
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Most of the North Indian music heritage brought to the Caribbean consisted of folk styles and genres that were predominantly text-driven, in that their expressive interest lay primarily in lyric content rather than purely musical dimensions. The vitality of such genres in the Caribbean has been gravely undermined by the decline of the Bhojpuri language. And yet, the fate of these music idioms has not been one of uniform decadence. This chapter discusses three genres of Bhojpuri-region narrative song—birha, the Ālhā epic, and antiphonal Ramayan singing—suggesting how their functions, inherent features, and relation to print culture have conditioned their trajectories in the Caribbean context.
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De Grossi Mazzorin, Jacopo, and Claudia Minniti. Changes in lifestyle in ancient Rome (Italy) across the Iron Age/Roman transition. Edited by Umberto Albarella, Mauro Rizzetto, Hannah Russ, Kim Vickers, and Sarah Viner-Daniels. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199686476.013.11.
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As concerns the continuing debate over the impact of Roman conquest in the world, Rome represents a very interesting case study as it represented the core of the Roman Empire and the geographic foundation of Roman culture. In this respect, the zooarchaeology of Rome itself provides a most promising area of investigation, as the modern city has been the scene of extensive archaeological activity in recent years. The results from the analysis of animal assemblages from Rome and neighbouring geographic areas show that significant changes occurred across the pre-Roman/Roman transition and throughout the Roman period. They include substantial changes in diet, with pork consumption becoming predominant, improvements in pig and other livestock, the development of breeds and varieties of dogs, and the introduction of exotic animals for use in exhibitions and games.
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Kitschelt, Herbert, and Philipp Rehm. Determinants of Dimension Dominance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807971.003.0003.
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In some countries, electoral competition predominantly revolves around redistributional questions (“first-dimension politics”), while in other countries, issues related to cultural matters (guns, gays, and god) or immigration play a more dominant role (“second-dimension politics”). This chapter studies the question of dimension dominance, or more precisely, under which circumstances the first dimension of political competition dominates the second dimension. The chapter presents cross-national estimates of the importance of redistributive vs. non-redistributive concerns in party competition and seeks to explain cross-national differences. It is argued that the dominance of first-dimension politics is a function of (relative) party polarization; the progressivity of welfare states; the historical strength of secular liberal parties; and clientelism, among other factors.
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Pontes Filho, Raimundo Pereira. Desafios à segurança pública no Brasil. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-169-1.
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The problems and themes dealt with in the course of this work constitute repeated challenges to public security in Brazil. There are several others, no doubt, but here is a simple sample of the main ones. The urgent need to review the concept and the model put into practice, predominantly, as a public security paradigm in Brazilian society is evident. It is a demanding task, it requires considerable effort, however, it is essential to the perspectives of life in society in the country, under penalty of making the social reality increasingly dramatic and violent. In this sense, without pretending to point out or constitute any conclusive character, this work aims to collaborate to understand, subsidize, encourage the search for new multidisciplinary solutions with a view to overcoming the serious scenarios of violence and crime in force in the country. It is important to recognize the existence of good practices, including with an interactive focus between disciplines that study or deal with the problem, although they are still far from the answers demanded by the problems arising from public insecurity. In short, “Challenges to public security” is a work that proposes dialogue, questioning and the effort to jointly build possible alternatives and solutions aimed at different socio-cultural contexts impacted adversely by the damages imposed by violence and the culture of crime in Brazil.
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Kahera, Akel Ismail. American Mosque Architecture. Edited by Jane I. Smith and Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199862634.013.030.
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This chapter discusses a host of aesthetic leitmotifs that characterize Muslim religious architecture in the United States. It examines the taxonomy of images that define the American mosque, including modern-day themes, nostalgic features, and diaspora aesthetics. All of these sentiments deploy powerful visual and interpretive meanings. Stylistically the problems attendant upon interpretive meanings stand between three different ideologies of style: first, hybridity: a strict adherence to an aesthetic tradition containing disparate and mixed elements; second, simulacrum: an attempt to copy or replicate a popular cultural idea from an aesthetic tradition without experimentation but with a predominance of anachronism; and finally, contextualism: a faithful attempt to understand genius loci, modernity, tradition, and urbanism. Four case studies—The Islamic Center in Washington, DC (1957); Dar al-Islam Mosque in Abiquiu, New Mexico (1981); The Islamic Center of Greater Toledo, Ohio (1983); and The Islamic Cultural Center of New York, City (1991)—all present a thought-provoking overview of how hybridity, simulacra, and contextualism can be further understood. Finally the chapter raises issues related to American mosque worship, including the question of gender and women’s space in communal worship.
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Jay, Gregory S. White Writers, Race Matters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687229.001.0001.
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White liberal race fiction has been an enduringly popular genre in American literary history. It includes widely read and taught works such as Huckleberry Finn and To Kill a Mockingbird along with period bestsellers now sometimes forgotten. Hollywood regularly adapted them into blockbusters, reinforcing their cultural influence. These novels and films protest slavery, confront stereotypes, dramatize social and legal injustices, engage the political controversies of their time, and try to move readers emotionally toward taking action. The literary forms and arguments of these books derive from the cultural work they intend to do in educating the minds and hearts, and propelling the actions, of those who think they are white—indeed, in making the social construction of that whiteness readable and thus more susceptible of reform. The white writers of these fictions struggle with their own place in systems of oppression and privilege while asking their readers to do the same. The predominance of women among this tradition’s authors leads to exploring how their critiques of gender and race norms often reinforced each other. Each chapter provides a case study combining biography, historical analysis, close reading, and literary theory to map the significance of this genre and its ongoing relevance. This tradition remains vital because every generation must relearn the lessons of antiracism and formulate effective cultural narratives for passing on the intellectual and emotional tools useful in fighting injustice.
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Marsham, Andrew. Universal Histories in Christendom and the Islamic World, c.700–c.1400. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199236428.003.0022.
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This chapter examines how the part of the world ruled mainly by Christian or Muslim monotheists comprised three main overlapping zones of political, religious, and linguistic culture. First, the various western Christian kingdoms and their northern and eastern borders with the Scandinavian, Germanic, Turkic, and Slavic worlds; second, the Christian Byzantine Empire, centered on Constantinople, and its wider penumbra of satellites and commercial and diplomatic contacts, predominantly in Slavic and Turkic Eurasia; and third, the vast Islamic Empire of the Caliphate and, after its accelerating fragmentation in the ninth and tenth centuries, the ‘commonwealth’ of Islamic successor states. The literate elite in each of these regions used a lingua franca: Latin in the Christian West, Greek in Byzantium, and Arabic in the Islamic world.
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Stearns, Peter N. Afterword. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037894.003.0011.
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This concluding chapter explains how the classic half-empty, half-full conundrum applies to demilitarization. It is possible to point to the compromises that emerged in the most demilitarized societies and paint an even gloomier picture of the prospects of further change in the future. Yet the extent of real change and considerable durability is also clear, for distinctive features persist from funding levels to public opinion. The emergence of a real peace culture in several nations clearly has the capacity to extend to generations not directly touched by the catastrophes that triggered demilitarization in the first place. The reduced military maintains public favor by radical shifts in function, taking on humanitarian and crime-fighting roles that are far different from the activities that predominated before demilitarization.
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Driediger-Murphy, Lindsay G., and Esther Eidinow, eds. Ancient Divination and Experience. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844549.001.0001.
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The introduction to this volume describes the contribution that it makes to scholarship on ancient divinatory practices. It analyses previous and current research, arguing that while this predominantly functionalist work reveals important socio-political dimensions of divination, it also runs the risk of obscuring from view the very people, ideologies, and experiences that scholars seek to understand. It explains that the essays in this volume focus on re-examining what ancient people—primarily those in ancient Greek and Roman communities, but also Mesopotamian and Chinese cultures—thought they were doing through divination. The Introduction provides an overview of the content of each chapter and identifies key themes and questions shared across chapters. The volume explores the types of relationships that divination created between mortals and gods, and what this can tell us about the religions and cultures in which divination was practised.
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Osmond, Gary. The Changing Field of Sports History in Australasia. Edited by Robert Edelman and Wayne Wilson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199858910.013.28.
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This chapter focuses on sport historiography in Australia and New Zealand, with three broad aims: to survey historic and historiographic developments, to consider the historiographical predominance of team ball sports, and to chart new and emerging directions. While sport had long formed part of popular discourse in both countries, in the 1980s historians began to analyze sport comprehensively, and the decades since have witnessed a substantial growth in sports historiography produced by academic scholars. Research has had a particular focus on certain sports, especially cricket, rugby, and Australian Rules football, which has been problematic in terms of its exclusivity and yet generative of important scholarly discussion and debate. New research directions, especially those emerging from an increased engagement with the cultural turn in the past decade, have yielded important studies into the fields of affect, bodies, materiality, visuality, and other areas new or rare in sports history.
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Resnick, Danielle. Populism in Africa. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.4.
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The populist modifier has been applied frequently in Africa to refer to very distinct phenomena. At the same time, Africa represents an especially challenging case for delineating populism due to the predominance of personalistic leaders and the lack of policy ideology underlying many political parties. Therefore, this chapter argues that a cumulative conceptual approach provides the most analytical leverage in discerning African cases of populism. A cumulative approach aggregates attributes commonly associated with a concept, and the more attributes that exist, the closer an example fits the conceptual ideal. Consequently, the chapter suggests that populism is present only when it manifests as a political strategy bolstered by ideological discourse and socio-cultural performances. The chapter then reviews the utility of this cumulative conceptualism by comparing episodes of populism in Africa over time and delineating attributes that have persisted despite different country contexts and political regimes.
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Vander Wel, Stephanie. The Singing Voice in Country Music. Edited by Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.25.
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This chapter offers new insights about the musical and cultural significance of singing styles in country music by contextualizing the details of predominant female vocal approaches within the rich and complex history of southern vernacular singing and by considering, the role of the performing body in relation to the singing voice. Specifically, it takes into account the vocal techniques of Loretta Lynn in relation to the musical conventions of honky tonk singing, the physiological and bodily components of vocal production, and the role of microphone and recording technology. With a chest-dominant vocal technique—amplified by the microphone—Lynn has projected a vocal identity of strength and conviction interpreted as the first working-class feminist voice in country music. This chapter demonstrates that singers such as Kitty Wells, Jean Shepard, and Rose Maddox helped to forge a distinct singing style that had a lasting influence on Lynn’s vocal performances.
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Wise, Matt, and Paul Frost. ICU treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0152.
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Bacteria are the most frequent causes of severe sepsis and septic shock, while viruses, fungi, and parasites are implicated less often. Positive cultures are found in only 60% of cases; this may be the result of previous antibiotic therapy or inadequate sampling or testing. The etiology of sepsis is constantly changing; whereas Gram-negative organisms used to make up the majority of cases, Gram-positive bacteria now predominate. Sepsis due to fungal disease has also seen a dramatic rise. These changes may be explained by alterations in patient demographics, such as an increasingly elderly population with multiple comorbidities; an increased frequency of indwelling catheters or devices; and greater numbers of patients with immunosuppression as a result of disease or drug therapy. This chapter covers symptoms, demographics, diagnosis, investigation, prognosis, and treatment within the ITU environment.
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Smith, Ian. Seeing Blackness. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.25.
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The tendency to regard vision as providing unimpeded retinal access to the world was already being revised in the early modern period to explain how sight is, in fact, unreliable. Sight is always compromised by culturally embedded ideas, and in Othello, Shakespeare reveals that in the instance of race, prejudicial and broadly shared stereotypes distort vision in ways that misrecognize blackness and make us poor readers of humanity. Blackness, that visible sign, creates a social blind spot. Taking Shakespeare’s specific interrogation of cross-racial reading as its cue, the essay asks to what extent the predominantly white discipline of English studies is implicated in such an inquiry, especially when modern experimental science confirms white bias and negative views of blackness as the American cultural norm that affects the way we read and interpret race.
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Puff, Helmut. Same-sex Possibilities. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.025.
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This chapter considers the world of same-sex intimacy, erotic and otherwise, in the European Middle Ages. It proposes that there was a vibrant culture of same-sex interactions during this period. When, in the 1970s, researchers started to explore the history of homoeroticism in depth, they focused predominantly on prohibitions against and condemnations of sex between men and sex between women. In the meantime, new ways of reading as well as different archives have instigated a change of perspective; we are beginning to take stock of the many same-sex possibilities that existed in medieval times. This chapter retraces this shift in perspective. It also shows how, toward the end of the Middle Ages, the dissemination of the concept of sodomy among Christian believers affected the rich fabric of homosocial life and emotions.
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Vasilopoulou, Sofia. The Radical Right and Euroskepticism. Edited by Jens Rydgren. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274559.013.7.
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This chapter examines the role that the European Union (EU) issue plays in radical right party agendas. It shows that, despite the fact that radical right parties tend to adopt dissimilar positions on the principle, practice, and future of European integration, they all tend to criticize the EU from a predominantly sovereignty-based perspective justified on ethnocultural grounds. The EU is portrayed as posing a threat to national sovereignty, its policies dismantling the state and its territory, as well as being responsible for the cultural disintegration of Europe and its nation-states. The analysis of EU issue positions and salience over time suggests that—despite variations—radical right parties engage in EU issue competition not only by adopting extreme positions but also by increasingly emphasizing these positions over time.
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Tulloch, John, and Belinda Middleweek. “Intimacy is what hurts when it’s gone”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244606.003.0005.
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This chapter considers the contestation within film studies between the “spectator” and the “social audience,” focusing on the real sex film Blue Is the Warmest Colour. It explores Horeck and Kendall’s edited book The New Extremism in Cinema, which puts in apposition chapters predominantly employing a textual analysis with Martin Barker’s stand-alone social audience study. Barker rejects spectator analysis as purely speculative and “particularly disappointing and disturbing” aspects of film studies and culture generally. Instead of this mutual apposition, the chapter explores, in a pilot social audience study of Blue Is the Warmest Colour, Jennifer Hyndman’s feminist call for a blending of interdisciplinary dialogical “understanding” with “galvanizing extension.” The study deploys qualitative methodology seldom used in cinema studies and generates new findings, both at the substantive experiential level and in terms of methodological differences in interviewing style.
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Dewey, Susan, Bonnie Zare, Catherine Connolly, Rhett Epler, and Rosemary Bratton. Outlaw Women. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479801176.001.0001.
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This book argues that unique rural cultural dynamics shape women’s experiences of incarceration and release from prison in the remote, predominantly white communities that many Americans still think of as “the Western frontier.” Together, these dynamics comprise an architecture of gendered violence, a theoretical lens applicable to women’s experiences of prison throughout the United States in its focus on how the synchronous operations of addiction and compromised mental health, poverty, fraught relationships, and felony-related discrimination undergird women’s lives. The architecture of gendered violence that comprises the primary pathway to incarceration among the Wyoming women in this study reflects the way the suite of concerns facing currently and formerly incarcerated women throughout the United States manifests in a remote rural context far from the coastal metropolises that dominate the production of criminal justice discourse and scholarship.
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Bull, Anna. Class, Control, and Classical Music. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844356.001.0001.
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Through an ethnographic study of young people playing and singing in classical music ensembles in the south of England, this book analyses why classical music in England is predominantly practiced by white middle-class people. It describes four ‘articulations’ or associations between the middle classes and classical music. Firstly, its repertoire requires formal modes of social organization that can be contrasted with the anti-pretentious, informal, dialogic modes of participation found in many forms of working-class culture. Secondly, its modes of embodiment reproduce classed values such as female respectability. Thirdly, an imaginative dimension of bourgeois selfhood can be read from classical music’s practices. Finally, its aesthetic of detail, precision, and ‘getting it right’ requires a long-term investment that is more possible, and makes more sense, for middle- and upper-class families. Through these arguments, the book reframes existing debates on gender and classical music participation in light of the classed gender identities that the study revealed. Overall, the book suggests that inequalities in cultural production can be understood through examining the practices that are used to create a particular aesthetic. It argues that the ideology of the ‘autonomy’ of classical music from social concerns needs to be examined in historical context as part of the classed legacy of classical music’s past. It describes how the aesthetic of classical music is a mechanism through which the middle classes carry out boundary-drawing around their protected spaces, and within these spaces, young people’s participation in classical music education cultivates a socially valued form of self-hood.
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Fishman, Robert M. Democratic Practice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912871.001.0001.
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This book offers a new way to conceptualize and study differences among democracies, focusing on political conduct and interaction as well as related taken-for-granted assumptions. With an empirical basis in a multimethod study of Portugal and Spain, pioneers in the worldwide turn to democracy that began in the 1970s, the argument identifies how political inclusion and equality vary substantially as a result of processes that the book theorizes: Nationally predominant forms of democratic practice constitute cultural legacies of the countries’ pathways to democracy during the 1970s. Whereas Portugal moved from dictatorship to democracy through a social revolution that inverted hierarchies and reconfigured cultural patterns while also generating thorough political democratization, Spain experienced a regime-led process of political transition under pressure from the opposition. The book shows how this contrast in pathways put in place ways of understanding democracy that have had deep consequences for political inclusion and conduct. Points of contrast in contemporary democratic practice include patterns of interaction between social movement protest and elected power holders as well as conduct within representative entities and in crucial secondary institutions such as the news media and the educational system. Consequences are identified in distributional outcomes, housing and welfare state policies, employment policy, and in the handling of economic crises. The implications of Spain’s less inclusionary democratic practice for cultural “others” such as Catalans are taken up in the chapter on the Catalan crisis. Implications for democratic theory and for sociological and political science theory are also taken up.
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Müller, Anna. Boredom and Emptiness, or the Flow of Life in Confinement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499860.003.0006.
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The last chapter focuses on daily prison life. It starts in interrogation rooms and moves to prison cells. Women prisoners undertook various activities to distract themselves from the idleness of their world. They spent their days learning, reading, and engaging in their own cultural activities. As they recreated their lives in prison, they chose traditionally female roles of sharing, providing for, and taking care of their cellmates. These new cell roles appeared to be stable. When they laughed at and ridiculed each other, they challenged this supportive model. Close attention is paid to the importance of religion. For Poles, religion is closely linked to nationalism, but religion and nationalism were not as important as expected. The role of religion became more prominent in the meaning of imprisonment for these women’s post-prison lives. This chapter takes place predominantly in the post-trial cells, in such prisons as Fordon and Inowrocław.
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Bode, Katherine. Australia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0004.
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This chapter on the history of book publishing in Australia divides Australian novel publishing since 1950 into three periods: the 1950s and 1960s, the 1970s and 1980s, and the 1990s to the present. During the 1950s and 1960s, British companies dominated the publication of Australian novels and publishing decisions were predominantly made overseas, but the period also witnessed a ‘local publishing boom’, driven by the belief in the importance of Australian literature and publishing. The 1970s and 1980s saw the growth of a vibrant local publishing industry, supported by cultural nationalist policies and broad social changes. At the same time, the significant economic and logistical challenges of local publishing led to closures and mergers, and — along with the increasing globalization of publishing — enabled the entry of large, multinational corporations into the market. This latter trend, and the processes of globalization and deregulation, continued in the 1990s and beyond.
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Fraser, Derek. Leeds and its Jewish community. Manchester University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526123084.001.0001.
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The book is a comprehensive and definitive history of the Leeds Jewish community, which was – and remains – the third largest in Britain. It is organised in three parts: Context (history, urban, demography); Chronology (covering the period from the mid-nineteenth century to the 1940s); and Contours (analysing themes and aspects of the history up to the present time). The book shows how a small community was affected by mass immigration, and through economic progress and social mobility achieved integration into the host society. It is a story of entrepreneurial success which transformed a proletarian community into a middle-class society. Its members contributed extensively to the economic, social, political and cultural life of Leeds, which provided a supportive environment for Jews to pursue their religion, generally free from persecution. The Leeds Jewish community lived predominantly in three locations which changed over time as they moved in a northerly direction to suburbia.
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Lauri, Mälksoo. Part I Histories, Ch.13 International Legal Theory in Russia: A Civilizational Perspective, or Can Individuals be Subjects of International Law? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0014.
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This chapter argues that the concept of ‘civilization’ may be a useful analytical lens to look through for making sense of international legal theory outside the West. Specifically, it focuses on international legal theory in Russia and in the Russian language, broadly sketching an international legal theory in the country from the mid-nineteenth century onwards. Throughout the last few centuries, other non-Western civilizations have struggled with the predominance of the West, and have related and referred to it one way or another. Therefore, this dialogue — and often contest — of civilizations and the ways they have been constructed by political leaders and intellectuals has left its marks on international legal theory as well. For one reason or another, but perhaps also for reasons of cultures, histories, and civilizations differing from each other, scholars outside the West such as in Russia tend to put different emphases in terms of how they construct international law.
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Taiz, Lincoln, and Lee Taiz. Crop Domestication and Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.003.0003.
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“Crop Domestication and Gender” traces the rise of permanent settlements and incipient agriculture from the Pre-pottery Neolithic to the Pottery Neolithic in the Levant, together with the iconographic changes that show a shift from the predominance of zoomorphic forms to female forms concurrent with the increasing importance of agriculture. It discusses relevant geographic features, climactic periods and changes in temperature, rainfall and glaciation while exploring the important transitional cultures and the artifacts that reveal the progress of agricultural development and plant domestication. Domestication of the founder crops of the Fertile Crescent are described, together with markers in the archaeological record that distinguish wild plants from domesticated plants. The abundance of female figurines at the Neolithic village of Sha’ar Hagolan and the presence of cryptic agricultural symbols at Hacilar and Çatalhüyük, support a close association of women, cats, and agriculture, most famously exemplified by the so-called “grain bin goddess“ of Çatalhüyük.
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Trotter, Joe W. African American Migration from the Colonial Era to the Present. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766031.013.006.
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This essay explores several overlapping waves of black population movement from the African background through the early twenty-first century. It shows how enslaved people dominated the first two great migrations—from Africa to the tobacco-producing colonies of British North America and later from the Upper South to the cotton-producing lands of the Deep South. In the wake of the Civil War and the emancipation of some 4 million enslaved people, the great farm-to-city migration gradually transformed African Americans from a predominantly rural southern people into the most urbanized sector of the nation’s population. While massive black population movements resulted in substantial disruption of established patterns of cultural, institutional, and political life, African Americans built and rebuilt forms of community under the impact of new conditions, including the rise of a new wave of voluntary black migration from Africa and elsewhere by the close of the 20th century.
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Newey, Vincent. Bunyan and the Victorians. Edited by Michael Davies and W. R. Owens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199581306.013.37.
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This chapter considers the reception, influence, and adaptation of Bunyan in the Victorian period, especially The Pilgrim’s Progress (1678; 1684) and Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666). Though Bunyan’s allegory remained for many a doctrinal work, it developed varied significance and appeal within an increasingly secular culture. Attention is paid to responses in non-fictional prose and to such relevant contexts as the rise of working-class radicalism, but the focus rests on novels by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, William Hale White (‘Mark Rutherford’), and Thomas Hardy, which have a direct connection with Bunyan as well as using the motif of the pilgrimage or soul journey. Paradoxically, Bunyan played an important role in the imagination and techniques of writers who lost their faith or turned predominantly to humanist beliefs. For these, as for others, he endured as a major presence, a compelling point of attraction, and a source of creative stimulus.