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Dromgoole, Sarah. "Law and the underwater cultural heritage : a legal framework for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage of the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308336.
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DiPaolo, Andrea. "Space law and the protection of cultural heritage: the uncertain fate of humanity's heritage in space." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121600.
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As numerous governments and commercial entities plan ambitious expeditions into outer space and to celestial bodies, humanity's heritage in space is threatened. This Thesis examines the protections currently available to those objects and sites that represent the great achievements of humankind in using and exploring space, with a focus on Tranquility Base, the Apollo 11 landing site. Existing protections are analyzed under both cultural heritage law and space law, focusing primarily on the language of relevant treaties in these fields. There have been several endeavors undertaken in the United States to protect the Apollo landing sites in general and Tranquility Base in particular. These actions are reviewed herein for appropriateness and efficacy. Recommendations to optimize the protection of space heritage in the future are then presented. This Thesis concludes that the most effective approach, which is also likely to succeed, consists of a multi-step process including unilateral actions, bilateral treaties, and a multilateral soft law solution, ideally culminating in a multilateral treaty, and possibly leading to the formation of customary international law. Fundamentally, cooperation and good faith are the cornerstones of any solution to this issue of international law. It is important that the legal rules governing interaction with and preservation of these objects and sites be clearly determined to avoid irreversible damage to a unique and irreplaceable resource.Alors que de nombreux gouvernements et entités commerciales prévoient d'ambitieuses expéditions dans l'espace extra-atmosphérique et dans les corps célestes, le patrimoine de l'humanité dans l'espace est menacé. Cette thèse examine les protections actuellement disponibles pour les objets et sites qui représentent les grandes réalisations de l'humanité concernant l'utilisation et l'exploration de l'espace, avec une attention particulière portée sur la Base de la Tranquillité, le site d'atterrissage d'Apollo 11. Les protections existantes sont analysées en vertu du droit du patrimoine culturel et du droit de l'espace, et se concentrent principalement sur le langage des traités en ces domaines. Il y a eu plusieurs tentatives menées aux États-Unis pour protéger les sites d'atterrissage d'Apollo, en particulier concernant la Base de la Tranquillité. Ces mesures sont examinées dans les développements de la thèse afin d'évaluer leur pertinence et leur efficacité. Les recommandations pour optimiser la protection du patrimoine de l'espace dans le futur sont ensuite présentées. Cette thèse conclut que l'approche la plus efficace, qui est également la plus susceptible de réussir, consiste en un processus en plusieurs étapes, comprenant des mesures unilatérales, des traités bilatéraux et une solution multilatérale de soft law, aboutissant idéalement à un traité multilatéral, et pouvant éventuellement conduire à la formation de droit international coutumier. Fondamentalement, la coopération et la bonne foi sont les pierres angulaires de toute solution à ce problème de droit international. Il est important que les règles juridiques régissant l'interaction et la préservation de ces objets et de ces sites soient clairement déterminées, afin d'éviter que des dommages irréversibles ne soient causés à une ressource unique et irremplaçable.
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Dragasi, E. "The legislative process in developing cultural heritage protection policy in Greece with particular reference to the protection of cultural heritage in law 3028/2002." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443159/.
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This thesis explores the discourse of cultural heritage internationalism and nationalism as they were expressed within the broader theoretical discourse in the cultural heritage field, as well as their expressions during the making of Greek Law 3028/2002 on the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General. More particularly, this research investigates the underlying interests of powerful groups, motivations of actors, ideological beliefs, and the origins of conflicting interests on cultural heritage protection within Greece during the making of this particular Law in comparison to the theoretical debate over cultural heritage ownership and control of its use, value and meaning. Furthermore, it explains the origins of conflicting interests, power relations, and motivations of actors, groups and institutions in their attempt to dominate, accumulate capital, distinguish themselves and maintain their social position in the cultural heritage discourse by adopting Bourdieu’s theories of habitus and practice. Analysis of archival material from various primary and secondary sources constituted the methodological framework alongside interviews with officials, specialist lawyers, and academics in Greece. My thesis reviews specific examples of Greek law and policy by looking into trends that show how the ideas of cultural heritage nationalism have been reflected in Greek legislation to protect material representations and identities from the foundation of the Greek state in 1830, when Greece gained independence from the Ottomans, until the enactment of the current Law 3028/2002. Additionally, it examines the journey of this particular Bill of Law 3028/2002 throughout its legislative stages, analyses the main factors that necessitated a new cultural heritage protection law, and evaluates the policy priorities behind the Bill. The in-depth analysis of the lengthy discussions that took place during the making of Law 3028/2002 at three different stages of the legislative process indicated interwoven and structured dynamics between international and national arrangements in Greece’s case and that all forms of internationalism had an element of a ‘built-in’ nationalism. This evidence-based approach revealed, empirically, that during the enactment of the Law actors expressing both sides of the debate,attempted to systematise and orchestrate their ‘voices’ according to their practices, beliefs and personal interests in order to control the use and value of heritage exclusively, and maintain their ownership rights and social status.
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Strati, Anastasia G. "The protection of the underwater cultural heritage as an emerging objective of the contemporary law of the sea." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336543.
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Kogelschatz, Megan. "Protecting the Past for a Better Future: Protecting Palestinian Cultural Heritage." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/20523.
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Cultural heritage is fundamentally important to humanity. Societies around the world have recognized this for centuries. However, in the context of war, damage to cultural heritage goes unnoticed until it is too late.
Palestinian cultural heritage is disappearing at a rate of 12,000 pieces per year. If this destruction continues, there may not be any cultural heritage left for future generations. This paper examines the current legal framework in place for the protection of Palestinian cultural heritage in light of the biggest threats to it, in order to determine if there is an adequate legal framework in place for the protection of Palestinian cultural heritage. Then, considering how many cultural heritage pieces have already been illicitly exported from the Palestinian territories, I examine the legal duties of the Palestinian government, Israeli government, and International governments that may aid in the restitution of Palestinian cultural heritage.
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Turhalli, Zeynep. "La protection du patrimoine culturel des minorités en droit international." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100188.
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Le patrimoine culturel des minorités comprend l’ensemble des œuvres matérielles et non matérielles de ses artistes et de ses savants, ainsi que les créations anonymes du groupe, comme la langue, les rites, les croyances, et les modes de vies, qui marquent l’identité culturelle du groupe et qui donnent un sens à la vie de ses membres.Comment protéger le patrimoine culturel de ces groupes et assurer leur contribution au patrimoine commun de l’humanité ?La première difficulté est le présupposé selon lequel la reconnaissance de l’identité culturelle collective de ces groupes dépend de leur reconnaissance juridique dans l’ordre juridique international. De ce point de vue, le droit international est un système constitué par et pour des personnes juridiques comme les États et les organisations internationales. La personne humaine ne trouve sa place dans cet ordre qu’en tant qu’individu sujet des droits de l’homme. Mais les entités comme les peuples, les minorités et les peuples autochtones ont besoin d’une reconnaissance juridique. La généralité du concept même de patrimoine culturel des minorités constitue un second obstacle. En l’absence de conventions explicites, le patrimoine culturel de ces groupes recouvre une réalité vaste et complexe, difficile à appréhender en droit. Dans cette thèse nous étudierons comment le droit international protège le patrimoine culturel des minorités. En effet, nous considérons que, bien qu’il n’existe toujours pas de définition précise et unifiée du patrimoine culturel, les développements juridiques récents démontrent bel et bien l’émergence d’une coutume internationale protégeant le patrimoine culturel des minoritésThe cultural heritage of minorities comprises the works of its artists, its intellectuals, as well as all the creations arisen from its memory and the collective knowledge, such as the languages, the shared rituals, beliefs, and ways of life, those mark the cultural identity of the group and give the sense to the lives of its members. How to protect the cultural heritage of these groups and ensure their contribution to the common heritage of mankind? The first difficulty in this regard is the presumption that the cultural heritage of these groups is linked to their collective identity. Thus, the protection of the identity depends to the recognition of the group as the subject of international law. From this point of view, international law is a system made by and for the legal entities such as States and the international organizations. The individual finds its place in this order as subject of human rights. Nevertheless, collective entities like peoples, minorities and indigenous peoples need a legal recognition. On the other hand, the generality of the concept of cultural heritage it self is a second obstacle before its legal recognition. In the absence of explicit conventions defining it, the cultural heritage of these groups covers a vast and complex reality hard to recognize in legal terms. In this thesis we analyze how does international law protects the cultural heritage of minorities. We consider, although there is not still any clear and unified legal definition of cultural heritage, recent developments demonstrate the emergence of a customary international law protecting the cultural heritage of these groups
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Gärtner, Tanya, and Magnus Obermann. "The Role of the 'Coordinating State' in the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage: An analysis of the cooperative jurisdictional regime of the UNESCO Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) including relevant state practice." Beiträge des UNESCO-Lehrstuhls für Internationale Beziehungen, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70871.
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The article at hand concerns itself with evaluating the impact the State Cooperation System has had on how underwater cultural heritage is dealt with in international waters. A total of six researched cases, including the infamous Titanic and the currently controversial San José, attest that the notion of the Coordinating State has yet to deliver a higher standard of protection for cultural assets underwater. Also, generic ramifications caused by the superficial configuration of the treaty, such as disregarding private stakeholders and elements of bureaucracy, are identified. The discontent with cooperative jurisdictional provisions seems to be omnipresent. This affirms the need for reforming the Convention itself, even in consideration of the sixth Meeting of State Parties’ Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy. In order to provide a workable proposal for reform, the authors acknowledge the potential role model effect of existing systems of shared jurisdiction. In conclusion, it is suggested to upgrade the convention’s Scientific and Technical Advisory Body (STAB) and assign it the identification of underwater cultural heritage, notifying state parties with a verifiable link to the heritage site as well as taking emergency measures. This is consistent with missions the STAB has already deployed to assist state parties on-site and preliminary deliberations to strengthen the support and funding of the STAB in the aforementioned Draft Ratification and Implementation Strategy.
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North, MacLaren. "Protecting the past for the public good archaeology and Australian heritage law /." Connect to full text, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1602.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed 25 March 2008). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2007; thesis originally submitted 2006, corrected version submitted 2007. Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print form.
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Kianguebeni, Ulrich. "La protection du patrimoine culturel au Congo." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE0001/document.
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Le droit du patrimoine culturel congolais est un droit récent en raison du jeune âge de ses outils juridiques. En effet, ce droit s’est largement inspiré du système français à travers l’application, au Congo, de la législation française avant l’indépendance. Instituée dans un contexte historique particulier, la conception congolaise du patrimoine est une émanation des administrateurs coloniaux et missionnaires français. Cette conception est essentiellement basée sur l’adoption des valeurs culturelles françaises car la France en tant que métropole a institué l’application de sa législation dans les colonies. Cependant, cette application n’a pas été suivie d’effet au Congo en raison de l’absence du patrimoine au sens occidental. Avec l’indépendance en 1960, la nouvelle élite congolaise, issue des écoles françaises, a opté pour un mimétisme juridique et institutionnel. Les premiers textes à illustrer ce mimétisme ont été la loi 32/65 du 12 août 1965 donnant à l’Etat la possibilité de créer des organismes tendant au développement de la culture et des arts et le décret 68-45 du 19 février 1968 fixant les modalités d’application de la loi 32/65 du 12 août 1965. Ce mimétisme a révélé des lacunes en raison de la non prise en compte des réalités socio-culturelles congolaises. Dès lors, on a assisté, à la fin des années 1970, à une tentative d’élargissement de la conception du patrimoine avec la prise en compte de la conception traditionnelle à travers notamment l’affirmation de l’identité culturelle congolais. De nos jours, le Congo marque un grand intérêt à la protection du patrimoine par les politiques de développement culturel et par l’adoption deux textes majeurs : la loi n°8-2010 du 26 juillet 2010 portant protection du patrimoine national culturel et naturel et la loi de n°9-2010 du 26 juillet 2010 portant orientation de la politique culturelle au Congo. Une démarche supplémentaire qui illustre la marche vers la protection du patrimoine culturel bien que celle-ci soit encore embryonnaire et présente beaucoup d’insuffisances. Cependant, il convient de noter que la protection du patrimoine culturel connaît beaucoup de difficultés, lesquelles sont liées aux ressources humaines aux ressources financières. C’est pourquoi ce travail propose des mesures et initiatives en faveur d’une protection et d’une gestion efficaces du patrimoine culturel au CongoCongolese cultural heritage law is recent due to the young age of legal tools. In fact, this law that is inspired by French law because of cultural assimilation from French colonization. Instituted in a particular historical context, current conception of cultural heritage in Congo has been an emanation of colonial administrators and missionaries. This conception is essentially based in French cultural values. As a metropolis, France instituted the application of its laws in the colonies. An application not followed of actions because of the lack of heritage in the western understanding in Congo. When Congo got its independency in 1960, new Congolese elite graduated in French schools opted for a legal and institutional imitation to rule the State but also to protect cultural heritage. Consequently, first laws that illustrate this imitation are the Law 32/65 of August 12th 1968 providing the state with the possibility to create organs to develop culture and arts and the Decree 68-45 of February 19th 1968 fixing the operation procedures of the Law32/65 of August 12th 1968. This imitation revealed gaps because Congolese social and cultural conditions have not been taken into account. Therefore at the end of the 1970’s, there has been an attempt to come back to the traditional conception of cultural heritage, with for example the affirmation of Congolese cultural heritage. Congo still emphasizes this interest for the protection of cultural heritage by cultural development policies and adoption of two laws: the Law N°8-2010 of July 26th 2010 on the protection of national cultural and natural heritage and the Law N°09-2010 of July 26th 2010on the orientation of cultural policy in Congo. This is an additional walk towards the protection of cultural heritage, although this is still embryonic and very insufficient. However, it must be stressed that protection of cultural heritage encounters many difficulties linked to human and financial resources. This is why this work proposes some measures and initiatives in favor of an effective protection and management of Congolese cultural heritage
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Khalaf, Husam. "Le droit du patrimoine culturel en Irak : approche locale et internationale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CLF10424.
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Aux XXe et XXIe siècles, l'idée de protection du patrimoine culturel (matériel et immatériel) et des biens culturels s’est accrue tant au niveau national qu’international. Elle se manifeste notamment par la définition des biens à protéger, l’élaboration de normes et la mise en place d’institutions. Cette étude s’attache à la formation du droit du patrimoine culturel en Irak dans une perspective historique en retraçant la genèse des notions relatives au patrimoine culturel, l’évolution et la portée de la législation mais également en analysant les institutions et les règles juridiques contemporaines élaborées pour en assurer la protection. Dans le cadre de l’Irak, en lien avec les conflits récents, les années d'embargo et les atteintes portées au patrimoine culturel, la question de l’efficacité des dispositions nationales et internationales se pose. A partir d’une analyse des violations commises malgré les conventions internationales, la détermination d’une mise en jeu de la responsabilité pour atteinte au patrimoine culturel peut être envisagée. Depuis 2003, une politique est menée pour renforcer la protection, la conservation et la valorisation du patrimoine culturel avec l’appui d’une coopération internationale. A la lumière de ces différents éléments, cette thèse formule des préconisations pour contribuer à une réflexion sur de possibles évolutionsIn the twentieth and twenty-First centuries, the idea of protection of tangible and intangible heritage and cultural properties developed tremendously at both national and international levels. This idea is specially coming out by defining the properties to protect, developing the standards necessary and establishing the institutions mandatory for this purpose.This study focuses on the formation of cultural heritage law in Iraq in a historical perspective by tracing the genesis of concepts related to cultural heritage, evolution of the legislation but also by analyzing the institutions and legal Contemporary rules developed to ensure the protection. In case of Iraq, especially with the recent conflicts, the embargo years and the damage caused to the cultural heritage, the effectiveness of national and international provisions remains questionable.From an analysis of committed violations despite international conventions, determination an implementation of the responsibility for the cultural heritage may be considered. Since 2003, a strategy is established to strengthen the protection, to conserve and valuate this precious heritage with the support of international cooperation. Using all these elements, this thesis suggests recommendations to contribute to further possible developments
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Leung, Yee-wing Yvonne, and 梁綺穎. "The Queen's Pier saga: unveiling the inconvenient truth of heritage conservation legislation in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47092683.
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With the increasing recognition of the importance of heritage conservation, it would not be adequate merely to control archaeological discoveries or to preserve items of historical interest. In this society where resources are scarce, rules have to be made for enabling the selection of what to keep and what not to, and if to be kept, how the heritage resources could be sufficiently protected. Under the present system, for instance, graded buildings afforded no legal protection save for Grade 1 buildings which may be qualified and ready to be declared as “monuments”. Also, there is no system for appeal if the building is graded against the owner’s will. Through the years, the Ordinance had not been reviewed to meet with the social development and has become obsolete and out-of-date. It is no longer able to give sufficient legal protection to the heritage conservation in Hong Kong.
Following the Queen’s Pier incident and the Court of First Instance decision which will be discussed in details, the need for a more proper and comprehensive heritage protection legislation becomes more intense and imminent. One may recall that the Chief Executive had announced a range of initiatives on heritage conservation in the 2007-2008 Policy Address which was delivered on 10th October 2007. Yet, it is submitted that a policy initiative no matter how ambitious cannot be achieved without the foundation of a concrete legal framework. Objective standard and guidelines have to be established for future precedent. It is only by then certainty and sustainability on conservation can be achieved. The issues that we are going to discuss in this article is, by examining the development of heritage protection law of Hong Kong, whether Hong Kong, being part of China and a State Parties which have adhered to the World Heritage Convention, has afforded and taken sufficient legal measures in securing our cultural heritage. The recent judgment of the Court of First Instance has thrown light to the fact that our heritage legislation, namely the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance is inadequate to safeguard some of the historically significant heritage in Hong Kong. There are of course counter-argument that conservation is a hindrance to urban development and possible impingement of private property right. In this dissertation, we will examine, from a legal point of view, how the legal framework of our system, insofar as heritage conservation is concerned, can be improved and/or modified or even advanced.published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
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Wagener, Noé. "Les prestations publiques en faveur de la protection du patrimoine culturel." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111007.
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La thèse prend le parti méthodologique de ramener l'action de l'État en faveur de la protection du patrimoine culturel à une simple succession de « prestations ». Prenant au mot le point de vue néolibéral, elle entend se mettre ainsi en capacité d'embrasser d'un même geste l'ensemble des interventions de l'État en ce domaine, quelque soit les formes que celles-ci revêtent (édiction d'une réglementation et fourniture de services matériels). Ce faisant, l'enjeu de la thèse est de parvenir à déterminer « pourquoi » l'État agit en matière de patrimoine culturel, et plus précisément « pourquoi » il agit d'une certaine façon plutôt que d'une autre. Ce type d'interrogation fonctionnelle, auquel les juristes sont peu enclins, présente un avantage : il permet de replacer au cœur de l'analyse les manières particulières dont les catégories propres du droit contribuent à produire – bien plus qu'à décrire – les choix de protection du patrimoine culturel. Ainsi, l'observation diachronique, depuis la Révolution, des prestations publiques en faveur de la protection du patrimoine culturel fait apparaître qu'à plusieurs reprises, ces prestations ont pu, le plus sérieusement du monde, trouver leur source à l'extérieur de l'État, précisément dans un droit de la collectivité. Aussi, en matière patrimoniale se dessine, au-delà d'un processus d'étatisation progressive qui n'a, en soi, rien de bien original, un renversement complexe du rapport de l'État à la collectivité, en ce sens qu'au cours des XIXème et XXème siècles celui-ci se libère de celle-là, à grand renfort de reconceptualisations doctrinales. En définitive, ce n'est que quelque part dans l'entre-deux-guerre, après l'échec des théories du droit social, que l'on enferme définitivement l'explication juridique des prestations publiques en faveur de la protection du patrimoine culturel dans l'antagonisme entre puissance publique et droits fondamentauxThe thesis has made the methodological choice of reducing the action of the State for the protection of cultural heritage to a simple series of "services". Taking the neoliberal perspective literally, it intends to study all State interventions in this area, regardless of the shapes they assume (enactment of regulation and provision of services). In doing so, the scientific challenge of the thesis is to get to determine why the State acts in cultural heritage, and more specifically why it acts in a certain way rather than another. This functional interrogation, rarely asked by lawyers in France, is of interest as it questions the particular ways in which specific categories of law help to produce - much more than to describe - the choice of a particular cultural heritage protection. Thus, the diachronic observation of services, since the French Revolution, shows that on multiple occasions, these services have found, in all seriousness, their source outside the State, specifically in a community right. Also, beyond a progressive etatization process (which is not in itself very original), a complex reversal of the relation of the State to the society emerges : during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the State frees itself from the society, helped by a massive work of doctrinal reconceptualizations. It is only between World War I and World War II, after the failure of theories of social law, that the legal explanation of State services for the protection of cultural heritage is finally locked in the antagonism between the authority of the State and fundamental rights
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Sibayi, Dumisani. "Adressing the impact of structural fragmentation on aspects of the management and conservation of cultural heritage." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2758.
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Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The birth of democracy in South Africa launched a paradigm shift in the public sector aligning it with the new political ideology. To meet this objective, state organs had to be radically transformed to embrace this new political ideology so as to extend and enhance service delivery to all South Africans. The democratisation of state organs led to the transformation of public institutions both statutory and non-statutory. The urgency to transform strategic state institutions whose mandate was to provide basic and primary needs like health, housing and social services, led to the neglect of other like sport, culture, and the natural environment. The transformation of some of the latter institutions was attended to only after a couple of years after the democratisation. This led to flaws in these legislative development processes which resulted in the creation of different institutions by various laws. This was the root cause of fragmentation. The provisions of these Acts are in some areas ambiguous and contradictory. The consequences are duplications and overlaps in the implementation processes. Heritage institutions have different regulatory frameworks and management systems – regulations, policies, guidelines and procedures. Furthermore, complex internal management systems expedite fragmentation of this sector. This institutional fragmentation has enormous impact on heritage conservation and management. There is limited cooperation and collaboration between heritage institutions. This study will outline how theories, strategies and instruments from the new public management approach, can be utilised to address these challenges.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die totstandkoming van ‘n demokratiese Suid-Afrika het in paradigma verskuiwing in die openbare sektor gevolg wat dit in lyn gebring het met die nuwe politieke ideologie. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik staats instelling moes radikaal getransformeer word om hierdie nuwe politieke ideologie te ondersteun en diens lewering na alle Suid-Afrikaners uit te brei. Die demokratisering van staatsinstellings het tot die transformasie van beide statutere en -nie statutere instellings gelei. Die noodsaak om strategiese staatsinstellings wie se mandaat dit was om basiese en primere dienste soos gesondheid, behuising en maatskaplike dienste te verskaf en transformeer, het tot die verwaarlosing van sport, kultuur en omgewingsake gelei. Dit het ‘n paar jaar geduur na demokratisering voordat die transformasie van hierdie instellings aandag gekry het. Die gevolg was ‘n gebrekkige wetgewende ontwikkelingsproses wat tot die totstandkoming van verskillende instellings in terme van verskeie wette gelei het. Hierdie is die bron van fragmentasie. Die voorskrifte van hierdie wetgewing is in sekere areas dubbelsinnig en teenstrydig. Die gevolg is duplikasie en oorvleuling in die implementeringsprosesse. Erfenis oorvleueling instellings het verskillende regulatoriese raamwerke en bestuurstelsels- regulasies, beleide, riglyne en prosedures. Verder vererger die komplekse interne bestuurstelsels fragmentasie in die sektor. Die institusionele fragmentasie het groot impak op erfenisbewaring en-bestuur. Daar is beperkte samewerking tussen erfenis instellings. Hierdie studies sal aandui hoe teoriee, strategie en instrumente van die nuwe benadering tot openbare bestuur aangewend kan word om hierdie uitdagings die hoof te bied.
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Charvier, Fanny. "Les compétences des collectivités décentralisées en matière de patrimoine culturel : étude comparée, France, Italie, Belgique." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30068.
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La nécessité de développer des politiques dédiées à la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel n’est plus à prouver. Aujourd’hui la question du patrimoine culturel soulève une nouvelle problématique liée au partage des compétences entre les différentes collectivités publiques. En France, il semble que perdure une vision centralisatrice de la protection du patrimoine, et on est en mesure de se demander comment sont organisées les politiques publiques patrimoniales dans les pays voisins, et notamment dans les Etats dotés d’une structure juridique et administrative différente et quelle place occupe particulièrement les collectivités décentralisées. La mise en parallèle des situations en France, en tant qu’Etat unitaire, en Italie, en tant qu’Etat régional et en Belgique, en tant qu’Etat fédéral, a permis de dégager des points de convergence et des points de divergence. Ainsi, malgré une évolution historique sensiblement similaire, le cadre juridique dans lequel s’inscrivent les compétences des collectivités décentralisées est très différent d’un Etat à l’autre. Il se manifeste par des sources et des critères de répartition de compétences hétérogènes. Au-delà d’un contexte diversifié, ces trois Etats se rejoignent en ce qui concerne l’exercice des compétences des collectivités décentralisées. Ces dernières disposent d’une autonomie limitée au sein des législations spécifiques au patrimoine. Mais il semble que ces collectivités trouvent une plus grande liberté dans le cadre de législations plus générales. Ces politiques patrimoniales viennent donc s’ajouter aux politiques fondées sur les dispositifs classiques de protectionThe need to develop policies dedicated to the preservation of cultural heritage has been proven. Today the issue of cultural heritage raises a new problem related to the distribution of powers between different public authorities. In France, it seems that there is a centralizing vision of heritage protection that carries on. Therefore we can ask ourselves how heritage public policies are organized in neighboring countries, especially in the states with a different legal and administrative structure and also more particularly, which position do decentralized authorities get. The comparison between France, as unitary State, Italy, as regional State, and Belgium, as federal State shows similarities and differences. Thus despite a substantially similar historical evolution, the legal framework of which the powers of decentralized communities are part of, is very different from one state to another. It can be seen through sources and criteria of heterogeneous powers repartition.Beyond a diverse context, this three States come together with exercise of powers by decentralized authorities. These have limited autonomy in specific legislation heritage. But it seems that these authorities are more freedom in legislation more general. These heritage policies are in addition to policies based on traditional instruments of preservation
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Boch, Queli Mewius. "Fundamentos jurídicos do meio ambiente criado e os principais instrumentos de proteção do patrimônio ambiental cultural material." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2011. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/588.
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O meio ambiente cultural, composto de natureza e cultura, é parte integrante do direito ambiental, e sua proteção caracteriza-se como direito constitucional fundamental de todo cidadão, vez que visa a manter viva a história e identidade de um povo, evitando dissipar a geração antecedente daquelas que ainda estão por vir. A preservação do patrimônio ambiental cultural pode ser considerada como o direito à preservação do meio ambiente cultural, que é meio para a garantia da sadia qualidade de vida humana. Os valores que retratam a proteção do patrimônio ambiental cultural estão presentes no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, com previsão constitucional, infraconstitucional e legislações esparsas, com caráter nacional e internacional, voltadas à proteção desse patrimônio de forma abrangente. A tutela do patrimônio ambiental cultural, que porta referência à ação, à memória e à identidade do povo brasileiro, encontra guarida nos principais instrumentos jurídicos de tutela administrativa e judicial dos bens culturais, bem como naqueles de ordem local, regulamentados no Estatuto da Cidade e executados pelo Plano Diretor Municipal, os quais buscam tutelar e fiscalizar a proteção que faz jus o patrimônio cultural, mantendo preservado o meio ambiente cultural, histórico e paisagístico de uma comunidade, resguardando suas memórias históricas, suas origens, seus costumes e, em especial, sua identidade. A preservação do meio ambiente histórico e cultural de uma localidade, cidade ou região, deve ser incentivada na atual sociedade, pela própria comunidade local, que deverá reconhecer o valor intrínseco de cada bem que pretende ver preservado, bem como mediante políticas públicas que visem não deixar cair no esquecimento a história do povo que a colonizou, evitando dissipar a memória da geração antecedente.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T17:50:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Queli Mewius Boch.pdf: 6466022 bytes, checksum: 77d9a0c2fa0ea41c446923b46ef339b9 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T17:50:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Queli Mewius Boch.pdf: 6466022 bytes, checksum: 77d9a0c2fa0ea41c446923b46ef339b9 (MD5)
The cultural environment, consisting of nature and culture, is an integral part of environmental law and its protection is characterized as a fundamental constitutional right of every citizen, as it seeks to keep alive the history and identity of a people, preventing the absorption of previous generation from those who are yet to come. The preservation of cultural heritage environment can be considered as the right to preservation of cultural environment, which is the way to guarantee healthy quality of life. The values that reflect the cultural heritage protection environment are present in Brazilian law, with constitutional and infra-constitutional provision and sparse legislation, with national and international character, that aim to protect this heritage in a comprehensive manner. The preservation of the cultural heritage environment, which carries a reference to action, memory and identity of the Brazilian people, find shelter in the main legal instruments for administrative and judicial protection of cultural property, as well as those of local order, regulated by the Statute of the City and performed by the Municipal Master Plan, which seek to protect and enforce the protection that lives up the cultural heritage preserved by keeping the cultural environment, history and landscape of a community, protecting its historic memories, their origins, their habits and, in particular, their identity. The preservation of historic and cultural environment of a city, town or region should be encouraged in today´s society, by the local community itself, which should recognize the intrinsic value of each item you want to see preserved as well as through public policies that do not allow the history of the colonized people to be forgotten, avoiding dispel the memory of the previous generation.
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Jote, Kifle. "International legal protection of cultural heritage /." Stockholm : Juristförlaget, 1994. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37165744h.
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Ludwig, Johannes. "Präventive Sicherungsmaßnahmen für Kulturgüter auf der Grundlage des humanitären Völkerrechts und die Fortentwicklung durch das Konzept der Safe Havens." Beiträge des UNESCO-Lehrstuhls für Internationale Beziehungen, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A33836.
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Das Ausmaß der Zerstörung von Kulturgut im bewaffneten Konflikt stellt die internationale Gemeinschaft vor neue Herausforderungen. In vorliegender Arbeit werden die Präventionspflichten der Staaten in Friedenszeiten nach dem Humanitären Völkerrecht in Abgrenzung zu friedensvertraglichen Regelungen beleuchtet. Dabei werden zur Konzeptualisierung der Prävention die Dimensionen der Verhaltens- und der Verhältnisprävention unterschieden und auf die Normen des Völkerrechts übertragen. Das aufkommende Konzept des safe haven wird als potentiell präventive Maßnahme analysiert und kritisch gewürdigt.
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Lee, Ka-yin Anna, and 李家賢. "Urban governance and cultural heritage conservation in Guangzhou." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206346.
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The pursuit of cultural heritage conservation is particularly problematic in China as the country has been undergoing substantial changes in its governance processes in the post-reform era. As the regime becomes less authoritarian and more pluralized, a multitude of stakeholders (both state and non-state), are now involved in promoting, constructing, challenging and safeguarding a variety of meanings and values in heritage. This thesis incorporates an urban governance lens to examine the policy and practical problems in conserving urban built heritage in contemporary China. This approach offers a new perspective in understanding the distribution of authority and power between the state and society as well as its effect on the management of public affairs. The reconfigurations of the role of the state, market and civil society have ushered in a new phase of urban politics that have enormous implications for built heritage conservation practices.
As a result of reforms, conventional stakeholders have assumed new roles in politics; meanwhile, an increasing variety and number of new stakeholders connected to the non-state sector have also emerged; and their relationships and interactions with the state have become increasingly complex. An urban governance perspective draws attention to the new arrangements embedded in these relationships, which have profoundly impacted the decision-making processes in conservation, re-shaped the interpretation of heritage values, re-defined the scope of heritage and re-thought the use of heritage in Guangzhou.
By employing a case-study approach, this thesis provides a detailed analysis of the conservation efforts undertaken by various stakeholder groups in Guangzhou in the post-reform era. Guangzhou is one of the country’s designated historic cities; it is also the provincial capital of Guangdong and has experienced rapid marketization over the past three decades. Three district-specific cases are selected to provide an in-depth analysis on the changing relationships among concerned stakeholders. The case of Shamian Island demonstrates the rigidity and constraints of central-local relation; while the case of Xinhepu discloses the evolving state-market relation. Finally, the case of Enning Road examines the rise of non-state stakeholders and their power struggle against the state. These cases were selected because each of them covers a particular heritage aspect that is directly related to the three-pronged national conservation hierarchical framework. The findings in the three cases respectively reveal the intricacies of conservation politics: the bureaucratic politics in the management and conservation of designated heritage; the struggle between state and society over what legitimate type of history is considered as “national” history and the maintenance of its local significance; and the operation-cum-conservation of heritage assets by market forces in China’s transitional economy.
The findings of this thesis contribute to a broadened understanding of the changing roles and functions of the state, market and civil society in China’s transitional period; thus revealing the major deficiencies in the existing institutional and managerial frameworks for built heritage conservation in Guangzhou. This thesis also documents the impacts and outcomes of the actions of various state and non-state stakeholders on the prospect of built heritage conservation at an urban scale in China.published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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O'Keefe, Roger. "Law, war and 'the cultural heritage of all mankind'." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270870.
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Forrest, Craig J. S. "International law and the preservation of underwater cultural heritage." Thesis, Online version, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.324230.
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Tadesse, Wessen Shiferaw. "Cultural Heritage Protection in Ethiopia : A Historical Trajectory of Institutions and Legal Frameworks." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0058.
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Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la trajectoire historique des politiques et des institutions du patrimoine culturel en Ethiopie avec un accent particulier sur le XXe siècle. S'appuyant principalement sur des documents d'archives et des textes législatifs que j'ai rassemblés dans des archives en Éthiopie et en France, cette étude montre comment l'institutionnalisation de la protection du patrimoine culturel en Éthiopie a intégré divers modèles culturels, politiques et économique au fil des siècles. Les politiques patrimoniales mises en œuvre sous les trois derniers régimes politiques - le gouvernement impérial, le gouvernement socialiste et le gouvernement fédéral - reflètent la structure sociopolitique de base et les hypothèses idéologiques des régimes respectifs. Contrairement à ce qui s'est passé dans certains pays européens, où l'État a confisqué le patrimoine culturel et assumé la responsabilité de sa gestion, la prise en charge de la protection du patrimoine culturel en Éthiopie est largement restée hors du cadre des institutions d'Etat, tant dans le domaine ecclésiastique que laïque. Outre l'évolution historique des cadres juridiques et institutionnels du patrimoine culturel en Ethiopie, la thèse examine également la signification étymologique du patrimoine dans certaines langues éthiopiennes et explore les diverses manifestations de la perception et de la pratique du patrimoine dans le pays. La thèse soutient que l'ambition, la rhétorique et la pratique de la modernisation depuis le début du XXe siècle ont eu un impact plus profond sur la conception du patrimoine culturel et sur l'institutionnalisation de sa protection. En restituant les notions relatives au patrimoine dans une longue durée spécifique à l'Ethiopie, la thèse souhaite contribuer à ce que les politiques engagées pour la protection du patrimoine culturel ne dépendent pas seulement de modèles exogène de développement et de gestion, mais puissent respecter intégrer les conceptions et pratiques locales qui font elles-mêmes partie du patrimoine nationalThis dissertation investigates the general conditions under which the institutionalization of cultural heritage protection has taken place in a historical perspective with particular emphasis on the twentieth century. Its main objective is to study and reconstruct a historical trajectory of cultural heritage policies and institutions in Ethiopia. Based primarily on archival documents and legislative texts, which I collected from archives in Ethiopia and France, it argues that the institutionalization of cultural heritage protection in Ethiopia has undergone through centuries of social and political influences. It claims that the series of cultural heritage policies and institutions put in place under the last three political regimes- the imperial government, the socialist government and the federal government- reflect the basic sociopolitical structure and ideological assumptions of the respective regimes. This doctoral thesis explores the historical trajectory of cultural heritage policies and institutions in Ethiopia with a particular emphasis on the 20th century. Based primarily on archival documents and legislation that were collected in archives in Ethiopia and France, this study shows how the institutionalization of cultural heritage protection in Ethiopia has incorporated various cultural, political and economic models over the centuries. The heritage policies implemented under the last three political regimes - the imperial government, the socialist government and the federal government - reflect the basic socio-political structure and ideological assumptions of the respective regimes. Unlike in some European countries, where the State has confiscated cultural heritage and assumed responsibility for its management, the protection of cultural heritage in Ethiopia has largely remained outside the framework of State institutions, both in the ecclesiastical and secular spheres. In addition to the historical evolution of the legal and institutional frameworks of cultural heritage in Ethiopia, the thesis also examines the etymological significance of heritage in some Ethiopian languages and explores the various manifestations of heritage perception and practice in the country. The thesis argues that the ambition, rhetoric and practice of modernization since the early 20th century have left a deeper impact on the conception of cultural heritage and the institutionalization of its protection. By restoring notions relating to heritage over a long period of time specific to Ethiopia, the thesis aims to contribute to ensuring that policies for the protection of cultural heritage do not depend solely on exogenous models of development and management, but can respect local conceptions and practices that themselves are part of the national heritage
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Kwan, Chun-wing Newton, and 關雋永. "Stakeholder engagement in cultural heritage management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43981793.
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Hardy, Samuel Andrew. "Interrogating archaeological ethics in conflict zones : cultural heritage work in cyprus." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7344/.
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Much affected by viewing the Yugoslav Wars' ruins, I resolved to study archaeology in conflict. I wanted to explore archaeology's role in conflict and archaeologists' responsibilities in conflict zones; but unable to conduct such work in Kosova/Kosovo, I went to Cyprus. Drawing together professional documentation and public education, professional and community interactions and interviews, and cultural heritage site visits, I researched the destruction of community places, the looting of cultural heritage, and the coping strategies of archaeologists. The key questions of this thesis are: is it legal and ethical to conduct archaeological work in occupied and secessionist territories? How is public knowledge of cultural heritage looting and destruction constructed? What are cultural heritage professionals' responsibilities for knowledge production during conflict? How ought cultural heritage professionals to combat the looting and illicit trading of antiquities? I have addressed these questions by concentrating upon cultural heritage workers' narratives of looting and destruction from 1955 until the present in professional discussion and mass education. First, I argue that archaeologists have misinterpreted international law, and through boycotting and blacklisting of rescue archaeology in northern Cyprus, harmed both the profession and the cultural heritage. Second, I argue that cultural heritage workers have been unwillingly coopted, or actively complicit in the conflict, in the production of nationalist histories, and thus nationalist communities, therefore in the reproduction of nationalist conflict. Third, I argue that cultural heritage workers have knowingly contributed to the conflict and its destruction, through their nationalist policies on the paramilitary-dominated illicit antiquities trade. My conclusions are: that an ethical antiquities policy would cut funding to and thereby reduce conflict-fuelling extremist activity; and that, where they have the freedom to practice it, professional and ethical archaeologies of destruction would promote intracommunal and intercommunal peace.
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Li, Sok-ching, and 李淑青. "Building sustainable cities: a comparative analysis of heritage conservation in Hong Kong and Macau." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014103.
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Blakely, Megan Rae. "Intellectual property and intangible cultural heritage in Celtic-derived countries." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/30838/.
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This dissertation examines the symbiotic relationship between intellectual property (“IP”) law and cultural heritage law, with an emphasis on intangible cultural heritage (“ICH”). These two fields of law have historically operated in relative isolation from each other, but the overlap of subject matter and practical effect of implementation is evident; the actual creative and traditional practices by individuals and communities are the subject matter of both fields. The central thrust of the research is to locate the effects of these two legal fields and to inform policy, research, and legislation when this previously under-considered effect and influence exists. This is accomplished through case studies of ICH and statutory intervention in three countries with diverse ICH: tartan in Scotland; cultural tourism and branding in Ireland, and the Welsh language and eisteddfodau in Wales. These countries were selected as they 1) are geographically proximate, 2) have shared cultural history, 3) are or were recently in a union legal structure with partially devolved governance powers, and 4) are ‘knowledge-based’ economies with strong IP laws. This selection facilitates the dissertation’s original contributions to research, which include highlighting the influence of ICH on IP law and how IP shapes ICH. This interaction challenges the domestic and international differential legal treatment between developed, Global North countries as IP- and knowledge-producing and developing and Global South countries as ICH- and culture-producing. Theoretical patterns emerged from the case studies: namely, first- and second-wave adoption, which is complementary to Hobsbawm and Ranger’s invented traditions; and ‘tangification’, which identifies the process through which ICH becomes IP in a modern legal framework and highlights the risks to ICH integrity as well as the over-extension of IP law. Each of these contributions support the assertion that properly managing risk to and safeguarding ICH, which provides social and economic benefits, can also help to ensure that IP law is functioning in a manner reflecting its jurisprudential underpinnings, facilitating longevity and enforceability of the law.
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MacKintosh, Robert Finlay. "The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage : implementation and effectiveness." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2018. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/426894/.
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The 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage entered into force in 2009. Little is known of how, or even if, it is being implemented. This study examines the implementation of the Convention in its States Parties and investigates the reasons behind the observed levels of implementation. Through an investigation of the presence or absence of certain indicators in the national legislation of States Parties to the Convention, it is apparent that there is a low level of compliance with the 2001 Convention. Further, the Convention has so far had a very limited legal effect. From this examination of legal effectiveness, conclusions about the interpretation of certain ambiguous provisions of the Convention are also possible. In particular, there are a small number of indications that the ambiguities in Articles 9 and 10 of the Convention are being interpreted in favour of the coastal State, suggesting an increasing territorialisation of the EEZ. Interviews of relevant actors were conducted in five case study States. This allowed an examination of the other effects of the Convention and causes of the lack of implementation to be suggested. It is concluded that it is largely factors relating to the States themselves, most notably issues with capacity, that are causing this lack of effect. Finally, suggestions are made which could improve the effectiveness of the Convention and increase the protection of underwater cultural heritage around the world.
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Martin, Daniel Gordon 1963. "The Archaeological Resources Protection Act, other federal legislation, and the protection of cultural resources in the United States." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276621.
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Within the past 100 years, the protection of archaeological and other cultural resources have fallen in part under federal jurisdiction. The role of federal legislation and regulations, with particular emphasis on the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA), is evaluated in terms of guidelines, application, and effectiveness. A history of federal legislation is presented, followed by an in-depth review and analysis of ARPA. The relevance and applicability of ARPA and other legislation is reviewed in terms of resource significance, definitions of archaeological material, logistics of law enforcement, and prosecution of violators. A case review is presented and analyzed. The roles of public archaeology and future legislation are discussed as they apply to continued efforts toward preservation of cultural resources.
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Hiranras, Nilobon. "The intellectual property and alternative legal protection for Thai cultural heritage properties, traditional knowledge and products." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/11704/.
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This thesis comprises a study into whether the existing intellectual property regime, a sui generis system, or any adaptations or modifications of them have been successfully adopted for protecting both tangible and intangible cultural property and traditional knowledge of Thailand. How other developing countries have dealt with misappropriation issues and the limitations of the current intellectual property regime has also been studied. A number of concerns about and obstacles to traditional knowledge have been pointed out: the existing intellectual property system may have increased the risk of misappropriation or unauthorised use of traditional knowledge without consent; most developing countries have no comprehensive national policies or legal frameworks covering traditional knowledge; lack of effective legislation, authorities and mechanisms associated with intellectual property; the high cost of intellectual property procedures and management; the threat to the intellectual and cultural property rights of indigenous peoples; loss of cultural traditions/ articles and biodiversity; problems with maintaining and passing on cultural expression; as well as inequitable benefit-sharing and remedies. Intellectual property rights and traditional knowledge have become increasingly controversial globally, and sometimes they overlap. Due to the presumption that traditional knowledge is in the public domain, the current intellectual property rights regime can not efficiently and appropriately protect traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions/folklore, or provide equitable sharing for indigenous and local communities. Sometimes domestic legislation is insufficient, incompatible or in conflict with international intellectual property norms and policies. The most feasible solutions need to be rigorous, but flexible enough to cover the various forms of traditional knowledge and access to the generic resources of individual communities. Policy-making, development of categorisation and management of biodiversity data and local knowledge systems, effective strategies and mechanisms, international co-operation and support all need to be taken into consideration. It would be ideal to have a single legal system to protect all forms of intellectual property; unfortunately, in reality, this is impossible. However, depending on the capacity of governments and the readiness of their people, alternative or sui generis rights or a combination of any regimes of both preventive and positive protection could be developed and adapted and play a complementary role to balance the interests of all parties, while the general public can still access appropriate usage and benefits. Various ideas and alternative solutions from the different perspectives of international forums and other countries are gathered, analysed, proposed and recommended here for Thailand in particular.
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Restrepo-Navarro, Paulina. "Le droit du patrimoine culturel colombien à l´épreuve de la restitution internationale des biens archéologiques : Quelle approche vis-à-vis des vestiges qui se trouvent à l´étranger ?" Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA111007.
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Vingt-cinq ans après la ratification de la Convention de l'Unesco de 1970 et un an après celle de la Convention d'Unidroit de 1995 par l’État colombien, il est pertinent de réaliser un état des lieux du droit du patrimoine culturel colombien et de son appréhension des problématiques liées à la circulation des biens archéologiques et à leur transfert de propriété. Si ces vestiges appartiennent incontestablement à la Nation depuis 1991, leur protection constitutionnelle ne suffit pas à satisfaire la politique nationaliste que ce pays-source souhaiterait mener. Le questionnement est donc double : d'une part, celui du régime juridique auquel les biens archéologiques sont soumis sur le territoire national et, d'autre part, celui des possibilités d'application de ce dispositif protecteur lorsqu'ils se trouvent à l'étranger. Il s'agit donc de s'interroger sur la clarté et la précision du régime juridique auquel ces vestiges sont soumis en droit colombien pour permettre à l’État de fonder des demandes en restitution ou de retour susceptibles de réussir et, aussi, de définir dans quelle mesure ce dispositif national peut être appliqué par les autorités et les tribunaux étrangers. Par ailleurs, les traités internationaux spécialement adoptés en la matière depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle semblent insuffisants en vue de répondre aux attentes colombiennes de restitution et de retour de ses biens archéologiques. La pratique a démontré que la lutte internationale contre le trafic illicite reste étroitement liée aux législations nationales, tant celle de l’État requérant que celle de l’État requis. Les stratégies contentieuses susceptibles d'être mises en œuvre devant les autorités et les tribunaux français ont été étudiées à titre d'exemple. Plusieurs acteurs sont au centre de ces disputes : les États, les peuples autochtones, les marchands d'art et les musées. La diversité de leurs intérêts révèle la complexité des rapports qui peuvent se tisser autour de ces vestiges considérés, selon les différents points de vue, comme des objets identitaires, sacrés, artistiques ou scientifiques.Enfin, au regard de l'évolution récente du droit du patrimoine culturel colombien, les conditions semblent présentes pour revisiter le rapport que ce pays entretient vis-à-vis des vestiges archéologiques d'origine colombienne qui se trouvent à l'étrangerIt has been more than twenty-five years since Colombia State ratified the 1970 Unesco Convention and one year later it ratified the 1995 Unidroit Convention. It is now relevant to evaluate Colombia’s cultural heritage law and its perception of the issues surrounding the international trade of archaeological objects and ownership transfer. If archaeological antiquities belong unmistakably to the Nation since 1991, their constitutional protection does not satisfy the nationalistic policy this source country would like to lead.The evaluation of cultural heritage law is a double issue. On the one hand, there is the problem of how the domestic laws are applied to archaeological objects within the national territory. On the other hand, there is the difficulty of implementing domestic legislation when the antiquities are abroad. It is therefore a question of assessing if Colombia’s cultural heritage legislation has a framework that is clear and precise enough to allow the State to succeed in its claims and of defining to what extent it can be reinforced by foreign authorities and courts.Furthermore, international treaties adopted in this field since the second half of the twentieth century seem insufficient to meet Colombia´s concerns. Practice has shown that the international fight against illicit trade is closely bound to domestic laws, either that of the requesting State or of the requested State. The litigation strategies that can be brought before French authorities and courts have been studied as an example.These conflicts concern several actors: States, indigenous people, art dealers and museums. Their different level of interests reveal the complexity of the relationships that can be built among these antiquities considered, according to the stakeholders’ point of view, as identity, sacred, artistic or scientific objects.Finally, the recent development of Colombia’s cultural heritage legislation seems to challenge the country’s relation with its archaeological objects abroad
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Chan, Chi-yau, and 陳智柔. "Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage in Hong Kong: a lesson to learn from Cantonese opera." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4834428X.
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Intangible cultural heritage (henceforth ICH), a living expression of indigenous culture and traditions, have been orally transmitted through generations. As the heritage bearers are usually aged and have mere opportunities to pass on their knowledge to young practitioners, ICH are disappearing at a rapid pace. Safeguarding ICH is a battle against time.
Since the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (henceforth the Convention) was adopted in 2003, China has been proactive in participating in the Convention and safeguarding its ICH. Ratified the Convention on 2 December 2004, China was the sixth out of the 143 State Members deposited the Convention1. China’s prompt response to the Convention could show how determined she was in safeguarding its ICH.
Hong Kong agreed to apply the Convention in December 2004 but the early adoption of the Convention did not help Hong Kong to keep its pace on safeguarding ICH.
During the 6 years practice of safeguarding ICH since 2006, China had already built its ICH inventory through announcing 3 batches of National ICH List and inscribing 2500 plus elements, established a ICH Transmitters List with 1400 plus transmitters, and most importantly, adopted the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Law (henceforth the China ICH Law).
In contrast, Hong Kong has not even completed its territory-wide survey until now for its first batch of inventory, not to mention setting up a safeguarding ICH policy.
Hong Kong’s achievement in safeguarding ICH so far is inscribing Cantonese Opera onto The Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity (henceforth the UNESCO Representative List) with joint effort from Macao and Guangdong in 2009; inscribing Cantonese Opera and Chinese Herbal Tea onto the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List (henceforth the National ICH List) with joint effort from Macao and Guangdong in 2006. However, the first time Hong Kong successfully inscribe ICH elements onto the National ICH List with its own effort was in 2011, five years after its ICH safeguarding ICH work kicked off.
Meanwhile, Hong Kong has paid a lot more effort in safeguarding Cantonese Opera. There have been research to preserve scripts and masterpieces; there is an advisory committee and a fund set up to dedicatedly support Cantonese Opera; new Cantonese Opera venues are developing by the Government; a programme developing young troupe for inheriting the skills from Cantonese Opera masters is set up.
In this dissertation, I will study the safeguarding ICH progress made in UNESCO, China, Hong Kong and safeguarding Cantonese Opera progress in Hong Kong in terms of different safeguarding measures as defined by UNESCO. From the comparison between the safeguarding progress of Hong Kong on ICH and Cantonese Opera respectively, answers can be found to improve the safeguarding ICH situation in Hong Kong.published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
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Albaghdadi, Yousef. "La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie (1835-2017)." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAD004/document.
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La protection juridique du patrimoine culturel en Lybie a connu deux périodes distinctes. La première avant 1869 se caractérisait par l’absence de législation spécifique. Les vestiges apparents et les pièces archéologiques transportables étaient exposés au pillage et au marchandage tandis que le patrimoine immatériel se transmettait par une mémoire populaire qui perdait au fil du temps une partie de son héritage culturel. La seconde période, à partir du mitan du XIXe siècle, est marquée pour le patrimoine libyen par une volonté de protection. Il a connu depuis 1869 jusqu’à nos jours et après l’indépendance, différentes étapes et divers degrés dans la préservation de biens culturels d’un point de vue juridique.Cette recherche doctorale s’intéresse particulièrement à ces quelques 150 années où l’intérêt a été porté à la définition du patrimoine et à la vision de la loi musulmane sur le patrimoine car l’héritage religieux reste très ancré dans l’esprit des gens et constitue une entrave à l’acceptation de plusieurs formes de patrimoine culturel.A partir des différents pouvoirs qui se sont exercés sur le territoire libyen, il est permis de saisir les apports et les limites, les influences et les évolutions, les enjeux et les acteurs, les dispositions normatives et leur application pendant la période ottomane puis l’occupation italienne et enfin l’administration militaire britannique. Ces deux pays européens se sont intéressés à la seule protection du patrimoine culturel matériel et à sa redécouverte. Comme en d’autres espaces, le patrimoine immatériel n’a bénéficié d’une attention particulière de ces deux administrations.Après la proclamation de l’indépendance, l’intérêt porté au patrimoine culturel a été moindre malgré les nombreuses lois et les résolutions promulguées favorables à l’émergence d’un droit national du patrimoine et destinée à protéger les richesses culturelles en raison de la découverte d’importantes quantités de pétrole. Le pays alors oriente son économie vers l’exploitation d’une rente impliquant l’abandon des autres ressources du pays. L’économie a alors été privilégiée et l’Etat n’a donné aucune importance au développement du tourisme archéologique.Par ailleurs, la conscience de l’importance du patrimoine comme constitutive de l’identité culturelle du peuple n’a pas été ancrée dans l’esprit de la plupart des citoyens, notamment à cause des programmes d’enseignement ne faisant pas état de la question patrimoniale. Par contre, ils étaient saturés de sujets nationalistes discriminatoires pour lutter contre la diversité culturelle intérieure et extérieure. La propagande de l’ancien régime s’est efforcée d’agir ainsi durant les décennies. Avec la chute du régime du colonel Kadhafi en 2011, une nouvelle législation patrimoniale a permis de prendre en considération de nouveaux domaines. De possibles évolutions sont à attendre de l’influence des conventions internationales.Cette thèse, par une analyse de l’évolution de la protection juridique du patrimoine culturel libyen et la mise à disposition du corpus normatif élaboré au cours des siècles, est une première étape pour de futures recherches relatives au patrimoine culturel et plus largement à la question du droit libyenThe juristic protection of cultural heritage in Libya has been divided into two distinct periods. The first before 1869 was characterized by the absence of specific legislation. Apparent remains and transportable archaeological pieces were exposed to pillage and bargaining, while intangible heritage was transmitted through a popular memory that lost part of its cultural heritage over time. The second period, from the mid-nineteenth century, is marked for the Libyan heritage by a desire for protection. From 1869 to the present and after independence, it has had different stages and varying degrees in the preservation of cultural property from a legal point of view.This doctoral research is particularly interested in the last 150 years when the definition of the heritage and the vision of the Muslim law on the heritage were taken into account, because the religious heritage remains deeply in the minds of the people and constitutes an obstacle to the acceptance of several forms of cultural heritage.From the various powers that have been exercised in Libyan territory, it is possible to understand the contributions and limits, the influences and developments, the stakes and the actors, the normative provisions and their application during the Ottoman period, Italian occupation and finally the British military administration. These two European countries have focused on the protection of the tangible cultural heritage and its rediscovery. As in other areas, intangible heritage has received special attention from both administrations.After the proclamation of independence, interest in cultural heritage was lessened despite the many laws and resolutions promulgated favorable to the emergence of a national heritage law and intended to protect cultural wealth due to the discovery large quantities of oil. The country then directs its economy towards the exploitation of a rent implying the abandonment of the other resources of the country. The economy was privileged and the state gave no importance to the development of archaeological tourism.In addition, awareness of the importance of heritage as a constituent part of the cultural identity of the people has not been anchored in the minds of most citizens, in particular because of educational programs that do not Heritage issue. On the other hand, they were saturated with discriminatory nationalist subjects to combat internal and external cultural diversity. The propaganda of the old regime has tried to do so over the decades. With the collapse of the regime of Colonel Gaddafi in 2011, a new patrimonial legislation made it possible to take into consideration new areas. Possible developments can be expected from the influence of international conventions.This thesis, by analyzing the evolution of the legal protection of the Libyan cultural heritage and making available the normative corpus elaborated over the centuries, is a first step for future research on cultural heritage and more broadly on the question Of Libyan law
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Kulevičius, Salvijus. "Ideological Models of Lithuanian Heritage Protection and Their Practical Expression at the Soviet Period." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20101001_150702-45676.
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Heritage protection during the Soviet period is a phenomenon which involves the origins of some aspects of contemporary Lithuanian heritage protection. This period itself is evaluated in Lithuanian historiography in a contradictory way: on the one hand, it is proud of the achievements and it envisages resistanced, on the other hand, it tells about the biggest damage to heritage and Moscow dictate. The following question arises: What part of the present heritage protection is of “Lithuanian” origin and what part is the “Soviet” one? It is the subject that is analyzed in the dissertation. The traditional perspective – historical practices of the heritage, principles, divisions of conceptions into “good” and “bad” is rejected; instead of this, the ideological origins of that time heritage protection and the expressions of the ideas themselves are analyzed. The main subject of the research is the idea which is understood in the broadest sense, comprising the spheres of theory and practice, official and unofficial concepts, realized and unrealized plans.
It is stated that the freedom to choose the ideological models of the heritage protection during the Soviet period depended on the sphere of the heritage protection: some of them were completely monopolized by Moscow, the others had the conditional freedom. It determined heterogeneous ideological origins of that time Lithuanian heritage protection. The most favourable environment for the Lithuanian will and self to spread was the... [to full text]Sovietmečio paveldosauga yra reiškinys, kuriame glūdi kai kurių dabartinės Lietuvos paveldosaugos aspektų ištakos. Pati sovietmečio paveldosauga lietuviškoje istoriografijoje vertinama prieštaringai: viena vertus, didžiuojamasi pasiekimais ir įžvelgiama „konspiracinė rezistencija“, kita vertus, kalbama apie didžiausius paveldo nuostolius ir Maskvos diktatą. Kyla klausimas, kiek šios dabarties paveldosaugos ištakos yra „lietuviškos“, o kiek „sovietinės“ prigimties. Būtent tai ir nagrinėjama disertacijoje. Čia atsisakoma tradicinės perspektyvos – istorinių paveldosaugos praktikų, principų, sampratų dalijimo į „geras“ ir „blogas“; vietoj to gilinamasi į to meto paveldosaugos idėjines ištakas bei pačių idėjų raiškas. Idėja, pagrindinis šio tyrimo objektas, suprantama plačiausia prasme, apimant teorijos ir praktikos, oficialių ir neoficialių konceptų, realizuotų ir neįgyvendintų sumanymų sferas. Disertacijoje konstatuojama, kad paveldosaugos idėjinių modelių pasirinkimo laisvė sovietmečiu priklausė nuo paveldosaugos sferos: vienos jų buvo visiškai monopolizuotos Maskvos, kitoms suteikta sąlyginė laisvė. Tai lėmė to meto Lietuvos paveldosaugos idėjinių ištakų nevienalytiškumą. Palankiausia terpė lietuviškosios valios ar savasties skleidimuisi buvo paveldotvarkos elgsenos. Būtent čia laisviausiai galėjo reikštis tradiciniai (dar ikisovietiniais metais atsiradę) lietuvių tapatumo modeliai. Taip pat atskleidžiama, kad paveldosaugos idėjiniai modeliai Lietuvoje sovietmečiu gyvavo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Kruger, Cecilia. "Heritage resource management in South Africa : a case study of the Voortrekker Monument Heritage Site, Pretoria." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25590.
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The major focus of this essay is the case study of the Voortrekker Monument Heritage Site in Pretoria, the introduction of a new management team in 1994 and the suggested manner in which the management could be improved. To place this particular case study in perspective, it was necessary in the first place, to look at the meaning of cultural resource- or heritage management and other related terms. It soon became apparent that no single term for this new discipline has been determined and that countries around the world differ greatly on this issue. South Africa uses the term Heritage Resource Management. An overview of cultural resources management (CRM) in other countries such as the U.S.A., Great Britain and some members of the Commonwealth, was also presented. Cultural resource management is a relatively new discipline in South Africa, and an historical overview, in which most of the relevant legislation was referred to, was undertaken. In comparison to other countries in the world, much less publications have been produced in South Africa. Most of these had been completed as dissertations or as papers for conferences. A detailed summary of all the relevant (directly or indirectly) legislation was compiled. In the last chapter, a case study of the Voortrekker Monument was undertaken. An attempt was made to provide adequate answers to the questions why?, how?, and who? should manage a heritage site. Answers to the question as to why a site should be managed, include the establishing of a cultural identity, the site's educational value, for research purposes and finally for its important role in the tourism industry. In the section on how to manage a site, aspects such as the identification and cultural significance of a site were discussed. The importance of a mission and a vision and key strategies, as well as policies were stressed. Resource management on the site includes conservation techniques, sustainable use and visitor management as well as heritage impact assessment. The site's financial management and the site's marketing were addressed in the last section. A heritage site must be managed by 'someone' and in the last section the 'who' (human resources) behind the management of the site, is discussed. Finally the hope is expressed that this dissertation will serve as a basis for a conservation management plan for the VTMHS and serve as a manual for other, similar heritage sites.Dissertation (MA (Heritage and Museum Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Historical and Heritage Studies
unrestricted
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Ribas, Giovanna Paola Primor. "O papel do judiciário na defesa do Patrimônio cultural." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2009. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/296.
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Previous issue date: 2009-12-10Contemporary Law is characterized by the passage of the Constitution to the center of the legal system. The effectiveness of constitutional rules requires a resizing of the role of the judiciary that has faced the paradox of a Constitution rich in rights and of practices that deny the application of such rights. The judiciary ceases to act as a mere mechanical applicator of pre-established rules and assume, with the advent of neoconstitutionalism, the responsibility for the realization of social rights as the right to preservation of the cultural environment. The Brazilian legislation in terms of cultural environment, established several instruments of protection, among them the act of falling. This is a declaratory and discretionary act. Declaratory because a good is not cultural for being registered land, but because of its intrinsic qualities. Discretionary since there is no current risk that threatens the good. It is been inquired if the judiciary can exercise control of an administrative act when the Administration is been omitted from the practice of an act or is acting contrarily to public interest. The demolition of the Adriatic brewery, at the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, was an example of the omission of public administration. The case was the object of the lawsuit, which was rejected because the judge understood that the judiciary is not a legitimate entity in a Social Democratic State of Law to recognize a good as cultural. This is only possible an attribution of the executive. This research aims to discuss the possibility of the judiciary, currently and in Brazil, to declare a good as cultural heritage, re-evaluating the principle of separation of powers and the function of the Judiciary related to its social responsibilities. By the perspective of the phenomenon of neoconstitutionalism, the decision of the judiciary was confronted with the historical importance of the good that is been studied and was found a glaring inconsistency between the legal-constitutional system and the actuation of the judiciary in the State of Paraná.
O Direito contemporâneo é caracterizado pela passagem da Constituição para o centro do sistema jurídico. A eficácia das normas constitucionais exige um redimensionamento do papel do Poder Judiciário que se vê diante do paradoxo de uma Constituição rica em direitos e de práticas que negam a aplicação de tais direitos. O Judiciário deixa de atuar como mero aplicador mecânico de normas pré-estabelecidas, e passa a assumir, com o advento do neoconstitucionalismo, a responsabilidade pela efetivação dos direitos sociais, como o direito à preservação do meio ambiente cultural. A legislação brasileira, em matéria de meio ambiente cultural, estabeleceu diversos instrumentos de proteção, dentre eles o tombamento. Trata-se de um ato declaratório e discricionário. Declaratório na medida em que um bem é cultural não por ser tombado, mas em razão de suas qualidades intrínsecas. Discricionário, desde que não haja risco atual que ameace o bem. Se a Administração Pública se omite da prática de um ato e age contrariamente ao interesse público, questiona-se se é possível ao Judiciário exercer o controle desse ato. A demolição da fábrica da Cervejaria Adriática, da cidade de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, foi exemplo da omissão da Administração Pública. O caso foi objeto de ação judicial, julgada improcedente, sob o fundamento de que o Poder Judiciário não é ente legítimo num Estado Social Democrático de Direito para reconhecer um bem como cultural, atribuição essa cabível apenas ao Executivo. A presente pesquisa visa discutir a possibilidade de o Poder Judiciário, atualmente e no Brasil, declarar um bem patrimônio cultural, reavaliando o princípio da separação dos poderes e a função do Judiciário frente às suas responsabilidades sociais. Sob o prisma do fenômeno do neoconstitucionalismo, confrontou-se a decisão do Judiciário com a importância histórica do bem em questão, e verificou-se uma flagrante incongruência entre o sistema jurídico constitucional e a atuação do Judiciário no Estado do Paraná.
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Feallock, Lynn O'Neill 1964. ""Justified on a scientific basis": Fetal protection policies, sex discrimination, and the selective use of evidence in labor law." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291413.
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As women have increasingly entered what have been traditionally male-dominated industries, there has been a corresponding increase in "fetal protection policies" implemented by those same industries, based on the premise that toxins in the workplace can be harmful to the "potential fetus." The assumption is that these toxins are transported to the fetus exclusively through the mother and that only by removing the mother from the hazardous environment can the fetus be protected. Some of these companies have been taken to court as women have challenged these policies as infringements of their constitutional rights. This paper analyzes court cases in which this issue has been argued and demonstrates how the courts maintain the patriarchal ideologies of both law and industry through the use of legal precedent and unsubstantiated "science," to uphold policies that prohibit women from working in high-paying "male" industries and maintain women's subordinate position in capitalist society.
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Zografos, Daphne. "Origin related intellectual property rights as best policy option for the protection of traditional cultural expressions." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1780.
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Over the past few decades, the protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs) has generated lively debates within the international community and the questions of whether TCEs should be protected by Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and if so how, have been of increasing practical concern for TCEs holders and national policyrnakers in various countries. To date, however, work on the protection of TCEs has progressed slowly, and little has emerged in the way of concrete, binding law. Moreover, those instruments proposed as solutions appear unable to meet the range of concerns raised by TCEs holders and culturally-rich developing countries. Concerns raised by TCEs holders can be classified into four main categories. Firstly, they stress the difficulties they encounter in preventing and/or controlling the commercial use of their TCEs by third parties and in benefiting from this commercial isation themselves. Secondly, they express concerns about the inappropriate and offensive use of their TCEs. Thirdly, they wish to be attributed for their TCEs as well as have the possibility to object to any false attribution. Finally, they emphasise the need to ensure the identification and preservation of existing TCEs as well as their promotion, dissemination and continued evolution. The protection of TCEs was initially envisaged on a copyright model, because of the similarity of subject matter between copyright law and TCEs. However, although copyright law seems well suited to meet some of the needs and objectives of TCEs holders, it is limited in its potential for protecting TCEs. This thesis argues that "origin related intellectual property rights", such as trade marks, certification and collective marks and geographical indications, as well as passing off and laws against misrepresentation appear to be conceptually best suited for the protection of TCEs, because of their specific nature and characteristics. Such characteristics include the fact that they are usually produced within a community, which is often linked to a specific place, and according to traditional methods and know how transmitted from generation to generation, often using raw material from sustainable resources. In addition, this method of protection also seems to accommodate the fact that TCEs are usually already in the public 2 Abstract domain and to take into consideration some of the aims of TCEs holders such as the fact that they would like a protection that is unlimited in time. A system of protection based on origin related IPRs could offer practical advantages for TCEs holders since such category of rights used as such or with minor adaptations would enable them to obtain quick, practical and effective protection. In addition, there would be no need for the creation of a new sui generis IP or IP related system, which would take a long time to establish and may not be politically feasible anyway. The proposed approach will admittedly not address all the concerns of TCEs holders, but it will provide a balanced and workable compromise solution that could satisfy most of their concerns and policy objectives.
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Chan, Yee-wa, and 陳綺華. "Evaluating built heritage conservation in Hong Kong: principle and practice." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3126122X.
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Kittichaisaree, K. "The 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and protection of State interests in maritime natural resources : With special refeence to Southeast Asia." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377840.
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Andreozzi, Michele. "Seismic protection of buildings of historical/cultural interest through the use of vibrating barriers." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Recent earthquake events pointed out the problematic of protecting existing buildings from the catastrophic effects of earthquakes. The current strategies for vibration are successfully employed in the design of new structures; on the other hand, they are rarely used for protecting existing buildings, because they generally require substantial alteration of the original structure. In this thesis, a novel device called vibrating barrier, (ViBa), is implemented for the seismic protection of an historical building: the Bell Tower of the Messina Cathedral. This device is able to reduce the dynamic response of a target building without being physically connected to it. The dynamic behaviour of the system has been studied through the construction of a detailed FE Model that allowed to derive the response of the structure and to study the existing influences between the buildings and the effect of the soil. Hence, a simplified mathematical model has been constructed, and the pertinent parameters have been computed by the employment of an Identification Process. Moreover, the mechanical parameters of the ViBa have been derived through an Optimization Process in order to reduce a selected response parameter of the bell tower, under an input ground motion modelled as Gaussian Stochastic Process compatible with the Messina response spectrum. Hence, parametric analyses have been carried out in order to investigate the influence of the mass of the device on the efficiency. Spectrum-compatible artificial accelerograms have been generated and a significant average reduction of the maximum displacements of 25% has been achieved, together with a decrease of 40% of the shear forces in the bell tower. Due to large masses involved, alternative solutions have been proposed against the problems related to a real-life implementation of the device, and the beneficial effects given by the coupling of the ViBa with a set of mechanical inerters have been demonstrated.
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Cachaço, Maria José Pereira de Almeida. "Contributos para o inventário e caracterização das Quintas por terras saloias. Caso de estudo: as Quintas da Freguesia de Loures." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10903.
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Siqueira, Neto Moysés Marcionilo de. "Sob o véu do patrimônio cultural: uma análise dos processos de tombamento em Pernambuco (1979-2005)." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2823.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Esta pesquisa analisa a constituição de patrimônios culturais, através da instituição do tombamento, em Pernambuco, como parte de um processo mais amplo de construção da identidade estadual e nacional. O recorte temporal escolhido acompanha as primeiras atividades do tombamento no estado, com a lei nº 7.970, de 18 de setembro de 1979, que determinou a criação do Sistema Estadual de Tombamento e serviu de estatuto para definir 51 bens tombados, até que o decreto 27.753, de 18 de março de 2005, marcou uma nova fase na política de preservação, com o conceito de patrimônio imaterial. Para essa análise, utilizo a perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais, em que o patrimônio pode ser entendido como produto de um processo de representação que organiza certo sentido e conteúdo às identidades e paisagens culturais, em permanente construção e reconstrução. Foram pesquisados os documentos produzidos pelo Sistema Estadual de Tombamento no período: processos para o registro, relatórios e publicações da Fundação do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico de Pernambuco (Fundarpe), livros de tombo e ata de reuniões do Conselho Estadual de Cultura (CEC), além de legislações e outras publicações de interesse para a pesquisa. A partir dessa documentação, exploro a formação institucional do tombamento em Pernambuco, os conteúdos dos processos, os seus requerentes, os contextos, o perfil dos elementos tombados e sua distribuição nos livros de tombo. A pesquisa confirmou uma relação de poder assimétrica nesse processo de representação, através do Sistema Estadual de Tombamento, em que foram instituídos os 51 registros para evidenciar objetos e lugares, essencialmente no período de 1979 e 1986, como agentes ativos que passam a significar a identidade e cultura do Estado de Pernambuco.
This studie analyzes the establishment of cultural heritage, through the heritage protection acts, in Pernambuco, as part of a regional and national identity building process. The period chosen follows the first activities of heritage protection acts in Pernambuco, with the Law No. 7970 of September 18, 1979, which mandated the creation of the Protection Acts State System and served as a statute to define 51 listed items, until the decree 27753 of March 18, 2005, marked a new phase in conservation policy, with the concept of intangible heritage. For this analysis, I use the perspective of Cultural Studies, in which the heritage can be understood as the product of a process of representation and a sense that organizes content, identities, and cultural landscapes, in permanent construction and reconstruction. Were examined the documents produced by the Protection Acts State System in the period: the procedures for registration, reports and publications of the Foundation of Historical and Artistic Heritage of Pernambuco (Fundarpe), register books and the protocols of reunion of the State Council of Culture (CEC), and the laws and other publications of interest to the studie. From this documentations, I explore the institutional structure of the protection acts State System in Pernambuco, the contents of processes, their applicants, contexts, the profile of the registered elements and their distribution in the register books. The studie confirmed an asymmetrical power relationship in the process of representation through the Protection Acts State System, in which were instituted 51 registries to evidence objects and places, mainly between 1979 and 1986, as active agents who comes to mean the identity and culture of the state of Pernambuco.
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Varela, Patrícia. "Arrábida, "Serra-mãe"." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/31784.
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O valor cultural de alguns elementos representativos da Paisagem da
Arrábida foi reconhecido há mais de quarenta anos, procedendo-se à
classificação de “toda a zona que rodeia o Portinho da Arrábida,
incluindo o Conventinho e a mata de carvalhos”. Porém, o imóvel
classificado continua sem limites definidos até ao presente, o que
compromete a eficácia da classificação a nível da sua proteção. Além
disso, a Arrábida encontra-se atualmente ameaçada por sobrecargas
turísticas, ações de pedreiras e restrições ambientais que põem em
causa a continuidade dos seus valores culturais e, consequentemente,
a integridade da paisagem. Dado o seu valor excecional, torna-se
indispensável uma atenção especial e renovada na salvaguarda deste
Património Cultural, único no País. Nesse sentido, este trabalho foi
desenvolvido com base numa abordagem integrada, de expressão
territorial, definindo-se unidades de paisagem, incluindo a unidade da
“Serra-mãe”, a partir da qual se propõem limites para o imóvel
classificado; ABSTRACT:
ARRÁBIDA, “MOTHER-MOUNTAIN”
The cultural value of some representative elements of Arrábida
Landscape was recognized over forty years ago, with the classification
of “the entire area surrounding Portinho da Arrábida, including the
Convent and the oak forest”. However, the classified property
continues having no defined limits until now, which compromises the
effectiveness of the classification in terms of its protection.
Furthermore, Arrábida is currently threatened by tourist overloads,
active quarries and environmental restrictions that jeopardize the
continuity of its cultural values and, consequently, the integrity of the
landscape. Given its exceptional value, it is essential that a special and
renewed attention be paid to safeguarding this Cultural Heritage,
unique in the country. Therefore, this work was developed based on an
integrated approach, of territorial expression, by defining landscape
units, including the unit of the “Mother-mountain”, from which limits are
proposed for the classified property.
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Van, Zyl Megan. "An Analysis of the objectives and general principles of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation's Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage." Cape Town, South Africa : Unitersity of Cape Town, 2005. http://lawspace.law.uct.ac.za:8080/dspace/handle/2165/61?mode=full.
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Zhuo, Jing. "Intangible cultural heritage in the People's Republic of China : the example of the Miao nationality." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2291554.
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Ho, Chi-fai Thomas, and 何志輝. "Developing planning support system for heritage conservation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31261267.
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Souza, Lara Melo. "Chaminés e arranha-céus: uma abordagem sobre o processos e prática da preservação na metrópole paulista." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16133/tde-30012012-103006/.
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Na atual conjuntura de entendimento e prática no campo patrimonial, em se tratando de contextos urbanos, o tema parece passar a ser obrigatoriamente a cidade e não objetos isolados de seu entorno. Este trabalho tem como ponto de partida estudar o patrimônio cultural desde a perspectiva da cidade, do espaço urbano. Como objetivo geral, a pesquisa procura identificar e entender que tipos de relações são estabelecidas entre a cidade e seu patrimônio cultural; procura entender, na verdade, o patrimônio cultural como uma questão urbana e não ilhado em si mesmo, uma questão a ser incluída numa discussão de âmbito maior, que deixa de tratar da sua própria concretude para pensá-lo na dimensão da ordenação e organização do espaço urbano. Optou-se por se utilizar a cidade de São Paulo como objeto de estudo por identificar uma prática carente deste tipo de reflexão. Tenta-se estabelecer parâmetros de atuação sobre o ambiente urbano, confrontando a visão do planejamento com as políticas de patrimônio. A intenção é observar como a cidade, na figura do planejamento, da percepção e das ações que refletem os diversos interesses sobre a vida urbana, lida com a sua própria memória, através do tratamento das estruturas que representam sua cultura e sua identidade; como são absorvidas, entendidas e preservadas. No recorte específico, discute-se através da análise do tombamento dos Galpões da Mooca, um processo representativo recente no âmbito do CONPRESP, órgão de preservação do município de São Paulo, que abrange significativa área urbana, o papel do planejamento enquanto procedimento para a preservação do patrimônio e o atual descompasso existente, resultando em ações remediadoras da política de patrimônio. Reflete-se sobre o que de fato são as conseqüências desta ação rebatida no espaço e se ela é traduzida na preservação almejada para a região. A dissertação está dividida em três capítulos. O primeiro trata da dimensão do objeto - as chaminés -, procurando entender o motivo por que se preservar. O segundo capítulo tem como tema o objeto em transformação - as chaminés e os arranha-céus -, mostrando a tentativa de proteção e a iminente mudança de padrão. O terceiro e último capítulo coloca a variante do urbanismo - as chaminés, os arranha-céus e a metrópole -, e fala de como as transformações são balizadas dentro do planejamento para a área.At present, the latest theory and practice of cultural heritage, as far as urban contexts are concerned, points out to the fact that the important issue do to be dealt with is the city, rather than isolated objects from their surroundings. The starting point of this research is to approach cultural heritage from the urban perspective, dealing with the urban space. The main goal is to identify and understand which relations are established between urban space and its cultural heritage, and to understand cultural heritage as an urban problem, not as an isolated object. This may lead to a wider discussion, not only dealing with cultural heritage in its own material substance, but also including its dimension as an agent of the arrangement of urban space. The city of São Paulo was chosen to be the study case, since its present situation makes it evident that this kind of thinking is in need. The attempt is to establish parameters that would help improve the action within the urban environment, as result of confronting the urban planning perspective to the heritage policies so far. The intention is to observe how the city, from the urban planning point of view and the actions that reflect the diverse interests of urban life, handles its own memory and how the elements that represent its culture and identity are absorbed, understood and preserved. The problem will be approached through the discussion and analysis of the legal protection of a significant former industrial area in São Paulo, the Mooca neighborhood, implemented by the municipal preservationist public institution (CONPRESP). The discussion will point out the mismatch between the urban planning and the cultural heritage preservation policies, that results in the current misuse of the heritage preservation procedures as healing actions to the urban planning. The research tries to consider what actually are the consequences of this action reflected in space and if it is translated into the desired protection for the region. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first one is about the dimensions of the object itself - the chimneys, or the former industrial neighborhood and its importance - trying to understand why it should be preserved. The second chapter is about the object being transformed - the chimneys and the skyscrapers, or the recent transformation - showing the attempt to protect it and the imminent occupation pattern change. In the third and final chapter is added the urbanism theory - the chimneys, the skyscrapers and the metropolis or how the transformation could be combined to memory preservation - and tells about how the transformations in the area are guided in the existing urban plan.
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Lino, Fernanda Noia da Costa. "A preservação do patrimônio cultural urbano: fundamentos, agentes e práticas urbanísticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2134/tde-27012011-091914/.
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O presente trabalho trata da preservação do patrimônio cultural urbano desempenhada pelo Estado mediante o exercício da atividade urbanística. Mais especificamente, analisa os fundamentos, assim como os agentes e as práticas admitidos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para que se alcance esta finalidade última de conservar, às presentes e futuras gerações, determinados valores culturais contidos nas cidades. A expressão patrimônio cultural urbano foi adotada neste trabalho como abrangente tanto dos monumentos e conjuntos históricos e arquitetônicos isoladamente considerados cujos valores culturais são mais facilmente identificados nas suas estruturas físicas, materiais , quanto do próprio ambiente construído e humanizado das cidades (composto por parques, praças e outros espaços, sempre quando utilizados em práticas culturais e manifestações sociais), o qual carrega em si valores de natureza marcadamente imaterial, relevantes pela capacidade de proporcionarem bem-estar e qualidade de vida aos habitantes da cidade. Como ponto de partida dessa abordagem, são mencionados sumariamente alguns antecedentes normativos reveladores de que preocupações oficiais com a tutela de bens culturais existiam desde a Antiguidade. Em seguida, é feita uma análise evolutiva dos fundamentos dessa preservação, assim como das noções de patrimônio cultural adotados em alguns dos principais documentos internacionais que tratam sobre o tema. Também são analisadas as inovações trazidas pela Constituição Federal de 1988 tanto para a concepção jurídica de patrimônio cultural, quanto para a disciplina urbanística. Também é dedicada atenção aprofundada aos sujeitos que, de acordo com o ordenamento jurídico pátrio, estão incumbidos de ou legitimados a atuar na preservação do patrimônio cultural urbano. Por fim, são especialmente investigados os principais instrumentos urbanísticos disponíveis à consecução dessa tarefa, sugerindo, com o devido embasamento, que a preservação do patrimônio cultural urbano deve ser conduzida de maneira planejada, dispensando-se uma visão urbanística às questões relacionadas àquela.The present study deals with the preservation of cultural heritage provided by the State through the exercise of urbanistic activity. More specifically, it analyzes the foundation, agents and practices admitted by Brazilian legal system to reach the goal of preserving, to present and future generations, certain cultural values existing in the cities. The expression urban cultural heritage was adopted in this study as comprehensive of historical and architectural monuments and aggregations taken in an isolated manner - whose cultural values are most easily identified in their physical and material structures as well as of the built and humanized environment of cities (made up of parks, squares and other spaces used in practices and social events), which carries cultural values of immaterial nature, relevant for the ability to provide welfare and quality of life for city residents. As a starting point of this approach, it is briefly mentioned some legislative history pointing out that official concerns with the protection of cultural heritage existed since Antiquity. Next, this work examines the evolutionary reasons given for conservation, as well as the notions of cultural heritage adopted by the main international documents that deal with the issue. It also analyzes the innovations made by the Brazilian Federal Constitution for both the legal concept of cultural heritage and for urban discipline. Deep attention is also devoted to the agents that, according to the Brazilian legal system, are in charge of acting on the preservation of urban cultural heritage or even legitimated to do so. Finally, it also investigates the main urbanistic instruments available to achieve this task, suggesting with proper foundation, that the preservation of urban cultural heritage should be conducted in a planned manner, dispensing na urbanistic view to related issues.
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Gagliani, Gabriele. "International Investment Law and the Tangible and Intangible Aspects of Cultural Heritage : Substantive Discipline and Dispute Settlement Interactions." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLN012.
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La relation entre droit international des investissements et patrimoine culturel a fait l’objet de rares études et réflexions, et ce uniquement de manière récente. D’une part, le droit international des investissements a connu une croissance et un développement considérables uniquement dans les dernières trois décennies. D’autre part, comme certains auteurs l’ont souligné, le patrimoine culturel a un statut quelque peu ‘incertain’ en droit international. À la lumière des rares études sur ce sujet, qui généralement mettent en évidence les rapports conflictuels et ambigus entre droit international des investissements et patrimoine culturel, la thèse s’est proposée d’analyser la relation existant entre la réglementation internationale des investissements étrangers et le patrimoine culturel dans se multiples expressions, et cela aussi bien sur le plan des règles substantielles que du contentieux et de la résolution des différends d’investissements concernant la culture. L’idée que la relation entre les investissements étrangers et le patrimoine, réglés par le droit international de manière et amplitude différentes, puisse apporter des avantages mutuels a servi de prémisse générale pour toutes les études menées dans le cadre de la thèse. Parmi les investissements, les investissements étrangers revêtent une grande importance dans les périodes de crise économique et de difficulté à rassembler les ressources nécessaires à préserver le patrimoine. Les investissements sont donc vitaux pour la culture. Cela ne contredit pas l’idée qu’il existe des situations de ‘conflit’, quand les activités économiques peuvent potentiellement causer des dommages et/ou représenter un danger pour le patrimoine. Les recherches et les analyses effectuées ont montré que les traités en matière d’investissements contiennent souvent plusieurs dispositions concernant la culture et le patrimoine culturel. En matière de litiges, les différends d’investissement ont impliqué ou touché aux formes et expressions les plus variées de la culture : des sites UNESCO patrimoine de l’humanité aux industries culturelles, aux lieux de mémoire et au patrimoine des communautés indigènes. En outre, d’une façon quelque peu surprenante et inattendue mais significative, les règles qui protègent les investisseurs internationaux ont été invoquées par des investisseurs qui avaient réalisé des investissements dans les biens et ‘ressources’ culturelles ainsi que pour défendre les activités économiques relatives au « capital culturel » des communautés indigènes. Les diverses études conduites dans le cadre de la présente thèse ont permis de montrer plusieurs aspects et facettes de la relation entre investissements étrangers et patrimoine et de tirer diverses conclusions. Les recherches effectuées ont montré la nécessité d’investissements étrangers pour la protection, sauvegarde, conservation et valorisation de chaque expression culturelle, et les avantages d’une interaction entre régulation internationale des investissements et patrimoine culturel : la relation symbiotique entre droit international des investissements et patrimoine culturel a été démontrée. Cette première réflexion conclusive « soulève » un deuxième élément : il existe, dans le droit international de la culture et du patrimoine, un espace légitime et ample réservé au droit international des investissements. Symétriquement, l’arbitrage d’investissements peut représenter un instrument valide de résolution des différends en matière de patrimoine. Enfin, on peut soutenir que l’intersection des règles internationales en matière d’investissements étrangers avec les règles internationales en matière culturelle peut être déterminante dans la création, ou soutenir la présence, d’un système qui tienne compte – à travers des standards précis de transparence, légalité et légitimité – de l’ensemble des intérêts impliquésThe relationship between international investment law and cultural heritage has commanded little attention and only recently. Certainly, international investment law has become one of the most prominent branches of international law. Its development has been strictly connected to the soaring growth of bilateral treaties on the promotion and protection of foreign investment and free trade agreements with foreign investment chapters. n turn, the status and place of cultural heritage under international law has grown, significantly progressing from some provisions included in international humanitarian conventions on the protection of heritage during armed conflicts. In light of the few studies existing on the subject of this thesis, which have in general concluded that conflictual and ambiguous relations exist between international investment law and cultural heritage, this thesis proposes to analyze this relation from both the substantive and dispute settlement standpoints. The idea that the relation between foreign investment and cultural heritage, regulated in different ways and ‘intensities’ by international law, could be positive was a general premise for all the research. Indeed, among investments, foreign investments have a great importance in a moment of economic crisis and difficulty in finding appropriate resources to safeguard heritage. Investments are hence vital for culture. The researches and analyses carried out for the thesis have shown that investment treaties often contain a number of provisions concerning culture and cultural heritage. With regard to international disputes, investment disputes have involved or touched upon different cultural forms and expressions: from UNESCO sites to cultural industries, to lieux de mémoire and indigenous communities’ heritage. Further, quite surprisingly, the international rules protecting foreign investors have sometimes been invoked, or resorted to, by subjects that had invested specifically in cultural ‘resources’ or to protect economic activities based on indigenous communities’ culture. The studies and researches carried out for this thesis have made it possible to reach and demonstrate a number of conclusions. First, the researches carried out have demonstrated that foreign investments are necessary to protect, safeguard, preserve and promote any form of cultural expression, and a strong interaction exists between the international regulation of foreign investments and cultural heritage. It has thus been shown that there exists a symbiotic relationship between international investment law and cultural heritage. Second, it has been possible to prove that, within international culture and cultural heritage law, there exists a ‘legitimate space’ for international investment law. Symmetrically, international investment arbitration can represent a valid cultural dispute settlement mechanism. Lastly, it is possible to assert that merging international rules on foreign investments and international rules on culture or cultural heritage can lead to create, or support the existence of, a more transparent, legitimate and rule-of-law-based system. In the light of all these considerations, the research, analysis and reflection carried out for the thesis has demonstrated how positive the relation between international investment law and cultural heritage can be fro states and the society. This, without denying any potentially negative effect. One might hope that the results obtained allow to adapt any practice in the field of culture. The protection of cultural heritage can indeed be strongly enhanced through the regulation of foreign investment
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Yacouba, Sam. "L’inventaire du patrimoine culturel materiel en danger au Burkina Faso, un outil de protection: le cas de la commune de Koudougou au debut du XXIème siecle." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/30157.
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A questão do património cultural em perigo encontra-se no centro de acessos debates desde há largas décadas. A isso se devem as inúmeras ameaças que tememos que o façam desaparecer, mesmo sabendo se trata de testemunhos privilegiados para o conhecimento e para a promoção da história sociocultural, económica e política das diferentes comunidades.
Nos países pobres como o Burkina Faso, a situação do património cultural em perigo é bastante crítica devido à falta de recursos humanos, financeiros e materiais necessários para combater tal realidade e particularmente pela falta de informação sobre o assunto. Assim, de acordo com inúmeros especialistas, uma das medidas fundamentais de proteção deste património passa pelo efetivo conhecimento que apenas será possível através da elaboração de um inventário. Efetivamente, o inventário é um meio indireto, no entanto eficaz, para assegurar, de forma adequada, a proteção do património cultural em perigo, na medida em que contribui para tomar medidas idóneas para a sua proteção através do seu melhor conhecimento: localização, número, estado físico, ameaças…
Assim, o trabalho de inventário realizado no município de Koudougou sobre património cultural edificado permitiu verificar que existem bens culturais em comprovada situação de perigo e bens culturais em situação semelhante de acordo com os termos da UNESCO. Além disso, os principais fatores que colocam o património cultural numa tal situação devem-se, essencialmente, a ações humanas; RESUME:
La question du patrimoine culturel en danger est au centre de vifs débats depuis quelques décennies. Cela est dû surtout aux nombreuses menaces qui risquent de le faire disparaître alors qu’il renferme des témoins privilégiés pour la connaissance et la promotion de l’histoire socio-culturelle, économique, politique des différentes communautés.
Dans les pays pauvres comme le Burkina Faso, la situation du patrimoine culturel en danger est très critique en raison du manque de ressources humaines, financières et matérielles nécessaires pour s’en occuper et particulièrement du manque d’information à son sujet. Or, selon de nombreux spécialistes, l’une des mesures fondamentales de protection de ce patrimoine culturel passe par sa connaissance effective qui ne peut se faire qu’à travers un inventaire. En effet, l’inventaire reste un moyen indirect mais efficace pour assurer, de manière adéquate, la protection du patrimoine culturel en danger dans la mesure où il contribue à la mise en place de mesures idoines pour sa protection à travers sa meilleure connaissance : localisation, nombre, état physique, menaces…
Ainsi, le travail d’inventaire réalisé dans la commune de Koudougou au sujet du patrimoine culturel bâti a permis de voir qu’il existe des biens culturels en situation de péril prouvé et des biens culturels en situation de mise en péril selon les termes de l’Unesco. De plus, les principaux facteurs qui mettent en danger ce patrimoine culturel sont dues essentiellement aux actions anthropiques; ABSTRACT:
The question of endangered cultural heritage has been a hotly debated issue for some decades. This is mainly due to the many threats that may make it disappear while it contains privileged witnesses for the knowledge and promotion of the socio-cultural, economic and political history of the different communities.
In poor countries like Burkina Faso, the endangered cultural heritage situation is very critical because of the lack of human, financial and material resources to deal with it and particularly the lack of information about it. According to many specialists, one of the fundamental measures for protecting this cultural heritage is its effective knowledge, which can only be done through an inventory. In fact, the inventory remains an indirect but effective means of ensuring, in an appropriate way, the protection of endangered cultural heritage insofar as it contributes to the implementation of appropriate measures for its protection through its better knowledge: localization, number, physical state, threats ...
Thus, the inventory work carried out in Koudougou commune on built cultural heritage has shown that there is cultural property in a situation of peril proved and cultural property in jeopardy under the terms of the Unesco. In addition, the main factors that endanger this cultural heritage are mainly due to human actions.
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Azevedo, Lillian. "Using maritime archaeology and tourism to promote the protection of cultural heritage on land and underwater in Anguilla, British West Indies." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366619/.
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At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the 2009 ratification of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) created a turning point for maritime heritage management globally. However, in the Caribbean region on a local level many small islands are disadvantaged. Management strategies are poorly defined but even more fundamental is the absence of information on the type and nature of the resource to be managed. This thesis looks at the state of heritage management on Anguilla, a 34 mi2 island in the Lesser Antilles, and the process of developing a system for heritage management where no precedent exists. Analysis is based on participant observation and the local response to two field projects, a Shipwreck Survey to record previously undocumented underwater cultural heritage in 2009, and a land-based heritage trail (2010), both of which were completed during a 2 ½ year residency on Island. The first two chapters provide critical background data into the regional and international state of heritage management, the reasons for choosing Anguilla, and the island’s maritime heritage past and present. This history sets the stage for chapter 3, which presents the results of the 2009 Shipwreck Survey. Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of this initiative, the following two sections are devoted to recognizing the reasons why heritage management has not developed earlier and suggests future solutions. Piloting a theory for heritage management, chapter six describes the Anguilla Heritage Trail, while the following chapters describe a heritage management strategy on Anguilla for the future. This provides a practical example of how the principles of the 2001 UNESCO Convention, particularly its Annex, may be applied and realized in areas with little infrastructure and/or previous experience managing cultural resources.