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Santos, Eduardo Gomor dos, and Carla Beatriz de Paulo. "GASTOS TRIBUTÁRIOS E RECURSOS ORÇAMENTÁRIOS NAS POLÍTICAS CULTURAIS." Revista Políticas Públicas 18, no. 1 (2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2865.v18n1p111-124.
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Este trabalho analisa a disponibilização de recursos públicos para as políticas culturais no Brasil. O estudo parte de uma relação intrínseca entre cultura e política, entre formas de ver, viver e pensar o mundo e suas consequências políticas, identificando uma relação umbilical entre cultura e hegemonia em sociedades de classes. Analisa as leis de incentivo via renúncia fiscal, notadamente o mecenato, que apresentam valores anuais próximos ao do orçamento do próprio Ministério da Cultura; e o Programa Cultura Viva, que significou uma importante mudança na lógica da intervenção estatal na temática cultural. Conclui que as leis de incentivo perdem em controle democrático e reproduzem desigualdades regionais, com alta concentração de recursos em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, servindo como instrumento de marketing para grandes corporações. O Programa Cultura Viva, por outro lado, apresenta distribuição mais equitativa de recursos, mas ainda tem orçamento irrisório comparado aos valores captados pelas leis de incentivo.Palavras-chave: Políticas culturais; hegemonia; fundo público; leis de incentivo; Programa Cultura VivaTAX EXPENDITURES AND BUDGETARY RESOURCES ON CULTURAL POLICIESAbstract: This paper analyses the availability of public resources for Brazilian cultural policies. The study comes from an intrinsic relation between culture and politics, between ways of seeing, living and thinking the world and its political consequences, identifying the umbilical link between culture and hegemony in classes societies. Analyses laws based on tax waiver, specifically patronage, which presented annual values similar to the Ministry of Culture budget itself; and Living Culture Program, which represented a significant change in State intervention in cultural themes. It concludes that incentive laws mean losses in democratic control and also reproduce regional inequalities, with higher resources concentration in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, acting as marketing tool for large corporations. Living Culture Program, on the other hand, presents a more equality public resources distribution, but is still contemplated with a derisive budget compared to incentive laws.Keywords: Cultural Policies, hegemony, public resources, incentive laws, Living Culture Program.
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Ficheira, Carolina Marques Henriques, and Paula Príncipe. "Contribuições do patrocínio da Petrobras para o campo audiovisual de 1995 a 2007." Diálogo com a Economia Criativa 1, no. 2 (2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22398/2525-2828.1227-41.
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A partir do estudo de caso dos aportes realizados pela Petrobras em patrocínios audiovisuais no período dentre 1995 e 2007, é possível analisar o papel precursor das Leis de Incentivo Federais no desenvolvimento do campo audiovisual. Suas contribuições foram significativas ao setor quando se analisa o quantitativo de filmes patrocinados pela Petrobras e por outras instituições, denotando o estímulo do uso das leis de incentivo à cultura a outros patrocinadores, bem como no desenvolvimento do campo, como ocorre no Rio de Janeiro, que possui o maior PIB criativo de todo o território nacional, e aponta novos agentes e trajetórias no cenário atual. Sponsorship contributions by Petrobras to the audiovisual sector from 1995 to 2007AbstractBeginning with a case study about contributions made by Petrobras to audiovisual sponsorships between 1995 and 2007, it is possible to analyze the pioneering role of the Federal Tax Incentive Laws for the audiovisual sector. Their contributions to the sector were significant when the number of movies sponsored by Petrobras and by other institutions is analyzed, denoting the encouragement for the use of cultural incentive laws to other sponsors as well as the development of the sector, as happens in Rio de Janeiro that holds the highest GDP (Gross National Product) of the entire national territory and points out new agents and routes in the current scenario.
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Xavier, Wescley Silva, and Maria Aparecida Neves Azevedo Baldez. "Lei Municipal de Incentivo à Cultura: Quais os Efeitos Inclusivos e Democráticos na Produção Cultural Local?" Organizações & Sociedade 28, no. 97 (2021): 294–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-92302021v28n9702pt.
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Abstract This paper aims to analyze the inclusive and democratic effects of municipal cultural incentives law in Cataguases, Minas Gerais, fundamentally considering the promotion of citizenship and identity preservation based on cultural production. Data were collected through non-structured interviews with Cataguases cultural producers and analyzed according to a Marxist notion of discourse. Our findings revealed that approved purposes lead to a form of centralization on cultural production at the local level, characterized by the concentration of resources on established groups and the detachment from historically marginalized groups. Moreover, this scenario is aggravated when complementary cultural actions are transferred to the city’s cultural foundations, reinforcing the distinctive character of culture.
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Barkov, Sergey A., and Michael Scharpf. "INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS OF LABOUR MARKETS’ DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA AND GERMANY." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 2 (2019): 40–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-2-40-65.
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The institutional context of labour market development synthesizes both direct impact factors (government regulation and relevant laws) and specific institutions — traditions, behavior stereotypes, and cultural features. The article compares several institutional aspects of the labour markets in Russia and Germany. The main feature of the Russian labour market is distinguished out: low unemployment rate and simultaneously very low wages. In fact, the most important incentive for Russians is the fear of losing their jobs and becoming unemployed. A significant factor of direct impact, determining the differences of these markets, is the amount of unemployment benefits. This factor is the reason for the presence or absence of parasitic attitudes in the society, in particular, among migrants staying in the country. The various models of market relations that have developed by this time in the two countries have determined the degree of market freedom from state influence. In general, in Germany, the market and employee-employer relations are more controlled by the state. At the same time in Russia the most important priority of the government agencies has become financial efficiency. It often comes into conflict with social efficiency, and sometimes with common sense. The institutional context of the labour market is formed not only by the market itself and the bodies regulating it. It is influenced by socio-economic and cultural phenomena associated with different spheres of life. In this regard, the authors focused on the pre-school institutions’ availability and operation mode, as well as on the degree of state support for small businesses.
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Freitas, Fernanda Cardoso Romão, Fabiane Domingues de Magalhães de Almeida, and Alcides Garcia Junior. "HISTORICAL HERITAGE AND SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: CHALLENGES IMPOSED ON OWNERS AND MANAGERS OF LISTED HISTORICAL BUILDINGS IN THE CITY OF SÃO PAULO." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 11, no. 4 (2021): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2020v11i4p23-35.
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The worldwide concern regarding sustainable urban development has been increasing as the populations of countries increase and demand more consumption of the already scarce natural resources. According to the United Nations, it is estimated that 55% of the world population lives in urban centers, with the perspective of surpassing 68% in 2050. In Brazil, 84% of the population today live in the cities. One of the goals of sustainable development is to make cities more sustainable and inclusive and, to accomplish such goal, many variables need to be accomplished, among which is the strengthening of efforts to protect and safeguard cities’ cultural heritage, for the present and future generations. Seeing as São Paulo is the 10th urban city in the world, and its historical heritage preservation policies are recent and in the process of being outlined, this research strives to answer: What are the main challenges identified by owners/managers of listed historical buildings in São Paulo, which stand in the way of conserving/preserving their properties? Results revealed that the main challenges are a lack of knowledge about what interventions can be done to the property, lack of knowledge on incentive laws and more feasible ways for the conservation of historical sites and dealing with excessive bureaucracy. Such results contribute to the implementation of urban development policies focused on the sustainable goal of safeguarding the city’s cultural heritage, in order to propitiate advancements in preserving the memory and identity of the city through the conservation of properties listed as historical heritage.
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Yu, Ke, and Colin Darch. "The drivers of creativity and innovation in copyright discourse: a value chain analysis across cultural industries." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 10, no. 3 (2020): 321–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2020.03.03.
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We build on the well-established critique, primarily in the US literature, of the following assumptions: (1) copyright protections serve to incentivise creativity; (2) copyright is designed with such incentivisation as its primary purpose; and (3) a standardized set of copyright protections should ideally be applicable to all forms of cultural production, across all situations in all countries. These assumptions lead to two fundamental conceptual flaws in much current copyright policy discourse: (1) it conflates concepts such as incentive, reward, and recognition; (2) it is nomothetic in character insofar as the existing structural and procedural diversity of the different cultural industries that it governs is inadequately acknowledged. Our critique in this article is not, therefore, a general one, but is limited to a specific theory of copyright, which pretends that copyright is an incentive to creativity while the evidence indicates that it is not. We highlight the importance of taking account of the whole ‘creativity value chain’ in the different industries with their various components – the creator, the copyright holder, the distributor, and the market. Drawing on case studies of three creative industries: literary writing, film, and fashion, we demonstrate that not only is there currently considerable heterogeneity among these industries, but that there has also been heterogeneity within each industry at different periods and in different contexts. We argue that this flexibility is a beneficial characteristic of the current functioning of copyright that should be defended against pressures in favour of harmonization.
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Norris, Brian. "Without Distinguishing Color or Profession: Culture, Vatican II and the Long-Term Development of Credit Institutions in Bolivia." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 21 (March 17, 2016): 202–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2015.125.
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By the late 20th and early 21st century, credit institutions in Bolivia had become more complex, resilient and popular that at any time previously in its history. Traditional economics analyses emphasize incentives created by laws such as those promulgated by the Kemmerer mission in Bolivia in the 1920s and 30s, or material factors, such as transportation costs. Yet neither of these explanations offers a compelling explanation for the magnitude of the flourishing of popular and complex credit institutions in Bolivia after the 1960s. Cultural changes, however, might offer a compelling complement to legal and material explanations of credit development. Vatican II represented an important mass change in Bolivian culture, and institutions associated with these reforms ushered in a new era of credit institution development in the country.A finales del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI, las instituciones crediticias en Bolivia se volvieron más complejas, elásticas y populares que en cualquier otro momento de su historia. Los análisis económicos tradicionales ponen de relieve los incentivos creados por leyes como las promulgadas por la misión Kemmerer en Bolivia en las décadas de 1920 y 1930, o factores materiales, tales como los costos de transporte. Con todo, ninguna de estas explicaciones ofrece una explicación convincente de la importancia del florecimiento de instituciones crediticias populares y complejas en Bolivia después de la década de 1960. No obstante, los cambios culturales podrían ofrecer un complemento de peso a las explicaciones legales y materiales del desarrollo del crédito. El Concilio Vaticano II representa un importante cambio en la cultura boliviana, y las instituciones asociadas con sus reformas marcan el comienzo de una nueva era en el desarrollo de la institución crediticia en el país.
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Lewis, Christopher. "INEQUALITY, INCENTIVES, CRIMINALITY, AND BLAME." Legal Theory 22, no. 2 (2016): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352325217000052.
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ABSTRACTThe disadvantaged have incentives to commit crime, and to develop criminogenic dispositions, that limit the extent to which their co-citizens can blame them for breaking the law. This is true regardless of whether the causes of criminality are mainly “structural” or “cultural.” We need not assume that society as a whole is unjust in order to accept this conclusion. And doing so would neither stigmatize nor otherwise disrespect the disadvantaged.
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Lempert, David. "Protecting Endangered Cultures from Harms of Globalization: A New Product Certification Approach Using Business Incentives." Practicing Anthropology 35, no. 2 (2013): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.35.2.95j216k576828276.
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A recent article by this author borrowed a strategy used by environmentalists to promote rights of species— that of the "Red Book," used to protect biodiversity—and outlined how applied anthropologists could combine with rights advocates to promote systematic monitoring and legal protections for endangered cultures, to highlight the endangerment of and to protect cultural diversity (Lempert 2010). That was one of a series of potential approaches to cultural protections suggested by this author (Lempert 1997; 2008; 2009; 2012; Lempert and Nguyen 2008) and by others to try to use governance, law, and "rights" as a means of enforcing existing international and domestic laws and obligations. Most such strategies, however, are major initiatives requiring investment of resources and risk-taking by individual anthropologists and our profession. Accountability and law enforcement are also confrontational.
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BEDNAR, JENNA, and SCOTT E. PAGE. "When Order Affects Performance: Culture, Behavioral Spillovers, and Institutional Path Dependence." American Political Science Review 112, no. 1 (2018): 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055417000466.
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Evidence suggests that the cultural context influences the performance of laws, policies, and political institutions. Descriptive accounts reveal that outcomes and behaviors often depend on the array of historical institutions. This article presents a multi-institutional framework that can account for those findings through path-dependent behavioral spillovers. Individuals learn equilibrium behaviors when interacting in a new institutional setting. Initially, some individuals choose behaviors that align with their behaviors in similar extant institutions, creating a cultural context that can lead to inefficient outcomes. The article shows how avoiding path dependence requires sequencing (or designing) institutions to maintain behavioral diversity. Optimal sequencing thus requires positioning institutions with clear incentives early in the sequence as well as avoiding strong punishments that can stifle attempts to break established behavioral patterns.
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Kamperman Sanders, Anselm. "Incentives for and Protection of Cultural Expression: Art, Trade and Geographical Indications." Journal of World Intellectual Property 13, no. 2 (2010): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1796.2009.00382.x.
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Meuleman, Bart, Arnim Langer, and Annelies G. Blom. "Can Incentive Effects in Web Surveys Be Generalized to Non-Western Countries? Conditional and Unconditional Cash Incentives in a Web Survey of Ghanaian University Students." Social Science Computer Review 36, no. 2 (2017): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439317699577.
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Because research on the impact of web survey incentives has exclusively focused on Western settings, it is unclear to what extent current insights translate and generalize to non-Western societies, which are usually characterized by very different economic conditions, cultural traditions, and survey climates. The current article presents the results of a web survey incentives experiment among almost 4,440 Ghanaian university students who were offered conditional and unconditional incentives of different values (in the form of telephone credit). Our analyses partly replicate Western findings: Higher value incentives produce higher participation rates and unconditional incentives outperform conditional ones in the lower value conditions. In the case of relatively high incentives, however, conditional outperforms unconditional incentives. No differential effects of incentives on response quality were found.
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Roinioti, Elina. "Caught in the war against gambling: A critical analysis of law history and policy making in video games in Greece." Journal of Greek Media & Culture 6, no. 2 (2020): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgmc_00016_1.
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The advent of the video game industry brought about new cultural policies in both the national and international levels. In particular, incentives and flexible funding programmes for the production of video games have become a key pillar of support for small, domestic, but also global game companies. In Greece, video game policy history has followed the developments and legal entanglements of gambling regulation, with serious national and international consequences. From the Royal Decree of 1971 to Law 3037/2002 that banned all games in public and private places until the most recent Law 4487/2017, which established a cash rebate scheme for audio-visual productions, this article aims to analyse Greece’s video game policy-making as captured through scattered laws, media articles and personal testimonies.
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Osei-Kwarteng, Mildred, Joseph Patrick Gweyi-Onyango, and Gustav Komla Mahunu. "Commodity Systems Assessment Methodology of Postharvest Losses in Vegetable Amaranths: The Case of Tamale, Ghana." International Journal of Agronomy 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1747869.
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A semistructured questionnaire based on the commodity system assessment methodology (CSAM) was used to determine postharvest losses in vegetable amaranths (VA). Fifty producers and retailers were randomly selected from five and four major VA producing areas and markets, respectively, and interviewed. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses. The survey revealed that absence of laws, regulation, incentives, and inadequate technical information affected the production of VA. The utmost preproduction challenge was poor quality seeds with poor seed yield (35%), low viability (19%), and nontrueness (46%). It was noted that some cultural practices including planting pattern and density, irrigation, and fertiliser use had effects on postharvest losses. Some postharvest practices used were cleaning with water, trimming, sorting, and grading. Usually the produce was transported to marketing centers by cars and motor cycle trailers. Generally poor temperature management after harvest was a big challenge for the postharvest handling of VA. The potential of vegetable amaranths as a commodity in the study area can be enhanced by providing the necessary institutional support, incentives, and use of good management practices along the value chain. An interdisciplinary approach and quantification of losses along the chain are recommended for any future study.
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SAFNER, RYAN. "Institutional entrepreneurship, wikipedia, and the opportunity of the commons." Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 4 (2016): 743–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137416000096.
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AbstractCopyright laws traditionally attempt to incentivize expression and minimize free rider problems through legal restrictions, at the expense of closing off access to cultural history. However, entrepreneurial changes to institutions and the creation of alternative governance structures can allow for spaces that facilitate expression without resorting to the copyright approach. Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia, stands as a highly visible example of such institutional entrepreneurship, leveraging copyright lawagainstits intended purpose. This paper uses the Bloomington School's IAD framework to explain the success of Wikipedia's alternative model of managing a common resource of free encyclopedia articles, and suggests a roadmap for understanding the role of institutional entrepreneurship in crafting alternative governance structures to foster expression.
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Felson, Richard B., and James T. Tedeschi. "A Social Interactionist Approach to Violence: Cross-cultural Applications." Violence and Victims 8, no. 3 (1993): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.8.3.295.
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A “social interactionist approach” is applied to incidents of interpersonal violence in a variety of cultures. Violence, like other forms of coercion, is viewed as goal-oriented behavior, designed to produce compliance, restore retributive justice, and to assert and protect social identities. The approach emphasizes the role of grievances and social control, the escalation of coercive interactions when identities are attacked, and the role of third parties. It is suggested that the incentives for violence and other forms of coercion are similar in all cultures.
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Martina, Silvia, Dante Cornago, Livio Garattini, and I. H. A. G. O. Gruppo di studio I.H.A.G.O. "Incentivi ai farmaci generici a livello di ASL: l’osservatorio I.H.A.G.O." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 3, no. 2 (2002): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v3i2.746.
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Generic drugs are pharmaceutical products that contain an active substance whose patent-covered period expired and are marketed with the name of the molecule. The public health authorities of most EU countries agree on the importance of generic drugs in rationalising the pharmaceutical market, particularly by favouring reasonable pricing of “mature” products. In contrast with this wide consensus, the market share of generic drugs remains quite poor in Italy, despite recent regulatory incentives for the promotion of their use. The longlasting lack of specific laws - reference-price politics were introduced only in 2001- and the unusually long patent-covered period fixed by the past legislation are among the main reasons for the scarce utilisation of generics in Italy. The awareness of the importance of promoting initiatives conducted on a local (ASL), and not only national (SSN) scale conducted to the I.H.A.G.O. project, an observatory on the diffusion of generics in several local health districts. The project analyses the impact, in terms of market share, of local promoting activities (investigated by means of questionnaires) conducted during the year 2001 in 11 ASLs (local health districts), deliberately selected among the most active in terms of promotion of the use of generics. The I.H.A.G.O. observation revealed several praiseworthy promotional efforts, particularly of informative and cultural kind, conducted by some of the considered ASLs. Unfortunately, these measures seem not to have had a practical impact on the generics market in the observed districts: the market share increase was superior to the one observed on national scale only in 4 of the considered ASLs, in other 4 it was similar, and in the remaining 3 it resulted even inferior. It appears useful to plan further measures to support the diffusion of generics, maybe by motivating health operators to their prescription with the introduction of “prize/punishment” mechanisms.
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Du, Rebecca Y., Melissa A. LoPresti, Roxanna M. García, and Sandi Lam. "Primary prevention of road traffic accident–related traumatic brain injuries in younger populations: a systematic review of helmet legislation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 25, no. 4 (2020): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.10.peds19377.
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OBJECTIVERoad traffic accidents are the most frequent cause of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly among young populations worldwide. Helmets are proven to prevent injuries; however, estimates of helmet compliance are low globally. Surgical/critical care management of TBI is often used to treat these injuries, but primary prevention should be recommended. A key component in promoting TBI prevention among pediatric and young populations is through helmet legislation. The authors investigated helmet policies for motorcycles and bicycles globally to provide recommendations for how related legislation may impact TBI and guide advocacy in pediatric neurosurgery.METHODSThe authors conducted a systematic review of helmet laws and/or policies by using the National Library of Medicine PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Additional articles were identified using citation searches of key publications. Abstracts from articles of all sources were read and selected for full-text review. Details of relevant full articles were extracted and analyzed for the following: bibliographic data, study aim, design and duration, study participants, intervention characteristics, and intervention effect data.RESULTSOf 618 search results, 53 full-text articles were analyzed for recommendations. Helmet legislation is associated with increased helmet use among bicyclists and decreased road traffic accident–related head injuries and fatalities among motorcyclists and bicyclists. Laws are more effective if comprehensive and inclusive of the following: both primary riders and passengers, all age groups, all modes of transportation made safer by helmets, a proper use clause, and standardized helmet quality measures. Cultural, socioeconomic, and infrastructural circumstances are important as well, and legislation must consider enforcement mechanisms with penalties significant enough to incentivize behavioral changes, but proportional to community socioeconomic status.CONCLUSIONSCompulsory use laws are the optimal primary intervention; however, concurrent programs to support financial access to helmets, change cultural attitudes, increase health literacy, and improve road infrastructure will augment legislative benefits. Pediatric neurosurgeons are caretakers of children suffering from TBI. Although extensive study has explored the surgical management of TBI, the authors believe that primary prevention is instrumental to improving outcomes and reducing injury. All helmet laws are not equal; based on these findings, a comprehensive, context-specific approach is the key to success, especially in resource-limited countries.
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Gowdy, John M. "Darwinian selection and cultural incentives for resource use: Tikopia as a case study of sustainability." International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 6, no. 4 (2006): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgenvi.2006.010890.
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Trummel, Taylor. "The Creation of a Contemporary Estonian Identity." Potentia: Journal of International Affairs 9 (October 1, 2018): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4446.
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With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and subsequent independence of Estonia, the power-holding ethnic Russians suddenly found themselves as outcast minorities within the borders of this Baltic country. Various legal and social measures taken by Estonia to reassert its cultural history and political power marginalized c in the country. In creating a modern state, Estonia’s interest to identify with the European community prompted its effort to join the European Union. Such motivation pushed the nation toward multilateral negotiations to comply with requirements of international standards for the fair treatment of minorities. In this paper, an analysis of the implications of historical narratives in identity formation and minority marginalization offers a lens to examine the power of multilateral organizations in providing oversight and incentives to newly independent states. This oversight can be perceived to be in humanitarian interest, but should also be considered for its economic and geopolitical interests. Estonia’s citizenship laws, European identity, and stateless persons provide a case study for such historical analysis.
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Mohd. Razif, Nurul Huda. "Intimacy Under Surveillance: Illicit Sexuality, Moral Policing, and the State in Contemporary Malaysia." Hawwa 18, no. 2-3 (2020): 325–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341381.
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Abstract Malaysia’s Malay-Muslim majority adheres to heteronormative forms of sexuality that recognise marriage as the only means of securing access to lawful sexual intimacy. Islam, Malay customs (adat), and the Malaysian state impose strict sanctions on pre- and extramarital intimacy in its Syariah criminal laws. A Vice Prevention Unit responsible for moral policing is legally authorised to arrest couples who violate Islamic rules of behaviour, including sexual offences such as khalwat (illicit proximity)—a crime of passion punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment. This article compares two khalwat trials in Kota Bharu and Kuala Lumpur’s Syariah court to illustrate what Peletz (2002) calls the judges’ “cultural logic of judicial reasoning”. In these trials, Syariah judges extend beyond a narrowed focus on gender to also consider cultural understandings of age, profession, family circumstances, and marital status, thus reproducing Malay adat understandings of intimacy, marriage, and personhood. In an effort to steer young couples away from forbidden sexual temptations, the Malaysian state liberalises access to marriage by recognising cross-border marriages contracted in Southern Thailand, offering financial incentives to young couples intending to marry and defending existing legal provisions allowing the marriage of minors. The Malaysian state’s mix of punitive, preventative, and pro-marriage policies, I suggest, are various ways of surveilling sexuality by bringing uncontrolled desires under the purview of matrimony, where it may find its lawful expression.
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Sun, Changqing, Hong Chen, and Ruihua Liao. "Research on Incentive Mechanism and Strategy Choice for Passing on Intangible Cultural Heritage from Masters to Apprentices." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 5245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095245.
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With the increasing prosperity of the global economy, the protection and sustainable development of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) are being confronted with many problems, among which the difficulty of passing on ICH, particularly traditional handicraft, from masters to apprentices should be given attention. The main purpose of the study is, from the perspective of knowledge transfer and incentive mechanisms, to explore how to mobilize the positive factors to promote the successful implementation of passing on ICH. On the basis of identifying the key influencing factors of ICH knowledge transfer and establishing the payoff matrix between masters and apprentices, this study uses replicator dynamic equations to analyze strategy choices in different situations and verifies the impacts of these factors on passing on ICH through data simulation. The study draws the following main conclusions: (1) Increases in variables e, a, v, Ju, Jd, Ku, and Kd will drive up the probabilities of adopting a positive strategy and successful ICH inheritance and increases in variables Cu and Cd will drive probabilities down. (2) Changes in any variable have an impact on both sides through the interaction between masters and apprentices, and the impact’s direction is the same. (3) Among all economic measures, cost control should be the first to be considered. These conclusions provide important theoretical guidance for local government and related organizations to support ICH bequeathal and for masters and apprentices to make choices regarding strategy. The paper fills the literature gaps in the study of the influencing factors of ICH knowledge transfer and the game model between masters and apprentices, and on the incentive mechanism and strategy choice of passing on and developing ICH.
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Kanzola, Anna-Maria, та Panagiotis E. Petrakis. "Τhe Sustainability of Creativity". Sustainability 13, № 5 (2021): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052776.
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Creativity is a critical element of sustainable development. In current paper it is described through Social Identity by identifying the main factors that shape the background of creativity. We conclude that health, maturity, and positive attitudes of cultural change as well as the social stability, the environmental care and finally, the incentives, material and non-material, shape the human creative dynamism.
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Osemeobo, Gbadebo Jonathan. "Effects of Land-use and Collection on the Decline of African Giant Snails in Nigeria." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030630.
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The African Giant Snail is a dependable source of animal protein for a large proportion of Nigerians. However, in the past few decades, the supply of this Snail and two others of different genera but similar use, has declined. The causes, examined in this paper, which affect its collection and decline in forest reserves are due to a combination of socio-economic and cultural factors: a cultural orientation of the rural dwellers towards the collection and utilization of snails for food, cash, traditional medicine, and sacrifice; indiscriminate destruction of snail habitats due to ignorance or neglect of the resource; and lack of incentives and inadequate data for snail management.Snail collection is a legitimate occupation of rural dwellers. However, because forestry laws in Nigeria regard snails as minor forest products, no legislative, conservational, or management, controls can be effected — hence their collection will continue in future because of their value to Mankind. As the African Giant Snail is fast approaching local endangered status, the fear exists that, unless effective conservation measures are taken urgently, the survival of this biotic resource would appear to be in jeopardy. It is suggested that: (a) representative forests in each ecological zone should be preserved for wildlife conservation; (b) smallholder snail-farming should be encouraged among rural and urban dwellers to de-emphasize its collection from the optimal wild source; and (c) research should be conducted on the ecology and biology of the major snail species to develop a database from which their management within the reserves can be effected.
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Ada, Nesrin, Yigit Kazancoglu, Muruvvet Deniz Sezer, Cigdem Ede-Senturk, Idil Ozer, and Mangey Ram. "Analyzing Barriers of Circular Food Supply Chains and Proposing Industry 4.0 Solutions." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (2021): 6812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126812.
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The concept of the circular economy (CE) has gained importance worldwide recently since it offers a wider perspective in terms of promoting sustainable production and consumption with limited resources. However, few studies have investigated the barriers to CE in circular food supply chains. Accordingly, this paper presents a systematic literature review of 136 papers from 2010 to 2020 from WOS and Scopus databases regarding these barriers to understand CE implementation in food supply chains. The barriers are classified under seven categories: “cultural”, “business and business finance”, “regulatory and governmental”, “technological”, “managerial”, “supply-chain management”, “knowledge and skills”. The findings show the need to identify barriers preventing the transition to CE. The findings also indicate that these challenges to CE can be overcome through Industry 4.0, which includes a variety of technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud technologies, machine learning, and blockchain. Specifically, machine learning can offer support by making workflows more efficient through the forecasting and analytical capabilities of food supply chains. Blockchain and big data analytics can provide the necessary support to establish legal systems and improve environmental regulations since transparency is a crucial issue for taxation and incentives systems. Thus, CE can be promoted via adequate laws, policies, and innovative technologies.
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Miller, Andrew R., and Nives Dolšak. "Issue Linkages in International Environmental Policy: The International Whaling Commission and Japanese Development Aid." Global Environmental Politics 7, no. 1 (2007): 69–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2007.7.1.69.
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This article examines whether a country's vote in the International Whaling Commission (IWC) influences the bilateral aid it receives from Japan. While whaling is of marginal importance to the Japanese economy, it carries significant cultural and emotional value in Japan. The puzzle, then, is whether Japan links the issues of IWC voting and bilateral aid provision. Does Japan reward countries that vote with it at the IWC by disbursing higher levels of bilateral development aid to those countries? To examine this puzzle, we examine IWC votes of 26 developing countries over 1999–2004 along with their development needs and economic ties with Japan. Our analysis suggests that Japanese bilateral aid to developing countries is significantly associated with the countries' IWC voting records. These results hold across a range of statistical specifications. Thus, our article provides evidence to suggest that Japan has employed material incentives to defend its cultural preferences regarding whaling in the face of opposition from pro-conservation IWC members and environmental NGOs.
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Mei, Bing, and Gavin T. L. Brown. "Conducting Online Surveys in China." Social Science Computer Review 36, no. 6 (2017): 721–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439317729340.
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Using online surveys is becoming increasingly extensive and widespread. Social science research in China is no exception. However, due to contextual factors (e.g., technological constraints, social and cultural norms, and language barriers), prior successful methods may not apply. This article reports an alternative way of conducting online surveys in China, by combining local commercial online survey service providers with indigenous Web 2.0 applications. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach and provides practical advice (e.g., adding incentives) on how to effectively conduct online survey in China.
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Greene, Hillary, and Dennis A. Yao. "Informing Dissent." Law, Culture and the Humanities 16, no. 2 (2017): 200–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1743872117725006.
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The first part of this commentary argues that because the production of dissent depends on the availability of information, greater attention should focus on government restrictions on access to official information. At no time is this more important than when information is monopolized by the government. If not constrained, government’s monopoly control of information, combined with its incentives to shape support for its policies, may at some times and in some ways reduce dissent. In the second part of the commentary, a cost-benefit approach is proposed to analyze an individual’s incentives to produce speech and is then applied to assess the role social communities play vis-à-vis individual dissent. This analysis underscores the important and complex (sometimes encouraging, sometimes discouraging) role that communities play in the generation of dissent. Our analysis uses economic tools, often accompanied by an antitrust perspective, to better understand the implications of government information control and social pressures upon speech and dissent.
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OLSSON, E. GUNILLA ALMERED, KATRINA RÖNNINGEN, SUSANNE K. HANSSEN, and SÖLVI WEHN. "THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF BIODIVERSITY AND RURAL VIABILITY: SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT, LAND USE SCENARIOS AND NORWEGIAN MOUNTAINS IN A EUROPEAN CONTEXT." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 02 (2011): 251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211003870.
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The decline and restructuring of agriculture is particularly evident in mountain areas, leading to forest recolonisation on former mountain pastures threatening biodiversity and landscape qualities, and the appeal of the mountain landscape for recreation and tourism. Land use change scenarios based on different agri-environmental incentives were developed for the Jotunheimen mountains, Norway, in collaboration with local stakeholders. Sustainability assessments of the scenarios underscored the connections between landscape, biodiversity and local cultural heritage as the fundament for the development of local enterprises for tourism and niche production. Biodiversity values solely, were not considered to be of major importance by the stakeholders.
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Yang, Huan, Ling Qiu, and Xin Fu. "Toward Cultural Heritage Sustainability through Participatory Planning Based on Investigation of the Value Perceptions and Preservation Attitudes: Qing Mu Chuan, China." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031171.
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Conservation efforts and cooperation from major stakeholders are critical factors for cultural heritage (e.g., historical landmarks) sustainability. Although landscape planners provide professional knowledge and intended designs for sustainable management of cultural heritage sites, the active effort and participation of local residents or communities are the decisive facts of whether relevant preservation actions can be successfully implemented. Traditional village landscapes in Qing Mu Chuan, China, were selected as the study area. We used photo questionnaires to explore the preferences, value perceptions, and preservation attitudes toward traditional village landscapes of landscape professionals and local residents. The results revealed large differences in the perceptions and preservation attitudes toward traditional village landscapes between the two groups. The most unexpected finding was that the local residents showed much stronger preferences and preservation willingness toward traditional village landscapes with cultural elements than the professionals. In addition, the local residents’ preservation attitudes were mainly affected by their perception of economic benefits and daily utility values, rather than cultural values. Meanwhile, the preservation of professionals’ attitudes was significantly related to recreational and cultural value perceptions. These findings will direct the participatory planning process to provide appropriate incentives for developing the preservation attitudes of local residents. They will also support the implementation of participatory planning to promote the positive collaboration of local residents and landscape planners toward cultural heritage sustainability.
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Carmi, Na'ama. "Immigration Policy: Between Demographic Considerations and Preservation of Culture." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 2, no. 1 (2008): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1938-2545.1025.
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Cultural rights of minority groups are recognized in international human rights law. These rights include the right of minority groups to adopt various measures to protect their cultural identity, which may include closure of the groups community from outsiders. The state in which such groups reside has a concurrent duty to respect these rights and sometimes even to take positive measures to ensure their implementation. The consideration of demographic factors, then, is regarded as legitimate when designed to protect minority groups. The rights of majority groups, on the other hand, are often ensured by the mere fact that they constitute a majority within the state and as such do not require special measures.This state of affairs is challenged, however, in face of mass immigration that could change the relation existing between majority and minority groups within the state. Under these circumstances, does a majority have the right to preserve its own culture through an immigration policy that takes into account demographic factors? I argue that the duty of states under international human rights law to protect rights of minority groups might serve as an incentive to restrict immigration endangering the character of the state. This characterthe states public cultureis the outcome of collective preferences of the majority of its citizens, which is assumed ought to be respected.
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Leal Filho, Walter, Mariia Fedoruk, Lyudmyla Zahvoyska, and Lucas Veiga Avila. "Identifying and Comparing Obstacles and Incentives for the Implementation of Energy Saving Projects in Eastern and Western European Countries: An Exploratory Study." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094944.
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This comparison study of the implementation of energy-saving projects in buildings was conducted in order to consider the diversity of experiences between Western European countries, which have experience and expertise in this area, and those countries in Eastern Europe that are in the beginning stages. The goal of this paper is to analyze obstacles and incentives for investment in energy conservation in buildings by comparing European countries with a diverse landscape of institutional and economic developments, social-cultural values, and environmental framework conditions in order to understand if these differences are influencing the implementation of energy saving measures and how this can be used to overcome the existing obstacles. The study is based on survey results received from experts in Eastern and Western European countries. The main value of the research is that it offers an overview of the potentials and constraints (barriers) to energy efficiency in Europe, based on data from a sample of western and eastern European countries. Among the most important incentives that were implemented to stimulate energy-saving measures are costs savings and the need to meet regulatory requirements. The main obstacles that still restrict the number of already implemented projects in Europe are a lack of proper financial incentives and that many Eastern countries are still struggling to develop the market of Energy Saving Services (ESS) and to operate better energy waste control systems. The paper concludes with the successful incentives that were implemented to stimulate the energy-saving measures and the main obstacles that still restrict the number of already implemented projects in Europe. Additionally, a set of indicators related to the environmental friendliness and social significance of energy-saving measures was proposed for evaluation of the project results. These were used based on the fact that they may be measured and cater for comparisons. This paper can help improve policy-makers’ selections in order to improve economic instruments appropriate to energy-saving policy objectives and specific national contexts.
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Asongu, Simplice. "Software piracy, inequality and the poor: evidence from Africa." Journal of Economic Studies 41, no. 4 (2014): 526–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-10-2012-0141.
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Purpose – Poverty and inequality undoubtedly remain substantial challenges to economic and human developments amid growing emphasis on intellectual property rights (IPRs) (with recent advances in information and communication technology (ICTs)) and good governance. In the first empirical study on the incidence of piracy on inequality in Africa, the purpose of this paper is to examine how a plethora of factors (IPRs laws, education and ICTs and government quality) are instrumental in the piracy-inequality nexus. Design/methodology/approach – Two-stage least squares estimation approaches are applied in which piracy is instrumented with IPRs regimes (treaties), education and ICTs and government quality dynamics. Findings – The main finding suggests that, software piracy is good for the poor as it has a positive income-redistributive effect; consistent with economic and cultural considerations from recent literature. ICTs and education (dissemination of knowledge) are instrumental in this positive redistributive effect, while good governance mitigates inequality beyond the piracy channel. Practical implications – As a policy implication, in the adoption IPRs, sampled countries should take account of the role less stringent IPRs regimes play on income-redistribution through software piracy. Collateral benefits include among others, the cheap dissemination of knowledge through ICTs which African countries badly need in their quest to become “knowledge economies.” A caveat, however, is that, too much piracy may decrease incentives to innovate. Hence, the need to adopt tighter IPRs regimes in tandem with increasing income-equality. Originality/value – It is the first empirical assessment of the incidence of piracy on inequality in Africa: a continent with stubbornly high poverty and inequality rates.
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Sollen-Norrlin, Maya, Bhim Bahadur Ghaley, and Naomi Laura Jane Rintoul. "Agroforestry Benefits and Challenges for Adoption in Europe and Beyond." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (2020): 7001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12177001.
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Soil degradation is a global concern, decreasing the soil’s ability to perform a multitude of functions. In Europe, one of the leading causes of soil degradation is unsustainable agricultural practices. Hence, there is a need to explore alternative production systems for enhanced agronomic productivity and environmental performance, such as agroforestry systems (AFS). Given this, the objective of the study is to enumerate the major benefits and challenges in the adoption of AFS. AFS can improve agronomic productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity, water retention, and pollination. Furthermore, they can reduce soil erosion and incidence of fire and provide recreational and cultural benefits. There are several challenges to the adoption and uptake of AFS in Europe, including high costs for implementation, lack of financial incentives, limited AFS product marketing, lack of education, awareness, and field demonstrations. Policies for financial incentives such as subsidies and payments for ecosystem services provided by AFS must be introduced or amended. Awareness of AFS products must be increased for consumers through appropriate marketing strategies, and landowners need more opportunities for education on how to successfully manage diverse, economically viable AFS. Finally, field-based evidence is required for informed decision-making by farmers, advisory services, and policy-making bodies.
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Belčáková, Ingrid, Branislav Olah, Martina Slámová, and Zuzana Pšenáková. "A Cultural and Environmental Assessment of a Landscape Archetype with Dispersed Settlements in Čadca Cadastral District, Slovakia." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031200.
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Special types of rural settlements in Slovakia, so-called dispersed settlements, are typical of several regions in the country. They are recognized as specific elements in a landscape and have a strong effect on local identity. They are a part of a historical landscape structure, constituting a unique natural and cultural heritage. For this reason, they deserve special attention in planning and management processes. Decision-making processes about the landscape that do not take into consideration that the inherent value of those structures could lead to their irreversible loss. This paper aims at the evaluation of specific landscape elements in the case study area and describes their effect in terms of the sociohistorical, environmental, and visual context and their influence on sustainability. Both cultural and environmental inventories were interpreted in relation to spatiotemporal land cover/use changes. The field inventory and geospatial analysis, using geographic information systems (GIS) tools, resulted in the categorization and evaluation of 63 dispersed settlement units in the study area of Čadca. We propose a management method, giving reasonable detail to proposed incentives, for each dispersed settlement unit category. The proposed methodology is intended to create a classification of the dispersed settlement units from the perspective of landscape archetypes. The cultural and environmental assessment of dispersed settlement units resulted in the definition of indicators signaling the presence of a particular archetype.
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Khan, Ashfaque H. "Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: Policies and Trends." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 4II (1997): 959–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4iipp.959-985.
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Recent years have seen a sharp change in the attitude of developing countries regarding Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).. The growing balance-of-payments difficulties as well as the decline in concessional ajd. have forced many developing countries to reassess their stances on FOI and to take substantial unilateral steps to Iiberalise their inward POI regimes. In spite of liberalising the inward FOI regime, tempering or removal of obstacles to foreign investors, and according liberal incentives, Pakistan's has been a lacklustre performance in attracting FDI. This paper attempts to find out the reasons why Pakistan has not been able to attract sufficiently large FOI despite liberalisation measures. The analysis identifies a number of factors responsible for low FDI in Pakistan. These include the lack of political stability particularly during the last eight years, and unsatisfactory law and order situation particularly in the. city of Karachi, the largest industrial and commercial centre and the only port of the country. The macroeconomiC imbalances and the slowing down of economic activity tog~ther with inconsistent economic policies have also discouraged foreign investors to increase their participation in Pakistan. The slow bureaucratic process, inappropriate business environment, and inadequate infrastructure facilities have played their role in discouraging foreign . investors to undertake investment initiative in Pakistan. The lack of trained, educated, and disciplined labour force, along with complicated and overprotective labour laws, have inhibited business expansion and frightened away productive investment. The cultural and social taboos as well as the quality of life are not conducive to attracting foreign investors to Pakistan. The lack of welcome to foreign investors by government agencies and officials has also been a problem.
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Yamshchikova, Tat'yana N., and Tat'yana A. Zhuravleva. "Institutionalism and Modern Socio-Economic Trends of Social Development." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2020-3(90)-7-18.
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The life cycle is inherent in any system and its individual elements. The period from the formation of a particular socio-economic system to its death (change) is its life cycle. There is an acute need for understanding new phenomena and development challenges, assessing possible threats and risks that may accompany the transformation of socio-economic relations in transitional periods. The purpose of the article is to describe the trends in socio-economic reality that have manifested in recent decades, which allow outlining the expected features of the decades to come. The consistent disclosure of substantiated trends, confirmed by the theoretical conceptual framework and the empirical component, reflects the causal relationship of all spheres of social structure. The integration social function of institutions based on the unity of dialectical positions is revealed, where the economic system serves as an arena for interaction and expression of politics, culture, psychology, ideology and other public spheres. Large-scale evolutionary changes and the emergence of new cultural types occur subject to the transformation of technology and economics. The evolving evolutionary laws of development are mediated by both institutional influence and the systemic nature of the formation of the conditions of socio-economic relations. Institutions of society contribute to the tendencies of preservation and variability of socio-economic development and their further transmission under conditions of dynamics and staging. Determining written and generally accepted rules of behavior in society, institutions reinforce the processes of interaction between economic entities, and form, within the framework of existing informal norms, motives, incentives and rules of the relationship between political, social and economic systems.
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Siregar, Elvi Diana. "ANALISIS FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KINERJA BIDAN DESA DALAM PELAYANAN ANTENATAL DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PASAR UJUNG BATU KABUPATEN PADANG LAWAS TAHUN 2015." Jurnal Ilmiah PANNMED (Pharmacist, Analyst, Nurse, Nutrition, Midwivery, Environment, Dentist) 10, no. 3 (2018): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36911/pannmed.v10i3.168.
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Antenatal care is health care by professionals to the mother during pregnancy. Village midwife are health workers who are closest to the people, and most are expected to know the state of health of pregnant women, birth mothers and babies in the village. Performance midwife may also be influenced by many factors, including the characteristics of the midwife, internal factors, external and motivation. This research aimed to analyze factors related to the performance of midwives in antenatal care health centers in the region at Pasar Ujung Batu Sub-District, Padang Lawas District. This research was an analytical-survey by using cross sectional study design. The population were all is all midwives in the working area of Pasar Ujung Batu Health Centre, as many as 40 people. All of population were being the sample. Data collected by using questionnaire, and analyzed by multiple logistic regression at 95% Confidence Interval.The research showed that the midwife who had a good performance as much as 37.5 % and the poorer performers were 62.5 %. Statistically, the results also showed that the characteristics (age, marital status), internal factors (income and socio-cultural) , external factors (incentives and coaching) and motivation (sense) is not related to the performance of midwives. While the knowledge, skills, infrastructure and business partners associated with the performance of midwives in the ANC. It is suggested midwives in order to improve its performance by increasing knowledge of the ANC, complementary means of infrastructures that support, establish good cooperation with partners and provide counseling to pregnant women about the importance of ANC to get pregnant women to get the ANC even though the mother is not impaired pregnancy so that mother and fetus remains health.
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Norman, Emma S. "Finding Common Ground: Negotiating Downstream Rights to Harvest with Upstream Responsibilities to Protect—Dairies, Berries, and Shellfish in the Salish Sea." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 3 (2019): 77–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00516.
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Harvesting shellfish is an important cultural and economic activity for coastal Indigenous communities throughout the Salish Sea. However, for the Lhaq’temish People of Lummi Nation, upstream agricultural pollution has rendered this inherent right impossible for almost two decades. In an attempt to reopen the shellfish beds, Lummi Nation leaders developed the Portage Bay Partnership, which aims to address the upstream pollution problem through relationship building and shared connection to place. The partnership brings to light several key points: (1) efforts to integrate different community views of place to develop a relational approach to shared water governance, (2) the use of legal tools to incentivize relationship building, and (3) the continued challenges associated with competing governance frameworks and worldviews. This partnership opposes a system that has been set up to systemically exclude or disenfranchise Indigenous communities, replacing a governance model based on acquired rights with one that prioritizes relationships and responsibilities.
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McDermott, Yvonne. "Strengthening the Evaluation of Evidence in International Criminal Trials." International Criminal Law Review 17, no. 4 (2017): 682–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01704005.
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Recent studies have highlighted instances where findings of fact reached by international criminal tribunals appear not to be adequately supported by the evidence. These works have typically focused on evidential issues, such as witnesses’ fading memories, cultural differences, and more sinister aspects (such as financial incentives) as the root causes for such discrepancies. However, this article argues that these accounts are incomplete, as they do not recognise difficulties arising from the judicial evaluation of, and reasoning on, the evidential record, which poses potentially insurmountable challenges to reliable fact-finding by international criminal tribunals. This article highlights recent differences of opinion between judges on how evidence should be weighed and evaluated. It points to some issues arising from the enormity of the fact-finding role in international criminal trials and the procedural framework embraced by the international criminal tribunals. It discusses tools to assist fact-finding, and their potential applicability to international criminal trials.
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Sax, Marijn, and Jef Ausloos. "Getting under your skin(s): a legal-ethical exploration of Fortnite's transformation into a content delivery platform and its manipulative potential*." Interactive Entertainment Law Review 4, no. 1 (2021): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/2021.0001.
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This article investigates the ethical and legal implications of increasingly manipulative practices in the gaming industry by looking at one of the currently most popular and profitable video games in the world. Fortnite has morphed from an online game into a quasi-social network and an important cultural reference point in the lifeworld of many (young) people. The game is also emblematic of the freemium business model, with strong incentives to design the game in a manner which maximizes microtransactions. This article suggests that to properly understand Fortnite's practices – which we predict will become more widely adopted in the video game industry in the near future – we need an additional perspective. Fortnite is not only designed for hyper-engagement; its search for continued growth and sustained relevance is driving its transformation from being a mere video game into a content delivery platform. This means that third parties can offer non game-related services to players within Fortnite's immersive game experience. In this paper, we draw on an ethical theory of manipulation (which defines manipulation as an ethically problematic influence on a person's behaviour) to explore whether the gaming experience offered by Fortnite harbours manipulative potential. To legally address the manipulative potential of commercial video game practices such as the ones found in Fortnite, we turn to European data protection and consumer protection law. More specifically, we explore how the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation and Unfair Commercial Practices Directive can provide regulators with tools to address Fortnite's manipulative potential and to make Fortnite (more) forthright.
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Jha, Saumitra. "Trading for peace*." Economic Policy 33, no. 95 (2018): 485–526. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiy009.
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AbstractI examine the conditions under which trade can support peaceful coexistence and prosperity when particular social and ethnic groups are cheap targets of violence. A simple theoretical framework reveals that for a broad set of cases, while inter-group competition generates incentives for violence, the presence of non-replicable, non-expropriable inter-group complementarities becomes necessary to sustain peaceful coexistence over long time horizons. In addition to complementarity, two further conditions are important for deterring violence over time. When relatively mobile groups (e.g. immigrants) are vulnerable, a credible threat to leave can deter violence. When less mobile (indigenous) groups are vulnerable, high-monitoring costs that allow them to withhold production can improve their gains from trade. I describe the implications for indigenous entrepreneurship and cultural assimilation, the development of local institutions supporting inter-ethnic trust and immigration policies and policies aimed at mitigating conflict through financial innovations. I illustrate these implications using contemporary evidence and historical cases of organizations and institutions created to engender trade and support peace drawn from Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America.
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Dolores, Luigi, Maria Macchiaroli, and Gianluigi De Mare. "A Dynamic Model for the Financial Sustainability of the Restoration Sponsorship." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (2020): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041694.
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The paper addresses the theme of sponsorship as the main form of public–private partnership through which to finance restoration/recovery interventions for the historical–architectural heritage. The goal is the maximization of sponsorship profitability for companies. Specifically, an existing dynamic model through which it was possible to estimate the optimal annual amount to be invested in sponsorship to maximize the current value of expected profits has been analyzed, reworked and for the first time applied to an Italian company. It was therefore assumed that the company is intent on supporting a multi-year program of sponsorship investment. It is also assumed that the corporation is a single-product company, operating in monopolistic competition and characterized by a Cobb–Douglas production function with decreasing returns to scale. The work is in continuity with a previous publication focused on the application and validation of a static model. The final goal is to provide tools for applied analysis of the financial sustainability of the sponsorship that forms incentive for companies to implement its use, facilitating the recovery of the historical–architectural heritage. Public bodies can thus benefit from the greater contribution of resources from private financiers for a zero-cost and sustainable valorization of cultural heritage.
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Dal Ferro, Nicola, Carlo Camarotto, Ilaria Piccoli, Antonio Berti, Jane Mills, and Francesco Morari. "Stakeholder Perspectives to Prevent Soil Organic Matter Decline in Northeastern Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010378.
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A transition from conventional to more sustainable soil management measures (SMMs) is required to reverse the current soil organic matter (SOM) losses in the agroecosystems. Despite the innovations and technologies that are available to prevent SOM decline, top–down knowledge transfer schemes that incentivize a certain measure are often ineffective. Here, we discuss relevant outcomes from a participatory approach where researchers, farmers, practitioners and government officials have discussed opportunities and barriers around SMM application to prevent SOM decline. Within a series of workshops, stakeholders identified, scored, and selected SMMs to field-tests and evaluated the benefits and drawbacks from their application. Results showed that the stakeholders recognized the need for innovations, although they valued the most promising SMM as already available continuous soil cover and conservation agriculture. In contrast, more innovative SMMs, such as biochar use and the variable rate application of organic amendments through precision farming, were the least valued, suggesting that people’s resistance to new technologies is often governed by the socio-cultural perception of them that goes beyond the economic and technological aspects. The valuation of benefits and drawbacks by stakeholders on trialed measures emphasized that stakeholders’ perspective about soil management is a combination of economic, environmental, and socio-cultural aspects, thus corroborating the need for transdisciplinary bottom–up approaches to prevent SOM depletion and increase soil rehabilitation and SOM content.
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Minayo, Maria Cecília de Souza, and Renan Antônio Silva. "Homossexuais: entre as conquistas e a força conservadora dos preconceitos." Revista Educação e Emancipação 10, no. 4 (2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2358-4319.v10n4especialp32-57.
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O objetivo deste ensaio é demonstrar o estado do conhecimento sobre a inclusão da população LGBT nas sociedades ocidentais, dentre as quais, a brasileira. Recorre-se à literatura nacional e internacional para esta discussão que tem como conceito central a homofobia e como foco estratégico a análise dos movimentos sociais e das políticas a favor dos direitos desse grupo. A busca pelo respeito e pela dignidade homossexual passa pela criação de leis, movimentos e manifestos populares, pois a aceitação do “diferente” é o principal fator para a efetivação de garantias de direitos desse segmento social. A literatura mostra que países da Europa e das Américas têmcaminhado cada vez mais para o reconhecimento da igualdade dedireitos civis para a população LGBT. Mas demonstra, também, as inúmeras diferenças nas conquistas e situações pelo mundo afora. Inclusive, assinala que até hoje persistem perseguições, torturas e mortes que ocorrem ofi cialmente nos regimes políticos autoritários, mas também, nas democracias. A educação tem um papel especialvisando à mudança cultural, cabendo-lhe, mais que ensinar matérias, incentivar a convivência, o diálogo, e os projetos que promovam a riqueza da diversidade humana.Palavras-chave: Homossexualidade. Homofobia. Sexualidade. Homosexuals: between the conquests and the conservative force of prejudicesABSTRACTThe objective of this essay is to demonstrate the state of knowledge about the inclusion of the LGBT population in Western societies, among which, Brazilian. It is used the national and international literature for this discussion that has as central concept homophobia and as strategic focus, the analysis of the social movements and the politics in favor of the rights of this group. The search for respect and homosexual dignity involves the creation of laws, movements and popular manifesto, since the acceptance of the “diff erent” is the main factor for the realization of rights guarantees of this social segment. The literature shows that countries in Europe and the Americas have increasingly moved towards the recognition of equal civil rights for the LGBT population. But, it also demonstrates the innumerable diff erences in achievements and situations around the world. It even points out that persecution, torture and death continue to occur offi cially in the authoritarian political regimes, but also in the democracies. Education has a special role for cultural change, and it is incumbent upon it, rather than teaching subjects, to encourage coexistence, dialogue and projects that promote the richness of human diversity.Keywords: Homosexuality. Homophobia. Sexuality. Homosexuales: entre conquistas y la fuerza conservadora de los prejuiciosRESUMENEl objetivo de este ensayo es demostrar el estado de conocimiento sobre la inclusión de la población LGBT en las sociedades occidentales, entre las cuales, la brasileña. Se recurre a la literatura nacional e internacional para esta discusión que tiene como concepto central la homofobia y como foco estratégico el análisis de los movimientos sociales y de las políticas a favor de los derechos de dicho grupo. La busca por el respeto y por la dignidad homosexual pasa por la creación de leyes, movimientos y manifi estos populares, pues la aceptación del “diferente” es el principal factor para la efectuación de garantías de derechos de ese grupo social. La literatura muestra que países de Europa y de las Américas han caminado cada vez más para el reconocimiento de la igualdad de derechos civiles para la población LGBT. Pero demuestra, también, las innúmeras diferencias en las conquistas y situaciones por el mundo afuera. Incluso, señala que hasta hoy persisten persecuciones, torturas y muertes que ocurren ofi cialmente en los regímenes políticos autoritarios y también en las democracias. La educación juega un papel esencial para alcanzar el cambio cultural, cabiéndole más que enseñar asignaturas, incentivar la convivencia, el diálogo y los proyectos que promuevan la riqueza de la diversidad humana.Palabras clave: Homosexualidad. Homofobia. Sexualidad.
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Durbin, Joanna C., and Jonny A. Ralambo. "The Role of Local People in the Successful Maintenance of Protected Areas in Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 21, no. 2 (1994): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290002453x.
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In Madagascar, as practically throughout the world, many protected areas were originally created with little consideration for the resource requirements of local people and consequently are now suffering from acute pressure from local exploitation. In an attempt to redress the problems, integrated conservation and development projects have been initiated. The original aims to protect a representative ecocomplex are now expected to be achieved by understanding people's requirements and enhancing traditional practices or providing alternatives, and the aims have been expanded to promote the sustainable use of resources also outside of reserves.These two projects, at Andohahela and Soalala, are duly considered, using a framework that has been developed to understand local people's behaviour in relation to resources. Economic, energy, cultural, and ecological, factors, acting as interdependent systems, are considered. The economic, energy, and cultural, factors influence each other, acting together to define the values or resources to people and driving their behaviour in relation to those resources. The behaviour affects the ecological system and may alter the availability of useful resources, depending on the level of use and their resilience. The availability of resources affects the energetic effort required to collect them, so establishing a feedback link.The aims of the projects are to establish ecological equilibria that protect the reserves and enable sustainable use to be made of resources outside the reserve. To achieve these goals they must influence people's behaviour suitably. Strategies include strengthening feedback from the ecological system, and providing energy or economic incentives. Development activities which aim to promote sustainable use of resources and protect biodiversity, through maintenance of the protected area, are assessed. Many projects give a high priority to income generation and improved access to social services; however, the conservation aims of a project often require a better targeted, resource management-based development package. This paper advocates the consideration of economic, energy, ecological, and above all cultural, factors in the design of effective activities for conservation and development projects.
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NARLOCH, ULF, UNAI PASCUAL, and ADAM G. DRUCKER. "Cost-effectiveness targeting under multiple conservation goals and equity considerations in the Andes." Environmental Conservation 38, no. 4 (2011): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892911000397.
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SUMMARYInternationally, there is political impetus towards providing incentive mechanisms, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES), that motivate land users to conserve that which benefits wider society by creating an exchange value for conservation services. PES may incorporate a number of conservation goals other than just maximizing the area under a certain land use, so as to optimize multiple benefits from environmental conservation. Environmental additionality (conservation services generated relative to no intervention) and social equity aspects (here an equitable distribution of conservation funds) of PES depend on the conservation goals underlying the cost-effective targeting of conservation payments, which remains to be adequately explored in the PES literature. This paper attempts to evaluate whether multiple conservation goals can be optimized, in addition to social equity, when paying for the on-farm conservation of neglected crop varieties (landraces), so as to generate agrobiodiversity conservation services. Case studies based on a conservation auction in the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes (through which community-based groups identified the conservation area and the number of farmers taking part in conservation, as well as the payment required), identified significant cost-effectiveness tradeoffs between alternative agrobiodiversity conservation goals. There appears to be a non-complementary relationship between maximizing conservation area under specific landraces (a proxy for genetic diversity maintenance) and the number of farmers conserving such landraces (a proxy for agricultural knowledge and cultural traditions maintenance). Neither of the two are closely connected with maximizing the number of targeted farming communities (a proxy for informal seed exchange networks and hence geneflow maintenance). Optimizing cost-effectiveness with regard to conservation area or number of farmers would also be associated with a highly unequal distribution of payments. Multi-criteria targeting approaches can reach compromise solutions, but frameworks for these are still to be established and scientifically informed about the underlying link between alternative conservation goals and conservation service provision.
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Ba, Qing-Xiong, Dau-Jye Lu, Warren Kuo, and Po-Hsin Lai. "Traditional Farming and Sustainable Development of an Indigenous Community in the Mountain Area—A Case Study of Wutai Village in Taiwan." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (2018): 3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103370.
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The present study aimed to explore traditional farming and its role in sustainable development of the mountainous area based on the indigenous community of Wutai in Taiwan as a case study. It adopted qualitative methods with an ethnographic orientation, to conduct in-depth interviews, participant observation, and focus groups as an integral component of public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and aerial photo analysis to collect and analyze field data, mainly in 2013 and 2017. The results revealed the continuation of traditional farming practices guided by the traditional farming calendar and characterized by mixed cropping, inter cropping, and rotation, which optimized the use of limited arable lands in the area. These practices also contributed to maximizing and securing local food supply, and maintaining endemic crop varieties. The results suggested that traditional farming offered a way to overcome the limitation of modern agriculture and support ecotourism as a sustainable alternative to mass tourism, by preserving crop diversity, social institutions and cultural traditions, and stabilizing the local environment. Furthermore, our findings showed that traditional farming, in keeping with local capacity, was adaptable to the impacts of climate change. In the last two decades, a returning tide of young residents and retired people involved in traditional farming might play a key role in the slowing down of the loss of agricultural lands in Wutai, influenced by the fashion of healthy foods and environments, as well as development of local ecotourism industry. Learned from this study, while there would be some opportunity for traditional farming to be recognized as one of the key components to promote the sustainable development of indigenous villages in mountain areas, more policy incentives might be considered.
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Kosorić, Vesna, Siu-Kit Lau, Abel Tablada, Monika Bieri, and André M. Nobre. "A Holistic Strategy for Successful Photovoltaic (PV) Implementation into Singapore’s Built Environment." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (2021): 6452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116452.
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Based on the findings from a recent study by the authors which examined factors affecting diffusion of photovoltaics (PV), while comprehensively considering the local PV and construction industry as well as characteristics of the built environment, this paper proposes a holistic strategy for PV implementation into Singapore’s built environment. It consists of (1) a multilevel mechanism framework, encompassing eleven mechanism categories of instruments and activities and (2) a general design framework including design principles, general project instructions and the main design guidelines. Relying on a survey conducted among PV experts on established mechanisms, the present study suggests that building codes (e.g., fire safety, structural safety, etc.) and initiatives and incentives related to PV/building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) should be the highest priority for authorities, followed by assessment of BIPV/PV properties, working toward social acceptance, conducting research projects and information exchange, and education and training activities. Considering all three pillars of sustainability, the design framework is based on the following interrelated design principles: (1) compatibility and coherence with the local context, (2) technical soundness, (3) economic viability, (4) user-centered design, (5) connecting with community and socio-cultural context, and (6) adaptability and flexibility. Despite Singapore’s scarcity of land, the established design guidelines cover a wide spectrum of solutions, including PV integration into both buildings and non-building structures. The synthesis of the two interconnected and inseparable frameworks aims to create an environment conducive to long-term widespread PV integration and stimulate the deployment of BIPV, which should help Singapore and other cities reduce their dependency on imported fossil fuels, while also making them more livable and enjoyable.
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Min, Qingwen, and Bitian Zhang. "Research Progress in the Conservation and Development of China-Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS)." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (2019): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010126.
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To cope with the problem of the global agricultural environment, food security, and the crisis of sustainable agricultural development, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), together with other relevant national organizations and several countries, launched the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2002. The Qingtian Rice-Fish system was designated as China’s first GIAHS and was included in the first batch of GIAHS pilot sites, in 2005. Since then, study of systematic agricultural heritage and its conservation and development has progressed in China. On the basis of a comprehensive collection of relevant studies, the author reviews the main achievements in conservation and development of China-Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (China-NIAHS) over the past 15 years. At the present stage, the core contents of study on agricultural heritage are focused on two aspects. One is the benefit of exploration with multi-functional development. Another is dynamic conservation with adaptive management. There are many controversies around the concept and connotation of agricultural heritage, which, in turn, promote the understanding of this new type of heritage. The sustainable mechanism within agricultural heritage gives itself value diversity. Study about the value of agricultural heritage highlights the significance of conservation. The development of multi-functional industrials based on its multi-functional value is the pathway for the development of China-NIAHS, including the production of high-quality and characteristic local agricultural products, the development of ecotourism, and the development of cultural industries. To carry out dynamic conservation and adaptive management, the establishment of "five in one" benefit-sharing, multi-stakeholder mechanisms, legally guaranteed incentive mechanisms, government-leading, multi-financing mechanisms, and multi-disciplinary scientific support mechanisms are indispensable. Although China has made great progress in the study of agricultural heritage, it still needs to carry out additional research through heritage resources surveys, regular patterns of system evolution, and sustainable mechanisms, as well as perform more applicable research in framework and mechanism construction and paradigms of dynamic protection. Multidisciplinary comprehensive studies are necessary as well.