Journal articles: 'Culture de Yangshao'

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Qingyan, Zheng. "Artistic peculiarities of painted pottery of Majiayao culture." Человек и культура, no. 5 (May 2021): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8744.2021.5.36550.

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The relevance of this research stems from the desire of modern science to discover rare artifacts and unique cultural phenomena of different peoples. The artistic peculiarities of painted pottery of Majiayao period represent are a cultural phenomenon that draws attention of the scholars. The article aims to provide general characteristics to Majiayao period; recount about the emergence of Majiayao culture; describe the shape and decorative peculiarities of painted pottery of Majiayao culture.It is noted that Majiayao culture was also referred to as “Yangshao Culture of Gansu” and developed virtually in parallel with the Yangshao culture. However, there is proof that Majiayao culture emerged slightly later than the Yangshao culture. The article reveals the characteristic colors, shapes, and patterns of the ceramic of this period.Practical significance of this research lies in familiarizing the audience with the peculiarities of Majiayao culture, detailed description of the specifics of its painted pottery, and contributing to further research on the topic. The acquired materials are valuable for studying the theory and history of arts, as well as in the lectures on the visual art of China. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive examination of the peculiarities of decorative and applied arts. Characteristic is given to the pottery works of Majiayao period, their varieties, evolution, functional features, which testifies to the traditional customs and acquaints with the exotic culture.

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Tian, Yan, Panpan Chen, Peng Lu, He Yang, Shugang Yang, Li Zhang, Qingli Wei, et al. "Evolution of Influence Ranges of Neolithic-Bronze Age Cities in the Songshan Mountain Region of Central China Based on GIS Spatial Analysis." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 5631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225631.

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Exploring the influence range of early cities is significant for understanding the mechanisms behind ancient settlement systems and human-environment interactions. Due to a lack of effective research methods, the evolution processes and impact mechanisms of the influence ranges of prehistoric cities are still ambiguous. In this study, we chose the Songshan Mountain region for research, which witnessed the origin and development of Chinese civilization. Using GIS spatial analyses such as the ‘average nearest neighbor’ and ‘Thiessen polygon’, we explored the spatial-temporal distributions and influence ranges of Neolithic-Bronze Age cities in the region. The roles of human culture and the natural environment in the process were also investigated. The results indicated that the spatial distributions of early cities were random during the Yangshao (7000–5000 BP) and Longshan (5000–4000 BP) cultures. During the Erlitou culture (3800–3500 BP) and Shang Dynasty (3600–3046 BP), the spatial distributions changed into dispersed models. During the Zhou Dynasty (3046–2256 BP), the spatial distribution model was random again. Correspondingly, the influence range of early cities during the Erlitou culture is the largest, followed by those of the Longshan culture, Yangshao culture, Shang Dynasty, and Zhou Dynasty. This is different from the conventional view that the ancient city’s influence range continuously expands as time advances. Both the natural environment and human culture are believed to impact this evolutional process. Specifically, the Holocene climate variation and the consequent cyclic river downcutting and silting affect the city site selection and thus the spatial-temporal distribution and influence range of early cities. The enfeoffment system occurring during the Erlitou culture should also have played a vital role in this evolution. In general, the natural environment is more important for the spatial distribution and influence range of early cities during Yangshao, Longshan, and Erlitou cultures, while human culture represented by the enfeoffment system plays a dominant role during Shang and Zhou Dynasties when the natural environment is relatively stable.

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LI, Yabin, Erika KOSHI, and Toshikazu TSUCHIMOTO. "BASE-TO-RIDGE POST STRUCTURES IN THE YANGSHAO CULTURE." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 81, no. 725 (2016): 1609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.81.1609.

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Zhang, Chi, Jianing He, Xiaohong Wu, Yinqiu Cui, Hua Wang, Jiangkai Zhang, Li Fan, and Wenming Yan. "Study on the burial practice of tomb M13 of the Yangshao culture at Baligang site in Dengzhou City." Chinese Archaeology 20, no. 1 (November 25, 2020): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2020-0011.

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AbstractThe multidisciplinary research on the Yangshao period (4200–2900 BCE) tomb M13, a joint secondary burial at the Baligang site of the Yangshao culture in Dengzhou City, Henan Province showed that there were in total 126 individuals buried in this grave. Their death crossed at least 200 years; among them, at least five individuals were from three maternal lineages, and the descent system of this group was patrilineal. There were also 138 pig mandibles buried in M13, which had been dated and shows that they were collected across over 400 years. Based on the statistics the death population at Baligang site, it is estimated that the human bones found from M13 went through a secondary burial process during which they were probably regarded as “ceremonial objects.” The joint secondary burials as M13 is seen as a result of some reburying ceremonies held at the Baligang site.

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Yu, Zhengfang, Qi Zheng, and Yufang Zheng. "Mössbauer studies on ancient chinese pottery of Yangshao Culture Period." Hyperfine Interactions 41, no. 1 (December 1988): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02400527.

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Parpola, Asko. "Beginnings of Indian Astronomy with Reference to a Parallel Development in China." History of Science in South Asia 1 (December 28, 2013): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18732/h2vc7s.

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Hypotheses of a Mesopotamian origin for the Vedic and Chinese star calendars are unfounded. The Yangshao culture burials discovered at Puyang in 1987 suggest that the beginnings of Chinese astronomy go back to the late fourth millennium BCE. The instructive similarities between the Chinese and Indian luni-solar calendrical astronomy and cosmology therefore with great likelihood result from convergent parallel development and not from diffusion.

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Wang, Can, Houyuan Lu, Wanfa Gu, Naiqin Wu, Jianping Zhang, Xinxin Zuo, Fengjiang Li, et al. "The development of Yangshao agriculture and its interaction with social dynamics in the middle Yellow River region, China." Holocene 29, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618804640.

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This study presents new archaeobotanical evidence for agricultural production in the middle Yellow River region during the Yangshao culture period. Phytolith analyses, together with radiocarbon dating of samples from 10 sites in Zhengzhou, showed that common millet and foxtail millet were cultivated with rice in the region around 4000–3000 cal BC. The ratio of crop remains revealed that common millet was dominant in the crop structure. Rice cultivation was no longer confined to large sites situated in the lowlands and began to spread into the hilly lands and small sites. Furthermore, both dryland and wetland systems may have been used for rice cultivation. This pattern of crop production may have been mainly influenced by social background and artificial selection, which overcame the limitation of environmental factors. Such development of Yangshao agriculture facilitated the establishment of an agricultural society during the fourth millennium BC. It also has implications for understanding the reason why the middle Yellow River region (Central Plain) became known as ‘the cradle of Chinese civilization’.

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Zhu, Yizhi, Peng Cheng, Shi-Yong Yu, Huagui Yu, Zhihai Kang, Yachang Yang, A. J. T. Jull, T. Lange, and Weijian Zhou. "Establishing a Firm Chronological Framework for Neolithic and Early Dynastic Archaeology in the Shangluo Area, Central China." Radiocarbon 52, no. 2 (2010): 466–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200045495.

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Technological and theoretical advancements in modern radiocarbon chronology make the precise dating of archaeological and geological events possible. Here, we show examples of how these state-of-the-art methods can be used to establish and refine the archaeological cultural chronology for the Shangluo area in the Qinling Mountains of central China. In this study, the Donglongshan and Zijing sites were dated using the high-precision accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C method. Also, detailed magnetic-susceptibility measurements were conducted at both sites to gain preliminary information about past climate changes. The 14C dates, after being treated with Bayesian statistics, provide a firm constraint on the archaeological chronological framework for this area. Within this framework, the Malan loess-Holocene soil transition can be placed at 10,400–10,090 BC, while the duration of the Yangshao and Longshan cultures was dated to ∼4200–2900 and ∼2900–2100 BC, respectively, revealing an undisrupted history of human occupation in this area until the early dynastic period. Magnetic susceptibility values began to increase in the early Holocene, indicating a progressive amelioration of regional climate. The widespread development of paleosol during the middle Holocene indicates that warm and wet climate conditions prevailed, providing a favorable environmental context within which the Yangshao culture thrived. Magnetic susceptibility values then decreased from ∼2100 BC when the Xia Dynasty started, and loess accumulated again, pointing to cooling and drying climate conditions that may have led to a cultural transition from the Neolithic to the dynastic civilization.

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Liu, Li, Yongqiang Li, and Jianxing Hou. "Making beer with malted cereals and qu starter in the Neolithic Yangshao culture, China." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 29 (February 2020): 102134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102134.

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Cui, Yifu, Guanghui Dong, Haiming Li, Ting An, Xinyi Liu, Jian Wang, Hui Wang, Xiaoyan Ren, Xiaobin Li, and Fahu Chen. "Early ceramic trade in Gansu and Qinghai regions, northwest China: A comparative elemental analysis on sherds of Majiayao culture, Yangshao culture and Qijia culture." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3 (September 2015): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.05.018.

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11

Chen, Tingting, Menghan Qiu, Ruiliang Liu, Haiming Li, Hongwei Hou, Philly Howarth, Samantha Bowring, and Aifeng Zhou. "HUMAN RESPONSES TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE LATE PREHISTORIC WESTERN LOESS PLATEAU, NORTHWEST CHINA." Radiocarbon 62, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 1193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.32.

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ABSTRACTIn order to assess late prehistoric human responses to climate change in the Western Loess Plateau (WLP), we investigated 13,567 charred plant seeds and 19 radiocarbon (14C) dates obtained from 41 late prehistoric sites in the upper Wei River valley. Based on these new dating results as well as their cultural attributes, these sites could be confidently divided into four chronological phases (Phase 1: Late Yangshao and Majiayao culture; Phase 2: Qijia culture; Phases 3 and 4: Siwa culture) but a significant gap was identified at ca. 3600–3000 cal yr BP in this region. Comparison of this interval to high-resolution paleoclimate records from Tianchi Lake suggests it could be attributed to the dramatic drop in temperature at this time. Accordingly, archaeobotanical evidence with a refined chronology shows the adoption of cold-tolerant subsistence cereal grains such as barley on the NETP (Northeast Tibetan Plateau). Drawing from various lines of knowledge (chronology, palaeoclimate, archaeobotany, and archaeology), it is reasonable to conclude that, even when confronting a similar magnitude of climate change, local human societies could vary tremendously. Different subsistence strategies were brought in by the trans-Eurasia culture exchange of prehistoric times.

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Feng, Suofei, Li Liu, Jiajing Wang, Maureece J. Levin, Xinwei Li, and Xiaolin Ma. "Red beer consumption and elite utensils: The emergence of competitive feasting in the Yangshao culture, North China." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 64 (December 2021): 101365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101365.

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Wei, Xue, and Yaopeng Qian. "Analyzing the functional structure of pottery jiandiping amphorae." Chinese Archaeology 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2021-0009.

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Abstract There are numerous, controversial theories on the function of the jiandiping amphorae as Yangshao culture water-drawing vessel, wine vessel, or other. This paper discusses jiandiping amphorae functional form from a typological perspective and presents the view from molding technique. The primary function of the pointed bottom concerned sedimentation, yet the vessel’s small opening was poorly adapted to cereal fermentation. The large jiandiping amphora was less transportable but better suited to long-term storage and sedimentation: wine decanted into medium- or small-sized flat-bottom vessels or jiandiping amphora was easily transferred and used, and decanting served to remove any sediment from turbid wine. Functional differences between the large and small jiandiping amphorae explain varying functions and uses of double-loop handles. The development of sediment separation technique is the key reason for the disappearance of the jiandiping amphorae.

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Zhang, Junna, Zhengkai Xia, Xiaohu Zhang, Michael J. Storozum, Xiaozhong Huang, Jianye Han, Hong Xu, et al. "Early–middle Holocene ecological change and its influence on human subsistence strategies in the Luoyang Basin, north-central China." Quaternary Research 89, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 446–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2017.104.

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AbstractIn north-central China, subsistence practices transitioned from hunting and gathering to millet-based agriculture between the early and middle Holocene. To better understand how ancient environmental changes influenced this shift in subsistence strategies and human activities at regional to local levels, we conducted palynological and lithologic analyses on radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from the Luoyang Basin, western Henan Province. Our palynological results suggest that vegetation shifted from broad-leaved deciduous forest (9230–8850 cal yr BP) to steppe-meadow vegetation (8850–7550 cal yr BP), and then to steppe with sparse trees (7550–6920 cal yr BP). Lithologic analyses also indicate that the stabilization of the Luoyang Basin’s floodplain after ~8370 cal yr BP might have attracted people to move into the basin, promoting the emergence of millet-based agriculture during the Peiligang culture period (8500–7000 cal yr BP). Once agricultural practices emerged, the climatic optimum after ~7550 cal yr BP likely facilitated the expansion of the Yangshao culture (7000–5000 cal yr BP) in north-central China. As agriculture intensified, pollen taxa related to human disturbance, such as Urtica, increased in abundance.

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Łakomska, Bogna. "Images of Animals in Neolithic Chinese Ceramic." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & ARTS 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajha.8-1-3.

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The images of animals or their (more or less) stylised motifs once depicted in the form of painting and sculpture, and nowadays through various media, have many stories to tell. Their ancient images point to the undeniably great role that animals played in human life. The rich material culture, as well as the written sources we have today, enables us to examine – both in physical and spiritual terms – the coexistence and co-creation of the worlds of people and animals in the region that we now call China. General animal research, especially within Europe, usually concerns spatial and physical differences; animals from ancient, medieval and early modern times are researched in the context of their utilitarian role, as well as their exoticism, discovering new species and deepening knowledge about those already known to man. Creating a picture of the animal images in Chinese Neolithic art, I hope to present various social and political practices that have influenced the acquisition of knowledge about animals, and thus to discover their role in human life. Chinese animal studies to date in pre-dynastic and dynastic eras regularly focus on animals as spiritual beings and sources of nutrition. It is worth looking at the significance of animals from a different angle – from the perspective of art, which can inform us about animals and people in the context of religion, magic, symbols, aesthetics and the spiritual life of both. My article focuses particularly on the decorative motifs appearing in ceramics of three Neolithic cultures: Yangshao 4000–3000 BC, Hemudu 5500-3300 BC and Longshan 2500-1900 BC.

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Łakomska, Bogna. "Images of Animals in Neolithic Chinese Ceramic." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HUMANITIES & ARTS 8, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajha.8-1-3.

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The images of animals or their (more or less) stylised motifs once depicted in the form of painting and sculpture, and nowadays through various media, have many stories to tell. Their ancient images point to the undeniably great role that animals played in human life. The rich material culture, as well as the written sources we have today, enables us to examine – both in physical and spiritual terms – the coexistence and co-creation of the worlds of people and animals in the region that we now call China. General animal research, especially within Europe, usually concerns spatial and physical differences; animals from ancient, medieval and early modern times are researched in the context of their utilitarian role, as well as their exoticism, discovering new species and deepening knowledge about those already known to man. Creating a picture of the animal images in Chinese Neolithic art, I hope to present various social and political practices that have influenced the acquisition of knowledge about animals, and thus to discover their role in human life. Chinese animal studies to date in pre-dynastic and dynastic eras regularly focus on animals as spiritual beings and sources of nutrition. It is worth looking at the significance of animals from a different angle – from the perspective of art, which can inform us about animals and people in the context of religion, magic, symbols, aesthetics and the spiritual life of both. My article focuses particularly on the decorative motifs appearing in ceramics of three Neolithic cultures: Yangshao 4000–3000 BC, Hemudu 5500-3300 BC and Longshan 2500-1900 BC.

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17

Wang, Can, Houyuan Lu, Wanfa Gu, Xinxin Zuo, Jianping Zhang, Yanfeng Liu, Yingjian Bao, and Yayi Hu. "Temporal changes of mixed millet and rice agriculture in Neolithic-Bronze Age Central Plain, China: Archaeobotanical evidence from the Zhuzhai site." Holocene 28, no. 5 (November 24, 2017): 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683617744269.

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Mixed millet and rice agriculture is a unique agricultural style of China, and is distributed in a broad band between the Yangtze and Yellow River basin. However, the development of this style during the Neolithic-Bronze Age has not been comprehensively clarified, owing to limited archaeobotanical data and imprecise chronology for most of the regions. Here, the Central Plain, a location where mixed agriculture may have first appeared, was selected as the area for research. Phytolith and macrofossil analyses from the Zhuzhai site, together with the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) radiocarbon dating of samples, reveal information about the temporal changes of mixed agriculture as well as the domestication and cultivation of crops in this region. The results indicate that mixed millet and rice agriculture formed in the Central Plain about 8000 years ago. Common millet was the principal crop in the Peiligang and Yangshao periods, with the domestication process beginning in the Peiligang period and continuing up to the Shang period, at which time it was replaced by foxtail millet. Foxtail millet may have gone through a significant degree of domestication by ca. 6000 cal. BC, but its domestication process was still unclear. Rice had appeared since the Peiligang period, but its proportions were always low. Rice assigned to the Peiligang and Yangshao Cultures was the domesticated japonica, and its cultivation was always performed in dry field systems through the Neolithic-Bronze time. Within the subsistence economy, mixed agriculture was a minor component during the Peiligang period, but has been dominant since the Yangshao period.

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Sagart, Laurent, Guillaume Jacques, Yunfan Lai, Robin J. Ryder, Valentin Thouzeau, Simon J. Greenhill, and Johann-Mattis List. "Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 21 (May 6, 2019): 10317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817972116.

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The Sino-Tibetan language family is one of the world’s largest and most prominent families, spoken by nearly 1.4 billion people. Despite the importance of the Sino-Tibetan languages, their prehistory remains controversial, with ongoing debate about when and where they originated. To shed light on this debate we develop a database of comparative linguistic data, and apply the linguistic comparative method to identify sound correspondences and establish cognates. We then use phylogenetic methods to infer the relationships among these languages and estimate the age of their origin and homeland. Our findings point to Sino-Tibetan originating with north Chinese millet farmers around 7200 B.P. and suggest a link to the late Cishan and the early Yangshao cultures.

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Zhou, Lingxu, and Geoffrey Wall. "Intercultural Interactions in Tourist Bars: Yangshuo, China." Tourism Culture & Communication 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/109830415x14213698267316.

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Yu, Wence, Hao Chen, and Liqiang Yang. "Planning and Layout of Shanghai Yangshan Bonded Port Area Based on the Perspective of a Free Trade Zone." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0002.

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In order to alleviate China's crisis of marginalization in international trade, combined with the development characteristics of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone, the development direction of the bonded cold chain business of Shanghai Yangshan Comprehensive Bonded Port Area was proposed. From a long-term perspective, a free trade zone integrating processing, logistics, finance, culture, and internal and external market trade was formed. By taking advantage of the huge consumption of imported food in the Yangtze river delta region, the policy advantages of Yangshan Port Area are exploited. Combined with the development of cross-border e-commerce, innovative experiences that could be replicated and promoted are formed. The results showed that the free trade zone is the development direction of the bonded port area. Therefore, the Shanghai Bonded Port Area should focus on the integration with the development of the free trade zone in the initial stage. This lays a solid foundation for the construction of the bonded port area as a comprehensive internal and external trade platform for ASEAN (the Association of Southeast Asian Nations) and the domestic market. Research on the planning and layout of trade zones can help plan the future development of trade zones and their direction. The trade zone is pre-controlled. The efficiency of future construction and upgrading of the bonded area is improved. It is of great practical significance to the current development and construction of the Shanghai Bonded Port Area.

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JUE, RAO, LONGDI CHENG, and YUNYING LIU. "The development of the spinning wheel in ancient China." Industria Textila 70, no. 02 (2019): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.070.02.1524.

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As textile demand increased in ancient China, the spinning wheel became more widely used in the Neolithic era and was responsible for the main spinning tasks over the last few thousand years. This work explores the changes over time in the shape, diameter, and thickness of the spinning wheel in the Cross-lake Bridge, Hemudu, Yangshao, Qujialing, and Shijiahe cultures. The disc-like shape, mound-like shape, bead shape, and truncated cone shape are deemed to have been the best spinning wheel forms in the later stages – especially the disc-like spinning wheel. The spinning wheel with a diameter of 2–9 cm and a thickness of 0.1 to 9.0 cm was used throughout prehistoric times. In the late Neolithic period, a disc-like spinning wheel with a diameter of 3–4 cm and a thickness of less than a cm was the most frequently used design. This study shows that the change in the shape, diameter, and thickness of the spinning wheel is the inevitable result of the change in the tool’s design points, thereby revealing improvements in spinning efficiency

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장윤정. "Tomb culture at Yangsan Area in Three Kingdoms Period reviewed on the burial goods customs." Journal of North-east Asian Cultures 1, no. 28 (September 2011): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17949/jneac.1.28.201109.005.

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Wang, Hui, and Honggang Xu. "Gender Strategies at Work: Informal Female Tour Guides in Yangshuo West Street." Journal of China Tourism Research 14, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 524–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19388160.2018.1517625.

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Bani Omar, Suhib Yousef Dawood. "The Influence of Chinese Pottery on the Nabataean Pottery During the 1st Century BC and the 2nd Century AD." Bulletin of Advanced English Studies 7, no. 1 (June 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/baes2022.7.1.1.

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The ancient China's historic stages may be separated into some certain ages: Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, and Ironic Age. There were only broken stone tools in the Paleolithic age. The Paleolithic age witnessed stone tools and copper pottery during the excavations; major relics of the old Nabataean and Byzantine village of Aila were uncovered, which flourished from first century B.C. through the Earliest Muslim invasion. The remnants of the historic Nabataean and Byzantine town of Aila, which existed from the first century B.C. through the Early Muslim invasion, were discovered during the excavation. Chinese pottery played a big role in the economic industries all over the world. This trade was famous according to ancient Chinese families such as Yangshao and Cishan (Zhang et al., 2019, p. 112). During the first century BC and the 2nd century AD, Chinese commerce witnessed a strong export for Chinese ceramics to some majority of countries, particularly the Middle East (Miksic, 2009, p. 72). The types of pottery were exported to the Middle East. This is a product that is mostly exported from China. Finally, Chinese pottery is undoubtedly spread in some certain areas for many centuries BC. Some famous Chinese families such as Yangshaoand Longshan cultures started eliciting the soil and manufactured various shapes of pottery. Chinese pottery was transformed to Aqaba and then to Petra where the remains of Chinese pottery were founded. It is evidence of a certain kind of trade between China and Nabataean Arabs.

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Henan Provincial Institute of Cultu. "The remains of Yangshao Culture at Xiaowu Site in Lingbao City, Henan." Chinese Archaeology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2013-0008.

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AbstractIn 2007, Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted survey and trial excavation to the Xiaowu Site in Lingbao City. The trial excavation recovered two tombs of early Yangshao Culture. Both of the tombs were rectangular earthen pit tombs of multiple secondary burials. The M1 of them yielded 79 individuals of human skeletons, and M2 yielded 17 individuals. The M1 was one of the large-scale multiple secondary burial tombs of the Yangshao Culture yielding the most individuals of human skeletons found to date. In the Sanmenxia area, the secondary burials of the Yangshao Culture are rare; these two secondary burial tombs found in Xiaowu Site are the first discovery of this type of burials of early Yangshao Culture in this area, and also the second collective discovery of multiple secondary burial tombs of early Yangshao Culture at the joint area of Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan Provinces in the recent several decades, so they have significant academic values.

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Han, Jianye. "The Miaodigou Age and “early China”." Chinese Archaeology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2013-0019.

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AbstractAt the time of the Dongzhuang and Miaodigou Types of the Yangshao Culture, the archaeological cultures in most regions within present-day China formed for the first time into a cultural community with the Central Plains as the center. The new period during which this cultural community existed is known as the Miaodigou Age. Seen as a whole, the Miaodigou Age was formed under the influence of the powerful expansion of Dongzhuang and Miaodigou Types of Yangshao Culture around 4000 BCE, the completion of which marked the formation of the “Early Chinese Cultural Sphere” or the “Early China” in a cultural sense.

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Liao, Jingwen, Yuzhang Yang, Wanfa Gu, Ling Yao, Qingli Wei, Wuhong Luo, Yingxue Gong, Lanpo Ding, Chunguang Gu, and Juzhong Zhang. "A New Filtered Alcoholic Beverage: Residues Evidence From the Qingtai Site (ca. 5,500–4,750 cal. BP) in Henan Province, Central China." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (May 9, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.884630.

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Recent studies have provided evidence of alcohol production and consumption in 16 sites in northern China during the Neolithic period, focusing on the Yangshao Culture (ca. 7,000–5,000 cal. BP). Yet, the comparison of similarities and differences in brewing technology and drinking patterns within the Yangshao Culture still needs more supporting information from case studies in different regions. In this paper, 17 pottery samples excavated from the Yangshao Culture site of Qingtai (ca. 5,500–4,750 cal. BP) in the central part of Henan Province were analyzed for microfossils (starch grains, phytoliths, fungi) and organic acids, on the basis of the theoretical model constructed from our simulation experiments. The results revealed a mixed filtered alcoholic beverage, likely to be fermented by fruit and/or honey. The ingredients were mainly foxtail millet, rice, Job’s tears, Triticeae, snake gourd roots, lotus roots, legumes, nuts, fruits, and/or honey. What’s more, we found that the jiandiping amphora from Qingtai was not likely used for brewing or drinking. In terms of prehistoric drinking habits, in the large-scale settlement of the late Yangshao Culture in China, it is possible that people drank filtered alcohol alone or that a few people drank filtered alcohol poured from the painted bottle, indicating a switch from communal drinking to individual drinking. This study sheds light on the similarities and differences in brewing techniques, fermentation ingredients, and drinking patterns among different regions of the late Neolithic Yangshao Culture, and deepens our understanding of alcoholic beverages in the early Chinese civilized societies.

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Li, Yaping, Junna Zhang, Xiaohu Zhang, and Haitao Zhao. "Agriculture, the Environment, and Social Complexity From the Early to Late Yangshao Periods (5000–3000 BC): Insights From Macro-Botanical Remains in North-Central China." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (May 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.662391.

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In northern China, the Yangshao cultural period (5000–3000 BC) was a critical timespan in the establishment of agricultural economies and the emergence of social complexity. We present the results of archeobotanical analysis from 58 soil samples collected from 12 recently investigated sites located in the Luoyang Basin, and recovered 5290 carbonized plant remains from 9 sites dating to the Late Yangshao period. We compared our novel dataset with previous archeobotanical date, compiling a total of 196 samples from 58 sites in central and western Henan Province. During the Early Yangshao period (5000–4200 BC), a nascent, extensive agricultural economy based primarily on broomcorn millet, with lesser foxtail millet and rice, was developing in small settlements (<0.2 km2) in the loess tablelands and valleys of western Henan province. However, the population pressure—rather than environmental degradation—drove the “foxtail millet-broomcorn millet substitution” during the Middle Yangshao period (4200–3500BC). The intensive agriculture based mainly on foxtail millet facilitated the development of social complexity in the region, as demonstrated by the emergence of size-graded agricultural settlements of medium (0.2–0.6 km2) and large (> 0.6 km2) scale. Notably, millets tend to be less ubiquitous in these larger settlements compared to smaller ones, with differences in millet ubiquity between sites increasing over time. The local surface hydrology influenced by paleoclimatic changes prompted the spread of agriculture from higher loess tablelands and valleys during the early Yangshao period into more marginal loess tablelands and plains by the Middle and Late Yangshao periods. Rice cultivation is concentrated in valley areas and appears to have been closely tied to environments with better hydrothermal conditions. Our research shows that climatic conditions during the Holocene fostered the development of agriculture during the Yangshao Culture period and that the distribution of settlements throughout this time was influenced by highly localized geomorphologic environments delimiting the distribution of crops. The rise of agriculture promoted the formation of complex and stratified economies in the Yangshao Culture period and it was the intensification and elaboration of these new economic and social systems that led to later transformation in agricultural structures and settlement sizes.

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Yang, Fan, Qimeng Duan, Baozeng Cheng, Guang Ren, Yin Jia, and Guiyun Jin. "The Agriculture and Society in the Yiluo River Basin: Archaeobotanical Evidence From the Suyang Site." Frontiers in Earth Science 10 (July 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.885837.

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The Yiluo River Basin is located in the Central plains of China, an area commonly known as the center of origin of ancient Chinese civilization. Agriculture lays the foundation for social and economic development and triggers societal change and archaeobotany can provide important clues on this issue. archaeobotanical study is an important perspective on the relationship between agriculture and society development. However, relatively few archaeobotanical studies have been conducted in the Yiluo River basin, and the paucity of data has hindered our understanding of the relationship between agriculture and society. Therefore, the archaeobotanical analysis at the Suyang site in the middle reach of the Luo River provides an opportunity to understand how and why agriculture and society developed. Our analytical results of carbonized plant remains and phytolith, coupled with radiocarbon dating, showed that millet was the main crop in the late Yangshao culture (5,500–5000 BP), followed by rice. However, rice cultivation in the area expanded during the Longshan culture (5,000–4000 BP), and its importance as a crop possibly exceeded millet at Suyang. From the late Yangshao to Longshan, rice was cultivated in wet fields by utilizing the Luo River floodplain on a large scale. The proportion of rice at Suyang is the highest among contemporary sites in the Central Plains. It may be related to many reasons such as suitable environmental and geomorphological conditions, advanced water management, the influence of the Qujialing culture, and population growth. In the late Yangshao culture, crop processing seemed to have been concentrated in communal areas. However, during the Longshan culture, different steps of crop processing were scattered throughout the site. This change is hypothesized as a change in the family structure and economic production. After the Yangshao period, the nuclear family became the fundamental unit for social, cultural, and economic production in the Central Plains.

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Bingwu, Cao. "Miaodigounization and Erlitounization: the formation and evolution of the Hua-Xia ethnic group and Hua-Xia tradition from the perspective of archaeology." International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 6, no. 1 (May 11, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41257-022-00065-w.

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AbstractWhat is Hua-Xia? How and when did the Hua-Xia ethnic group and Hua-Xia tradition come into being? As the spatial and temporal framework, the connotative features and the genealogy of the archaeological culture become increasingly clear, we can identify two important periods of prehistoric archaeological cultures that may have played key roles in the formation of the Hua-Xia ethnic group and its cultural identity. First is the Yangshao Culture (especially its Miaodigou Era), which was formed at the middle Neolithic age. During this period, agriculture was established as the main economic base, resulting in massive population growth, as well as rapid expansion of painted pottery, unique artifact collections and other highly consistent material culture, from the Central Plains of China to the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River and beyond. Based on recent genetic, linguistic and other multidisciplinary research, it can be roughly confirmed that this culture is the archaeological manifestation of the emergence and formation of the Sino-Tibetan language family with a large population and a vast territory, so it is of fundamental significance for the formation of the Hua-Xia tradition in terms of ethnicity, language and culture. Second is the Erlitou Culture, which rose in the heart of the Central Plains of China after the Longshan Era, and stood out again in the Yangshao homeland in the competition among the regional cultural traditions of the early Chinese interaction circle after the collapse of the Yangshao Culture. Absorbing all the advanced cultural factors known at that time, it became the mainstream cultural tradition and great civilization tradition, including the political tradition, the ideological tradition, the lineage system and the unity and coherence in writing. The Erlitou Culture provided world views, values, even the instrumental systems and political institutions for the continuation of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties to identify and follow, which roughly corresponded to the rise of the Xia dynasty as depicted in the literature. Thus, if Miaodigounization, with its great integration and expansion feature, was acclaimed as the foundation of the Hua-Xia tradition, Erlitounization enabled the establishment of Hua-Xia mainstream tradition.

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Zhang, Xuelian, Xinping Zhao, and Linquan Cheng. "Human diets of Yangshao Culture in the Central Plains." Chinese Archaeology 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char.2011.11.1.188.

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Yan, Lijie, Ruixia Yang, Peng Lu, Fei Teng, Xia Wang, Li Zhang, Panpan Chen, Xiang Li, Lanbo Guo, and Dong Zhao. "The spatiotemporal evolution of ancient cities from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains, China." Heritage Science 9, no. 1 (October 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00580-7.

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AbstractThe Central Plains has a long history, rich culture, unique geographical advantages, and profound cultural heritage. The occurrence of ancient cities in the Central Plains marks the formation of Chinese state-level societies. The number, size, and distribution of ancient cities have changed greatly from the late Yangshao to the Xia and Shang Dynasties, which reflects the evolution of settlement and social organization. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial database technology was used to establish a spatiotemporal database of ancient cities in the late Yangshao, Longshan, as well as Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains. This paper uses GIS spatial analysis technology to analyze the relationship between the ancient city distribution and the geographical environment, as well as the evolution of ancient city's shapes and sizes. Furthermore, by using the method of the nearest neighbor distance and gravity center analysis, this paper discusses the agglomeration characteristics and gravity center evolution of ancient cities. The results show that: (1) Most of the ancient cities were distributed in areas below 500 m and within 3 km from the river during the time interval from the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties; (2) The shape of the ancient cities gradually changed from circles to squares in the Central Plains, which became a unified model for the later ancient city design; (3) The sizes of the 18 ancient cities in the Yangshao period shared high similarity, with an average area of 20 hectares. The sizes of 24 ancient cities in the Longshan period increased significantly, with an average of 39 hectares. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, there were 22 ancient cities with an average size of 340 hectares, and the grade of sizes became obvious, marking the entrance into Chinese state-level societies; (4) Cities were scattered in the decentralized pattern during the late Yangshao and Longshan periods, whereas they became agglomerative in Xia and Shang Dynasties. This reflects the evolution of the spatial scopes and social organizational forms; and (5) From the late Yangshao to Xia and Shang Dynasties, the gravity center of ancient cities moved around the Songshan Mountain from the northwest to the southeast and again to the northeast.

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Liu, Li, Jian Chen, Jiajing Wang, Yanan Zhao, and Xingcan Chen. "Archaeological evidence for initial migration of Neolithic Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers from Yellow River valley to Tibetan Plateau." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 51 (December 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212006119.

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Sino-Tibetan is the second largest language family in the world. Recent linguistic and genetic studies have traced its origin to Neolithic millet farmers in the Yellow River region of China around 8,000 y ago and also suggested that initial divergence among branches of Sino-Tibetan coincided with expansion of the Neolithic Yangshao culture to the west and southwest during the sixth millennium BP. However, archaeological investigations to date have been insufficient to understand the lifeways of these migrant Proto Sino-Tibetan speakers. Here, we present the results of the interdisciplinary research on the material culture and ritual activities related to the initial southwestward migration of Yangshao populations, based on evidence from microfossil remains on ceramics at three sites in Gansu and Sichuan, regional archaeological contexts, and ethnographic accounts of modern Gyalrong Tibetans. The first Yangshao migrants may have integrated with indigenous hunter-gatherers in the NW Sichuan highlands, and adopted broad-spectrum subsistence strategies, consisting of both millet farming and foraging for local wild resources. Meanwhile, the migrants appear to have retained important ritual traditions previously established in their Yellow River homelands. They prepared qu starter with Monascus mold and rice for brewing alcoholic beverages, which may have been consumed in communal drinking festivals associated with the performance of ritual dancing. Such ritual activities, which to some extent have survived in the skorbro-zajiu ceremonies in SW China, may have then played a central role in maintaining and reinforcing cultural identities, social values, and connections with the homelands of the Proto Sino-Tibetan migrants.

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Miao, Bo, Yichen Liu, Wanfa Gu, Qingli Wei, Qian Wu, Wenjun Wang, Ming Zhang, et al. "Maternal genetic structure of a neolithic population of the Yangshao culture." Journal of Genetics and Genomics, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgg.2021.04.005.

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Chen, Shu Xin. "The Creation of Female Origin Myth: A Critical Analysis of Gender in the Archaeology of Neolithic China." University of Western Ontario Journal of Anthropology 22, no. 1 (July 2, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwoja.v22i1.8945.

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This essay explores and critiques the creation of female origin myths in the archaeology of Neolithic China. The first example is the debate surrounding the gender relations in the Yangshao culture. The second half of the paper focuses on whether or not the possible goddess worship in the Hongshan culture can shed light on the understanding of women. It concludes by stating this kind of gynocentric archaeology does not provide an accurate picture of gender in Neolithic China, or propel the feminist agenda.

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Xue, Jiayang, Wenjun Wang, Jing Shao, Xiangming Dai, Zhouyong Sun, Jacob D. Gardner, Liang Chen, et al. "Ancient Mitogenomes Reveal the Origins and Genetic Structure of the Neolithic Shimao Population in Northern China." Frontiers in Genetics 13 (May 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.909267.

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Shimao City is considered an important political and religious center during the Late Neolithic Longshan period of the Middle Yellow River basin. The genetic history and population dynamics among the Shimao and other ancient populations, especially the Taosi-related populations, remain unknown. Here, we sequenced 172 complete mitochondrial genomes, ranging from the Yangshao to Longshan period, from individuals related to the Shimao culture in northern Shaanxi Province and Taosi culture in southern Shanxi Province, Middle Yellow River basin. Our results show that the populations inhabiting Shimao City had close genetic connections with an earlier population in the Middle Neolithic Yangshao period of northern Shaanxi Province, revealing a mostly local origin for the Shimao Society. In addition, among the populations in other regions of the Yellow River basin, the Shimao-related populations had the closest maternal affinity with the contemporaneous Taosi populations from the Longshan period. The Shimao-related populations also shared more affinity with present-day northern Han populations than with the minorities and southern Han in China. Our study provides a new perspective on the genetic origins and structure of the Shimao people and the population dynamics in the Middle Yellow River basin during the Neolithic period.

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Gao, Jingyi, Guangliang Hou, Yongming Xiao, Chongyi E, Haicheng Wei, Yongjuan Sun, Manping Sun, et al. "Vegetation History and Survival Patterns of the Earliest Village on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (May 12, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.903192.

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The upper Yellow River valley in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is an important corridor for prehistoric migration to the hinterland plateau. However, most studies have focused on the Neolithic Age, with limited evidence for earlier periods. The Shalongka (SLK) site on the northeastern QTP spans the Epipaleolithic to Bronze Age and contains cultural deposits, so provides a good basis for unraveling the evolutionary history of the human-land relationship. In this study, we sampled the 420-cm-thick section T1406E at the SLK site and undertook lithologic stratigraphic description and analysis of grain size, redness, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical elements, pollen and charcoal. Dating control was provided by accelerated mass spectrometry 14C and optically stimulated luminescence methods. Results show that SLK site was affected by the local fluvial sedimentary environment. The absolute dating results of the SLK site have revealed that humans occupied the site during the Epipaleolithic (8.5–7.3 cal ka BP), Yangshao culture (5.9–5.1 ka) and Qijia Culture (4.1–3.9 cal ka BP). Pollen analysis showed that the humans lived in a landscape that was predominated by forest-steppe. Consolidating with multidisciplinary evidence, we learned that Epipaleolithic sites were occupied by microlithic hunter-gatherers and comprised by relatively fixed seasonal central campsites, and their mobility was significantly decreased from the early to late period. Subsequently, farmers of the Yangshao culture migrated from the low elevation (Chinese Loess Plateau) to the upper Yellow River valleys on the QTP and founded the earliest settlement villages (~5.9 ka) on the QTP. People of the Qijia culture adopted diversified survival strategies under the settled lifestyle. In all, we infered that SLK site may play an important role in the communication and integration between different people and cultures.

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Wang, Lin, and Yifu Cui. "The Spatiotemporal Pattern of Cultural Evolution Response to Agricultural Development and Climate Change From Yangshao Culture to Bronze Age in the Yellow River Basin and Surrounding Regions, North China." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (June 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.657179.

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The processes and mechanisms of cultural evolution provide helpful insights into the origin and development of civilizations. This study analyses data from the national archaeological survey using kernel density analysis, a geospatial tool provided by ArcGIS10 software, to explore the spatiotemporal pattern of cultural evolution from the beginning of the Yangshao cultural period to the Bronze Age in the Yellow River basin. Agricultural development and the environmental background of this region were reconstructed using published flotation materials and high-resolution paleoclimate records. The results indicate that cultural expansion and differentiation from Yangshao (7000–5000 BP) to Longshan period (4600–4000 BP) are responding to the establishment and strengthening of millet-based agriculture and the appearance of multiple subsistence strategies in the context of environmental deterioration. To the Bronze Age, the center of sites accumulates to the Central Plains and Shandong, in contrast to the continuous cultural expansion and differentiation. The opposite circumstance may result from early urbanization along with the formation of a social system with high centralization of power.

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Yang, Yishi, Jia Wang, Gang Li, Jiajia Dong, Huihui Cao, Minmin Ma, Guoke Chen, and Guanghui Dong. "Shift in subsistence crop dominance from broomcorn millet to foxtail millet around 5500 BP in the western Loess Plateau." Frontiers in Plant Science 13 (July 26, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.939340.

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Broomcorn and foxtail millet were the most important crops in northern China during the Neolithic period. Although the significance of broomcorn millet in human subsistence exceeded that of foxtail millet during the early Neolithic, this pattern was reversed by the end of Neolithic period. However, the process underlying this shift remains unclear. The recent excavation of the Gedachuan (GDC) in Zhangjiachuan county has revealed an abundance of relics including millet crop remains from relatively continuous strata of the Yangshao and Qijia cultures, and therefore provides a unique opportunity to examine how and when foxtail millet replaced broomcorn millet as the dominant crop in the western Loess Plateau during the Neolithic period. In this study, we identify 1,738 and 2,686 broomcorn and foxtail millet remains, respectively, from 74 flotation samples, accounting for 38.81% and 59.98% of total plant remains, respectively. Compared with 23 direct dates of carbonized crop grains in GDC, we propose that the weight of foxtail millet in plant subsistence of GDC first exceeded that of broomcorn millet as early as ∼5,500 BP, filling an important gap in the archaeobotanical record from the western Loess Plateau. Further comparative analysis of multidisciplinary data suggests the shift in significance of these two millet crops during the late Neolithic may have been triggered by variations in human settlement intensity and climate change in the western Loess Plateau. The results of this study also suggest that the Banpo Phase of Yangshao Culture survived in the western Loess Plateau as late as ∼5,600 BP.

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Liu, Li, Jiajing Wang, and Huifang Liu. "The brewing function of the first amphorae in the Neolithic Yangshao culture, North China." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01069-3.

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Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Arc. "The excavation of the house remains of Yangshao Culture at Xiahe Site in Baishui County, Shaanxi." Chinese Archaeology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char-2013-0005.

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AbstractIn 2010, the Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology excavated the Xiahe Site located at Xiahexi Village in Baishui County, Shaanxi Province. The outstanding findings included three large-sized house structures featuring pentagonal plans, inner and outer walls, and lime-plastered floors made from calcareous nodules (

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Boqian, Li. "Two Modes of the Development of Chinese Ancient Civilization: on Observing of the Funeral Jades Unearthed from Large Graves of Hongshan Culture, Liangzhu Culture, and Yangshao Culture." Chinese Archaeology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/char.2010.10.1.136.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Culture de Yangshao'

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