Relevant bibliographies by topics / Culture-independent techniques

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Culture-independent techniques'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Culture-independent techniques"

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Hirsch, Penny R., Tim H. Mauchline, and Ian M. Clark. "Culture-independent molecular techniques for soil microbial ecology." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42, no. 6 (June 2010): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.02.019.

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Lazarevic, Vladimir, Katrine Whiteson, Nadia Gaïa, Yann Gizard, David Hernandez, Laurent Farinelli, Magne Østerås, Patrice François, and Jacques Schrenzel. "Analysis of the salivary microbiome using culture-independent techniques." Journal of Clinical Bioinformatics 2, no. 1 (2012): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2043-9113-2-4.

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Vaughn, Andrew, Courtney Shaver, and David Clark. "Association Between Culture and Culture-Independent Microtyping in Recalcitrant Chronic Rhinosinusitis." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 98, no. 2 (February 2019): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561318823371.

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Background: Many different etiologies have been proposed to be responsible for the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis, including dysbiosis of the sinus microbiome. Attempts have recently been made to identify a pathogenic organism via advanced culture mechanisms. The purpose of this study is to use culture-dependent and culture-independent means of microtyping to determine whether any association exists between the quantity and quality of bacteria identified in patients with recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods: Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients with a history of revision sinus surgery and persistent symptoms who underwent endoscopically directed culture and underwent quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA of bacteria and fungi from February 1, 2014, to January 1, 2017. A total of 21 patients met the inclusion criteria. Medical records were reviewed to determine the number of bacterial isolates and relative abundance of bacteria and fungi on culture and polymerase chain reaction. Results: Using culture-independent techniques of examining purulent secretions in patients with recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis, an average of 3.61 isolates were identified per specimen, compared with culture-dependent methods that revealed 2.10 isolates per specimen ( P < .05). The dominant species identified on each culture was rarely the most abundant species identified using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Conclusions: Traditional culture methodologies may fail to identify potential pathogens or the dominant pathogen in patients with recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with acute exacerbations.
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Willner, Dana, and Phil Hugenholtz. "Metagenomics and Community Profiling: Culture-Independent Techniques in the Clinical Laboratory." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 35, no. 1 (January 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2012.12.001.

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Knight, Stephen T., Vernon R. Neece, and Donald J. Witt. "Rapid culture-independent techniques for quantitation of Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies." Journal of Microbiological Methods 10, no. 4 (December 1989): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7012(89)90013-4.

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Andorrà, Imma, Sara Landi, Albert Mas, José M. Guillamón, and Braulio Esteve-Zarzoso. "Effect of oenological practices on microbial populations using culture-independent techniques." Food Microbiology 25, no. 7 (October 2008): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2008.05.005.

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Martinez, M. F., P. J. Shand, and D. R. Korber. "Evaluation of microbial dynamics on low-sodium bologna using culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques." Meat Science 96, no. 1 (January 2014): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.05.048.

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Afianti, Nur Fitriah, and Yeti Darmayati. "PENDEKATAN CULTURE INDEPENDENT UNTUK ANALISIS KOMUNITAS BAKTERI." OSEANA 42, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2017.vol.42no.1.34.

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CULTURE INDEPENDENT APPROACH FOR BACTERIAL COMMUNITY ANALYSIS. Analysis of bacterial community can be through two approaches, through cultivation (culture dependent) and without cultivation (culture independent). Culture dependent approach is conventional method which only covered few bacteria because not all bacteria could be cultured. Culture independent approach with molecular techniques based on DNA communities can provide more information about the structure and diversity of bacteria in nature, both culturable bacteria and unculturable bacteria. 16S rRNA gene is commonly target gene used in bacterial communities analysis. Other specific target genes also being developed for specific groups of bacteria. Several methods are developed for the analysis of molecular markers 16S rRNA or other specific genes, including Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP), and Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP).
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Pearce, D. A., C. J. Gast, B. Lawley, and J. C. Ellis-Evans. "Bacterioplankton community diversity in a maritime Antarctic lake, determined by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques." FEMS Microbiology Ecology 45, no. 1 (July 2003): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-6496(03)00110-7.

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Varela Villarreal, Jessica, Thomas Schwartz, and Ursula Obst. "Culture-independent techniques applied to food industry water surveillance — A case study." International Journal of Food Microbiology 141 (July 2010): S147—S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.03.001.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Culture-independent techniques"

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Adhikari, Deepak. "Microbial response to different carbon source amendments in agricultural soils as monitored by culture-independent techniques." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 127 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1605142671&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Andorrà, Solsona Immaculada. "Adaptation and development of culture-independent techniques for the indentification and enumeration of microorganisms in wine fermentations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8690.

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L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi va ser l'adaptació i validació de diferents tècniques independents de cultiu per a la detecció i quantificació de la microbiota present a la fermentació vínica. Es van assajar la QPCR (PCR quantitativa) per a la quantificació i seguiment d'espècies clau i la diversitat ecològica es va analitzar per DGGE (electroforesi en gel desnaturalitzant) i la clonació d'un fragment ribosomal.
Tanmateix es va estudiar l'aplicació de la Hibridació in Situ (FISH) i la QPCR amb colorants específics per tal de diferenciar cèl·lules vives i mortes.
Aquestes tècniques es varen aplicar a fermentacions industrials, essent notable la detecció de bacteris acètics i llevats No-Saccharomyces en concentracions superiors a les detectades com a poblacions cultivables. Es van estudiar interaccions entre llevats Saccharomyces i No-Saccharomyces al laboratori, observant-ne la supervivència d'aquestes en estats viables però no cultivables.
Aquestes tècniques independents de cultiu indiquen una població i dinàmiques microbianes prèviament desapercebudes.
The objective of this thesis was the adaptation and validation of different culture-independent techniques for detection and quantification of the microbiota present in wine fermentation. We tested the QPCR (PCR quantitative) for the quantification and monitoring of key species. The ecological diversity was analyzed by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and by cloning of a ribosomal fragment.
However, we studied the application of in Situ Hybridization (FISH) and QPCR with specific dyes to differentiate between live and dead cells.
These techniques were applied in industrial fermentations, being significant the detection of acetic acid bacteria and Non-Saccharomyces yeast in concentrations higher than those identified as culturable populations. We studied the interactions between Saccharomyces and Non-Saccharomyces yeast in the laboratory, observing their survival in these viable but non-culturable state.
These culture-independent techniques indicate a population and microbial dynamics previously unnoticed.
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Caleb, Oluwafemi James. "Microbial community structure as an indicator of soil health in apple orchards." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4133.

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Thesis (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The relationship between various land management practices, soil properties and the soil microbial communities are complex and little is known about the effect of these interactions on plant productivity in agricultural systems. Although it would be advantageous to have a single organism or property that can be used as a measure of soil health, it may not be possible. Soil organisms which include both the microorganisms as well as soil fauna are subjected to the effect of their immediate environment. This microenvironment in turn is determined by the soil properties as well as above ground flora and their interactions. Most soil indicators interact with each other, and these interactions can modify or influence the soil properties. The complexities of the interactions between critical soil indicator values often preclude its practical use by land managers and policy makers. However, soil microbial communities (e.g. diversity and structural stability) may serve as a relative indicator of soil quality. These communities are sensitive to land management practices and changes in the microenvironment. The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of the complex relationships by investigating the effect of conventional, integrated and organic apple production systems on the physical, chemical and biological (particularly soil microbial diversity) properties of the soil. Automated Ribosomal Intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was used to characterise fungal (F-ARISA) and bacterial (B-ARISA) communities from soil samples obtained from an experimental apple orchard in Elgin, Grabouw. The intergenic spacer (ITS) region from the fungal rRNA operon was amplified using ITS4 and fluorescently FAM (6- carboxylfluorescein) labelled ITS5 primers. Similarly, the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region from the bacterial rRNA operon was amplified using ITSR and FAM-labelled ITSF primers. The sensitivity of the technique allowed us to discriminate between the soil microbial communities of the different treatments. From our results we observed significant increase (p < 0.05) in the fungal community diversity between the February and April samples, while the bacterial community diversity was consistent (p > 0.05). Also, treatments with mulch showed a significantly higher microbial diversity than the other treatments at a 5 % significance level. Fungal communities showed significant correlation with the potassium concentration in the soil, while bacterial communities depicted a significant correlation with the soil phosphorous concentration. Based on the results we concluded that different management practices have a significant effect on the soil microbial communities and that these communities are particularly sensitive to small changes in the environment. However, there is still a need to determine what the composition of the soil microbial communities are to be able to correlate our observations with soil health.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhouding tussen verskillende landboubestuurspraktyke, grondeienskappe en die mikrobiese gemeenskappe in grond is kompleks en weinig is bekend oor die uitwerking van hierdie interaksies op die produktiwiteit van landboustelsels. Alhoewel dit voordelig sou wees om ‘n enkele organisme of eienskap te kan hê wat die gesondheid van grond kan meet, sal dit dalk nie moontlik wees nie. Grondorganismes wat die mikroörganismes sowel as die grondfauna insluit, is onderworpe aan die invloed van hulle onmiddelike omgewings. Hierdie mikro-omgewings op hulle beurt word weer beïnvloed deur die grondeienskappe sowel as die die oppervlak flora en hulle wisselwerkinge. Meeste van die grondaanwysers toon ook wisselwerkinge met mekaar, en hierdie wisselwerkinge kan die grondeienskappe beïnvloed or selfs verander. Die kompleksiteit van die wisselwerkinge tussen kritiese grond aanwysers is meestal die rede waarom dit nie deur grondbestuurders en beleidsmakers gebruik word nie. Dit is ongeag die feit dat grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe (bv. diversiteit en stukturele stabiliteit) mag dien as ‘n relatiewe aanwyser van grondkwaliteit. Hierdie gemeenskappe is sensitief vir bestuurspraktyke en veranderinge in die mikro-omgewing. Die doel van die studie was om die ingewikkelde verhoudings in die grondgemeenskappe te bestudeer en die uitwerking van konventionele, geïntegreerde en organiese appel produksie sisteme op die fisiese, chemiese en biologiese eienskappe (veral die grond mikrobiologiese diversiteit) te bepaal. Geoutomatiseerde Ribosomale Intergeniese Spasie Analise (ARISA) is gebruik om die fungus (F-ARISA) en bakteriese (B-ARISA) gemeenskappe van grondmonsters wat vanaf ‘n proef appelboord in Elgin (Grabouw) verkry is, te bepaal. Die intergeenspasie (ITS) area van die fungus rDNA operon is vermeerder deur die ITS4 en fluoresserende FAM (6-karboxylfluorescein) gemerkte ITS5 inleiers te gebruik. Soortgelyk is die 16S-23S intergeenspasie area van die bakteriese rDNA operon vermeerder deur ITSR en FAM-gemerkte ITSF inleiers te gebruik. Die sensitiwiteit van die tegniek laat ons toe om te onderskei tussen die grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe vanaf verskillende grondbehandelings. Vanuit die resultate kon ons aflei dat daar ‘n toename (p < 0.05) in die fungus gemeenskap diversiteit vanaf Februarie to April was terwyl die bakteriese gemeenskap ‘n konstante diversteit getoon het (p > 0.05). Behandelings met grondbedekking het ook ‘n beduidend hoër mikrobiese diversiteit getoon as ander behandelings. Fungus gemeenskappe het beduidende korrelasies getoon met kalium konsentrasies in die grond, terwyl bakteriese gemeenskappe ‘n beduidende korrelasie getoon het met grond fosfor konsentrasies. Gebaseer op die resultate kon ons aflei dat verskillende bestuurspraktyke ‘n uitwerking kan hê op die grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe en dat hierdie gemeenskappe sensitief is vir klein veranderinge in die omgewing. Dit sal egter nog nodig wees om die spesifieke samestelling van die grond mikrobiese gemeenskappe te bepaal voor ons hierdie waarnemings kan korreleer met grondgesondheid.
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Leareng, Samuel Keeng. "Characterization and identification of microbial communities in pigeon droppings using Culture-Independent techniques." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10352/349.

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M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science), Vaal University of Technology|
Pigeon droppings, found in abundance in most cities and towns where pigeons are found, are a source of potential yeast and molds into the environment. Invasive fungal infections are a cause of morbidity and often mortality in immunocompromised individuals. The objective of this study was to the identification of bacterial and mold agents from pigeon droppings. Pigeon droppings samples were collected from three locations during the winter and summer months and studied for the occurrence of bacteria, yeast and molds by utilising culture-independent techniques. Amplification of the 16S rDNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, cloning and ARDRA and DGGE were used for the characterisation of the microbial populations followed by sequencing. Several mold and yeasts, as well as bacteria were found to be present in pigeon droppings, which can spread into the environment and be transmitted to immunocompromised individuals and children. DGGE analysis of the bacterial communities revealed banding patterns that clustered all but one winter samples and all summer samples, showing a high similarity among the microbial members in both seasons and sample locations. Fungal DGGE analysis revealed clusters that grouped summer and winter samples from Johannesburg and Pretoria while VUT samples were clustered on their own. From the identification of fungal and bacterial DNA, Cryptococcus species was the majority of fungi isolated from the dropping samples. Geotrichum, Kazachstania and Fusarium species were isolated from phylotypes obtained from ITS amplicons analysed by ARDRA. Lactobacillus and Enteroccoccus species, organisms usually found in the gastrointestinal tract were the common bacterial members identified. The results showed no difference in microbial communities across all sample locations, while seasonal changes also had no impact in microbial community patterns.
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Lekhanya, Lebohang Lieketseng. "Bacterial diversity of soil irrigated with Gypsiferous mine water as determined by culture-dependent and -independent techniques." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29438.

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In the past, the response of microbial populations to anthropogenic disturbances was studied using conventional methods based on cultivation of microorganisms and on measurement of their metabolic activities (Fantroussi et al., 1999). However, these culturing methods often account for a small proportion of the total microbial community (Ibekwe and Kennedy, 1998; Hill et al., 2000). To overcome this, molecular techniques were developed and these allowed for the analyses of microorganisms in their natural habitats. Analysis of the 16S rRNA molecule and its corresponding gene (16S rDNA) has been the most widely used approach in the last decade (Amman et al., 1995). Although molecular techniques based on PCR have been used to eliminate the bias of culturing methods, they also have their drawbacks (Wintzingerode et al., 1997; Kirk et al., 2004). As another alternative, Garland and Mills (1991) developed a rapid community-level physiological approach to study microbial communities. The use of the community-level approach to microorganisms provided an accurate and meaningful measure of the heterotrophic microbial community by measuring the community’s metabolic abilities (Garland and Mills, 1991). Zak et al. (1994) used the method to study the functional diversity of microbial communities. The approach has been used to study the soil functional diversities in polluted or disturbed environments. Over the years, the application of gypsum in agriculture has received much attention. The gypsum has been used to ameliorate both acidic and alkali soils with elevated amounts of salinity (Suhayda et al., 1997; Sun et al., 2000). In these studies, the application of gypsum lead to changes in the soil chemical properties by causing a drastic increase in the amount of exchangeable calcium and sulphate and reduced the levels of exchangeable aluminium. It has been noted that high levels of aluminium and/or reduced amounts of calcium restrict root elongation and thus hindered the plants ability to access adequate water (Sun et al., 2000). Also, the replacement of sodium ions with calcium ions resulted in the flocculation of soil particles and improved the porous structure and water permeability of the soil (Suhayda et al., 1997). This study revealed that the application of the gypsiferous mine water did not have any negative impact on the bacterial communities. In fact, on average, the bacterial diversities were found to be higher in the gypsum-irrigated soils. This was most evident in pivot Major and Tweefontein, where the gypsum-irrigated soils were more diverse than the control soils. DGGE results from pivot Major and Tweefontein revealed a high level of bacterial diversity in gypsum-irrigated soils, as estimated by the number of dominant bands. Also, the number of heterotrophic bacteria in the gypsum-irrigated soils was one to two orders of magnitude higher than in the control soils. Principal component analysis performed on BIOLOG data showed that in both pivot Major and Tweefontein, the gypsum-irrigated soils were able to utilise a wider range of carbon sources as compared to their control counterparts. The bacterial communities in pivot Four appeared to be steady in both the gypsum-irrigated soils and the control soils. The number of visible DGGE bands was consistent between the gypsum-irrigated and the control soils. The heterotrophic bacterial counts in the gypsum-irrigated soils had an average of 273x106 cfu g-1 soil and those present in the control soils were slightly higher at 380x106 cfu g-1 soil. Principal component analysis revealed no differences in terms of substrate utilisation capabilities among the gypsum-irrigated soils and the control soils. All three techniques revealed no significant difference in community structures between soil profiles at 0-10 cm and 40-60 cm. The lack of difference could be attributed to the crops planted in all three pivots during sampling. The root system of Zea Maysplants enhanced microbial growth by exuding nutrients such as amino acids and sugars. In conclusion, the application of polyphasic approach proved successful in studying the response of soil bacterial communities to gypsiferous mine water. The use of both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods is recommended as the methods compensate each other’s limitations and therefore provide a more detailed description of the community. In this study, the application of gypsiferous mine water did not have an adverse effect on the soil bacterial communities. In fact, the addition of gypsiferous mine water seemed to ameliorate the soil bacterial communities. However, further comprehensive study is needed to determine the response of bacterial communities to gypsiferous mine water over longer periods of time. 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis of DGGE bands should also be done to identify the bacterial species present in the gypsum-irrigated samples.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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Book chapters on the topic "Culture-independent techniques"

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Sasidharan, Santanu, K. Divakar, and Prakash Saudagar. "Culture-Independent Omics-Techniques for Microbiome-Based Molecular Therapeutics Against Infectious Diseases." In Metagenomic Systems Biology, 95–114. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8562-3_5.

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Ercolini, D., and L. Cocolin. "IDENTIFICATION METHODS | Culture-Independent Techniques." In Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, 259–66. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-384730-0.00438-9.

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P. Singh, Akhlash. "Genomic Techniques Used to Investigate the Human Gut Microbiota." In Human Microbiome. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91808.

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The human gut is the complex microbial ecosystem comprises more than 100 trillion microbes also known as microbiota. The gut microbiota does not only include about 400–500 types of bacterial strains, but it also contains archaea, bacteriophage, fungi, and protozoa species. In order to complete the characterization of the gut microbial community, we need the help of many culture-dependent and culture-independent genomic technologies. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS), mediated metagenomics that rely on 16S rRNA gene amplification, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) have provided us deep knowledge related to important interactions such as host-microbiota and microbe-microbe interactions under various perturbation inside the gut. But, we still lack complete knowledge related to unique gene products encoded by gut meta-genome. Hence, it required the application of high-throughput “omics-based” methods to support metagenomics. Currently, a combination of high-throughput culturing and microfluidics assays is providing a new method to characterize non-amenable bacterial strains from the gut environment. The recent additions of artificial intelligence and deep learning to the area of microbiome studies have enhanced the capability of identification of thousand microbes simultaneously. Given above, it is necessary to apply new genome editing tools that can be used to design the personalized microflora which can be used to cure lifestyle-related diseases.
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Bohlman, Andrea F. "Sound." In Musical Solidarities, 23–66. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190938284.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 lays out the tension between ideas about music’s political efficacy and the productive work that sound did for the opposition in Poland. Within the intellectual community that shaped much of dissident culture, poets, filmmakers, and actors were more engaged with politics than composers and musical performers. To understand the logic behind claims that music was less politically meaningful, the chapter compares the Communist Party’s policies toward music with those debated in the oppositional journal Independent Culture. In contrast, the opposition’s cassette culture circumvented the Censorship Bureau and stumped secret police surveillance, revealing the powerful political potential of sound. Its founders were invested in tape contra print as well as cassettes’ transnational distribution and alternative economies. Listening to these cassettes as sounding artifacts reveals diverse repertories and creative editing techniques that belie the assumption that music was politically impotent for the opposition.
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Klaubauf, Sylvia, and Frank J. J. Segers. "Research Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Microbiota in Dairy Products." In Microbial Cultures and Enzymes in Dairy Technology, 23–53. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5363-2.ch002.

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Microorganisms play important roles in dairy products. They can be a source of spoilage, or they promote health or cause diseases. In dairy fermentations, microorganisms are of great importance due to their function as starter cultures and during the production process of dairy products. In order to better understand and improve the process, it is essential to identify the species that are involved and to monitor the development of microbial communities. There are several different approaches for the detection and analysis of the microbiota. The methods can be culture dependent and, for example, make use of morphological and physiological characters or DNA sequencing. Culture-independent methods include direct PCR and qPCR, but also electrophoresis-based profiling techniques as well as metagenomics. Descriptions of relevant methods are provided and their applications are discussed in this chapter.
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Hoof, Florian. "Introduction." In Angels of Efficiency, translated by Daniel Fairfax, 1–25. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190886363.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter establishes the book’s goal of recovering the media history of consulting and determining what the global growth of consulting knowledge can tell us about the modern world. The time span of the investigation, from 1880 to 1930, covers three parallel developments, which lead to a fundamental transformation of industrial knowledge structures. First, there is the constitution of an independent form of managerial activity in industry. Second, there is the establishment of the field of corporate consulting. Third, there is the emergence of a series of visualization techniques after 1880, which are at the disposal of the first two spheres, management and corporate consulting. These three tropes lead to a new form of visual management that follows from oral and written forms of management. The introduction describes the interdisciplinary approach the author adopts to trace the visual culture and historical epistemology of business consulting and consulting knowledge between media and business history and theory.
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Pennisi, Giuseppina, Alessandro Pistillo, Elisa Appolloni, Francesco Orsini, and Giorgio Gianquinto. "Advanced hydroponics design for plant cultivation in cities." In Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science, 303–20. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2020.0076.13.

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The growth of the world urban population altogether with the detrimental effects of climate change and resource scarcity are currently exerting extreme pressure on our food systems. Innovation in vegetable crop production is being driven by plant cultivation technologies that are independent of soil fertility and availability, highly efficient in the use of water and mineral nutrients and adapted to protected environments with resilience to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Soilless culture systems (SCS) are most suited to tackle these challenges, and in recent years their innovation has mainly targeted the adaptation of the growing techniques developed in traditional commercial greenhouse systems into advanced hydroponic designs fitted to diverse urban environments. This chapter describes the most recent innovations in SCS for plant cultivation within urban settings. These include rooftop farms and cultivation inside buildings through the use of artificial lighting. Finally, the chapter looks ahead to future research trends in this area.
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"Research Methodology, Questionnaire, Sampling, Data Analysis Techniques." In Organizational Culture and Achieving Business Excellence, 62–70. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8413-1.ch004.

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The previous chapter developed the research model and hypotheses. This chapter now explains the methodology. It gives more information on the research variables, including the independent, dependent, and moderator variables, and discusses the research sample size and sampling frame, together with the justification for choice of sampling technique. It describes the pilot study and reports on the reliability of the scales chosen. It explains the data collection procedure for the main study, including activities related to the administration of the research questionnaire and communication with the target companies, and provides details of the number of responses received from each company and the response rate. It also covers ethical considerations, including the actions taken to maintain the respondents' anonymity and protect data from unauthorized use.
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"Fluorescent antibody techniques have allowed for the direct identification and enumeration of individual bacteria in environmental samples without requiring prior growth in culture media (Bahlool and Schmidt 1980, Cloete and Steyn 1988, Macario et al. 1989). The technique involves the use of specific antibodies raised against surface markers of defined pure cultures that are either labelled directly with fluorescent dye molecules or via a fluorescent secondary antibody. This approach has yielded important insights into the spatial distribution of microorganisms, but it suffers from a number of disadvantages. For example, expression of the antigen may be influenced by environmental factors; false-positive and false-negative results may be obtained due to cross-reactivity or lack of reaction; non-specific binding of antibodies may result in high levels of background fluorescence; and production of specific antibodies requires a pure culture of the organism of interest (Cloete and de Bruyn Various recombinant DNA techniques have subsequently been developed that are independent of cultivation methods (Fig. 1). These techniques provide ways of detecting and quantifying specific phylogenetic groups of microbes on 16S rDNA sequences, and relevant structural genes provide ways of monitoring microbial populations of environmental and industrial systems. In addition to these tools, a number of emerging technologies such as the use of biomarker genes are being increasingly used to monitor with great precision and accuracy the behaviour of microbes in the environment." In Recent Advances in Marine Biotechnology, Vol. 8, 218–19. CRC Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482279986-12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Culture-independent techniques"

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Poliyevskiy, Sergey, Galina Yamaletdinova, Elena Tsoy, and Olga Grigorieva. "Health Code as Methodological Basis of Athlete Students Self-Recovery." In The Public/Private in Modern Civilization, the 22nd Russian Scientific-Practical Conference (with international participation) (Yekaterinburg, April 16-17, 2020). Liberal Arts University – University for Humanities, Yekaterinburg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35853/ufh-public/private-2020-73.

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Abstract:
The importance of independent recreational practice for student-athletes is increasing in today’s environment. Therefore, it’s appropriate to prepare relevant recommendations for students undergoing heavy physical loads. The study was mainly aimed at the elaboration of the content of the Health Code for athlete students to render it as a component and method of implementing a self-health system. The theoretical and empirical methods applied during the implementation of the study were as follows: theoretic-comparative analysis, summarisation of relevant data from scientific-methodological publications on physiology, physical culture and sports, oriental medicine, observations, tests, mathematical statistics methods. The study used systemic and axiological approaches of a general scientific level of methodology. The Student-Athlete Health Code consists of recommendations for selecting the means of restoring performance and improving the functional state of the student-athlete body during an educational and training day. This is a set of personal health improvement rules prepared on the basis of modern scientifically reasoned data on hygiene and valeology. The Code’s programme material includes paramedical signs of the optimal functional condition and premorbid status; the authors’ recommendations on wellness devices, health monitoring tests and immune resistance; a brief description of wellness techniques, methods and recipes; express methods of reflexology and minimisation of fatigue and immunity stimulation; illustrative wellness informative tips and recommended literature. The solutions were tested in the educational and training process of students at the Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sport, Youth and Tourism, where 91.57 % of respondents mentioned benefits in their personal health after having followed the recommendations presented in the Health Code.
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