Relevant bibliographies by topics / Culture of human norovirus

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Academic literature on the topic 'Culture of human norovirus'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Culture of human norovirus"

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Bartnicki, Eric, Juliana Bragazzi Cunha, Abimbola O. Kolawole, and Christiane E. Wobus. "Recent advances in understanding noroviruses." F1000Research 6 (January 26, 2017): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10081.1.

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Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. An individual living in the United States is estimated to develop norovirus infection five times in his or her lifetime. Despite this, there is currently no antiviral or vaccine to combat the infection, in large part because of the historical lack of cell culture and small animal models. However, the last few years of norovirus research were marked by a number of ground-breaking advances that have overcome technical barriers and uncovered novel aspects of norovirus biology. Foremost among them was the development of two different in vitro culture systems for human noroviruses. Underappreciated was the notion that noroviruses infect cells of the immune system as well as epithelial cells within the gastrointestinal tract and that human norovirus infection of enterocytes requires or is promoted by the presence of bile acids. Furthermore, two proteinaceous receptors are now recognized for murine norovirus, marking the first discovery of a functional receptor for any norovirus. Recent work further points to a role for certain bacteria, including those found in the gut microbiome, as potential modulators of norovirus infection in the host, emphasizing the importance of interactions with organisms from other kingdoms of life for viral pathogenesis. Lastly, we will highlight the adaptation of drop-based microfluidics to norovirus research, as this technology has the potential to reveal novel insights into virus evolution. This review aims to summarize these new findings while also including possible future directions.
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Thorne, Lucy G., and Ian G. Goodfellow. "Norovirus gene expression and replication." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 2 (2014): 278–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.059634-0.

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Noroviruses are small, positive-sense RNA viruses within the family Caliciviridae, and are now accepted widely as a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in both developed and developing countries. Despite their impact, our understanding of the life cycle of noroviruses has lagged behind that of other RNA viruses due to the inability to culture human noroviruses (HuNVs). Our knowledge of norovirus biology has improved significantly over the past decade as a result of numerous technological advances. The use of a HuNV replicon, improved biochemical and cell-based assays, combined with the discovery of a murine norovirus capable of replication in cell culture, has improved greatly our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of norovirus genome translation and replication, as well as the interaction with host cell processes. In this review, the current state of knowledge of the intracellular life of noroviruses is discussed with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of viral gene expression and viral genome replication.
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Liu, Guangliang, Shannon M. Kahan, Yali Jia, and Stephanie M. Karst. "Primary High-Dose Murine Norovirus 1 Infection Fails To Protect from Secondary Challenge with Homologous Virus." Journal of Virology 83, no. 13 (2009): 6963–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00284-09.

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ABSTRACT Human noroviruses in the Caliciviridae family are the major cause of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Primary human norovirus infection does not elicit lasting protective immunity, a fact that could greatly affect the efficacy of vaccination strategies. Little is known regarding the pathogenesis of human noroviruses or the immune responses that control them because there has previously been no small-animal model or cell culture system of infection. Using the only available small-animal model of norovirus infection, we found that primary high-dose murine norovirus 1 (MNV-1) infection fails to afford protection against a rechallenge with a homologous virus. Thus, MNV-1 represents a valuable model with which to dissect the pathophysiological basis for the lack of lasting protection against human norovirus infection. Interestingly, the magnitude of protection afforded by a primary MNV-1 infection inversely correlates with the inoculum dose. Future studies will elucidate the mechanisms by which noroviruses avoid the induction of protective immunity and the role played by the inoculum dose in this process, ultimately translating this knowledge into successful vaccination approaches.
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Jones, Melissa K., Katrina R. Grau, Veronica Costantini, et al. "Human norovirus culture in B cells." Nature Protocols 10, no. 12 (2015): 1939–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2015.121.

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Haga, Kei, Akira Fujimoto, Reiko Takai-Todaka, et al. "Functional receptor molecules CD300lf and CD300ld within the CD300 family enable murine noroviruses to infect cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 41 (2016): E6248—E6255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605575113.

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Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Since the discovery of human norovirus (HuNoV), an efficient and reproducible norovirus replication system has not been established in cultured cells. Although limited amounts of virus particles can be produced when the HuNoV genome is directly transfected into cells, the HuNoV cycle of infection has not been successfully reproduced in any currently available cell-culture system. Those results imply that the identification of a functional cell-surface receptor for norovirus might be the key to establishing a norovirus culture system. Using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 guide RNA library, we identified murine CD300lf and CD300ld as functional receptors for murine norovirus (MNV). The treatment of susceptible cells with polyclonal antibody against CD300lf significantly reduced the production of viral progeny. Additionally, ectopic CD300lf expression in nonsusceptible cell lines derived from other animal species enabled MNV infection and progeny production, suggesting that CD300lf has potential for dictating MNV host tropism. Furthermore, CD300ld, which has an amino acid sequence in the N-terminal region of its extracellular domain that is highly homologous to that of CD300lf, also functions as a receptor for MNV. Our results indicate that direct interaction of MNV with two cell-surface molecules, CD300lf and CD300ld, dictates permissive noroviral infection.
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Bhar, Sutonuka, and Melissa K. Jones. "In Vitro Replication of Human Norovirus." Viruses 11, no. 6 (2019): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060547.

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Human norovirus (HuNoV) infection is a major cause of gastroenteritis all over the world. Despite this, these non-enveloped RNA viruses are poorly characterized due to the lack of robust and widely available HuNoV culture systems. The two published systems (B cell line and stem cell-derived enteroids) support replication of HuNoVs but the levels of replication are not sufficient for the generation of highly purified virus stocks or the development of culture-based quantification assays. Therefore, improvement of HuNoV in vitro replication is still needed. Murine norovirus and other caliciviruses have provided insights into norovirus replication that paved the way for the development of the current HuNoV culture systems and may also aid in the improvement of these systems. This review will highlight ways in which previous research guided and impacted the development of HuNoV culture systems and discuss ways in which more recent discoveries might be utilized to improve the quality of the HuNoV in vitro replication.
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Vashist, Surender, Luis Urena, Mariam B. Gonzalez-Hernandez, et al. "Molecular Chaperone Hsp90 Is a Therapeutic Target for Noroviruses." Journal of Virology 89, no. 12 (2015): 6352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00315-15.

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ABSTRACTHuman noroviruses (HuNoV) are a significant cause of acute gastroenteritis in the developed world, and yet our understanding of the molecular pathways involved in norovirus replication and pathogenesis has been limited by the inability to efficiently culture these viruses in the laboratory. Using the murine norovirus (MNV) model, we have recently identified a network of host factors that interact with the 5′ and 3′ extremities of the norovirus RNA genome. In addition to a number of well-known cellular RNA binding proteins, the molecular chaperone Hsp90 was identified as a component of the ribonucleoprotein complex. Here, we show that the inhibition of Hsp90 activity negatively impacts norovirus replication in cell culture. Small-molecule-mediated inhibition of Hsp90 activity using 17-DMAG (17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) revealed that Hsp90 plays a pleiotropic role in the norovirus life cycle but that the stability of the viral capsid protein is integrally linked to Hsp90 activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both the MNV-1 and the HuNoV capsid proteins require Hsp90 activity for their stability and that targeting Hsp90in vivocan significantly reduce virus replication. In summary, we demonstrate that targeting cellular proteostasis can inhibit norovirus replication, identifying a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of norovirus infections.IMPORTANCEHuNoV are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis around the world. RNA viruses, including noroviruses, rely heavily on host cell proteins and pathways for all aspects of their life cycle. Here, we identify one such protein, the molecular chaperone Hsp90, as an important factor required during the norovirus life cycle. We demonstrate that both murine and human noroviruses require the activity of Hsp90 for the stability of their capsid proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that targeting Hsp90 activityin vivousing small molecule inhibitors also reduces infectious virus production. Given the considerable interest in the development of Hsp90 inhibitors for use in cancer therapeutics, we identify here a new target that could be explored for the development of antiviral strategies to control norovirus outbreaks and treat chronic norovirus infection in immunosuppressed patients.
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Chaudhry, Yasmin, Michael A. Skinner, and Ian G. Goodfellow. "Recovery of genetically defined murine norovirus in tissue culture by using a fowlpox virus expressing T7 RNA polymerase." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 8 (2007): 2091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82940-0.

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Despite the significant disease burden caused by human norovirus infection, an efficient tissue-culture system for these viruses remains elusive. Murine norovirus (MNV) is an ideal surrogate for the study of norovirus biology, as the virus replicates efficiently in tissue culture and a low-cost animal model is readily available. In this report, a reverse-genetics system for MNV is described, using a fowlpox virus (FWPV) recombinant expressing T7 RNA polymerase to recover genetically defined MNV in tissue culture for the first time. These studies demonstrated that approaches that have proved successful for other members of the family Caliciviridae failed to lead to recovery of MNV. This was due to our observation that vaccinia virus infection had a negative effect on MNV replication. In contrast, FWPV infection had no deleterious effect and allowed the recovery of infectious MNV from cells previously transfected with MNV cDNA constructs. These studies also indicated that the nature of the 3′-terminal nucleotide is critical for efficient virus recovery and that inclusion of a hepatitis delta virus ribozyme at the 3′ end can increase the efficiency with which virus is recovered. This system now allows the recovery of genetically defined noroviruses and will facilitate the analysis of the effects of genetic variation on norovirus pathogenesis.
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Straub, Timothy M., Rachel A. Bartholomew, Catherine O. Valdez, et al. "Human norovirus infection of Caco-2 cells grown as a three-dimensional tissue structure." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 2 (2010): 225–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.106.

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Human norovirus (hNoV) infectivity was studied using a three-dimensional model of large intestinal epithelium. Large intestine Caco-2 cells were grown in rotating wall vessel bioreactors for 18–21 days at 37°C and then transferred to 24-well tissue culture plates where they were infected with GI.1 and GII.4 human noroviruses collected from human challenge trials and various outbreak settings, respectively. Compared with uninfected cells, transmission micrographs of norovirus-infected cells displayed evidence of shortening or total loss of apical microvilli, and vacuolization. Quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated an approximate 2–3 log10 increase in viral RNA copies for the infected cells. A passage experiment examined both the ability for continued viral RNA and viral antigen detection. In the passaged samples 1.01 × 106 copies ml−1 were detected by qRT-PCR. Immune electron microscopy using primary antibody to hNoV GI.1 capsids in conjunction with 6 nm gold-labelled secondary antibodies was performed on crude cellular lysates. Localization of antibody was observed in infected but not for uninfected cells. Our present findings, coupled with earlier work with the three-dimensional small intestinal INT407 model, demonstrate the utility of 3-D cell culture methods to develop infectivity assays for enteric viruses that do not readily infect mammalian cell cultures.
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Estes, Mary K., Khalil Ettayebi, Victoria R. Tenge, et al. "Human Norovirus Cultivation in Nontransformed Stem Cell-Derived Human Intestinal Enteroid Cultures: Success and Challenges." Viruses 11, no. 7 (2019): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070638.

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Noroviruses, in the genus Norovirus, are a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis in humans and animals. For almost 50 years, the lack of a cultivation system for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) was a major barrier to understanding virus biology and the development of effective antiviral strategies. This review presents a historical perspective of the development of a cultivation system for HuNoVs in human intestinal epithelial cell cultures. Successful cultivation was based on the discovery of genetically-encoded host factors required for infection, knowledge of the site of infection in humans, and advances in the cultivation of human intestinal epithelial cells achieved by developmental and stem cell biologists. The human stem cell-derived enteroid cultivation system recapitulates the multicellular, physiologically active human intestinal epithelium, and allows studies of virus-specific replication requirements, evaluation of human host-pathogen interactions, and supports the pre-clinical assessment of methods to prevent and treat HuNoV infections.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Culture of human norovirus"

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Lu, Jia. "Norovirus translation and replication." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/278610.

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Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite the significant disease and economic burden, currently there are no licensed vaccines or antivirals. The understanding of norovirus biology has been hampered by the inability to cultivate HuNoV in cell culture. To establish a tissue culture system, infectious HuNoVs were purified from clinical stool samples. HuNoV replication was tested in different cell types. The B-cell and intestinal organoids culture systems were validated. In addition, using organoids culture a DNA-based reverse genetic system was shown to recover infectious HuNoV. Due to the challenges associated with cultivating HuNoV, murine norovirus (MNV) was used as a surrogate system to understand the role of eIF4E phosphorylation in norovirus pathogenesis, and VP1-RdRp interaction in regulating viral genome replication. MNV infection results in the phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF4E, re-programming host-cell translation during infection. Inhibiting eIF4E phosphorylation reduces MNV replication in cell culture suggesting a role in viral replication. A mouse model with eIF4E S209A, a phosphor-ablative mutation, was established to understand the role of eIF4E phosphorylation in MNV pathogenesis. In vitro and in vivo characterisations demonstrated that eIF4E phosphorylation may have multiple roles in norovirus-host interactions, but overall has little impact on MNV pathogenesis. The shell domain (SD) of norovirus major capsid protein VP1 interacts with viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in a genogroup-specific manner to enhance de novo initiation of RdRp, and to promote negative-strand RNA synthesis. To understand how VP1 regulates norovirus genome replication, chimeric MNVs with genogroup-specific residues mutagenised were characterised in vitro and in vivo. A single amino acid mutation was shown to destabilise viral capsid. SDs with reduced VP1-RdRp interaction showed less capacity to stimulate RdRp, resulting in delayed virus replication. In vivo, the replication of an MNV-3 with homologous mutations was abolished, highlighting the crucial role of this interaction.
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Vildevall, Malin. "The Norovirus Puzzle : Characterization of human and bovine norovirus susceptibility patterns." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Molekylär virologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-68386.

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Winter vomiting disease is caused by norovirus (NoV) and affects millions of people every year resulting in 200.000 deaths among children in developing countries. It was observed early that not all individuals exposed to the norovirus became ill. The reason for this is now recognized to be dependent upon the secretor status of an individual. The secretor status determines the ability of an individual to express histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) on mucosa and in saliva. A non-secretor is unable to express HBGAs due to a mutation in a gene called FUT2. In this thesis, I have investigated the antibody prevalence and titer in humans in Sweden and Nicaragua to the most common GII NoV and the correlation to secretor status, Lewis status and ABO. I found that secretors had significantly higher antibody prevalence and titer to GII NoV than non-secretors suggesting that non-secretors are less prone to be infected by the GII NoV. In Nicaragua, I also found several different NoV strains circulating at the same time. The NoVs have been circulating and evolving in the human population for some time and the same individuals seems to be infected over and over again with the same virus. This suggests that there is no long-term immunity present but possibly short-term immunity, which would make it very difficult to produce a vaccine against NoV. However, recent studies have shown the possibility of using virus like particles as a vaccine candidate and have demonstrated long-term immunity. The bovine NoV (boNoV) cause gastroenteritis in cattle and are closely related to the human NoV. The possibility of zoonotic transfer to humans is currently being investigated. I found that 26% of Swedish blood donors have antibodies to the boNoV suggesting that they have been exposed to the virus. The human NoV has been observed to be able to infect and cause disease in cattle, could the boNoV do the same in humans? To date, no boNoV strain has been found in humans. The proposed receptor structure for boNoV is the αGal epitope, which is present in many mammals like cow, pig, horse, sheep and rabbit but not in humans. This indicates that humans are not at risk for boNoV infection because we lack the proper receptor structure. However, recombinations between different NoV strains have been demonstrated and the possibility of more than one receptor being present has been suggested. I found that aa position 365-379 on the boNoV capsid seems to be important for binding to erythrocytes. In this thesis, I hope to add some new pieces to the Norovirus Puzzle.
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Dias, e. Souza Menira B. L. "Immune responses to human norovirus and human norovirus virus-like particles in gnotobiotic pigs and calves." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179879281.

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Jordan, lozano José. "Transmissions indirectes via l’environnement de pathogènes impliquées dans les gastroentérites aiguës de l’Homme à/autour de Bogotá (Colombie) Contamination of water, leafyvegetables and air by human enteric pathogens (GI and GII noroviruses, rotavirus type A, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Cryptosporidium spp.) in the suburb of Bogotá (Colombia) Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of Norovirus infection." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0359.

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Les gastroentérites aiguës affectent chaque année entre un quart et la moitié des personnes dans le Monde. Elles sont causes de morbidité, de mortalité et de coûts de santé importants. Leur transmission directe ou indirecte via l’eau, les aliments, l’air ou les surfaces inertes dépend de leur étiologie (virale, bactérienne ou parasitaire) et du contexte local. Bogotá et sa région présentent plusieurs spécificités : des eaux usées rejetées en rivière souvent sans ou après seulement un traitement primaire, la mise en décharge des papiers toilettes, couches et protections souillés par les excréments, et une consommation de fruits et légumes faible et limitée à des produits bon marché irrigués par des eaux pouvant être contaminées fécalement. Notre thèse visait à évaluer les flux de certains pathogènes entériques de l’Homme dans l’environnement à proximité de Bogotá et à essayer de relier ces flux à la santé de la population.La thèse a associé trois contributions. Premièrement, une méthode de culture du norovirus humain a été mise au point en utilisant des villosités intestinales isolées de souris comme modèle cellulaire présentant toute la diversité des cellules épithéliales intestinales. Plusieurs concentrations en trypsine ont été testées pour activer les norovirus ; la méthode a été appliquée à des échantillons fécaux et environnementaux. Deuxièmement, les contaminations en E. coli et en pathogènes entériques de l’Homme ont été suivies dans des eaux (lixiviat de décharge, eau de ruissellement, rivière, eau d’irrigation, eau potable), des légumes-feuilles mangés crus (blettes) et l'air (au-dessus d’une décharge, en zone rurale, en zone urbaine) dans la région de Bogotá. Troisièmement, l’impact des contextes socioéconomiques et des pratiques individuelles (alimentation, hygiène et santé) sur les cas de gastroentérites aiguës a été testé à partir d’enquêtes réalisées dans un district de Bogotá et analysées par divers outils (analyse en composante principale, modélisation …).Nous avons montré que les villosités intestinales isolées de souris permettent l'infection et la réplication du norovirus humain. Le virus doit être activé avec de la trypsine et a un cycle réplicatif moyen de 10 h. Les villosités sont efficaces pour obtenir un matériel biologique abondant et sont idéales pour étudier l'activité biologique du norovirus ou générer des anticorps. Elles ont permis de voir des norovirus non détectés par méthode moléculaire dans certains excréments ou échantillons environnementaux ; les échantillons positifs par méthode moléculaire ou en immunodot-blot contenaient quasiment tous des norovirus infectieux. Au niveau régional, les rejets d'eaux usées dans les rivières Bogotá et Balsillas et dans le marais Tres Esquinas contaminent le réseau d'irrigation de La Ramada au nord-ouest de Bogotá en E. coli et potentiellement en pathogènes entériques de l’Homme. Les blettes récoltées dans cette zone étaient fortement contaminées, en contraste d’autres zones de culture. Leur contamination évoluait de leur production à leur achat dans les commerces de proximité, les lavages pouvant être contaminants ou décontaminants, les manipulations sur l’étal des marchands étant contaminantes. L’air était souvent contaminé par E. coli et par Shigella spp., sans pouvoir attribuer à la décharge Doña Juana un rôle particulier. La présence de Shigella spp. était observée parallèlement dans plus de la moitié des selles des personnes diarrhéiques. Les enquêtes réalisées ont montré que la fréquence annuelle des gastroentérites aiguës diminuait avec l’accroissement de l’âge des personnes ; elle semblait plus faible dans les foyers avec personnes âgées, peut-être en lien avec des pratiques plus strictes en matière d’hygiène, alimentaire notamment
Acute gastroenteritis affect between a quarter and a half of people in the World each year. They are responsible for significant morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs. Their direct or indirect transmissions via water, food, air or inert surfaces depend on their aetiology (viral, bacterial or parasitic) and the local context. Bogotá and its region have several specificities: wastewater are often discharged into rivers without or after primary treatment only, the deposit in landfill of toilet papers and diapers soiled by excrement, and the low consumption of fruits and vegetables largely restricted to a handful of relatively cheap products that may be irrigated by surface freshwaters heavily contaminated with faeces. Our PhD aimed to assess the fluxes of some human enteric pathogens in the region of Bogotá and to try to relate these fluxes to the population health. The PhD combined three contributions. First, a method for culturing the human norovirus has been developed using isolated mouse intestinal villi as a cell model exhibiting the full diversity of intestinal epithelial cells. Several concentrations of trypsin were tested to activate noroviruses; the method was applied to faecal and environmental samples. Second, contamination with E. coli and some human enteric pathogens was monitored in water (landfill leachate, runoff water, river, irrigation water, drinking water), leafy vegetables eaten raw (chards) and air (above a landfill, in rural areas, in urban areas) in the Bogotá region. Third, the impact of socioeconomic contexts and individual practices (food, hygiene and health) on cases of acute gastroenteritis was assessed from surveys carried out in one district of Bogotá and analysed by various tools (principal component analysis, modelling …). We have shown that mouse isolated intestinal villi allow the infection and replication of human norovirus. The virus has to be activated with trypsin and has an average replicative cycle of 10 h. Villi are efficient in obtaining abundant biological material and are ideal for studying the biological activity of norovirus or for generating antibodies. They made it possible to see infectious noroviruses not detected by molecular method in several faeces and environmental samples; almost all samples positive by molecular method or immunodot-blot contain infectious noroviruses. At the regional level, the discharges of wastewater in the Bogotá and Balsillas rivers and in Tres Esquinas march contaminate the irrigation network of La Ramada area in the northwest of Bogotá with E. coli and potentially human enteric pathogens. Chards harvested in this area were heavily contaminated, in contrast to other growing areas. Their contamination evolved from their production to their purchase in nearby stores, washings increasing or decreasing their contamination, and handling on the merchant's stalls increasing contamination. The air was often contaminated with E. coli and Shigella spp.; it was not possible to detect a particular contribution of the Doña Juana landfill in pathogen aerosolization. The presence of Shigella spp. was observed in parallel in more than half of the stools of people with diarrhoea. Surveys have shown that the annual frequency of acute gastroenteritis decreases with increasing age; it seemed less common in households with elderly people, possibly due to stricter food hygiene practices. A transmission model of acute gastroenteritis distinguishing contamination from outside the households and contaminations between people in the same households did not show significant differences between neighbourhoods. Used to simulate numerical experiments, it suggests working on much higher numbers of surveys
La gastroenteritis aguda afecta entre una cuarta parte y la mitad de las personas en el mundo cada año. Son responsables de importantes costos de morbilidad, mortalidad y asistencia sanitaria. Sus transmisiones directas o indirectas a través del agua, alimentos, aire o superficies inertes dependen de su etiología (viral, bacteriana o parasitaria) y del contexto local. Bogotá y su región aledaña tienen varias especificidades: las aguas residuales a menudo se vierten a los ríos sin o solo después de un tratamiento primario, el depósito de papel higiénico y pañales sucios con excrementos son dispuestos generalmente en un relleno sanitario, y el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras restringido en gran medida a un puñado de productos relativamente baratos pueden ser irrigados por aguas dulces superficiales muy contaminadas con excrementos. Nuestra tesis doctoral tuvo como objetivo evaluar los flujos de algunos patógenos entéricos humanos en la región de Bogotá y tratar de relacionar estos flujos con la salud de la población. El doctorado combinó tres contribuciones. En primer lugar, se desarrolló un método para cultivar el norovirus humano utilizando vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón como modelo celular que exhibe la diversidad completa de células epiteliales intestinales. Se probaron varias concentraciones de tripsina para activar norovirus; el método se aplicó a muestras fecales y ambientales. En segundo lugar, se evidenció la contaminación de E. coli y patógenos entéricos humanos en el agua (lixiviados de vertedero, agua de escorrentía, río, agua de riego, agua potable), vegetales de hoja que se comen crudos (acelgas) y aire (sobre un vertedero sanitario, así como en áreas rurales y urbanas) en la región de Bogotá. En tercer lugar, se evaluó el impacto de los contextos socioeconómicos y las prácticas individuales (alimentación, higiene y salud) frente a los casos de gastroenteritis aguda a partir de encuestas realizadas en una localidad de Bogotá y analizadas mediante diversas herramientas (análisis de componentes principales, modelización…). Con este doctorado, hemos demostrado que las vellosidades intestinales aisladas de ratón permiten la infección y la replicación del norovirus humano. El virus debe activarse con tripsina y tiene un ciclo replicativo promedio de 10 h. Las vellosidades son eficaces para obtener abundante material biológico y son ideales para estudiar la actividad biológica de los norovirus o para generar anticuerpos. Ellas permitieron ver norovirus infecciosos no detectados por método molecular en varias heces y muestras ambientales; casi todas las muestras positivas por método molecular o inmunodot-blot contienían norovirus infecciosos. A nivel regional, los vertidos de aguas residuales en los ríos Bogotá y Balsillas y en el humedal Tres Esquinas contaminan la red de riego La Ramada en el noroeste de Bogotá con E. coli y potencialmete con patógenos entéricos humanos. Las acelgas recolectadas en esta área resultaron muy contaminadas, a diferencia de otras áreas de cultivo. Su contaminación evolucionó desde la producción hasta su compra en las tiendas cercanas, los lavados aumentaron o disminuyeron su contaminación y la manipulación en los puestos de comercio aumentaron la contaminación. El aire a menudo estaba contaminado con E. coli y Shigella spp., sin poder atribuir al relleno sanitario Doña Juana un rol particular. A su vez la presencia de Shigella spp. se observó en paralelo en más de la mitad de las deposiciones de personas con diarrea. Las encuestas demostraron que la frecuencia anual de gastroenteritis aguda disminuye respecto al aumento en edad; parecía menos común en hogares con personas mayores, posiblemente debido a prácticas de higiene alimentaria más estrictas. Un modelo de transmisión de gastroenteritis aguda que distinguió la contaminación fuera de los hogares y las contaminaciones entre personas dentro de los mismos hogares no mostró diferencias significativas entre vecindarios
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Cheetham, Sonia Maria. "Pathogenesis of human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149018306.

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DiCaprio, Erin L. "Internalization and Dissemination of Human Norovirus and Animal Caliciviruses in Fresh Produce and Non-thermal Processes to Inactivate Human Norovirus." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429531038.

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Yeap, Jia Wei. "Inactivation of a Human Norovirus Surrogate by Chlorine Dioxide Gas and Prediction of Human Norovirus Contamination by a Fecal Indicator System." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366640143.

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Ma, Yuanmei. "Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as a Vector to Deliver Virus-Like Particles of Human Norovirus| A New Live Vectored Vaccine for Human Norovirus." Thesis, The Ohio State University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3710293.

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Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Despite the significant health, emotional, and economic burden caused by human NoV, there are no vaccines or therapeutic interventions for this virus. This is due in major part to the lack of a cell culture system and an animal model for human NoV infection.

Thus, a vector-based vaccine may be ideal for controlling this disease. The major capsid gene (VP1) of a human NoV was inserted into the VSV genome at the glycoprotein (G) and large (L) polymerase gene junction. Recombinant VSV expressing VP1 protein (rVSV-VP1) was recovered from an infectious cDNA clone of VSV. Expression of the capsid protein by VSV resulted in the formation of human NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically and antigenically identical to the native virions. Recombinant rVSV-VP1 was attenuated in cultured mammalian cells as well as in mice. Mice inoculated with a single dose of rVSV-VP1 stimulated a significantly stronger humoral and cellular immune response compared to baculovirus-expressed VLP vaccination. These results demonstrated that that the VSV-based human NoV vaccine induced strong humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity in a mouse model.

To further improve the safety and efficacy of the VSV-based human NoV vaccine, the gene for the 72kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) was inserted into rVSV and rVSV-VP1 vectors as an adjuvant, which resulted in construction of recombinant VSV expressing HSP70 (rVSV-HSP70) and VSV co-expressing human NoV VP1 protein and HSP70 (rVSV-HPS70-VP1), respectively. At the same inoculation dose, both rVSV-HSP70-VP1 and rVSV-VP1 triggered similar levels of specific immunity, even though VP1 expression by rVSV-HSP70-VP1 was approximately five-fold less than that of rVSV-VP1. To compensate for the reduced VP1 expression levels, the inoculation dose of rVSV-HSP70-VP1 was increased five-fold or same dosage of rVSV-VP1 and rVSV-HSP70 was combined vaccinated. Mice immunized with five does of rVSV-HSP70-VP1 or those receiving combined vaccination generated significantly higher mucosal and/or T cell immunity than those immunized with rVSV-VP1 alone (P<0.05). Therefore, this data indicates that insertion of HSP70 into the VSV vector further attenuates the VSV-based vaccine and HSP70 enhances the human NoV-specific immunities.

To determine whether the VSV-based human NoV vaccine confers protection from human NoV challenge, a gnotobiotic pig model was developed. Newborn gnotobiotic piglets vaccinated intranasally with rVSV-based vaccine (rVSV-VP1) produced high levels of specific serum IgG and fecal and vaginal IgA antibody. Three weeks after vaccination, piglets were orally challenged with human NoV. All three piglets in the unvaccinated challenged group developed histopathologic lesions typical of human NoV infection in the duodenum and proximal jejunum on day 5 post-challenge. However, only one of five vaccinated piglets exhibited focal epithelium loss and villous atrophy, and mild edema in the small intestines. Immunofluorescent assay showed that a large amount of human NoV antigens were detected in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of the challenge control group but not vaccinated group. These results demonstrate that the rVSV-based human NoV vaccine triggered partially protective immunity in swine and protected gnotobiotic pigs from challenge by human NoV.

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Ma, Yuanmei. "Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as a Vector to Deliver Virus-Like Particles of Human Norovirus: A New Live Vectored Vaccine for Human Norovirus." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1357303520.

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Chiu, Stephanie. "Efficacy of common disinfectant/cleaning agents in inactivating murine norovirus and feline calicivirus as surrogate viruses for human norovirus." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44029.

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Background/Objectives: Norovirus, a major cause of foodborne gastrointestinal infection, cannot be propagated in cell culture. Limited information exists on the effectiveness of disinfectants and cleaning agents. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of common types of disinfectants/cleaning agents used in health care facilities in British Columbia on surrogate viruses, murine norovirus (MNV-1) and feline calicivirus (FCV). Sodium hypochlorite, accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) and a quaternary ammonium compound (QUAT) were assessed. Methods: A virus suspension of known concentration (with or without a soil load) was deposited onto stainless steel discs under wet or dry load conditions and exposed to defined concentrations of the disinfectant/cleaning agent for 1, 5 or 10 minute contact time using the quantitative carrier test (QCT-2) method. Virus inactivation was determined by plaque assay. Results: Sodium hypochlorite at 1350 ppm inactivated MNV-1 after 5 minutes with a ~5.5 to 6.5 log₁₀ reduction, whereas it took twice as long to inactivate the FCV with ~4.6 to 5.6 log₁₀ reduction. After 5 minutes, 2700 ppm of sodium hypochlorite was able to inactivate MNV-1 and FCV. Accel at 35000 ppm AHP inactivated MNV-1 after 10 minutes with a ~5.6 to 6.5 log₁₀ reduction, whereas at 3500 ppm, FCV was inactivated by a ~5 log₁₀ reduction. CaviCide at 2800 ppm QUAT and Virox 5 at 5000 ppm AHP were unable to inactivate MNV-1. T³6 at 2000 ppm QUAT and 70 % ethanol was effective in inactivating MNV-1 with a >6 log₁₀ reduction after 5 minutes, but only resulted in a <3 log₁₀ reduction of FCV after 10 minutes. Conclusions: The results have demonstrated that sodium hypochlorite at 1350 ppm after 10 minutes or 2700 ppm at shorter contact times of 5 minutes was more effective in reducing the viral load of both MNV-1 and FCV on stainless steel surfaces than ready-to-use AHP and QUAT products. Concentrated AHP products were only effective against MNV-1 when used at a concentration of 35000 ppm for 10 minutes. QUATs without ethanol were ineffective against both surrogate viruses and are therefore not indicated for disinfecting environmental surfaces contaminated with norovirus.
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Books on the topic "Culture of human norovirus"

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Human culture. Scribner, 1994.

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Masters, John R. W., and Bernhard Palsson, eds. Human Cell Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46861-1.

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Koller, Manfred R., Bernhard O. Palsson, and John R. W. Masters, eds. Human Cell Culture. Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46870-0.

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Masters, John R. W., and Bernhard Palsson, eds. Human Cell Culture. Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46872-7.

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Masters, John R. W., and Bernhard O. Palsson, eds. Human Cell Culture. Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46877-8.

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Koller, Manfred R., Bernhard O. Palsson, and John R. W. Masters, eds. Human Cell Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46886-7.

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Masters, John R., Bernhard O. Palsson, and James A. Thomson, eds. Human Cell Culture. Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5983-4.

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Human rights law, human rights culture. Published & distributed by Rex Book Store, 2014.

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Barclay, Harold B. Culture: The human way. Western Publishers, 1986.

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Benjamin, Kilborne, and Langness L. L. 1929-, eds. Culture and human nature. University of Chicago Press, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Culture of human norovirus"

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Jones, Melissa K., Shu Zhu, and Stephanie M. Karst. "EMERGING HUMAN NOROVIRUS INFECTIONS." In Viral Infections and Global Change. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118297469.ch28.

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Marcus, Aaron. "Culture Class Versus Culture Clash." In Human–Computer Interaction Series. Springer London, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6744-0_2.

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Han, Jinghe. "Culture Through Chinese Theorising: Human Transforming and Transforming Human." In Theorising Culture. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23880-3_2.

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Mothersill, Carmel. "Human Thyroid Culture." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:25.

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Mothersill, Carmel. "Human Esophageal Culture." In In Vitro Toxicity Testing Protocols. Humana Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-282-5:75.

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Segerdahl, Pär, William Fields, and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh. "Ambiguous Human Culture." In Kanzi's Primal Language. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230513389_3.

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Plewig, Gerd, and Albert M. Kligman. "Human Sebocyte Culture." In ACNE and ROSACEA. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59715-2_18.

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Ransburg, David, Wendy Sage-Hayward, and Amy M. Schuman. "Culture." In Human Resources in the Family Business. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137444271_3.

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Hultman, Ken. "Culture." In The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management. Pfeiffer: A Wiley Imprint, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364741.ch28.

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Govorushko, Sergey. "Insects in Culture." In Human–Insect Interactions. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315119915-12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Culture of human norovirus"

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Rong, Shaofeng, Yue Zhou, Mengya Niu, et al. "Functional evaluation of bacterial surface displayed P domain from human norovirus capsid proteins." In 2016 International Conference on Innovative Material Science and Technology (IMST 2016). Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/imst-16.2016.41.

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Oh, Je-Ho, and Chung-Kon Shi. "Interactive Human: Seen through Digital Art." In 2013 International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/culturecomputing.2013.58.

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Konsa, Kurmo. "TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE: ROADMAP TO POST-HUMAN ARTIFICIAL CULTURE." In 2nd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences and Arts SGEM2015. Stef92 Technology, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2015/b31/s8.018.

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Kubota, Yoshie, and Taro Tezuka. "Transformed Reality - Altering Human Perceptions by Computation." In 2013 International Conference on Culture and Computing (Culture Computing). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/culturecomputing.2013.15.

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Pyae, Aung, and Leigh Ellen Potter. "Does culture matter?" In OzCHI '17: 29th Australian Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152771.3156181.

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Linxen, Sebastian, Vincent Cassau, and Christian Sturm. "Culture and HCI." In Interacción '21: XXI International Conference on Human Computer Interaction. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3471391.3471421.

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Whiten, Andrew. "Human and pre-human culture and the evolution of language." In The Evolution of Language. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Evolution of Language (Evolang12). Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/3991-1.204.

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Rehm, Matthias, Maja J. Mataric, Bilge Mutlu, and Tatsuya Nomura. "Culture-aware robotics (CARs)." In HRI'14: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2559636.2560028.

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Shen, Solace, Hamish Tennent, Houston Claure, and Malte Jung. "My Telepresence, My Culture?" In CHI '18: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173625.

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Pachiyannakis, Alexandros Karim, Moussa Al Hajri, and Easa S. Al-Sarkal. "Improving HSE Culture Through The Human Element." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/111848-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Culture of human norovirus"

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Murrell, Emily. Organizational Culture Change Resulting From Human Resources Outsourcing. Portland State University Library, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.144.

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Woodbury, Stephen A. Culture, Human Capital, and the Earnings of West Indian Blacks. W.E. Upjohn Institute, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp93-20.

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Lemerande, Theodore J. Culture Beyond Counterinsurgency: Applying the Human Terrain System to Peace Operations. Defense Technical Information Center, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada546104.

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Peehl, Donna M. Development of a Novel Tissue slice Culture Model of Human Prostate Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada435857.

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Bachner, Katherine. Advanced Nuclear Security Culture Technical Exchange: Human Factors and Cultural Obstacles [PowerPoint]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1574911.

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Peehl, Donna M. Development of a Novel Tissue Slice Culture Model of Human Prostate Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada425981.

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Peehl, Donna M. Development of a Novel Tissue Slice Culture Model of Human Prostate Cancer. Defense Technical Information Center, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417612.

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Crone, Ronald. Materials and Fuels Complex Human Performance and Nuclear Safety Culture Pocket Guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1779704.

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OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ARLINGTON VA. Human Social Culture Behavior Modeling Program Newsletter. Volume 1. Issue 1, Spring 2009. Defense Technical Information Center, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada496310.

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Corbridge, Jen. Culture is a Language, Can't You Read: Reading Gay Rights as Human Rights. Portland State University Library, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.195.

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