Academic literature on the topic 'Culture sur buttes'

The aim of the work was the study of keeping probiotic properties of sour-milk butter with inclusion of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (La-5) monoculture. Flora Danica mesophile culture independently (FD); in combination with La-5 and La-5 independently were used for fermenting cream. The output consistence of culture in cream was 1×106 CFU/cm3. In autumn-winter and spring-summer period of the year four butter groups were prepared, they differed by temperature of cream fermentation: I group – (30±1) ºС; II – (37±1) ºС; III – stage regimes of combination of fermentation and physical maturing; IV group – introduction of cultures into oil kernel; the output concentration – 1·108 CFU/cm3. As to the features of summer and winter periods, in summer one cream fermentation is more active that is indicated by more number of cells of both microbial cultures. The best parameters of viable cells keeping were typical to the samples at FD+La-5 use and temperature of cream fermentation (30±1) ºС. Storage life of sour-cream butter with probiotic properties is 35 days at temperature 0…-5 ºС.

The dairy industry releases huge amounts of by-products. One of them is buttermilk, obtained during butter production. This by-product is characterized by high nutritional and technological value and is finding more and more applications in food production. This study aimed to produce and analyze the characteristics of quark cheese obtained entirely from buttermilk during 3-week refrigerated (4 ± 1 °C) storage. Four kinds of sour buttermilk were used: two from industrial butter production, and another two from butter production at laboratory scale. Laboratory buttermilk differs in the kind of starter culture used in the production. The evaluation of cheese quality properties included physicochemical analyses, texture measurement, and sensory assessment. The results showed that the kind of buttermilk used in production influences the acidity, total solids, textural characteristics, and fat content of the obtained quark cheeses. All obtained cheeses had very high sensory quality throughout the storage period. The study indicates that buttermilk may be successfully used as a substitution for milk in quark cheese production.

Abstract A method modification study was conducted for the VIDAS Salmonella (SLM) assay (AOAC Performance Tested MethodSM 020901) using the EasySLM method to validate a matrix extension for peanut butter. The VIDAS EasySLM method is a simple enrichment procedure compared to traditional Salmonella methods, requiring only pre-enrichment and a single selective enrichment media, Salmonella Xpress 2 (SX2) broth. SX2 replaces the two selective broths in traditional methods and eliminates the M broth transfer, incubation, and subsequent pooling of M broths prior to VIDAS assay. The validation study was conducted under the AOAC Research Institute Emergency Response Validation program. VIDAS SLM was compared to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) method for detection of S. enterica ser. Typhimurium in peanut butter. All peanut butter samples were prepared, blind-coded, and shipped to the method developers' laboratory by Q Laboratories. In addition, Q Laboratories performed most probable number and reference method analyses on peanut butter samples. The VIDAS EasySLM ChromID Salmonella (SM2) Agar was previously validated in the Performance Tested Methods program for the detection of Salmonella in roast beef, raw ground pork, turkey, pork sausage, raw chicken breast, dry pet food, whole milk, ice cream, bagged spinach, shrimp (raw, peeled), raw cod, spent irrigation water, pecans, peanut butter, dry pasta, cake mix, ground black pepper, nonfat dry milk, liquid eggs, cantaloupe, and orange juice. In the matrix extension study for peanut butter, the VIDAS EasySLM method was shown to be equivalent to the appropriate reference culture procedure using both buffered peptone water pre-enrichment and the FDA-BAM lactose pre-enrichment in the two-step enrichment method with SX2 media. The current study extends the validation to include peanut butter.

Abstract The foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit was previously validated in the Performance Tested MethodsSM program for the detection of Salmonella species in a variety of foods, including milk powder, egg powder, coconut, cocoa powder, chicken breast, minced meat, sliced sausage, sausage, smoked fish, pasta, white pepper, cumin, dough, wet pet food, dry pet food, ice cream, watermelon, sliced cabbage, food dye, and milk chocolate. The method was shown to be equivalent to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA-BAM) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service's Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedures. In the first Emergency Response Validation (ERV) extension study, peanut butter was inoculated with S. enterica. ser Typhimurium. For the low inoculation level (1.08 CFU/25 g), a Chi-square value of 2.25 indicated that there was no significant performance difference between the foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit and the FDA-BAM reference method. For high-level inoculation (11.5 CFU/25 g) and uninoculated control, there was 100 agreement between the methods. In the second ERV extension study, peanut butter was inoculated with S. enterica. ser Typhimurium. For both inoculation levels (0.1 and 0.5 CFU/25 g by most probable number), Chi-square values of 0 indicated that there was no significant performance difference between foodproof Salmonella Detection Kit and the FDA-BAM reference method.

A melancolia é “uma rebelião que foi aniquilada” (BUTLER, 1997). Se o tempo no qual vivemos produz a melancolia como efeito necessário à sustentação de suas formas de regulação de poder (SAFATLE, 2016), então, deveremos investigar tanto aquilo que impede a insurreição do sujeito quanto as condições de possibilidade de afirmação da negatividade do discurso melancólico. A vertente política da melancolia é inseparável da dinâmica de poder do mundo psíquico. Veremos que a impossibilidade do trabalho de luto refere-se a uma resposta ao que não pôde ser reconhecido na cultura como passível de ser enlutado (BUTLER, 1997). Tomaremos a noção de superego freudiano como uma “patologia da ficção” que bloqueia a criação e a incorporação de outras ficções capazes de promover novas construções subjetivas. Será através da própria noção de ficção que nos apoiaremos para indicar possíveis linhas de fuga.

Partindo de uma visão performativa da linguagem (AUSTIN, [1962] 1990; DERRIDA, 1972) sobre performances de gênero e raciais (BUTLER, 1990; 1993; BUCHOLTZ, 2011), o presente trabalho é um estudo de narrativas (SANTOS, 2007; FERREIRA, 2016) que objetiva discutir a relevância das performances D/discursivas de gênero e de raça para melhor compreensão da cultura de pesca em Arraial do Cabo (FERREIRA, 2016) e analisar as ordens de indexicalidade (BLOMMAERT, 2010) sugeridas nessas performances, a partir de uma análise interseccional dos dados (CRENSHAW, 2002; AKOTIRENE, 2018; LOVE, 2019). Os resultados apontam para ordens de indexicalidade com relações de menor competitividade e maior interdependência (HOOKS, 2018) entre pescadores e pescadoras.

Réflexions sur la représentation du handicap retrouvée dans le cinéma québécois est un court- métrage documentaire s’articulant autour de deux questions principales : comment aborder la représentation du handicap telle qu’elle se retrouve dans certains films québécois ; et, dans quelle mesure l’étude critique de cette représentation permet-elle de concevoir le cinéma comme un régime de la représentation (Hall 1997a) québécois articulé autour de certaines normativités (Butler, 2004)? Pour y parvenir, la réalisatrice a entretenu une discussion avec des réalisateurs, réalisatrices, actrices et activistes au sujet de la lutte de pouvoir autour de la représentation (Hall, 1997a; du Gay et al., 1997); celle-ci s’inscrivant dans une lutte plus large concernant des rapports de force dans la société québécoise. Cette discussion prend pour étude de cas le film Prends-moi (2014), court-métrage de fiction réalisé par André Turpin et Anaïs Barbeau- Lavalettte, deux personnes non-handicapées. Le documentaire met de l’avant une analyse critique des représentations capacitiste, explorant l’autoreprésentation comme une réappropriation de l’espace culturel et social de la représentation des personnes handicapées dans le contexte québécois. Réflexions sur la représentation du handicap retrouvée dans le cinéma québécois is a short documentary exploring two core questions: First, how can we approach the portrayal of disability in certain Québec films? And second, how can a critical study of disability facilitate a conceptualization of Québec cinema as part of a « regime of representation » (Hall, 1997) articulated around certain norms (Butler, 2004)? To do so, the director opens up a discussion with film directors, producers, actors and activists concerning the power struggles over representation (Hall, 1997; du Gay et al., 1997) and the broader power relations in Québec society of which they are a part. This discussion focuses on the Quebec film Prends-Moi (2014) directed by non-disabled filmmakers André Turpin and Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette. The short documentary offers an exploration of cultural representations of disability in Quebec media that allows for a deeper analysis of Quebec’s ableist cultural conceptions as well as a space for self- representation, which can be understood as a form of re-appropriation of media space.

La culture de la fraise est l’une des productions fruitières les plus répandues dans le monde. Ce petit fruit se cultive dans toutes les provinces du Canada et le Québec est considéré comme le leader canadien en matière de production de fraises. En revanche, la présence récurrente de maladies telluriques, comme le flétrissement verticilien (Verticillium dahliae), limite la productivité des fraisiers en plein champ. Les fumigants constituent à ce jour, la solution la plus efficace pour lutter contre cet agent pathogène. Ces biocides affectent toutefois l’équilibre biologique du sol et peuvent être nocifs pour l’environnement et les populations avoisinantes. Afin de surmonter ce problème, la production du fraisier dans des systèmes de culture hors-sol avec des substrats appropriés pourrait permettre d’éliminer l’utilisation de fumigants. Cette étude a été réalisée afin d’évaluer la performance de trois substrats tourbeux pour la culture des fraisiers remontants en hors-sol au champ et de comparer la croissance et la productivité du fraisier cultivé en hors-sol au champ à celles en plein sol après une et deux années d’utilisation du substrat. Les résultats ont démontré qu’il est possible de doubler les rendements pour tous les traitements en horssol comparativement au traitement témoin en sol fumigé. Des différences significatives entre les traitements hors-sols et le témoin ont également été observées pour la croissance des plants de fraisiers. Cependant, aucune différence de croissance n’a été observée entre les trois substrats tourbeux. Des diminutions du rendement total, vendable ainsi que du calibre de fruits ont été mesurées pour les substrats réutilisés plus d’une fois par rapport aux substrats vierges. Cette différence s’explique principalement par des changements des propriétés physiques des substrats. Une diminution de la macroporosité et une augmentation de la capacité en contenant ont été observées avec les substrats réutilisés. Finalement, les substrats utilisés pour la culture hors-sol ont présenté une différence significative par rapport à la culture traditionnel en plein sol pour la majorité des paramètres mesurés.

Millions of people in the world, particularly women and people in sub-Saharan Africa, suffer from hunger and poverty. Three of the major 2015-2030 United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to eliminate hunger through food security and sustainable agriculture, eradicate poverty, and achieve gender equality through women’s empowerment. Shea trees and their associated fruit and butter can play a major role in each of these three SDGs for women and their families throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Shea trees are located over a wide expanse stretching more than 5,000 kilometers across over eighteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. These trees produce fruit that encase a kernel within a nut from which shea butter can be extracted. Shea butter production is unique in that it is predominately controlled by women and they utilize the profits they earn from selling the nuts or butter for items to support their families such as purchasing grain for depleted stores during the hungry season and paying for children’s school fees or clothing. Shea butter is also cited as a sustainable oil compared to other world oils such as peanut, palm, soybean, or cocoa butter which require heavy land use land change and fertilization while shea trees often grow in existing fields or fallows without fertilization, application of pesticides, or clear cutting of forests. However, shea butter production is still human and material energy intensive, requiring substantial amounts of firewood to heat and dry the shea nuts and the shea tree distribution and associated shea butter production and role in African livelihoods is under threat from the increasing effects of globalization and climate change. Thus, this dissertation fills in important research gaps in the existing literature on shea (Vitellaria paradox and nilotica) and sustainable development by developing and implementing methods to model food security, energy, and climate and cultural impacts of a process using shea butter production as a case study. To begin, the first comprehensive shea tree land suitability model to estimate potential shea production and amount of women collectors was created using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that combined eight parameters: land use, temperature, precipitation, elevation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil-type and soil-drainage. Even under conservative estimates, the model produced an extensive shea tree suitability area of 3.4 million square kilometers with 1.8 billion trees in 23 countries and over 18 million women collectors, encompassing a total population of 112 million. Next, this dissertation improved the global application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), a tool used to measure the entire environmental impacts of a process from extraction of materials through end-of-life stages, by utilizing a hybrid-LCA methodology that incorporated human energy and embodied energy and emissions from firewood of five traditional and improved shea butter production processes common throughout West Africa. When the LCA results of shea butter production were compared to other LCA studies of world oils, shea butter performed better in abiotic depletion and human toxicity impact categories as well as global warming potential when indirect land use land change was considered. Nevertheless, a large amount of human and firewood embodied energy and emissions were involved in shea butter production. However, mechanization of certain production steps was found to significantly reduce human energy without increasing total embodied energy. Furthermore, improved cookstoves modeled in this dissertation could reduce global warming potential, human toxicity, and embodied energy by 77-78%, 15-83%, and 52% respectively. These results would not have been captured in traditional LCA methodology and this was the first study to compare process-based and economic input-output LCAs in a developing country with very different reliance on and accessibility to resources than developed countries. Finally, an in-depth ethnographic study was conducted in this dissertation, combining qualitative and quantitative methods to better understand the importance of shea butter to African’s livelihoods in the context of food security and climate change. Shea butter was found to have a vital role in the maintenance and development of social bonds between female friends and family as well as an integral role in all religious and traditional ceremonies including a special shea ceremony. Additionally, 93% of survey respondents agreed there has been a decrease in shea fruit yields during their life time, 80% of which believed this was attributed to decreased rainfall. Moreover, 83% of 181 shea trees sampled were found to have an invasive vine species, drying out and/or have large worms. Therefore, recommendations derived from this dissertation for development agencies, governments and industry include further research on and promotion of: parkland management, preservation, and regeneration as well as reduction in the amount of human energy and firewood in shea butter production by providing better access of women collectors to mechanization, improved cookstoves, and transportation (i.e. donkey carts and bicycles) for harvesting shea fruit. Overall the research developed in this dissertation contributed significantly to the existing literature on shea and developed methods and a framework that has applications for achievement of the UN’s SDGs for 2030 particularly to obtain food security.

The shea tree is indigenous to 21 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and provides nuts from which oil (referred to as butter) can be extracted. Shea butter production in the Northern Region of Ghana is of socioeconomic importance to female processors who practice shea production. This study quantified the environmental effects of shea processing from carbon dioxide emissions and the human energy expended through the traditional, improved, and centralized methods of shea processing. Par-boiling accounted for up to 88% of total carbon dioxide emissions throughout the entire shea butter production process. A difference of 2.5(CO2 (kg))/(Shea butter (kg)) emitted observed between the traditional and centralized processing methods. The moisture content of 16 firewood samples collected at the centralized processing center found wood moisture to range between 9-34%. The largest amounts of human energy expended during traditional and improved processes take place during the nut collection process followed by manual crushing (40% and 20% of total energy expended during the traditional method, respectively). Women in the study area were found to travel an average of 10 km to pay for a corn mill to process their shea kernels into a paste, producers also expressed interest in mechanized crushing machines during household surveys. User perceptions of the improved roasting equipment were found to be positive, as well as adoption of the new technology was observed by all shea producers surveyed in the village of Tigla. The entirety of individual producers surveyed without access to improved roasters expressed interest in obtaining and utilizing improved roasters to improve the traditional method currently practiced. The profit observed from shea kernel processing and sales was found to be higher than women practicing traditional shea butter processing and sales due to time, energy, and inputs required by completing the entire process. Butter producers at centralized processing centers have the opportunity to make up to 33% higher profits while utilizing less energy (54% reduction) by purchasing directly from kernel producers and implementing improved technologies in a centralized setting. The potential of shea production in northern Ghana has yet to be reached. Through adoption of improved technologies, women have the opportunity to save time and human energy, reduce material inputs such as firewood, and in turn are able produce an even greater amount of marketable shea products.

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O texto, objetiva analisar, como as identidades transgêneras foram produzidas, significadas e ressignificadas pela cartunista Laerte Coutinho na primeira década do século XXI, mais especificamente no período entre os anos de 2009 e 2013. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida através das tirinhas que tal cartunista produz e publica em seu site chamado Muriel Total. Se lançará mão, ainda, de entrevistas que a mesma cedeu a programas de televisão, cruzando as falas de suas experiências com as tramas desenvolvidas por seus personagens. Nesse sentido, se pensou analisar como as categorias de gênero, corpo, sexualidades e identificações sofrem mutações ao longo do tempo e em determinados espaços, transformando assim as subjetivações dos sujeitos trabalhados, os transgêneros. Desta maneira, problematizo como Laerte Coutinho subjetiva as transformações identitárias e corporais as quais os sujeitos trans são submetidos e se submetem, assim como, quê condições foram necessárias, além de quê barreiras foram encontradas, para que tais processos acontecessem. Assim, realizou-se um diálogo com o arcabouço teórico da Teoria Queer, com destaque para Judith Butler, para pensar as questões de gênero e a abjeção de tais sujeitos. Ainda se trabalhou com Stuart Hall para a análise do que se refere aos processos de identificação, Guacira Lopes Louro, dentre outros. Me apropriei ainda do entendimento do conceito de fronteira utilizado por Deleuze e o de armário da epistemologia produzida por Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
The paper aims to analyze , how transgender identities were produced , expressed and re-signified by cartoonist Laertes Coutinho in the first decade of this century , more specifically in the period between the years 2009 and 2013 . Therefore, the research was developed through such strips cartoonist produces and publishes on its website called Total Muriel . It will attack also interviews that yielded the same television programs , crossing the lines of his experiences with the plots developed by its characters . Accordingly, it was thought to analyze the categories of gender, body , sexuality and IDs mutate over time and in certain areas, thereby transforming subjectifications the subjects worked , transgender . Thus , as Laertes Coutinho problematized the subjective identity and bodily transformations which trans subjects are submitted and submit , as well as what conditions were necessary , and what barriers were found to make these processes happen . Thus , there was a dialogue with the theoretical framework of Queer Theory , especially Judith Butler , to think gender issues and abjection of such subjects . Still worked with Stuart Hall for the analysis of the relation to the processes of identification, Guacira Lopes Blonde , among others . Yet appropriated the understanding of the concept of the frontier used by Deleuze and the epistemology of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick produced by cabinet.

106 scholarly articles This is a compendium of touchstone articles by prominent communication, rhetorical, and cultural studies scholars about topics of interest to scholars and critics of popular and political culture. Articles provide authoritative surveys of concepts such as rhetorical construction of bodies, Marxist, feminist, and poststructuralist traditions, materialisms, social movements, race and anti-racist critique, whiteness, surveillance and security, visual communication, globalization, social media and digital communication/cyberculture, performance studies, the “post-human” turn, critical organizational communication, public memory, gaming, cultural industries, colonialism and postcolonialism, The Birmingham and Frankfurt Schools, commodity culture, critical health culture studies, nation and identity, public spheres, psychoanalytic theory and methods, affect theory, anti-Semitism, queer studies, critical argumentation studies, diaspora, development, intersectionality, Islamophobia, subaltern studies, spatial studies, rhetoric and cultural studies, neoliberalism, critical pedagogy, urban studies, deconstruction, audience studies, labor, war, age studies, motherhood studies, popular culture, communication in the Global South, and more. The work also surveys critical thinkers for cultural studies including Stuart Hall, Antonio Gramsci, Jesus Martin Barbero, Angela Davis, Ernesto Laclau, Raymond Williams, Giles Deleuze, Jurgen Habermas, Frantz Fanon, Chandra Mohanty, Gayatri Spivak, Michel Foucault, Louis Althusser, Juan Carlos Rodriguez, Gloria Anzaldua, Paolo Freire, Donna Haraway, Georgio Agamben, Slavoj Zizek, W.E.B. DuBois, Sara Ahmed, Paul Gilroy, Enrique Dussel, Michael Warner, Lauren Berlant, Judith Butler, Jean Baudrillard, Walter Mignolo, Edward Said, Alain Badiou, Homi Bhabha, among others. Each entry is distinguished by lists of key references and suggestions for further reading. The collection is sure to be a vital resource for faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates seeking authoritative overviews of key concepts and people in communication and critical cultural studies.

This introductory chapter briefly summarizes the history of the city of Riga. It asserts that, even if it was never a seat of royal power like London, Paris, or Berlin, Riga's past and present have been influenced by the same political, economic, religious, and cultural forces that have shaped a diverse continent where matters of faith, authority, and hierarchy have intermingled with those of nationality, class, and sovereignty. It might reasonably be suggested that Riga is a microcosm of northeastern Europe; yet this eclectic city is in many respects sui generis. Riga may be familiar in its northeastern European context, yet the chapter argues that it is also unique. In addition, the remainder of the chapter addresses the portrayal of Riga by other historians (in other words, the city's historiography) as well as the rendering place and personal names in modern English.

John Ruskin’s diaries, letters, lectures and published works are testimonies to his life-long interest in Venetian art and architecture. Lady Augusta Gregory of Coole Park, County Galway, Ireland, was amongst those Victorian genteel women who were influenced by Ruskin’s account of the political and artistic history of Venice, following in Ruskin’s footsteps during her visits to Sir Henry Austen Henry and Lady Enid Layard at Ca’ Capello on the Grand Canal. This article follows Lady Gregory’s footsteps around the maritime city, where she was often found sketching architectural details of churches and palaces. By doing so, it reveals the extent of the influence of Ruskin’s Italian travels on the formation of Lady Gregory’s aesthetic sensibilities during the 1880s and 1890s, before she founded the Abbey Theatre in Dublin with the Irish dramatist John Millington Synge and the Irish poet and dramatist William Butler Yeats in 1904. As part of the discussion, it reveals the true subject matter in one of Lady Gregory’s Venetian sketches for the first time, one that is now held in Dublin at the National Library of Ireland.

How was neoliberalization accomplished, and by whom? The answer in countries such as Chile and Argentina in the 1970s was as simple as it was swift, brutal, and sure: a military coup backed by the traditional upper classes (as well as by the US government), followed by the fierce repression of all solidarities created within the labour and urban social movements which had so threatened their power. But the neoliberal revolution usually attributed to Thatcher and Reagan after 1979 had to be accomplished by democratic means. For a shift of this magnitude to occur required the prior construction of political consent across a sufficiently large spectrum of the population to win elections. What Gramsci calls ‘common sense’ (defined as ‘the sense held in common’) typically grounds consent. Common sense is constructed out of longstanding practices of cultural socialization often rooted deep in regional or national traditions. It is not the same as the ‘good sense’ that can be constructed out of critical engagement with the issues of the day. Common sense can, therefore, be profoundly misleading, obfuscating or disguising real problems under cultural prejudices. Cultural and traditional values (such as belief in God and country or views on the position of women in society) and fears (of communists, immigrants, strangers, or ‘others’) can be mobilized to mask other realities. Political slogans can be invoked that mask specific strategies beneath vague rhetorical devices. The word ‘freedom’ resonates so widely within the common-sense understanding of Americans that it becomes ‘a button that elites can press to open the door to the masses’ to justify almost anything. Thus could Bush retrospectively justify the Iraq war. Gramsci therefore concluded that political questions become ‘insoluble’ when ‘disguised as cultural ones’. In seeking to understand the construction of political consent, we must learn to extract political meanings from their cultural integuments. So how, then, was sufficient popular consent generated to legitimize the neoliberal turn? The channels through which this was done were diverse. Powerful ideological influences circulated through the corporations, the media, and the numerous institutions that constitute civil society––such as the universities, schools, churches, and professional associations.