Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Cultures et azote'
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Hien, Victor. "Pratiques culturales et évolution de la teneur en azote organique utilisable par les cultures dans un sol ferralitique du Burkina Faso." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1990. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/prive/INPL_T_1990_HIEN_V.pdf.
Full textSérélé, Zogbo Charles. "Prédiction des rendements agricoles du maïs et du soya, et du déficit en azote du maïs à l'aide d'images aéroportées et d'u réseau de neurones à rétropropagation." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2002.
Find full textPeytavin, Cécile. "Réduction des nitrates et nitrites en azote par Pseudomonas stutzeri : études cinétiques modélisation et simulation d'un système dénitrifiant." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPL042N.
Full textCelette, Florian. "Dynamique des fonctionnements hydrique et azoté au sein d’une vigne enherbée sous le climat méditerranéen." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0009.
Full textLachapelle, Mathieu. "Réévaluation des besoins en azote, phosphore et potassium des cultures de brocoli, de chou et de chou-fleur en sols minéraux au Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/26947/26947.pdf.
Full textBorderie, Didier. "NO synthase et métabolisme du NO dans la polyarthrite rhumatoi͏̈de et l'arthrose : études ex vivo et sur cultures de synoviocytes humains." Paris 5, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA05P602.
Full textGabrielle, Benoît. "Modélisation des cycles des éléments eau-carbone-azote dans un système sol-plante et application à l'estimation des bilans environnementaux des grandes cultures." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0491.
Full textThe field-assessment of the environmental impacts of crop production has emerged as a critical issue, since modern agriculture should be expected not to pose major threats. We have here assessed the nitrogen (N) pollutions, caused by such a crop (oilseed rape), through both experimental and modeling approaches. Two types of pollution were investigated : the leaching of nitrate below the root zone, and the gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. The prediction of N fluxes at the boundaries of the soil-crop system requires the use of a model simulating the dynamics of water, carbon and N within this system. Among the approaches of various complexities undertaken in the literature, we chose two models representing either a simple (CERES) or a more theoretical (DAISY) viewpoint. Five data sets corresponding to a range of climate and soil conditions were used to test various options for both models. None of the models clearly outranked the other. DAISY performed better as regards heat and mass transfer in soil, but CERES proved a superiority for the simulation of crop growth. Actually, the precisions of the models were also dependent on the type of medium investigated : we then suggested that a functional classification of soils could serve as a basis for determining the form of model to use, that would offer the best precision for a given set of available inputs. Overall, the modifications we proposed to the soil components of CERES allowed this simple approach to yield a satisfactory accuracy in the prediction of the water, carbon and nitrogen fluxes in the soil-crop system
Lachapelle, Jean-Mathieu. "Réévaluation des besoins en azote, phosphore et potassium des cultures de brocoli, de chou et de chou-fleur en sols minéraux au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21865.
Full textFabre, Françoise. "Amélioration génétique de la qualité de la graine et fixation symbiotique de l'azote chez le soja (Glycine max L. )." Toulouse, INPT, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPT015A.
Full textDion, Pierre-Paul, and Pierre-Paul Dion. "Minéralisation et prélèvement direct de l'azote organique dans les cultures légumières biologiques en serre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37893.
Full textDevant la complexité du cycle de l’azote (N) et la variété de ses formes disponibles dans le sol, la planification de la fertilisation de cet élément repose sur des calculs et considérations complexes. La fertilisation biologique a de particulier que l’N est apporté sous forme organique, alors que les plantes le prélèvent principalement sous forme minérale. La disponibilité de l’N repose donc sur une minéralisation efficace des amendements. Cette situation peut mener des producteurs à surfertiliser, entraînant des pertes financières et d’N dans l’environnement. Parvenir à une meilleure synchronisation de la minéralisation de l’N avec les besoins de la plante est donc crucial pour le développement de la serriculture biologique, où les besoins en azote des cultures sont de loin plus élevés qu’au champ. De plus, la capacité de certaines plantes à prélever directement l’N sous forme organique est souvent considérée négligeable en agriculture, mais pourrait être plus importante qu’on ne le croit, contribuant ainsi substantiellement au bilan d’N de la plante. Les objectifs généraux de ma thèse étaient de : (1) évaluer les taux de minéralisation de fertilisants biologiques couramment utilisés en culture légumière sous serre au Québec ; (2) étudier l’impact de différentes sources fertilisantes sur la biodiversité des bactéries du sol ; (3) étudier la capacité du concombre à prélever l’N directement sous forme organique ; et (4) développer et valider un outil de gestion de la fertilisation biologique azotée. Une expérience d’incubation de cinq fertilisants biologiques d’usage commun en serriculture biologique a été menée. La minéralisation de l’N a plafonné dans un sol minéral et un substrat tourbeux à, respectivement, 41 et 63 % de l’N appliqué pour le fumier de poule granulé, 56-93 % pour la farine de sang, 54-81 % pour la farine de plume, 34-43 % pour la farine de luzerne et 57-73 % pour la farine de crevette. Dans un sol minéral, la biodiversité bactérienne alpha (indice Shannon) a été augmentée par l’apport de farine de luzerne, alors que dans un substrat organique à base de tourbe, ce sont la farine de crevette et le fumier de poule granulé qui l’ont le plus augmentée. En se basant sur ces résultats, le modèle NLOS a été adapté à la serriculture biologique pour produire le nouveau modèle NLOS-OG. Cet outil a été validé en serres expérimentales et commerciales et a permis une prédiction satisfaisante de la disponibilité d’N minéral pour une culture en sol minéral, ainsi que de la minéralisation cumulative de fertilisants appliqués dans un sol ou un substrat tourbeux. Par contre, de la recherche spécifique à la dynamique de l’eau dans les cultures biologiques en contenants sera nécessaire afin de prédire adéquatement la disponibilité de l’azote dans ce système. Une interface web est disponible pour les agronomes et producteurs (https://exchange.iseesystems. com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/). Le contenu en C et N solubles du substrat biologique d’une culture de concombre en serre biologique a été positivement corrélé au contenu en C et N organiques de la sève du xylème et aux solides solubles du fruit, suggérant un prélèvement et un transfert de C et N organiques vers les parties aériennes et les fruits. Dans une seconde expérience, en milieu contrôlé, de jeunes plants de concombre ont été exposés à une solution d’alanine enrichie en 13C et 15N. En combinant l’utilisation de molécules marquées à une position spécifique (Position-specific labelling) et l’analyse isotopique spécifique au composé (Compound-specific isotopic analysis), nous avons développé une approche innovatrice permettant de suivre le métabolisme de l’assimilation de l’N issu d’un acide aminé prélevé par les racines. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les racines peuvent prélever et assimiler l’N sous forme organique, surtout en situation de rareté de l’N. Elles ont toutefois une nette préférence pour les formes inorganiques (nitrate et ammonium). Les contributions scientifiques découlant de cette étude doctorale sont : (1) une meilleure connaissance de la minéralisation des fertilisants biologiques azotés ; (2) l’intégration de ces taux de minéralisation dans un outil de gestion de l’N applicable en serriculture biologique; et (3) une meilleure compréhension du prélèvement et de l’assimilation de l’azote organique par des plants de concombre. Ces connaissances permettront une meilleure planification de la fertilisation à base de matière organique, et par conséquent un accroissement de la durabilité de la serriculture biologique.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Reyes, Gomez Victor Manuel. "Quantification et modélisation des flux hydriques, thermiques et azotés dans les systèmes de culture en semis direct avec couverture végétale dans la région des Cerrados brésiliens." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20085.
Full textBrassard, Mariane. "Développement d'outils diagnostiques de la nutrition azotée du maïs-grain pour une gestion optimale de l'engrais azoté /cMarianne Brassard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18923.
Full textFayaud, Benoit. "Déterminants de la croissance précoce et impact sur les interactions entre espèces dans les associations de cultures à base de légumineuses." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00997180.
Full textClaude, Pierre-Phillippe. "Effets des cultures intercalaires dans le maïs-grain, sur le rendement en grain, la qualité édaphique, et la teneur en azote inorganique des sols." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=74544.
Full textFall-ploughed red clover maintained the mean weight diameter (MWD) of aggregates on the Ste-Rosalie clay. Spring-ploughed red clover on the other hand caused a decrease in bulk density in the top 10 cm of the Chicot loam.
The nitrogen-response of corn indicated that the intercrops did not contribute to the nitrogen regime of grain-corn. There were also indications that intercrops competed with corn for available inorganic nitrogen and water. The intercrops, however, did reduce the levels of soil inorganic nitrogen in the fall allowing for a possible decrease in the nitrogen load of soil percolates.
Despite the beneficial effect of nitrogen fertilisation on the organic nitrogen content of the soil, the presence of leguminous intercrops did not prevent the increase of the soil CN ratio.
Rival, Alain. "Cinétique de la nutrition minérale et métabolisme du carbone et de l'azote dans des suspensions cellulaires hétérotrophes et photomixotrophes : aspects physiologiques et biochimiques chez Abrus precatorius L. (Leguminosae)." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20079.
Full textGana, Cécilia. "Croissance, production et acquisition de l'azote chez le peuplier et le robinier en plantations à courte rotation monospécifiques et mélangées." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0010/document.
Full textBiomass from short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations may help reducing fossil fuel consumption. The development of mixed-species plantations, introducing a nitrogen-fixing species could be a solution to reduce the risk of fertility decline in SRC. Nevertheless, the success or failure of the mixture will depend on the competition and complementarity processes, for light and soil resources (water and nutrients), between both species. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of a mixture of poplar and black locust, on growth, biomass production and nitrogen uptake in the plantation. Instrumented monocultures and mixed plantations of both species have been studied during four years. Repeated above-and belowground biomass estimations associated with tree dimension monitoring have shown that the presence of black locust affected neither growth, nor biomass production and allocation of poplar trees both at tree and plot level. On the other hand, the black locusts trees suffered from interspecific competition: high mortality, decrease in growth and biomass production. Moreover, an isotopic approach (15N) coupled with mineralomass analyses allowed to highlight that nitrogen concentration in black locust trees in the mixture was lower than in the monoculture due to a reduction of the percentage of nitrogen derived from atmospheric fixation. The total nitrogen contents were close in the mixture and in the monocultures of each species. No advantage of the mixture was found during the study period because of inappropriate pedoclimatic conditions (especially for the black locust) and incompatibility between both species on this site
Paynel, Florence. "Transfert de composés azotés entre le trèfle blanc et le ray-grass anglais. Etude de l'exsudation racinaire de l'ammonium et des acides aminés." Rennes 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002REN10116.
Full textDembélé, Oupré Claude. "Dynamique de l’azote et du carbone lors de la décomposition de trois légumineuses utilisées comme cultures de couverture." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40302.
Full textVerville, Frédéric. "Effet des engrais verts et de leur période d'enfouissement sur la nutrition azotée et les rendements du blé." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27289.
Full textCescut, Julien. "Accumulation d'acylglycérols par des espèces levuriennes à usage carburant aéronautique : physiologie et performances de procédés." Toulouse, INSA, 2009. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000289/.
Full textAcylglycerols accumulation by yeast species induced by a nitrogen limitation was characterized by the dynamic and systemic analysis of the different metabolic states in microbial culture under fully controlled environmental conditions with high cell concentrations. The setting up of an original process of a fed-batch mode culture allowed identifying several major points: - Nitrogen limitation triggers a transient accumulation of reserve polysaccharides before induction of the acyl-CoA synthesis and lipid accumulation - For the cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica, the development of a PID-like control regulating the substrate flow based on the ratio (patent) kept an optimal lipid accumulation with osidic substrate without concomitant citric acid production - For Y. Lipolytica, the use of controlled flow in co-substrate glucose / glycerol culture achieved unmatched performances of yield and productivity (0,37glip. GX-1, 70gX. L-1 in 75h) - The potentialities of acylglycerols storage are closely dependent on the content and also on the profile of accumulated free fatty acids. The synergy between microbial engineering and genetic engineering made possible, with controlled culture demonstrative mutant species, an integrative approach of macro and microkinetic and transcriptomic responses
Sauvadet, Marie. "Impacts de la qualité et quantité des résidus de culture sur la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés du sol. Application aux systèmes de grandes cultures du Nord-Est de la France." Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS041.
Full textCrop residues decomposition is an essential process in cultivated lands since it constitutes the main source of organic matter in these systems. Although the underlying mechanisms of residues degradation of varying qualities and quantities are well-known, their consequences on soil biota and the related functions are less understood. To better understand this process, we chose to follow at key steps of decomposition the evolution of major components of soil diversity (microorganisms, nematodes, micro-arthropods and macrofauna), the evolution of litter quality, the main carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes and enzyme activities associated, for different quantities and qualities of litter added. The experiments were set up at different spatial and temporal scales (field, mesocosm and microcosm experiments) in function of our objectives.Litter quantity and quality have distinct effects on soil biota. Litter quantity influences the detritivores, and litter quality influences more generally the main functional groups. Labile litter impacts more the bacterial energy channel and the macrodetritivores at the first stages of decomposition, and recalcitrant litter impacts more the fungal energy channel and the mesodetritivores at the latter stage of decomposition. These evolutions are mirrored by the enzymatic dynamics. More specifically, fauna top-down regulations (L.terrestris and nematodes manipulations) exhibit high effects on soil enzymes. Similarly, soil micro-food web initial composition drives enzymatic dynamics. Contrastingly, litter C mineralization depends mainly on its initial quality. This PhD shows the importance of litter management on the biological functions of cultivated soils. Varying litter quality and quantity appear as a mean to influence soil health and some ecosystem services on the long term
Shili-Touzi, Inès. "Analyse du fonctionnement d'une association de blé d'hiver (Triticum aestivum L. ) et d'une plante de couverture sur une échelle annuelle par modélisation et expérimentation." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00606113.
Full textToillon, Julien. "Variabilité génétique et plasticité de l'efficience d'utilisation des ressources (eau et azote) chez les salicaceae cultivées en taillis à courte et à très courte rotation." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0096/document.
Full textThis work aimed (1) at characterizing the impact of planting density (PD) and pedoclimatic conditions (sites) on the physiology of poplar and willow dedicated to biomass production, (2) at evaluating the genetic variability of productivity-related traits, water-use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in a perspective of plant breeding, and (3) at assessing the relationships among these traits. Four experimental plantations were established in northern France. Our results show that PD affects biomass production and WUE depending on sites. Under most favorable growth conditions, trees grown at higher density displayed taller stems, lower stem circumference, and lower WUE, than trees grown at lower density indicating that increased tree density mainly accentuated competition for light. Under less favorable conditions, an increase of PD involved higher WUE and lower stem circumference, likely because of an increased competition for water. Positive links between biomass production and WUE were detected for poplar and willow under environmental conditions where competition for resources was reduced. A large canopy is associated to potentially more important transpiration water losses at plant level. This could be compensated at leaf level through a better stomatal regulation. The absence of antagonism between biomass production, WUE, and NUE suggests the possibility to select genotypes for these three traits independently. Moreover, the Genotype x Site interactions indicated the difficulty to identify good genotypes for a large set of site conditions suggesting that the selection has to be realized depending on the site conditions
Godard, Caroline. "Modélisation de la réponse à l'azote du rendement des grandes cultures et intégration dans un modèle économique d'offre agricole à l'échelle européenne : application à l'évaluation des impacts du changement climatique." Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002852.
Full textHabbib, Hazzar. "Impacts des systèmes de cultures sur l'efficience d'utilisation de l'azote chez le blé et le maïs : Influence du travail du sol, des couverts végétaux d'interculture et de l'historique de fertilisation azotée." Thesis, Amiens, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AMIE0007/document.
Full textOf all the essential nutrients, nitrogen (N) is the most important for crop growth and yield potential. The mineral N availability is a major limiting factor of quantitative and qualitative production of crops in general and cereals in particular. Maintaining the current high production levels requires managing crops to provide an optimum nitrogen nutrition. Therefore, the agricultural management practices must be at forefront of measures to sustain crop productivity and N efficiency in the intensive production systems at national level. In the last three decades, improving N use efficiency in crops (NUE) has been one of the most important challenge in modern agriculture. Therefore, various scientific, technological and agronomic approaches have been developed in parallel to improve our knowledge on the genetic and physiological basis of NUE for further breeding and agronomic applications. In particular, it has been emphasized that agricultural management practices on both short- and long-term perspectives must be at forefront of measures to develop sustainable crop productivity with regards to NUE improvement. The main objective of this work is to examine the new cropping systems, economically and environmentally efficient, based on conservation agriculture techniques. In other words, to investigate the influence of modification in agricultural practices (tillage system, cover crops) on the parameters affecting plant productivity and nitrogen nutrition of two cereals (wheat and maize). In this context, three field experiments were conducted to understand agricultural phenomena taking place during changes in farming practices, in order to examine the most sustainable agricultural system for maintaining crop productivity while rationalization of N fertilizer usage. A two-year experiment was conducted in the field to measure the combined impact of tilling and N fertilization on various agronomic traits related to NUE and to grain yield in maize cultivated in the presence of a cover crop. Four years after conversion to no-till, a significant increase in N use efficiency N harvest index, N remobilization and N remobilization efficiency was observed both under no and high N fertilization conditions. The second field study was conducted during two consecutive years to evaluate the combined effect of tilling, cover crops and N fertilization on various agronomic traits related to nitrogen use efficiency and to N nutrition in wheat. Five years after conversion to no-till, a significant increase in N use efficiency, N utilization efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, N partial factor productivity, N apparent recovery fraction and N remobilization was observed under three levels of N fertilization. Moreover, we observed that grain yield and grain N content were similar under tillage and no-till conditions. The N nutrition index was higher under no-till conditions at the three rates of N fertilization. Moreover, N use efficiency related traits and N nutrition were increased in the presence of cover crops both under no-till and conventional tilling conditions. Thus, agronomic practices based on continuous no-till in the presence of cover crops appear to be a promising strategy to increase N use efficiency and N nutrition in wheat while reducing both the use and the loss of N-based fertilizers.In the third study, wheat plants were grown under tillage and no- till conditions, with and without cover crops under no and high nitrogen fertilization conditions, to evaluate the combined effect of tilling and N fertilization on photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and photosynthetic water use efficiency through its impact on leaf physiological traits, such as photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area. Six years after conversion to no-till, in the presence and in the absence of cover crops, a significant increase in water use efficiency and soil water content was observed both under [...]
Poisson, Emilie. "Optimisation de la fertilisation soufrée pour améliorer le rendement et la qualité grainière du colza : impacts des interactions Soufre/Azote et du changement climatique, identifications d'idéotypes." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC264/document.
Full textOilseed rape is an oleoproteaginous crop with high sulfur (S) demanding and characterized by a low S use efficiency (SUE). The decline in atmospheric S deposition, the existence of strong interactions between S and nitrogen (N) metabolism and the predicted increase in terrestrial temperatures can lead to an alteration in seeds yields and quality. In this context, using in planta (controlled conditions and fields experiments) and in silico (numerical experiments through an agro-ecophysiological model SuMoToRI, “Sulfur Model Towards Rapeseed Improvement”) approaches, the main objectives of this thesis were to study the impact of (i) different S and N fertilization strategies, (ii) climate change and (iii) the variability of the model’s “plant” parameters on growth as well as the yield components and the seeds quality of oilseed rape.This study confirmed the synergistic effects of S and N inputs and their antagonistic effects when of one of the two elements was in excessive rate on EUS and EUN, highlighting the importance of balancing S/N inputs. Delaying S input has improved seed protein quality by increasing the relative abundance of napins (cysteine-rich seed storage proteins). Two seed protein quality indices could be proposed (i) seeds S content, strongly correlated with relative napine abundance and (ii) the ratio napins:cruciferins-30kDa (cruciferins : S-poor seed storage proteins). S), making it possible to assess the S/N balance inputs. The simulations carried-out with the model showed that the adjustment of S fertilization must be performed in a context of increasing temperature and/or a reduction of incident radiation which lead to a decrease of biomass and an increase of S stored in leaves. Overall, these results questioned conventional fertilization strategies and the use of varietal and crop ideotypes adapted to S and N fertilization strategies as well as to climate change
Lebourgeois, Valentine. "Utilisation d'un système léger d'acquisitions aéroportées dans les domaines optiques réflectif et thermique pour la caractérisation de l'état hydrique et nutritionnel des cultures : application à la culture de la canne à sucre à la Réunion." La Réunion, 2009. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/09_17_lebourgois.pdf.
Full textSpatial and temporal characterisation of crop nutrient and water status is of great importance for input management and precision agriculture applications. Very high resolution images remotely-sensed in the spectral and thermal domains provide information about the spatial variation of bio-physical and chemical parameters that describe crop status. This thesis explores the use of a flexible and low-cost airborne multispectral acquisition system for the monitoring of sugarcane crop status in Reunion Island. A dual objective was pursued in this study, both technological and agricultural. The technological part concerned the development of a processing chain allowing the translation of the signal acquired by the airborne system into quantified values usable for spatial and temporal comparisons. The multispectral image acquisition system was made up of an ultra-light aircraft equipped with commercial digital cameras for acquisition in the blue, green, red, rededge and near infrared bands, and with a thermal infrared camera for surface temperature measurements. In order to convert the acquired signal into a quantified radiometric value, we developed methods for the correction of the environment-dependent (solar radiation, atmosphere) and camera-related (vignetting effects, image compression) radiomet ric distortions that affect the images. In the thermal infrared band, these methods were validated using in situ measurements of surface temperatures. In the other bands, we examined the impact of our radiomet ric corrections on the quality of the relationships between spectral vegetation indices and surface biophysical variables. In the agricultural part, we evaluated the potential of these multispectral measurements for the diagnosis of stress in sugarcane crops. Using in situ (empirical Crop Water Stress Index on fullyvegetated crops) and airborne (Water Deficit Index for partially-covered canopies) data, we showed the ability of indices based on surface temperature to characterize the water status of sugarcane. This involved the development of original calculation methods of these indices to allow their application in humid conditions and on crops affected by a combined stress (water * nitrogen). The nitrogen status of the crop was also successfully characterised using the ratio of the signals acquired in the Blue and Red bands. The results were in good agreement with field measurements (evapotranspiration, leaf colour, plant humidity), and open the possibility of future coupling of these vegetation status indicators with crop growth models, yielding valuable decision-making tools
Thivierge, Marie-Noëlle. "Le millet perlé sucré et le sorgho sucré comme cultures énergétiques en conditions québécoises : potentiel de production, utilisation de l'azote, morphologie des racines et apport de carbone au sol." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26494.
Full textSweet pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.BR.] and sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] are annual crops from which the sweet sap can be fermented to ethanol. They appear to have a high nitrogen (N) use efficiency, but this remains to be demonstrated in eastern Canada. Studying the morphological traits of their rooting system could help understanding their N use efficiency. The main objectives of this study were to (i) compare both species for yield and N use efficiency, (ii) determine their response to increasing mineral N rate, (iii) compare their response to mineral vs. organic N sources (liquid swine and liquid dairy manures), (iv) compare their root morphological traits with those of grain corn (Zea Mays L.), the sole feedstock used for ethanol production in eastern Canada, and (v) compare annual carbon input to soil from these three species. Species were grown at two experimental sites in Quebec. The N rates that led to maximum sugar yield for sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum were 86 and 91 kg N ha-1, depending on site. Mineral N fertilization resulted in greater yields than the liquid manures, which showed fertilizer N equivalences varying from 15 to 52%. Fifty-four to 82% of applied mineral N fertilizer was recovered in the aboveground biomass of sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum. While root biomass and annual carbon input were greater with corn, the length of the rooting system and the proportion of very fine roots were greater with sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum. Our results show a high N use efficiency of sweet pearl millet and sweet sorghum, and therefore indicate low environmental risk associated with their fertilization. Moreover, our results suggest that the peculiar root morphology of these crops contribute to their high N use efficiency.
Oorts, Katrien. "Effet de travail du sol sur les stocks et flux de C et N dans un sol limoneux de grandes cultures du bassin Parisien." Phd thesis, Institut national agronomique paris-grignon - INA P-G, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011985.
Full textBeillouin, Damien. "Conception et évaluation d’idéotypes variétaux et culturaux en orge d’hiver brassicolepour des conduites culturales à bas niveau d’intrants : approche par expérimentation et modélisation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA027/document.
Full textFrance is the largest European producer of malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and the leading exporter of malt worldwide, accounting for 20% of world trade. French barley production has relied heavily on the use of synthetic inputs and has led, as other arable crops, to considerable environmental damage. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate crop and management ideotype adapted to a lower use of synthetic fertilizer. From a multi-environment trial, we conclude that the grain protein content and the calibrated yield (weight of grains >2.5 mm) have to be specifically improved in low-input management systems. We experimentally identified genotypic characteristics adapted to a low grain protein content loss and calibrated yield loss under N stress. With a crop model we adapted to malting barley, we also identified optimal N fertilization strategies allowing to reach high quantitative and qualitative performances whilst minimizing N losses toward the environment. Based on a precise characterization of environments the French barley belt, the best N fertilization strategies were identified for different regions. Finally, we identified new combinations of genotypic characteristics optimizing quantitative and qualitative performances in low management system. We showed that, in silico, a simultaneous adaptation of genotypic characteristics and optimization of N fertilization management allowed to reach similar performances as current genotypes in high-input management systems. We discuss methods to breed genotypes with high performances in low-input systems and the method used for innovative design of new management and barley malting cultivars adapted to low-input systems
Alami, Younes. "Rôle d'une bactérie productrice d'exopolysaccharides (Rhizobium sp. ) dans l'agrégation du sol rhizosphérique du tournesol : conséquences de l'inoculation sur la structuration du sol et la nutrition minérale de la plante." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10169.
Full textThe bacterial strain Y AS34, selected for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, was isolated from the rhizoplane of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in a Dystric Cambisol. From cartography and sequencing of the 16S rDNA gene it was concluded that strain Y AS34 belongs to the genus Rhizobium. The gelatinous EPS produced by this strain was different from succinoglycan usually produced by bacteria belonging to the genus Rhizobium. In the presence of 1 % (w/w) of the EPS purified from strain Y AS34, the water holding capacity of soil from St-Florent-sur-Cher was enhanced by 50%. Inoculation of sunflower seeds and soil with strain Y AS34 led to a significant increase of rootadhering soil mass per root biomass (+80%), under both, water stress and normal water supply conditions. Concomittantly with this bacterial effect on the mass of root-adhering soil, an increase of soil macro-porosity (pore diameter between 5 and 50 mm) was observed. In addition to these physical changes of root-adhering soil, nitrogen uptake by sunflower was significantly increased after inoculation with Rhizobium sp. Y AS34 in the presence of 1 N-nitrates. Strain y AS34 seems to modify the soil structure around the root system in a way that the water supply of sunflower and its nitrogen uptake is increased counteracting the effect of water deficit on sunflower growth
Tribouillois, Hélène. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle d'espèces utilisées en cultures intermédiaires et analyse de leurs performances en mélanges bispécifiques pour produire des services écosystémiques de gestion de l'azote." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/13771/1/tribouillois.pdf.
Full textWahbi, Sanâa. "Influence des cultures associées fève/blé sur le potentiel mycorhizien des sols et la structure de la microflore mycorhizosphérique : conséquences sur la productivité des agrosystèmes au Maroc." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS031.
Full textThe future of sustainable agriculture is based on an optimal management of the soil fertility and the soil physical and biological properties. The present study focused on identifying cultural practices that mimic some ecological processes (facilitation, complementarity, "plant-soil-feedback” effect) contributing to the maintenance of the soil fertility. These concepts have been empirically used in farming practices mixing plant species in cropping systems. One of the most commonly Mediterranean cropping system associates legumes to cereal in rotation or intercropping (i.e. Faba bean/ Durum wheat association). However, in order to optimize the impact of crop management on the productivity and stability of agro-ecosystems, the biological mechanisms involved must be clarified. The aim of this study is to improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the soil microflora plant interactions and especially the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in these biotic and abiotic processes. By conducting experiments in controlled and in situ conditions, our results show that intercropping stimulates the wheat growth and its mineral nutrition (N and P). We also showed that this cultural practice induces significant changes on the soil microbial functional diversity, on the fluorescent Pseudomonas functionalities, and also on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) community structures. Furthermore, and in order to optimize the impact of the composition of the plant cover in intercropping, we have shown that increasing the diversity of legumes significantly improved the expected benefits on wheat growth and its mycorrhizal status. These results highlight the need to manage crop diversity in agroecosystems, in order to enhance the ecological services provided by legumes, and to consider the management of AM fungal communities in agro-ecological strategies as major component to maintain crop productivity
Naudin, Christophe. "Nutrition azotée des associations Pois-Blé d'hiver (Pisum sativum L. – Triticum aestivum L. ) : Analyse, modélisation et propositions de stratégies de gestion." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482632.
Full textTchichellé, Sogni Viviane. "Production de biomasse et quantification des flux d’azote dans une plantation mixte d’Eucalyptus urophylla x grandis et d’Acacia mangium au Congo." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0115/document.
Full textForest plantations represent 5% of the world forest area but provide more than one third of world wood supply. Sustainability of these systems is based on the long-term maintenance of their fertility without using fertilizers. The introduction of nitrogen (N) fixing species in forest plantations is one of the solutions to take-up this challenge. The aim of this work was to assess the effects of the introduction of Acacia mangium in pure stand of eucalypts on tree growth, biomass production and soil nitrogen dynamics. To achieve this goal, destructive inventories combined with quantification of N fluxes in litter fall and annual monitoring of N mineralization in soil, has been done. They were associated with study of the symbiotic fixation of N and N enrichment in particulate organic matter. The study highlighted a positive effect of acacia on the growth of eucalyptus through a modification of interspecific interactions. Facilitating relationship created by the symbiotic nitrogen fixation has been the source of an increase in the growth of eucalyptus and aboveground net primary production. This increased growth was related to improvement of the nitrogen content of the soil, especially in the coarse fraction of the particulate organic matter. An increase in nitrogen mineralization indicated a much faster soil nitrogen cycling. This work opens perspectives for an ecological intensification of tropical plantation forestry
Amossé, Camille. "Analyse expérimentale de l'effet de couverts de légumineuses associés en relais à un blé d'hiver, conduit en agriculture biologique, sur les performances des cultures, la maîtrise des adventices et la dynamique de l'azote." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AGPT0009/document.
Full textCereal productivity and quality are subject to two main problems in organic stockless systems: chronic soil nitrogen (N) deficiencies and weed infestation. Legume species as clovers or alfalfas can be used as cover crops and green manures due to their natural ability to fix atmospheric N. Nevertheless, their substitution to cereals in crop rotations is less economically viable without animals to use it. Relay intercropping of legume cover crops (RIL) in winter wheat was expected to simultaneously enrich the soil-plant system in N, cover the soil from the wheat harvest onwards and limit the risk of competition with wheat by delaying the undersowing of legumes in spring. To evaluate the efficiency of RIL, four legume species (Medicago lupulina L., M. sativa L., Trifolium pratense L. and T. repens L.) were undersown at wheat tillering stage, in eight fields organically managed in the Rhône-Alpes region, France. Their effects on weed control, on N enrichment, preservation and restitution in the soil-plant system and on crop performance were observed during the succession of the winter wheat and a spring crop. RIL residues were incorporated in soil in late winter, 9 to 12 weeks before the sowing of spring crops. Our work illustrated the absence of detrimental effect of RIL on wheat grain yield despite the decrease of the grain protein content in one third of the situations. This decrease was mainly observed with M. lupulina and T. pratense as they were the most developed legume species at wheat harvest. Our monitoring of trophic resources (water, N and light) enlightened the competition for soil water and N during the intercropping period. We also showed the efficiency of RIL in the control of weed density from wheat flowering stage onwards and of weed aerial biomass in late autumn. The best weed control was observed with M. lupulina and T. pratense, at wheat harvest, and with T. pratense and T. repens in late autumn, in relation to the highest aerial biomasses observed with these species. Finally, we noted an important proportion of N derived from atmosphere (Ndfa) in legumes' shoots in late autumn (80 to 94%), representing an input of exogenous N in the soil-plant system ranging from 37 to 77 kg Ndfa ha-1. The N enrichment of the system did not increase mineral N lixiviation during winter. However, legume cover crops did not significantly prevent any lixiviation of mineral N relative to the control without cover crop. After their ploughing in, legumes residues returned a part of the accumulated N (+28 to +42 kg ha-1 of mineral N in the first 90 cm of soil compared to the control at the emergence of the spring crop, 12 weeks after ploughing). This restitution of mineral N allowed a significant N enrichment of straw and grains of the spring crop with all previous legumes cover crop species. With maize as spring crop, the grain yield increased by 30%, on average, compared to the control treatment. We finally conclude on the interest of RIL in winter wheat to bring a positive response to the problems of weed control, N deficiency and crop performances in organic crop rotations. We then suggest possible improvements of the RIL system, especially against the competition for trophic resources during the relay intercropping period. We also mention scientific and practical implications of this work for future studies on this subject
Han, Peng. "Effets bottom-up et top-down des variations de fertilisation et d'irrigation sur des réseaux tri-trophiques en agroécosystèmes." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4057/document.
Full textThe “Plant-herbivorous insect-natural enemy” system provides an ideal basic model to understand how the plant-inhabiting arthropod communities are structured and how various mechanisms (i.e. direct and indirect interactions) contribute to shape the community structure. In agro-ecosystems, top-down forces encompass the controlling effects that arthropod organisms of the higher trophic level (e.g., predators) have on species at the next lower level (e.g., prey). Arthropod communities may also be influenced by bottom-up forces induced by environmental variations (e.g. fertilization or irrigation regimes) or plant traits (plant insect-resistance or plant-adaptive traits). Furthermore, bottom-up forces may affect top-down forces on herbivores either directly (e.g., effects on omnivorous predator) or mediated by the intermediate herbivorous insects. In this context, the aims of the PhD study were to disentangle how variations in resource inputs (i.e. nitrogen and water availability) affect interactions among plant, herbivores and their natural enemies at both the individual (life-history traits) and population (population dynamic) levels. The studies were carried out on two agrosystems based on tomato and cotton. On tomato, the system 'Solanum lycopersicum L - leafminer Tuta absoluta - omnivorous predator Macrolphis pygmaeus' was used under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in France. We found strong evidence of bottom-up effects of nitrogen and/or water inputs on the herbivore and the omnivorous predator. Feeding ecology of the predator was also strongly influenced by water availability
Drut, Baptiste. "Etude des interactions couvert végétal – organismes du sol en lien avec la biodiversité cultivée dans la parcelle : conséquences sur la fertilité du sol et le rendement des cultures." Thesis, Angers, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANGE0047.
Full textThis work aimed at identifyingsignificant functional traits of plants and soilorganisms able to improve crop performancesthrough stimulation of microbial activity and highernitrogen availability. In a first mesocosm experiment,we investigated the effect of plant functional diversityby comparing pure wheat, genotype mixtures andwheat-clover intercrops combined or not withearthworm functional activity (addition of endogeicsand anecics). In a second mesocosm experiment,selection of crops with contrasting root traits(rapeseed, wheat and faba bean) associated or not tothe influence of endogeic earthworms werecompared. Our results showed a synergistic effectbetween cereal-legume intercrop and earthworms on wheat N status. Moreover, the species-specificcomposition of plants by the influence of roots wasthe major driver of soil microbial activity as comparedto earthworms which only amplified this activity.Shifts in rhizosphere features by plant functionaltraits influence nitrifier microbial community morethan that caused by earthworms. Plant functionaltraits related to their use of trophic resources andrhizospheric effects together with soil organismfunctional traits related to their needs and behaviorhave allowed a better understanding of interactionsbetween plant and soil organisms influencing cropproductivity and soil fertility
Rezgui, Cyrine. "Etude du potentiel d'introduction de la culture du pois d'hiver dans les successions culturales en Normandie : conséquences sur les communautés microbiennes du sol et les flux d'azote Impacts of the winter pea crop (instead of rapeseed) on soil microbial communities, nitrogen balance and wheat yield Quantification et analyse des exsudats racinaires de pois, de blé et de colza : mise au point d’une méthodologie de collecte des exsudats racinaires N rhizodeposition quantification and root exudates characterization of pea (Pisum Sativum L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under controlled conditions Linking soil microbial community to C and N dynamics during crop residues decomposition." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR047.
Full textThe agroecological transition targets triple agronomic, ecological, and societal performance of farms. Some new agricultural practices had emerged to develop a new cropping system to respond to these constraints. Legumes constitute an interesting alternative. Indeed, legumes are advantageous for soils due to their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The presence of compatible rhizobia combined to nitrogen-limited conditions promotes symbiosis which is the most efficient way for legumes to acquire more nitrogen. Compared with non-nodulated plants, symbiosis provides a competitive advantage by increasing soil nitrogen pool. However, some grain legumes, notably winter pea, are rarely studied, especially in the Normandy region where no reference has been published for this crop. The objective of this study is to compare two crop successions for a period of two years (winter pea-wheat and rapeseed-wheat), in order to assess the effect of replacing rapeseed by winter pea at the head of the rotation .We evaluated the effect of these two crops (winter pea vs rapeseed) on the biological state of the soil and nitrogen fluxes at different spatio-temporal scales. The results showed a significant spatio-temporal effect on the response of soil microbial communities and highlighted the importance of the pedoclimatic context in determining the abundance and activity of soil microbial communities. A positive effect of winter pea has been demonstrated on the availability of mineral nitrogen during the crop cycle and for following crops (wheat and barley). The supply of nitrogen to the soil is linked to the rhizodeposition of nitrogen via plants roots and the degradation of crop residues after harvest. Our results showed that winter pea exhibited the greatest amount of nitrogen rhizodeposition. However, rhizodeposition did not have a significant impact on rhizospheric microbial communities. Contrary to these observations, the degradation of crop residues significantly modified the composition of bacterial communities linked to their initial biochemical composition. Crop succession including winter pea enriched the soil with mineral nitrogen but simulation with STICS software revealed a nitrogen leaching around of 23 kg N. ha-1 during the cropping cycle. These findings underline the importance of adapting an adequate crop management system, including winter pea, to limit nitrogen losses. The results showed also that wheat yields after winter pea without the use of nitrogen fertilizers were equivalent to those obtained after rapeseed. However, rapeseed required significant nitrogen fertilization. Including winter pea in crop rotation in Normandy region may be a key to enhance productivity, to respond to the challenges of agroecological transition, regional protein autonomy, and to reduce environmental and economic costs, by reducing notably, the costs of fertilizers production and uses
Lesuffleur, Fabien. "Rhizodéposition à court terme de l'azote et exsudation racinaire des acides aminés par le trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens L. )." Caen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CAEN2053.
Full textNitrogen (N) fixing legumes contribute to N soil enrichment through N rhizodeposition (including the ammonium and amino acid root exudation pathway), and to N increase in companion grasses through transfer of deposited N. The objectives of this thesis were to characterize short-term N rhizodeposition in white clover (Trifolium repens L. ) and to study its impact on N transfer to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ), and to characterize root amino acid exudation (selectivity and mechanism). Short-term N rhizodeposition is close to 3 % of N fixed during the 3 days-labelling period. In our conditions, this short-term N rhizodéposition has been relied to N, and notably ammonium, exudation. Simultaneously, 4. 4 % of deposited N is transferred to ryegrass. Plant specie modifies the soil amino acid profile, which is close to the amino acid profile of exudates collected axenically. We show with six different species that amino acid exudation leads to highly contrasted amino acid profiles between roots and exudates (where high proportions of glycine and serine were observed). Amino acid exudation cannot be explained only by a concentration gradient between roots and root bathing solution. Selective exudation of glycine and serine is not due to a tissue partitioning. A method allowing dissociated and simultaneous measurement of both components of root exudation, influx and efflux, was set up. Glycine and serine exudation is explained by high efflux to influx ratios compare to other amino acids. Because of these data, we have questioned the passive aspect of root exudation. The use of inhibitors of active transport indicates that glycine efflux would be dependant on active process
Rakotovololona, Lucia. "Quantification expérimentale et modélisation de la production, des flux d'eau et d'azote en systèmes de culture biologiques." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0024.
Full textNowadays, in a context of global changes, addressing the interlinked challenges of food security and environmental impacts is fundamental for the sustainability of agricultural systems. Therefore, the thesis aimed to assess agronomic and environmental performances of organic systems, by coupling the experimental monitoring of a 35 organic fields network in the Northern region of France with modeling the soil-crop continuum, to better understand the underlying processes in water and nitrogen dynamics within those systems, and to promote a more sustainable management.Water drainage and nitrate leaching were assessed by coupling soil, crop and climate data within LIXIM model. Then we analyzed N leaching pattern under diverse organic arable fields to explain its main driving factors. Leaving aside the strong soil type effect and the importance of climatic conditions on drainage, the combination of previous crops and autumn field management appeared to be a key determinant of nitrate leaching in the studied organic systems, as they both drive the amount of soil mineral nitrogen before draining period and explain the position of nitrate in the soil profile. We also showed the dichotomous role of legumes as preceding crop in organic cropping systems and the poor performance of the standard catch crops, sown in late summer in this context.Yield gap of cereals was investigated using a deterministic modeling approach as a diagnosis tool, to contribute in improving the productivity of organic agriculture. The soil-crop model STICS was used to estimate the potential yields of each studied winter wheat and winter triticale crop fields in their given soil and climate conditions. Our results reasserted how nitrogen stress could explain a major part of the yield gap occurring in organic crops and outweigh biotic limiting factors impacts, for cropping systems relying on few or no manures for nitrogen supply.Lastly, we aimed to address the challenge of nitrogen supply in organic arable systems for a better nitrogen use efficiency and improved crop yields. We used the model STICS to simulate the impact of alternative nitrogen management practices by carrying out a numerical experiment in a participatory approach involving farmers, technical advisors and researchers. The findings emphasized the importance of crop succession design and management practices, particularly the implementation of catch crops and the timing of the destruction of perennial legume crops. Optimizing the farmer’s actual practices could then be possible, reducing the potential emissions of nitrogen via leaching or gaseous losses, without decreasing the nitrogen supply for the following crop.Organic arable cropping systems, within the studied soil, technics and climate contexts, can achieve agronomic performances combined with low environmental impacts, with well-managed nitrogen practices
Ferchaud, Fabien. "Etude des bilans d’eau, d’azote et de carbone dans des agrosystèmes dédiés à la production de biomasse en fonction des espèces et des pratiques culturales." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0037.
Full textSecond generation biofuels could provide renewable energy to the transportation sector while mitigating climate change. However, their greenhouse gas, energy and environmental balances will probably depend on the feedstock used for their production. Bioenergy crops that could be used for second generation biofuels will have to fulfil several requirements, including high productivity, low input requirements, and low environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to assess the water, N and C balances at the plot scale for various bioenergy crops with different management. The study is based on a long term field experiment, called “Biomass & Environment”, established at the INRA experimental station in Estrées-Mons, northern France. This experiment includes two perennial C4 crops (Miscanthus × giganteus and switchgrass), two semi-perennial forage C3 crops (fescue and alfalfa) and two annual C4/C3 crops (fibre sorghum and triticale). It compares two nitrogen treatments and two dates of harvest of perennial crops: early (October) or late harvest (February). Measurements have been carried out on: i) biomass production; ii) soil water stocks, monitored continuously during 7 years; iii) root depth and density; iv) drainage and nitrate concentration in drained water, assessed from soil water and mineral N content measurements (in mid-autumn and late winter) and using the STICS model; v) soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in 2006 and 2011-2012; vi) the fate of 15N-labelled fertiliser applied during 4 or 5 successive years.Thanks to their deep rooting system, perennial and semi-perennial crops consumed more water than annual crops. The amount of drained water was lower under semi-perennial than annual crops (64 vs. 133 mm yr-1 average over 7 years), despite an equivalent biomass production. It was intermediate under perennial crops (56-137 mm yr-1) and negatively correlated to biomass production, itself depending on crop species and N rate. Nitrate concentration in drained water varied between 2 and 23 mg l-1. It was generally lower under perennial than other crops, except for miscanthus on the first year of measurement. SOC stocks increased markedly over time under semi-perennial crops (+0.93 t C ha-1 yr-1), whereas no significant change occurred under perennial and annual crops. The 15N recovery in the harvested biomass was lower for perennial than other crops, particularly when harvested late, but compensated by a higher 15N recovery in belowground organs and soil. The overall 15N recovery in the soil-plant system was 69% in perennials, 61% in semi-perennials and 56% in annual crops, suggesting that important fertiliser losses occurred through volatilisation and denitrification. In our pedo-climatic conditions, the C4 perennial crops performed best in terms of production, water and nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen losses towards the groundwater and the atmosphere. However, only semi-perennial crops yielded in SOC sequestration
Noirot-Cosson, Paul-Emile. "Optimisation de l'insertion des Produits Résiduaires Organiques dans les systèmes de cultures d'un territoire francilien : évolution des stocks de carbone organique et substitution des engrais minéraux." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AGPT0011/document.
Full textThe use of Exogenous Organic Matter (EOM) in agriculture could be an efficient way to substitute mineral fertilisation and increase soil organic matter (SOM) enhancing soil fertility and storing carbon (C). It could also cause nitrogen (N) pollutions such as nitrate leaching and gas emissions. Better understanding of C and N fate after EOM applications on cropped soils would allow improving these benefits while limiting environmental impacts. This thesis aims at: (i) predicting EOM impacts when applied on cropped soils, (ii) studying the effects of various scenarios of EOM applications in terms of C storage, synthetic N saving and N pollutions in the context of the Plain of Versailles region (221 km²) and taking into account soil diversity, crop successions and soil organic C contents, (ii) studying the potential for improving these benefits at the regional scale with an optimal distribution of EOM. The CERES-EGC crop model was used to simulate the effects of repeated applications of EOM over 13 years on both soil C and N dynamics in the soil-crop-water-air system of the long-term field experiment QualiAgro located within the region. The sub-model NCSOIL was parameterised from C and N mineralisation kinetics of EOM measured in laboratory conditions. When transposing the parameters into the CERES-EGC model, C storage at the field scale was well simulated, together with crop N uptake and yields, as well as soil mineral N contents. The kinetics of C and N mineralisation of the 18 EOM available in the region were used along with EOM biochemical fractionations for parameterising the NCSOIL model. The soil type did not significantly change EOM parameters. Four groups of EOM were distinguished based on their C and N dynamics: (i) stable composts, (2) more reactive and less mature composts and stable manures, (3) manures with reactive OM corresponding to horse manures and (4) very reactive EOM as sludges, litters that should be used as fertilisers. Numerous scenarios of EOM applications, constrained on the phosphorus and N quantities they bring (and limiting the input in trace elements), were simulated for 20 years in all regional contexts of soil, crop successions and soil organic C contents. The soil type was the main factor controlling C storage and N leaching while it was crop successions for N saving. Some composts allowed C storage up to 1.1 t C ha-1 yr -1 reaching 63% of C applied. N saving of 74 kg N ha-1 yr -1 were possible with a dried sewage sludge and a compost. N substitution could reach more than 90% of N applied with EOM, these high percentages being related with the indirect effect of EOM on soil OM and the hypothesis made for N substitution An optimisation model was developed to select EOM application scenario for each crop plot (soil x crop succession x initial soil OC content x area) accounting for EOM availability in the region with the objectives of maximising C storage or synthetic N saving or minimising N leaching at the regional scale. Applying preferentially the most stable EOM on soils with the highest potential for C storage i.e. with the highest calcareous and clay contents, up to 0.47 t C ha-1 yr-1 could be stored. Applying preferentially fertilising EOM on crop succession with maize and amending EOM on succession with rapeseed, up to 53 kg N ha-1 yr -1 could be saved
Sauboua, Emmanuelle. "Modélisation stochastique fonctionnelle du transfert d'eau et d'azote sous culture de maïs : application à l'évaluation de l'impact des pratiques agricoles en plaine de Bièvre." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10095.
Full textCarton, Nicolas. "Interactions induites par l'association du lupin avec une céréale, effets sur les adventices et conséquences sur la productivité." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0045/document.
Full textPea, faba bean and lupin could help to reduce the European protein deficit but they are not widely grown. Intercropping with a cereal can be seen as a way to circumvent their high yield variability and their low competitive ability against weeds. This strategy could be particularly relevant for winter white lupin, a crop that can produce high amounts of proteins but that is prone to high weed infestations. This doctoral thesis studies the dynamic interactions between lupin, cereal and weeds to highlight species traits that allow increasing their complementarity and their competitive ability against weeds while securing productivity. Results of a multisite study in agricultural fields demonstrate that adding triticale in lupin allows increasing competitive ability against weeds as well as yield and yield stability compared with sole-cropped lupin while maintaining protein production. A plot experiment highlights the key role of cereal early Nitrogen (N) uptake in the increase of competitive ability against weeds. Analysis of resource sharing shows that competitive relationships vary throughout the cropping cycle, depend on species or cultivars as well as climatic conditions and that they influence yield formation. Strong contrasts between lupin and a cereal for traits related to early soil N uptake and their consequences on complementarity are highlighted by the results of rhizotron experiments. This work emphasizes the role of species and cultivar choice to manage interactions between lupin, cereal and weeds and opens perspectives for the optimization of intercrop performances
Beaudoin, Nicolas. "Caractérisation expérimentale et modélisation des effets des pratiques culturales sur la pollution nitrique d'un aquifère en zone de grande culture." Phd thesis, Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2006. https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002665.
Full textPlénet, Daniel. "Fonctionnement des cultures de maïs sous contrainte azotée : détermination et application d'un indice de nutrition." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1995_PLENET_D.pdf.
Full textDulormne, Maguy. "Analyse du fonctionnement carboné, hydrique et azoté d'un système agroforestier tropical, légumineuse arbustive-herbe : discussion de l'"effet ombrage" créé par la culture dominante." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112127.
Full textRecous, Sylvie. "Dynamique de l'azote en sol cultivé : organisation microbienne des formes ammoniacale et nitrique, conséquences sur l'utilisation de l'azote des engrais par une culture de blé." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10049.
Full textPrado, Vasconcelos Claudete. "Contribution à l'étude de la nutrition azotée du pois et de la féverole dans divers systèmes de culture : simulation de la croissance et de la fixation symbiotique." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT002A.
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