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1
Thiele, Elizabeth Anne. "Culvert Hydraulics: Comparison of Current Computer Models." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1727.pdf.
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Goodridge, Wade H. "Sediment Transport Impacts Upon Culvert Hydraulics." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/416.
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Sedimentation buildup and accumulation can cause serious impediments to the hydraulic capacity of culvert systems. There has not been any significant research to date regarding the behavior of bed load transport nor the implications of bed forms upon the hydraulics associated with culvert flow. The primary objective of this study was to investigate how sediment transport occurs in a culvert and to then develop a methodology and test setup to successfully investigate this sediment transport. The investigation was limited to studying culvert and pipeline transport of alluvial material in sand and gravel sizes.
This dissertation develops a semi-empirical bed load transport equation from existing open channel flow models to be used in predicting sediment yields in culvert applications. Incipient motion and critical shear stresses were investigated for application into eight empirically based models. The methods analyzed include the Meyer-Peter Müller, Engelund and Hansen, Shields, Toffaleti (as seen in the United States Army Corps of Engineers program HEC RAS), Schoklitsch, DuBoy, Yang, and Rottner methods. These methods were tested for predictive accuracy to physically modeled bed load transport data obtained from a 304.8 mm (11.89 in) diameter culvert. Tests involved fully pressurized, partially pressurized inlet controlled, and open channel flow regimes for a variety of bed elevations and bedforms. Bedform regime and associated resistance impacts on flow energy were presented to better understand their hydraulic consequence in culvert applications.
An extensive literature review regarding sediment transport in both open channel and closed conduit applications is provided to develop a foundation of knowledge to pursue further research in this area. This literature review summarizes the current body of scientific knowledge that is applicable to sediment transport in culverts. Investigations into both historical and current works are cited throughout this studies literature review.
A tested methodology is presented for the investigation of sediment bed load transport in culvert applications. Development of a procedure for the testing of critical shear limits and bed load transport is outlined. A detailed application example is provided. Recommended changes in testing techniques and physical model are made for the next generation of culvert sediment transport research.
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Patton, Jesse Earl. "Empirical velocity predictions at culvert inlets." Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/patton/PattonJ0506.pdf.
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Esplin, Lindsay D. "Culvert Roughness Elements for Native Utah Fish Passage: Phase I." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2506.
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Culverts can increase stream velocities as a result of reduced waterway areas and prevent upstream passage of small non-salmonid fish such as the Native Utah Leatherside chub (Gila copei) and Longnose dace (Rhinichthyscataractae). To mitigate this problem, current culvert design standards for fish passage match sustained fish swim speeds with average cross sectional velocity through the culvert. Such policies dictate relatively large barrels and do not recognize the role of reduced velocity zones near culvert boundaries. Obstacles and streambed substrate create turbulent regions with lower velocity zones that can increase upstream fish passage. A comparison of upstream passage success using native Utah fish in an experimental flume was conducted with three different conditions: (1) a smooth boundary, (2) a smooth boundary with strategically placed cylinders, and (3) a boundary consisting of natural substrate. The refuge provided by the cylinders and substrate allowed fish to expend less energy as they swam upstream. Energy expenditure was compared between the conditions by mapping the velocity field near the boundary and tracing fish swim paths. Substrate provided sufficient refuge for the fish to behave in a manner similar to their behavior in a natural environment and with significantly reduced energy expenditure. Cylinders provided limited refuge that allowed fish to rest periodically as they navigated the flume. The smooth boundary case required the highest energy expenditure as there was no refuge provided. Fish swimming capabilities in the form of prolonged and burst velocities have been recorded for most species. Streamwise velocity near the boundary can be compared to the prolonged and burst swim speeds to predict passage rates. Further field testing is necessary to fully substantiate the effectiveness of utilizing reduced velocity zones in non-salmonid fish passage prediction. If such a design approach can be used instead of using the conservative but overly simplistic average velocity to evaluate the retrofit of existing culverts and to design new culverts it will help minimize costs and result in fewer culvert replacements and smaller and simpler new designs. Other implications such as downstream effects on stream bed stability and scour remain an issue.
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Monk, Suzanne Kim. "Culvert Roughness Elements for Native Utah Fish Passage: Phase II." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3656.
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Native fishes have become an increasingly important concern when designing fish passable culverts. Many operational culverts constrict waterways which increase velocities and prevent upstream passage of small fish species. The current method to ensure fish passage is to match the average cross sectional velocity to the sustained swim speed of the fish. This study investigates the passage rates of leatherside chub (Lepidomeda aliciae) and speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus) at three sites (an arch culvert with substrate bottom, box culvert with bare bottom, and a stream section with no culvert) located on Salina Creek near Salina, UT. It was found that fish were able to pass through all of the sites. However, fish were able to take advantage of the habitat within the culvert that had a substrate bottom more effectively than within the culvert that had no substrate within the barrel. This was reflected in population density estimates at each of the three test sites for each species. It was also found that the substrate at the arch culvert and stream sites scaled with the fish measured in this study. The D50 and D84 were 44 and 205 mm at the arch culvert site and 26 and 126 mm at the stream site. The average fish length was 76 mm for the chub and 64 mm for the dace. It is recommended that (1) a culvert size that produces a velocity equal to the prolonged swim speed of target fish in the near boundary region (2 cm above the bed) be used in the future, and (2) substrate that scales with the target fish species be placed in the culvert barrel.
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Driss, Slim. "Hydraulic design of culverts." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28377.
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Culverts are designed to carry water from one side of an embankment to another. There are many culverts under a typical highway and they add significantly to its cost. The hydraulic design of a culvert is surprisingly complex and since its primary purpose is to convey water, it is important that it has the full intended flow capacity. The objective of this thesis was to develop a computer program to help an engineer with the hydraulic design of culverts. The user of the program can choose between designing a new culvert or checking the adequacy of an existing culvert from a hydraulic, point of view. The program handles the problem of sediment deposition that can occur and reduce the capacity of culverts having gentle slopes. The most widely used culvert shapes are included in the program and in this thesis. Comments are provided on the conditions under which certain shapes are best. Culvert inlets are given, and some improved inlet designs are presented since the inlet design can have a major impact on the cost of the culvert. Also, erosion at the culvert outlet is discussed and suggestions are provided on how to prevent it or cope with it.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Day, Rodney Allen. "The hydraulic characteristics of culverts." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358345.
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Putri, Masdiwati Minati. "Hydraulic capacity of culverts under sediment transport." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25918.
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Sedimentation frequently causes an extensive blockage in culvert which may reduce its design capacity. Culvert guidelines which are extensively used reveal little details about sedimentation in culvert. Requirement of the design guidelines for culvert in steep terrain considering sediment transport condition implies the necessity of the culvert guidelines development. Two prior studies of culvert performance on steep terrain have been conducted. The first study evaluated the effects of expansion section length on the performance of the culvert under jet regime, while the other one investigated the effects of additional roughness installed on the model which then changed the flow regime of the model.Several laboratory experiments have been conducted during this study. The main focus of the study is to investigate the influence of the width of expansion section on the performance of the culvert. Tests were conducted on the scaled model which represents a culvert in a steep terrain. The model is designed for inlet control focusing only on a circular pipe, which consists of an upstream reservoir, an approach channel, and a channel expansion section. Streams on the model are supercritical at the approach channel and subcritical at the expansion section. The experiments simulated performances of the culvert under clear water and sediment transport conditions. The experimental phase was performed with three different inlet setups in various widths of expansion section. In the sediment transport experiments, various sizes and amount of sediments were used and combined with different methods of feeding the sediments. Flow pattern, sediment efficiency, and sediment deposition pattern were observed on the experimental works. The results of the experiments are shown through the inlet control performance curve which represents the ratio of the water depth to the culvert barrel diameter as a function of dimensionless discharge.As the main result, the performance of the culvert under clear water and sediment transport conditions is influenced by the width of expansion section and the inlet setup. In general, narrower width develops better culvert performance. The amount of sediment deposited in the expansion section and its deposition pattern are associated with the phenomena that occur on flows as a result of the expansion section widths effects.
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Lowe, Nathan John. "Theoretical Determination of Subcritical Sequent Depths for Complete and Incomplete Hydraulic Jumps in Closed Conduits of Any Shape." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2702.pdf.
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Faqiri, Khoshal. "Hydraulic capacity of culverts under sediment transport - Multibarrel Setup." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25933.
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As a part of the research program Natural hazards – Infrastructure for Floods and Landslides (NIFS), the hydraulic performance of the culverts are presently investigated in a scale model study carried out in the NTNU hydraulic laboratory. The background for this model study is the nonexistence of the culvert design guidelines with the sediment effect, and insufficient knowledge on culvert design in steep streams under consideration of sediment transport. The model consists of a collecting reservoir, an approach channel, an expansion section and a culvert system installed in a 45° embankment. The approach channel with a slope of 1:9 presents a steep stream in which the flow is always supercritical. The purpose of the model is to test the effect of different parameters on the culvert capacity under sediment transport conditions. The test parameters include length and width of the expansion section, inlet geometry, slope of the stream, size and amount of sediments, and the different ways by which sediments approach the culvert (i.e. continuous sediment transport and landslide transport in the stream) and number of the culvert barrels. Recent studies on the model investigated the effect of the length, the width of the expansion section and the slope of the approach channel. The present study focuses on the use of multibarrel culvert system. In each experiment, headwater was measured for different discharge increments, and the results were used to make performance curves or headwater-discharge curves for each parameter. Results showed that the inlet geometry is the most influential parameter on the culvert hydraulic and capacity, and the sediment transport. Both wingwalls inlet and cut inlet gave similar capacity results, but wingwalls inlet presented a more stable flow condition in the expansion section. The ability of these two inlet types to transport sediment was very poor. On the other hand projecting inlet gave a lower capacity but it was able to transport more sediments than the other two inlet types. However, by comparing the results with previous study, it was determined that the increased water level and a flow with reduced energy in the expansion section caused by the energy dissipater blocks was the actual reason for the low sediment transport by wingwalls and cut inlet. Both continuous sediment and landslide transport showed some elevation in headwater results but it was not significant enough to change the capacity of the culvert. However, increased amount and size of the sediment did not give any further significant elevation in the headwater. The main function of the reserve culvert in this multibarrel system was found to be the reduction of the headwater, as it did not have any effect on the pattern of sediment deposition. Sediments were deposited mostly on the centre line. However, in comparison with single barrel system it gave a flow with higher velocity towards the main culvert for the same headwater. The results of this study did not give a complete solution for culvert in steep rivers, but these results can be more helpful in combination with the other studies.
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Mozes, Kathryn Michelle. "Hydraulic stream-simulation design option for culvert construction in eastern Washington to meet fish passage criteria how big is big enough? /." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/k_mozes_050808.pdf.
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Blank, Matthew David. "Advanced Studies of fish passage through culverts 1-D and 3-D hydraulic modeling of velocity, fish energy expenditure, and a new barrier assessment method /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/blank/BlankM0508.pdf.
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Fish passage through culverts is an important component of road and stream crossing design. Although no comprehensive inventory of the number of culverts on fishbearing streams in the United States is available, there is an estimated 1.4 million streamroad crossings. The most common physical characteristics that create barriers to fish passage include excessive water velocity, insufficient water depth and large outlet drop heights. Over the past decade, interest in the effect culvert barriers have on aquatic systems has grown; accordingly, various passage assessment techniques have been used to determine whether a structure is a barrier and to what degree (its “barrierityâ€). Recent research has shown that determining the barrierity of a culvert is not trivial, and that different methods are often not congruent in their classification of “barrierityâ€. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of velocity on fish passage in great detail by: testing the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for estimating the 3-D velocity field through a culvert; quantifying velocity diversity through culverts for a range of flows; characterizing the energy expenditure paths through a culvert and identifying the passageways Yellowstone cutthroat trout used to successfully negotiate passage; and developing and testing a new barrier assessment method. The research was done, in part, by studying fish passage through culverts in Mulherin Creek, an important spawning tributary for Yellowstone cutthrout trout migrating from the Yellowstone River. Comparisons between predicted and observed velocities show 86% and 82% of variation in the observed velocity data were explained by the CFD model, for flow rates of 1.44 m3/s and 0.87 m3/s, respectively. The diverse velocity field through the culvert barrel created a range of energy expenditure paths through the entire culvert length. Fish movement observations showed successful passage only for trout seeking and using the minimum energy path created, in part, by the skew between the upstream channel and the culvert. This research investigated a new hydraulic approach to assessing barriers that uses the 3-D velocity field. Comparisons between estimated passage and measured passage show the 3-D method most accurately indicated passability compared to a 1-D method.
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Nixon, Kyle Marshall. "Sensitivity of 1-D hydraulic models of fish passage in culverts to descriptions of fish swimming performance." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/nixon/NixonK0809.pdf.
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One way culverts become barriers to the upstream movement of fish is by creating excessive velocities exceeding a fish's swimming ability. FishXing, a common tool for indirectly assessing fish passage, uses fish swimming ability information with one-dimensional culvert hydraulics to predict barrier status of culverts. However, since fish swimming ability data is scarce for many fish species, predictions of a culvert's barrier status can be inaccurate and overly conservative, possibly leading to misclassification or uneconomical design. Additional fish swimming ability research is necessary to strengthen these models. The primary goal of this study was to determine the effects of different swimming ability algorithms on velocity barrier flow rates predicted by one-dimensional culvert hydraulics models. A one-dimensional culvert hydraulics model was created in Visual Basic. This model was designed to mimic FishXing's fish swimming algorithm, or use more complex fish swimming algorithms. Three diverse test culverts were selected to show how varying culvert properties (length, geometry, flow regime, and embedment) influences which fish swimming ability algorithm most affects the predicted velocity barrier flow rate. A "test fish" was designed based upon fish swimming ability literature. Each culvert was subjected to six tests, each testing the sensitivity of a particular fish swimming algorithm. This study determined that for different types of culverts, different components of fish swimming ability algorithms substantially affect the velocity barrier flow rate. The study needed only three test culverts to show that accurate quantification of the fish species' burst speed, burst duration, the burst speed/duration relationship, prolonged swimming speed, and constant deceleration time from burst to prolonged speed is necessary to model diverse fish passage situations. This study also showed that if a fish has a substantial deceleration time, a constant deceleration is probably sufficient to model it. In the future, if programs like FishXing adapt to include deceleration in fish swimming models, constant deceleration is an adequate addition. With this analysis, fish swimming ability variables substantially affecting fish passage were determined. The study can be used to guide further research so swimming ability studies can gather swimming data that is most crucial to predicting fish passage.
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Frei, Christopher Michael. "Design of fish passage at bridges and culverts : Hydraulic engineering circular - 26." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/c_frei_082506.pdf.
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Larson, Emily Anne. "Energy dissipation in culverts by forcing a hydraulic jump at the outlet." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2004/e%5Flarson%5F081604.pdf.
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Khodier, Mohanad A. "Weir-Baffled Culvert Hydrodynamics Evaluation for Fish Passage Using Particle Image Velocimetry and Computational Fluid Dynamic Techniques." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3078.
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Due to a recent increase in environmental awareness regarding fish passage through hydraulic constructions including culverts, an evaluation for the passage of wild brown trout through a weir-baffled prototype-scale culvert was performed under a variety of culvert slopes and discharge conditions. The influence of the sample fish population and the length of the individual fish on passage rates were investigated; the data showed that the brown trout fish passage sample size evaluated in this study (25 per test) was sufficiently large to minimize sample size dependency. Fish behavior while traversing the culvert was observed and reported, including resting/staging zone locations.
Turbulent flow through weir baffled-culvert was also simulated numerically using three-dimensional numerical model employing the (k- �) model, Renormalized Group k-� model (RNG), and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model. Experimental data measured with the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were used to assess the accuracy and the applicability of these turbulence models in predicting the turbulent flow characteristics of the flow through a weir-baffled culvert at different spatial locations inside the culvert for variety of culvert slopes and flow rates. The influence of flow rates and culvert slopes on the forward velocities and reverse velocities was evaluated. It was noted that the influence of the flow rates on the flow velocities depends on the culvert slopes. Turbulent kinetic energy and flow direction effects on flow characteristic were also evaluated. Validation of Manning’s equation and Manning’s roughness coefficient for the tested culvert were reported.
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Gaia, Marcos Narvaez. "Modelação matemática de bueiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-19032015-163749/.
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Há tempo que engenheiros vêm procurando amenizar os problemas relacionados aos bueiros. Não só nos escritórios de engenharia, na fase de projetos e cálculos, como também no assentamento final, procurando manter o sistema hidráulico dos bueiros funcionando corretamente. A maioria dos problemas encontrados está associada a mal dimensionamento dos bueiros, dimensionamento insuficiente, ou má avaliação das vazões a serem escoadas. O presente trabalho de pesquisa analisa o escoamento dos bueiros nas obras rodoviárias e ferroviárias de forma a viabilizar seu bom funcionamento. Para tanto, dos nove (9) tipos de escoamentos identificados na atualidade, foram estudados e discutidos dois (2) deles: Escoamento com entrada livre e Escoamento com entrada afogada, ambos com controle na entrada do bueiro. A seção do bueiro escolhida foi a circular, uma vez que a bibliografia específica para este tipo de seção é menos abundante. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi feito através de modelação matemática buscando-se encontrar o ponto de transição entre os dois (2) tipos de escoamento. Através dos resultados foi possível uma análise mais detalhada, com sugestão de critérios para projetos de bueiros.There is a long time that engineers has been trying to reduce problems related to culverts. Not only in the engineering offices, in the stage of projects and calculations, as well in the final putting down the culverts, trying to keep the hydraulic system of culverts working well. Most of problems encountered related to culverts are due to weak design conditions, insufficient design condition or bad review of discharges to be flow. This research aims to analyze the culverts flow in roads and rails projects in order to produce a smooth functioning. Therefore, from nine types of flow recently identified there were studied and discussed two of them: Flow with free entry and flow with submerged entry, both cases with inlet control. The cross section of the culvert chosen was the circular, once that the specific literature for this kind of section is less widespread. The work development was done by mathematical modeling where the objective was to find the transition point between these two types of flow. From the results it was possible to develop a detailed analysis and to propose a culvert design criteria.
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Havlát, Michal. "Konstrukční návrh výukového hydraulického okruhu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227783.
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It is suitable to add practical illustrations of hydraulic tasks during teaching hydraulics and hydrology. These practical illustrations can be realized by mobile hydraulic circuit which is situated in the auditorium. This thesis is focused on constructional and project solution of the circuit which consists of a compensatory tank with sufficient capacity, pump aggregate and hydraulic measure flume. The construction of hydraulic flume must enable quick, simple and safety installation of a scaled down models of a hydro technical structures. The main requirements of a mobile teaching circuit are clearness of practical hydraulic illustrations, compact dimensions, comparatively low weight, mobility and simple control and manipulation. This diploma thesis also includes design of a scaled down models of a hydro technical structures, especially set of plate weirs, bed-crested weir, ogee-crested weir, culvert, Venturi flume, sluice and radial gate, pier and roughened bed. The hydraulic circuit drawing part also includes instrument carrier with level gauge. This diploma thesis includes theoretical text part, technical report of designed objects, hydraulic calculations and drawing part.
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House, Matthew R. "Countersunk culvert hydraulics for upstream juvenile fish passage /." 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/7892.
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Magura, Christopher Ryan. "Hydraulic characteristics of embedded circular culverts." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/2817.
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This report details a physical modeling study to investigate the flow characteristics of circular corrugated structural plate (CSP) culverts with 10% embedment and projecting end inlets using a 0.62 m diameter corrugated metal pipe under a range of flows (0.064 m3/s to 0.254 m3/s) and slopes (0%, 0.5% and 1.0%). An automated sampling system was used to record detailed velocity measurements at cross-sections along the length of the model. The velocity data was then used to develop isovel plots and observations were made regarding the effect of water depth, average velocity, boundary roughness and inlet configuration on the velocity structure. Other key aspects examined include the distribution of shear velocity and equivalent sand roughness, Manning’s roughness, an evaluation of composite roughness calculation methods, secondary currents, area-velocity relationships, the effect of embedment on maximum discharge and a simulation of model results using HECRAS. Recommendations are presented to focus future research.October 2007
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White, Dale. "Hydraulic performance of countersunk culverts in Oregon /." 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/9886.
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Hunt, Martin. "Hydraulic characteristics of circular culvert inlets relating to fish passage." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/8921.
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This thesis presents the findings of a physical modeling study examining the hydraulic characteristics within the inlet region of a corrugated steel pipe (CSP) culvert with common inlet treatments. Also examined are the effects of embedding the culvert below the stream bed and backfilling the culvert with granular material.
Velocity and turbulence distributions were examined in an effort to better understand how these inlet treatments may affect fish passage. The velocity field of each inlet configuration was dominated by a central jet of high velocity surrounded by low velocity boundary areas. Based on percent area analysis the various projecting end inlet configura-tions presented the largest area with streamwise velocities less than Uavg. The usefulness of the low velocity boundary areas may be limited by significant vertical and spanwise velocities and associated elevated turbulence levels.
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Kehler, Nicholas Jon. "Hydraulic Characteristics of Fully Developed Flow in Circular Culverts." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/3215.
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Throughout the world, particularly in countries such as Canada, water crossings are a significant part of the infrastructure system. Since corrugated metal pipe culverts are an inexpensive choice, as well as hydraulically efficient, they are a very appealing option to designers.
To ensure that the natural ecosystem is not adversely affected, culverts must be designed so that throughout the year fish can migrate upstream. Current design regulations are based on the average velocity within the culvert and the prolonged swimming speed of the fish species present. In order to examine the validity of this approach, a physical modeling study was undertaken using a circular CMP culvert.
It was found that there is significant cross sectional area below average velocity, and that gravel embedment further increases this area. In addition, a technique was developed that produced very agreeable streamwise velocity predictions over a two dimensional cross section in the developed region.
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Toews, Jonathan Scott. "Modeling the hydraulic characteristics of fully developed flow in corrugated steel pipe culverts." 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/9149.
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The process of fish migration within rivers and streams is important, especially during the spawning season which often coincides with peak spring discharges in Manitoba. Current environmental regulations for fish passage through culverts require that the average velocity be limited to the prolonged swimming speed of the fish species present. In order to examine the validity of this approach, physical model results were used to calibrate and test a commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model.
Detailed analysis showed that CFD models and the empirical equations used were both able to give a better representation of the flow field than the average velocity. However, the empirical equations were able to provide a more accurate velocity distribution within the fully developed region. A relationship was then developed, to estimate the cumulative percent area less than a threshold velocity within CSP culverts, to be used as a guideline during the design phase.
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"Advanced studies of fish passage through culverts: One-dimensional and three-dimensional hydraulic modeling of velocity, fish energy expenditure, and a new barrier assessment method." MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY, 2008. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3297560.
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