Journal articles: 'Culvert hydraulics'

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Hotchkiss, Rollin H., Elizabeth A. Thiele, E. James Nelson, and Philip L. Thompson. "Culvert Hydraulics." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2060, no. 1 (January 2008): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2060-16.

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Several computer programs are available to analyze culvert hydraulics, including HY-8, FishXing, Broken-back Culvert Analysis Program (BCAP), Hydraflow Express, CulvertMaster, Culvert, and Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). The use of slightly different methodologies to complete the analysis results in different estimates for headwater depth, flow control, and outlet velocity. This paper compares the available hydraulic features and tests the accuracy of these seven programs as part of an effort to update the HY-8 program. Four test cases were developed. The flow controls, headwater depths, and outlet velocities were compared with values obtained through calculations based on best practice as outlined in the FHWA publication, Hydraulic Design Series No. 5. Several limitations were identified. BCAP has limited ability to analyze straight barrel culverts operating under outlet control with high tailwater, CulvertMaster reports outlet control for some low discharges as a surrogate for what is referred to as “entrance control,” Culvert misidentifies the location of hydraulic control for lower discharges and overestimates headwater elevations, and HydraFlow Express incorrectly uses critical depth at the outlet for inlet control calculations. With the test cases used here, HY-8, HEC-RAS, and FishXing most consistently agreed with accepted empirical results. It is recommended that program providers improve their products to replicate better the hydraulic conditions simulated in this paper and to extend program capabilities to include more environmentally sensitive design considerations such as fish passage.

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Hotchkiss, Rollin H., Patrick J. Flanagan, and Kevin Donahoo. "Hydraulic Jumps in Broken-Back Culverts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1851, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1851-04.

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A broken-back culvert has one or more changes in grade within the prismatic barrel profile. One section of a broken-back culvert is usually steep, with the steep slope contributing to high outlet velocities unless a hydraulic jump forms upstream from the culvert outlet. Predictive equations have been published for a wide range of experimental conditions but still do not describe the hydraulics of a jump as it traverses the steeply sloped section and the most downstream section of a broken-back culvert. A computer program, the Broken-Back Culvert Analysis Program (BCAP), analyzes the hydraulics of circular or box-shaped broken-back culverts and provides a comprehensive design tool for engineers. It predicts whether a hydraulic jump will occur and, if so, where it begins and ends. Analyses are performed for 10 discharges. Outputs include rating curves for headwater and outlet depths and outlet velocity and tabulations of hydraulic parameters for each discharge. The water surface profiles throughout the culvert, except through the hydraulic jump, are computed and are plotted on the screen. Experiments were performed with model culverts to assess the accuracy of the predictive equations in BCAP for headwater depth, the location of a hydraulic jump, and the hydraulic jump length. The predictions for the headwater depth at the culvert inlet matched the experimental observations well, but predictions for hydraulic jump location and length were less satisfactory. BCAP has been used for hundreds of design projects in Nebraska and has been downloaded almost 300 times from at least 22 different states. It is recommended that BCAP be improved as better experimental data become available.

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Rajaratnam, N., C. Katopodis, and S. Lodewyk. "Hydraulics of offset baffle culvert fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 1043–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-137.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the hydraulics of culverts with offset baffles to pass fish. Using analytical considerations and experimental observations, a flow equation has been developed between the discharge, diameter, depth, and slope for a culvert fish way with the standard offset baffle system. The velocity field at the slot has also been evaluated. Some further experiments were performed to assess the effect of baffle spacing and height on the hydraulics of the culvert fishway. Key words: culverts, fishways, baffles, hydraulics, open-channel flow, turbulent flow.

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Rajaratnam, N., C. Katopodis, and S. Lodewyk. "Hydraulics of culvert fishways IV: spoiler baffle culvert fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-010.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the hydraulics of culvert fishways with spoiler baffles. Four designs were studied with the heights of the baffles equal to 0.09D and 0.15D and longitudinal spacings of 0.53D and 1.06D, where D is the diameter of the culvert. Design equations have been developed relating the flow depth to the flow rate, the diameter and the slope of the culvert for each baffle design. Expressions have also been found for the barrier velocity. Key words: culverts, fishways, hydraulics, turbulent flow, open-channel flow.

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Rajaratnam, N., and C. Katopodis. "Hydraulics of culvert fishways III: weir baffle culvert fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 558–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-064.

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This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of culvert fishways with weir-type baffles. Baffles with heights equal to 0.15 and 0.1 times the diameter (D) of the culvert were studied with longitudinal spacings of 0.6D and 1.2D. Equations have been developed to describe the relation between the discharge, slope, diameter, and the depth of flow. It has been possible to predict the barrier velocity that would exist at the baffles. The performance of the weir baffles has been found to be as good as that of the slotted-weir baffles. Key words: culverts, fishways, hydraulics, turbulent flow, open-channel flow.

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Rajaratnam, N., C. Katopodis, and M. A. Fairbairn. "Hydraulics of culvert fishways V: Alberta fish weirs and baffles." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 6 (December 1, 1990): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-112.

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This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the hydraulic performance of fish weirs and fish baffles used by Alberta Transportation for improving the fish-passing capacity of culverts. It was found that if the longitudinal spacing of the weirs is limited to 0.6 and 1.2 times the diameter of the culvert, their performance is comparable to that of the corresponding weir and slotted-weir baffle systems, with regard to the depth of pool between the baffles as well as the barrier velocity. On the other hand, the fish baffles did not perform as well as the fish weirs under the conditions tested. Key words: culverts, fishways, baffles, turbulent flow, hydraulics, open-channel flow.

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Rajaratnam, N., C. Katopodis, and N. McQuitty. "Hydraulics of culvert fishways II: slotted-weir culvert fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-061.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the hydraulics of culvert fishways with a slotted-weir baffle system. Six designs with two baffle heights and three spacings were tested. A flow equation has been developed to predict the flow depth for any given discharge, diameter, and slope. The barrier velocity that would exist at the slot in the baffles has also been predicted in a general manner. This relatively simple slotted-weir baffle system has been found to match the performance of the more complicated but frequently used offset baffle system of similar dimensions. Key words: culverts, fishways, baffles, hydraulics, turbulent flow, open-channel flow.

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Rajaratnam, N., C. Katopodis, and N. McQuitty. "Reply: Hydraulics of culvert fishways II: slotted-weir culvert fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 671–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-077.

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Hansen, David. "Discussion: Hydraulics of culvert fish ways II: slotted-weir culvert fishways." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-076.

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Tullis, B. P., and D. S. Anderson. "Slip-Lined Culvert Inlet End Treatment Hydraulics." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 136, no. 1 (January 2010): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000113.

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Ead, S. A., N. Rajaratnam, and C. Katopodis. "Generalized Study of Hydraulics of Culvert Fishways." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 128, no. 11 (November 2002): 1018–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2002)128:11(1018).

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Chanson, H. "Hydraulics of Large Culvert beneath Roman Aqueduct of Nı⁁mes." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 128, no. 5 (October 2002): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2002)128:5(326).

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13

Zou, Kai Ming, Xi'an Yang, and Jun Li. "Layout and Hydraulics Model Experiments of Filling and Emptying System of Shiplock Structure with Chamber Wall’s Long Culvert and Short Side Orifice Outlet." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.745.

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The safety and efficency of operation of shiplock ralate closely to the filling and emptying system,so its related hydraulics will become the research focus of the current navigation hydraulics.According to requirement of the general layout codes and relevant design provisions of filling and emptying system,the hydraulic characteristics of the filling and emptying system with chamber wall’s long culvert and short side orifice outlet，is carried out by generalized numerical model and overall physical mode.The results showed that the hydraulic property of the structure can meet the requirements of the standard,and the research is also very important to ensure the safe operation,the reseach method can make reference for similar project.

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Smit, Cliff D. "Flow establishment in helical corrugated pipe." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 15, no. 5 (October 1, 1988): 912–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l88-116.

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Corrugated steel pipe suppliers have recently switched from annular rivetted corrugated pipe to helical lock seam corrugated pipe. This was done as a manufacturing expedient, but there has been an unexpected benefit in terms of reduced hydraulic resistance. Studies on full scale pipes have shown that the friction factor for full flow is lowered substantially as the helix angle of the corrugations is reduced. In fact at a helix angle of 52.5 ° the pipe resistance was found to be almost as low as for smooth pipe. However, these tests were concerned exclusively with determining rates of head loss for fully established flow. Drainage culverts for highways, grid roads, and farm crossings are usually relatively short structures. In some cases the length to diameter ratio may be as low as 10, and in most cases would not exceed 50. This immediately introduces the question of the length of culvert required to develop fully established helical flow, because before the flow becomes established the rate of head loss will be greater. In effect the friction factor will be highest at the culvert inlet and decrease along the length of the culvert, becoming a minimum after the flow is fully established. In theory the accumulated loss could be calculated by using a variable friction factor over the establishment length. This would be cumbersome and impractical. It would be simpler to calculate the pipe friction on the assumption that it is constant, at the minimum value, for the whole length of the pipe and then add a "development head loss" term to account for the extra loss. Experiments to determine the development head loss were conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Saskatchewan. The model pipes were 107 mm inside diameter and 2.13 m long. Standard corrugations were simulated and helix angles of 61.0 and 71.4° were tested. It was found that about 12 diameters of pipe length were required to obtain fully established flow, and a value for the development head loss of 0.2 times the velocity head was indicated. Key words: helical corrugated pipe, head losses, n values, flow establishment.

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15

Tullis, Blake P., S. Collin Robinson, and Jacob C. Young. "Hydraulic Characteristics of Buried-Invert Elliptical Culverts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1904, no. 1 (January 2005): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190400111.

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In response to recent and ongoing adaptation of culvert designs to environmentally sensitive installations, inlet loss coefficients and inlet control flow performance data are presented that are specific to environmentally sensitive culvert geometries. A common practice for such culvert designs is to bury the culvert inverts and create a simulated streambed through the culvert. Common cross-sectional geometries of such culverts typically include circular, elliptical, or pipe arch. These buried- or depressed-invert culverts create inlet geometries for which inlet loss information and inlet control flow performance curves have not been developed. Regardless of the method used to design environmentally sensitive culverts, the ability of the culvert to pass the design flood must be determined. In an effort to provide such information, an elliptical smooth-wall culvert with an invert burial depth of 50% was tested under various conditions (e.g., various end treatments, inlet and outlet control, submerged and unsubmerged inlet conditions, and ponded and channelized approach flow conditions) to determine the inlet loss coefficient and flow performance curve characteristics. The test results show that the inlet loss coefficient is relatively independent of both Reynolds number and the ratio of the distance from the inlet invert to the upstream total energy grade line to the culvert diameter ( HW/ D) and that the inlet loss coefficients for the elliptical culvert with 50% burial depth are approximately equal to the published coefficients for traditional culvert inlets. The inlet control data adapt well to the Form 1 and Form 2 unsubmerged and the submerged equations recommended by FHWA.

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Ho, H. C., M. Muste, S. Plenner, and A. R. Firoozfar. "Complementary experiments for hydraulic modeling of multi-box culverts." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 4 (April 2013): 324–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0201.

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Culvert design must account for a large range of flow rates but most of the time culverts convey flows that are smaller than the design flow. Repeated high flows passing through the culverts lead to a gradual increase of the sediment deposits in the culvert vicinity, eventually resulting in reduced flow and sediment capacity. Sedimentation at culverts is quite an involved process due to the combined effect of flow non-uniformity and unsteadiness, as well as of the flow–sediment interaction. This paper reports results from a series of laboratory experiments aimed at understanding the hydro and morpho-dynamic changes occurring in the vicinity of a three-box culvert. For this purpose, velocity and turbulence characteristics upstream of the culvert were mapped globally and locally during the transition from an original flatbed to equilibrium sediment transport condition using contemporary acoustics, light detection and ranging, and image-based technologies. The experimental results reveal flow complexities not currently accounted for in the design of the multi-barrel culverts, but which can be detrimental for their long-term operation. Considerations on practical approaches to efficiently model the complexities were formulated.

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Mandić, Vladimir, Miloš Šešlija, Slobodan Kolaković, Srđan Kolaković, Goran Jeftenić, and Slaviša Trajković. "Mountain Road-Culvert Maintenance Algorithm." Water 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13040471.

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The objective of this research was to determine the probability of road overtopping occurrence for a road culvert caused by surface runoff from the upstream catchment. A hydrological–hydraulic model was used for the development of an algorithm for road culvert maintenance based on the overtopping occurrence probability (CMOOP algorithm) for small mountain catchments. The hydrological model defines the regression dependence between the runoff hydrograph peak values and the probability of occurrences, whereas the hydraulic model calculates the culvert flow capacity by including in the calculation the level of sediment that culvert is filled with. The relationship between occurrences of overtopping and peak runoff value was defined using the runoff hydrograph transformation model in the accumulation on the upstream side of the road. In addition to the calculation of overtopping occurrence probability for the existing culvert condition, the CMOOP algorithm was used to analyze the impact of rehabilitation and reconstruction works from the perspective of legally based safety criterion for road overtopping occurrence probability (SCROOP). The CMOOP algorithm was appled to 67 concrete culverts located in a mountain road section in the Republic of Serbia. The results show that the application of rehabilitation works on selected culverts will increase the percentage of culverts that satisfy SCROOP from 49.25% to 89.55%, which confirms that the accumulated stone sediment is the main reason for the SCROOP unfulfillment.

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Yang, Shiping, Bruce H. Kjartanson, and Robert A. Lohnes. "Structural performance of scrap tire culverts." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 28, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-082.

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Culverts constructed of whole truck tires are a cost-effective alternative for draining water from small drainage basins with areas up to several hectares. Truck tire culvert design involves both hydraulic and structural performance considerations. This paper focuses on the structural considerations. Structural performance of truck tire culverts depends on the strength and stiffness of the truck tires and on their interaction with the surrounding backfill soil. The strength and stiffness properties of truck tires were determined by parallel plate testing. Field tests were conducted to evaluate the soil-structure interaction of buried truck tire culverts under a relatively shallow backfill. Responses with well-compacted and uncompacted (dumped) glacial till backfill soil were compared. Drawing on the results of the parallel plate tests and using the buried conduit test results for calibration, the Culvert Analysis and Design (CANDE) program was used to assess the load response of a truck tire culvert for a variety of backfill soils and to develop structural performance-based design guidelines.Key words: scrap tires, culvert, parallel plate test, field testing, CANDE.

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Fitch, G. Michael. "Avoidance of Nonanadromous Fish Passage Impedance Caused by Highway Culverts." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1559, no. 1 (January 1996): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196155900106.

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Highway culverts may hinder the normal migrations of various trout species in wild trout streams through increased flow velocity, shallow water depths, increased turbulence, and perching. This can impede migrational movements, affecting the genetic diversity and long-term survival of some species. Often, the proper installation of culverts can reduce the adverse effects on fish while maintaining hydraulic efficiency. This study characterized the problems with existing culverts to develop guidelines for the future use of culverts in areas with high gradient streams. Installation criteria will ideally limit the use of bridges where culverts are appropriate, and eliminate the use of culverts where they would create fish passage problems. This will reduce installation, maintenance, and retrofitting costs. The study concluded that culverts can be considered the primary option for crossing trout streams if the culvert can be placed on the same slope as that of the streambed, the slope of the stream is less than 3 percent, the flow velocity does not exceed 1.2 m/sec under normal flow conditions, and the barrel of the culvert can be properly countersunk at the outlet to prevent perching. Bridges should be used at these crossings if any of these criteria cannot be met. The study also concluded that baffles should not be used to control streamflow velocities in newly installed culverts, and concrete aprons should not be used at culvert outlets.

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Fernández-Pato, J., S. Martínez-Aranda, M. Morales-Hernández, and P. García-Navarro. "Analysis of the performance of different culvert boundary conditions in 2D shallow flow models." Journal of Hydroinformatics 22, no. 5 (July 8, 2020): 1093–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2020.025.

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Abstract Culverts allow roads to safely traverse small streams or drainage ditches, and their proper design is critical to ensure a safe and reliable transportation network. A correct modelization of these hydraulic structures becomes crucial in the assessment of flood footprints or discharge peak estimation in a risk evaluation plan. The question of how to include culverts comes up frequently when assembling a hydraulic model that requires the presence of as many singular elements as possible. In this work, three different culvert integrations with the surface domain are studied and compared in the context of a 2D shallow water (SW) model. All of them are based on the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) formulation for the culvert discharge estimation but differ in complexity and in the interaction with the numerical model for surface flow, some of them as internal boundary conditions. Several steady and unsteady validation test cases are presented and the numerical results are compared with the predictions from HEC-RAS 1D and HY-8 software. The culvert area, shape and their sensitivity to the 2D computational mesh is also analyzed.

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Moawad, A., J. A. McCorquodale, and G. Abdel-Sayed. "Hydraulic loading in culvert inlets." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-128.

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Flexible corrugated metal pipes are commonly used as an alternative to concrete bridges for small and medium sized streams. If these flexible culverts are improperly designed they can fail dramatically. One cause of failure is uplift at a submerged inlet. With the pipe flowing partly full, the weight of the pipe and the net force due to the internal water pressure may be less than the buoyant force acting on the submerged pipe; this may result in an upward bending moment. This paper describes an experimental study of the hydraulic forces inside culvert inlets. The tests were carried out on a plexiglass pipe with projecting and flush inlets. The effect of the flow separation on the pressure fluctuation at the inlet was investigated in this study. The internal pressures for the case with a headwall were found to be significantly higher than for the projecting inlet. The formation of a scour hole at the upstream end of the inlet increased the uplift potential. Internal pressure profiles were integrated to determine the internal load distributions on culverts with different inlet treatments. Key words: culvert, projecting inlets, headwall inlets, uplift failure, scour, hydraulic loading.

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Jaeger, Rick, Katharina Tondera, Selvan Pather, Mark Porter, Carolyn Jacobs, and Neil Tindale. "Flow Control in Culverts: A Performance Comparison between Inlet and Outlet Control." Water 11, no. 7 (July 9, 2019): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071408.

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Culverts, as an essential part of drainage networks worldwide, provide an efficient solution for flowing waters to cross man-made barriers including roads. Existing structures can be many years old and changes in rainfall patterns due to global warming might not have been considered in their original design. While correctly designed culverts can effectively drain water during high-intensity rainfall events, poorly designed or outdated structures could cause upstream flooding resulting in costly damage and losses. Hydraulic improvements to prepare existing culverts for greater discharge rates could be a favorable alternative to rebuilding every failing structure. Modern design guidelines calculate the performance for inlet and outlet controlled flows on the basis of established hydraulic theories. After calculating the headwater levels for both flow controls, the inferior one is then chosen, based on the assumption that the culvert will operate in its least efficient state. Flow improvements could be made by enforcing the better performing option. Outlet control can be ensured by raising the tailwater levels as high as the outlet thereby utilizing the entire cross-sectional area of the culvert. It was found that, in some cases, an enforced outlet control enables culverts to perform better than operation under inlet control. However, only smooth and short culverts with high losses at the inlet were identified as benefiting from this approach and many existing structures could be improved by better inlet designs.

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Hotchkiss, Rollin H., Emily A. Larson, and David M. Admiraal. "Energy Dissipation in Culverts by Forced Hydraulic Jump within a Barrel." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1904, no. 1 (January 2005): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105190400113.

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Riprap and concrete stilling basins are often built at culvert outlets to keep high-energy flows from scouring the streambed. Two simple alternatives to large basins are examined: a horizontal apron with an end weir and a drop structure with an end weir. The two designs are intended to reduce the flow energy at the outlet by inducing a hydraulic jump within the culvert barrel without the aid of tailwater. This research examines the jump geometry and the effectiveness of each jump type and proposes a design procedure for practicing engineers. The design procedure is applicable to culverts with approach Froude numbers from 2.6 to 6.0. Both designs are effective in reducing outlet velocity 0.7 to 8.5 ft/s (0.21 to 2.59 m/s), momentum 10% to 48%, and energy 6% to 71%. The design layouts allow easy access for maintenance activities.

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Holder, Graham K. "Sault Ste. Marie Lock reconstruction: hydraulic model studies of the stop log emergency closure and lock filling and emptying systems." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1003–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-033.

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In July 1987, a section of the southwest wall of Sault Ste. Marie Lock failed during a locking operation when a portion of limestone facing, 60 m by 8 m, separated from the rubble backing wall. Engineering investigations resulted in the selection of the Recreational Lock Option, involving either downsizing the lock chamber within the existing lock or constructing a new lock as the most viable solutions. A Dry Dock Option, where the lock would be used to store craft during the winter months, was also considered. However, this option was abandoned during the course of testing. The engineering investigations also revealed that the emergency swing dam, constructed upstream of the existing lock to protect the system should the lock gates be damaged or carried away (as happened in 1909), was in poor condition and required rehabilitation in the order of over $0.5 million. A stop log emergency system was proposed as an alternative safety device designed to stop the flow of water through the canal in the event of gate failure. Physical hydraulic model studies were carried out to evaluate the feasibility of using an emergency stop log system. The tests showed that stop logs constructed with solid horizontal web plates top and bottom result in unacceptably high hydraulic downpull forces. Open truss stop logs can be deployed to stop the flow of water through the canal in the event of gate failure. The follower should also be constructed as an open truss such that the areas of steel exposed to the flow at the top and bottom of the follower are minimized. Hydraulic uplift forces that could prevent closure can be reduced by increasing the space between the stop log and the follower. Physical hydraulic model studies of the lock filling-emptying systems are described. The first and preferred option consists of downsizing the existing lock and retaining part of the existing wooden culverts and emptying system, if possible. A new filling port, filling valves, and supply culvert would be constructed upstream. In the event that the existing wooden culverts are found to be unserviceable, a second option was considered. This second option would be to fill in the wooden culverts and then construct a new filling port, filling valves, and supply culvert that would discharge into the lock through the upstream breast wall just above floor level. The existing emptying system would be retained or rebuilt. The third option, if both the filling and discharge culverts have to be condemned, would be to build a new lock. The results of the hydraulic model studies carried out to explore these three options are described.Key words: emergency closure, stop logs, follower, canal, lock, downpull, uplift, crane capacity, filling-emptying system, culverts.

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Goerig, Elsa, and Theodore Castro-Santos. "Is motivation important to brook trout passage through culverts?" Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 6 (June 2017): 885–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0237.

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Culverts can restrict movement of stream-dwelling fish. Motivation to enter and ascend these structures is an essential precursor for successful passage. However, motivation is challenging to quantify. Here, we use attempt rate to assess motivation of 447 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) entering three culverts under a range of hydraulic, environmental, and biological conditions. A passive integrated transponder system allowed for the identification of passage attempts and success of individual fish. Attempt rate was quantified using time-to-event analysis allowing for time-varying covariates and recurrent events. Attempt rate was greatest during the spawning period, at elevated discharge, at dusk, and for longer fish. It decreased during the day and with increasing number of conspecifics downstream of the culvert. Results also show a positive correlation between elevated motivation and successful passage. This study enhances understanding of factors influencing brook trout motivation to ascend culverts and shows that attempt rate is a dynamic phenomenon, variable over time and among individuals. It also presents methods that could be used to investigate other species’ motivation to pass natural or anthropogenic barriers.

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Kells, J. A. "Hydraulic performance of damaged-end corrugated steel pipe culverts." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 9 (September 2008): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l08-055.

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Culverts are a common and physically simple type of hydraulic structure, which are often fabricated as circular, corrugated steel pipe (CSP) sections. Because of the relatively thin wall of CSP, the ends of such pipe are frequently in a damaged condition. It is hypothesized that the hydraulic impact of the damage is often quite significant, resulting in reduced discharge capacity and (or) increased headwater ponding. The study reported in this paper was focused on an evaluation of the hydraulic impact of various levels of damage to the end sections of a culvert operating under either inlet or outlet control. In general, it was found that, for end damage deformations up to 1/4 of the pipe diameter, the discharge coefficient is reduced by approximately 10%, while the loss coefficients are increased by about 48% and 35% for inlet and outlet control modes of operation, respectively. For greater degrees of damage, the hydraulic performance is considerably worse.

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Taha, Nesreen, Maged M. El-Feky, Atef A. El-Saiad, Martina Zelenakova, Frantisek Vranay, and Ismail Fathy. "Study of Scour Characteristics Downstream of Partially-Blocked Circular Culverts." Water 12, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 2845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102845.

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Debris accumulations upstream and through crossing hydraulic structures such as culverts cause the upstream water level and the downstream scour depth to increase, which can lead to structure failure. This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of various inlet blockage ratios on culvert efficiency and scour hole depth. In a non-blocked case, various submergence ratios (S = 1.06, 1.33, 1.60, and 1.90) were tested with different discharge rates. In a blocked case, the effects of inlet blockage with various blockage ratios (Ar = 10%, 20%, and 30%) were seen as sediment blockage on the pipe bed or floating debris upstream of the culvert. The results show that as the submergence ratio increases, the maximum scour depth decreases at the same discharge rate, and the relative energy loss also decreases in the non-blocked case. In the sediment blockage (Ar d) case, the relative maximum depth increases with increasing densimetric Froude number and with an increasing blockage ratio. An empirical equation was developed to predict the relative scour depth under the present study conditions.

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Rodgers, Essie M., Rebecca L. Cramp, Matthew Gordos, Anna Weier, Sarah Fairfall, Marcus Riches, and Craig E. Franklin. "Facilitating upstream passage of small-bodied fishes: linking the thermal dependence of swimming ability to culvert design." Marine and Freshwater Research 65, no. 8 (2014): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf13170.

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Fish passage through road culverts is poorly understood, particularly for small-bodied fishes, despite this information being integral to the restoration of waterway connectivity. We assessed the prolonged swimming performance of a small-bodied fish, empire gudgeon (Hypseleotris compressa; 3.2–7.7 cm total length, TL), and juvenile Australian bass (Percalates novemaculeata; 3.5–7.8 cm TL). Swimming trials were conducted in a hydraulic flume across a range of fixed and increasing velocities in response to acute and long-term thermal treatments. A new statistical approach (Tobit analysis) was used to relate the thermal dependence of swimming endurance to hydraulic characteristics of culverts, providing estimates of maximum water velocity allowing upstream fish passage. Reductions in water temperature of 10°C, similar to those caused by cold-water releases from dams, significantly impaired critical swimming speeds of both species. Traversable water-velocity models identified H. compressa as a weak swimmer, requiring very low water velocities (≤0.10 m s–1 or 2.86 body lengths (BL) s–1) for unrestricted passage, whereas P. novemaculeata was predicted to traverse water velocities of ≤0.39 m s–1 or 12.12 BL s–1. Culvert designs can be improved by limiting water velocities to accommodate weak-swimming fishes and by accounting for the thermal sensitivity of swimming performance.

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Donahue, John P., and Andrew F. Howard. "Hydraulic design of culverts on forest roads." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 1545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-237.

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Design of drainage structures is an important part of planning forest roads, which usually includes culverts. Determining the appropriate pipe size for a given site involves estimation of expected flows and evaluation of the hydraulic performance of pipes of different sizes. In this paper a review of the hydraulic relationships applicable to the evaluation of pipe hydraulics is presented. A computer model is introduced that incorporates these relationships. The model is used to compare two algorithms for computing headwater depths, given inlet control (supercritical flow). The relative efficiency of four inlet types was also investigated. Results indicate that potential cost savings exist by altering inlet geometry and that computer-assisted design can facilitate accommodation of conflicting design goals.

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Iqbal, Umair, Johan Barthelemy, Wanqing Li, and Pascal Perez. "Automating Visual Blockage Classification of Culverts with Deep Learning." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 18, 2021): 7561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167561.

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Blockage of culverts by transported debris materials is reported as the salient contributor in originating urban flash floods. Conventional hydraulic modeling approaches had no success in addressing the problem primarily because of the unavailability of peak floods hydraulic data and the highly non-linear behavior of debris at the culvert. This article explores a new dimension to investigate the issue by proposing the use of intelligent video analytics (IVA) algorithms for extracting blockage related information. The presented research aims to automate the process of manual visual blockage classification of culverts from a maintenance perspective by remotely applying deep learning models. The potential of using existing convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithms (i.e., DarkNet53, DenseNet121, InceptionResNetV2, InceptionV3, MobileNet, ResNet50, VGG16, EfficientNetB3, NASNet) is investigated over a dataset from three different sources (i.e., images of culvert openings and blockage (ICOB), visual hydrology-lab dataset (VHD), synthetic images of culverts (SIC)) to predict the blockage in a given image. Models were evaluated based on their performance on the test dataset (i.e., accuracy, loss, precision, recall, F1 score, Jaccard Index, region of convergence (ROC) curve), floating point operations per second (FLOPs) and response times to process a single test instance. Furthermore, the performance of deep learning models was benchmarked against conventional machine learning algorithms (i.e., SVM, RF, xgboost). In addition, the idea of classifying deep visual features extracted by CNN models (i.e., ResNet50, MobileNet) using conventional machine learning approaches was also implemented in this article. From the results, NASNet was reported most efficient in classifying the blockage images with the 5-fold accuracy of 85%; however, MobileNet was recommended for the hardware implementation because of its improved response time with 5-fold accuracy comparable to NASNet (i.e., 78%). Comparable performance to standard CNN models was achieved for the case where deep visual features were classified using conventional machine learning approaches. False negative (FN) instances, false positive (FP) instances and CNN layers activation suggested that background noise and oversimplified labelling criteria were two contributing factors in the degraded performance of existing CNN algorithms. A framework for partial automation of the visual blockage classification process was proposed, given that none of the existing models was able to achieve high enough accuracy to completely automate the manual process. In addition, a detection-classification pipeline with higher blockage classification accuracy (i.e., 94%) has been proposed as a potential future direction for practical implementation.

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Goerig, Elsa, Theodore Castro-Santos, and Normand Émile Bergeron. "Brook trout passage performance through culverts." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 73, no. 1 (January 2016): 94–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2015-0089.

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Culverts can restrict access to habitat for stream-dwelling fishes. We used passive integrated transponder telemetry to quantify passage performance of >1000 wild brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) attempting to pass 13 culverts in Quebec under a range of hydraulic and environmental conditions. Several variables influenced passage success, including complex interactions between physiology and behavior, hydraulics, and structural characteristics. The probability of successful passage was greater through corrugated metal culverts than through smooth ones, particularly among smaller fish. Trout were also more likely to pass at warmer temperatures, but this effect diminished above 15 °C. Passage was impeded at higher flows, through culverts with steep slopes, and those with deep downstream pools. This study provides insight on factors influencing brook trout capacity to pass culverts as well as a model to estimate passage success under various conditions, with an improved resolution and accuracy over existing approaches. It also presents methods that could be used to investigate passage success of other species, with implications for connectivity of the riverscape.

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Yoo, Dong-Hoon, and Jong-Hee Kim. "Hydraulic Design of Culvert Size." Journal of Korea Water Resources Association 43, no. 3 (March 31, 2010): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3741/jkwra.2010.43.3.275.

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Li, Chuan Qi, Wei Wang, Jie Gong, and Xin Lai Zhao. "Hydraulic Model and Numerical Simulation Study of Shuangwangcheng Pump Station." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 647–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.647.

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Physical and numerical model studies were performed in order to study the flow conditions for the proposed pump station of Shuangwangcheng reservoir, Shouguang Ctiy. The flow velocity and the pressure distribution in the bidirectional culvert of Shuangwangcheng Pump Station had been obtained by hydraulic model test and numerical simulation. The physical model was constructed to a Froude scale of 1:20. A general conclusion was that, the computed results were good agreement with the data measured in physical model, and could be good complement for physical model test. Furthermore, negative pressure existing in discharge steep culvert in the initial scheme design was eliminated by moving the culvert controlling gate to the end of culvert in the modified scheme, and the flow conditions was improved.

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Abt, Steven R., Philip L. Thompson, and Todd M. Lewis. "Enhancement of the Culvert Outlet Scour Estimation Equations." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1523, no. 1 (January 1996): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196152300122.

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A study was conducted to simplify and broaden the procedures for estimating scour dimensions at culvert outlets. In addition, a means was sought to incorporate the influence of culvert shape, culvert slope, and culvert drop height into the scour prediction procedure. On the basis of a review of the literature and further analysis of existing outlet scour data, a general expression was developed relating the dimensions of scour to the culvert discharge, the hydraulic radius, time, and bed material gradation. Culvert-slope and drop-height coefficients were formulated and integrated into the outlet-scour prediction procedure. The results indicate that the 1983 HEC-14 scour calculation procedure can be more comprehensive and simplified for cohesionless materials.

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Hoang Nam, Binh. "An approximate formula to calculate the critical depth in circular culvert." Transport and Communications Science Journal 71, no. 7 (September 30, 2020): 840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47869/tcsj.71.7.9.

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Critical depth is a depth of flow where a specific energy section is at a minimum value with a flow rate. Critical depth is an essential parameter in computing gradually varied flow profiles in open channels and in designing culverts. If cross-sections are rectangular or triangular, the critical depth can be computed by the governing equation. However, for other geometries such as trapezoidal, circular, it is totally difficult to find a solution, because the governing equations are implicit. Therefore, the approximate solution could be determined by trial, numerical or graphical methods. These methods tend to take a long time to find an approximate solution, so a simple formula will be more convenient for consultant hydraulic design engineers. The existing formulas are simple, but the relative error between the approximate solutions and true values can reach 9% or greater. This article presents new explicit regression equations for the critical depth in a partially full circular culvert. The proposed formula is quite simple, and the relative maximum error is 3.03%. It would be very useful as a reference for design in conduit engineering

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Hoang Nam, Binh. "An approximate formula to calculate the critical depth in circular culvert." Transport and Communications Science Journal 71, no. 7 (September 30, 2020): 840–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/tcsj.71.7.9.

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Critical depth is a depth of flow where a specific energy section is at a minimum value with a flow rate. Critical depth is an essential parameter in computing gradually varied flow profiles in open channels and in designing culverts. If cross-sections are rectangular or triangular, the critical depth can be computed by the governing equation. However, for other geometries such as trapezoidal, circular, it is totally difficult to find a solution, because the governing equations are implicit. Therefore, the approximate solution could be determined by trial, numerical or graphical methods. These methods tend to take a long time to find an approximate solution, so a simple formula will be more convenient for consultant hydraulic design engineers. The existing formulas are simple, but the relative error between the approximate solutions and true values can reach 9% or greater. This article presents new explicit regression equations for the critical depth in a partially full circular culvert. The proposed formula is quite simple, and the relative maximum error is 3.03%. It would be very useful as a reference for design in conduit engineering

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37

Yang, Shiping, Bruce H. Kjartanson, Ruochuan Gu, and Robert A. Lohnes. "Scrap Tire Culverts: Hydraulics and Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1656, no. 1 (January 1999): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1656-12.

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Cheng, Qi Yun, and Yong Gang Li. "Finite Element Analysis of the Soil Pressure in Sandy Soil at the Top of Pipe Culvert." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1077.

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ANSYS is an engineering analysis software with a multiple analysis ability.It can be used to solve the structure, fluid, electric, electromagnetic fields and collision problems and so on.So it has been widely used in varied fields.Circular culvert is commonly used for water hydraulic structure in hydraulic engineering.The paper focuses on the study of culvert soil pressure at the top of the circle under the sand in the northern of China by using the Ansys finite element analysis software.Research shows that:When the elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio changes,the soil pressure distribution shape doesn’t obviously change;While the soil pressure and the relative height of precipitation have a certain relationship with the two indicators.

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MEShchERYaKOVA, Z. V., I. V. ERMAKOVA, A. A. ORLOVA, and V. I. KARPOVA. "ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDRAULIC FACILITIES CONDITION OF LAKE SERNOYE (SERNOVODSK SETTLMENT, SERGIEVSK DISTRICT, SAMARA REGION)BASED ON MONITORING RESULTS OF 2012." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 1 (March 15, 2013): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.01.11.

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Natural observation material of environmental and hydraulic facilities conditions during 2012 was considered. Pressure and culvert facilities were visually examined. Conclusions were made and the recommendations were given for repairing and reconstructing the object in order to provide further reliable operation of environmental and hydraulic facilities.

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MEShchERYaKOVA, Z. V., I. V. ERMAKOVA, A. A. ORLOVA, and V. I. KARPOVA. "ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDRAULIC FACILITIES CONDITIONOF LAKE MOLOCHKA ON THE CHERNAYA RIVER (ISAKLY DISTRICT, SAMARA REGION) BASED ON MONITORING RESULTS OF 2012." Urban construction and architecture 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2013.02.11.

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Natural observation material of environmental and hydraulic facilities conditions during 2012 was considered. Pressure and culvert facilities were visually examined. Conclusions were made and the recommendations were given for repairing and reconstructing the object in order to provide further reliable operation of environmental and hydraulic facilities.

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41

Kassem, Ahmed, Ahmed A. Sattar, and M. Hanif Chaudhry. "Standard Protocol for Comparing Culvert Hydraulic Modeling Software." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1984, no. 1 (January 2006): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198106198400112.

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42

Duguay, Jason M., and R. W. Jay Lacey. "Numerical study of an innovative fish ladder design for perched culverts." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 2 (February 2016): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0436.

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A fish ladder designed to facilitate fish passage at the outlet end of perched culverts is investigated with a 3D computational fluid dynamics model. The fish ladder consists of a series of alternating arch baffles with geometries providing options for fish passage over varying flow and debris conditions within the ladder. At high flows, the baffle’s protruding center arch increases pool depth, reducing the volumetric bulk turbulence of the pools and improving fish habitat. The arch baffle is compared to a standard baffle design currently in use and demonstrates potential advantages for fish passage. A recirculation zone of low velocity occupies a large volume of the pool believed to provide appropriate hydraulic habitat for resting and staging jump attempts upstream. This numerical study provides an acceptable design for future physical prototype testing in the laboratory or field to verify hydraulics and evaluate fish passage effectiveness.

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Haderlie, Gary M., and Blake P. Tullis. "Hydraulics of Multibarrel Culverts under Inlet Control." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 134, no. 4 (August 2008): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2008)134:4(507).

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Charbeneau, Randall J., Andrew D. Henderson, and Lee C. Sherman. "Hydraulic Performance Curves for Highway Culverts." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 132, no. 5 (May 2006): 474–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2006)132:5(474).

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Janssen, R. H. A., and S. M. Mills. "Optimisation of control of river and sewage flows in the Great Culvert, England." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 4-5 (August 1, 2002): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0559.

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In response to the European Union Urban Waste Water Directive, primary and secondary treatment is being installed at Birkenhead Treatment Works on the Wirral Peninsula in the North West of England. The 3.26 m diameter, 3.5 km long Great Culvert conduit currently conveys both river and sewage flow, and discharges these into the Mersey estuary. To avoid unnecessarily treating river flow, River Birket flow will be diverted directly into the Mersey estuary at the upstream end of the Great Culvert. Sewage flows remaining in the Great Culvert will be pumped to the Birkenhead Treatment Works, and treated before discharge to the Mersey. During extreme storm events, excessive river flows will be released into the Great Culvert and into the Mersey by weirs and penstocks. An innovative approach was taken to investigate, develop, and optimise a control strategy of various pumps, weirs, and penstocks in the Great Culvert, with the aim of minimising unscreened discharges and flooding. By combining hydraulic and dynamic control modelling into one study, implementation and commissioning times were reduced. In addition, by exhaustive testing, it was possible to demonstrate to the Environment Agency that all reasonable measures were being taken to minimise flooding in the upstream catchment and discharges to the Mersey.

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Altunin, V. I., and O. N. Chernykh. "Hydraulic Resistance of a Helially Corrugated Metal Pipe Culvert." Power Technology and Engineering 50, no. 2 (July 2016): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10749-016-0672-0.

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47

Majerczyk, Agata, and Bogusław Michalec. "Oddziaływanie przepustu na warunki hydrauliczne przepływu wody w głównym rowie systemu odwadniającego stopnia wodnego Łączany." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2017.26.1.03.

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The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of the culvert on the hydraulic conditions of water flow in the “R” ditch. The culvert was located on the main ditch in drainage system of Łączany barrage on the Vistula river. The research on ditch’s capacity in analyzed cross-section showed that the capacity decreased. The changes of cross-section caused by construction of the culvert substantially affect the flow conditions of water in the channel. The calculations showed that the existing dimension of culvert is not enough to pass the reliable discharge. The reliable flow was set for catchment area of 3.32 km2, not 0.67 km2, which is bigger than catchment area estimated in drainage project. It includes watercourses leading water to ditch with surrounds Kasztelan Pond, and then to “R” ditch. Discharges larger than 2.27 m3·s–1, particularly reliable flow, reach banks of the ditch “R” and flows out the channel. Discharges larger than the reliable discharge do not fit into the analyzed cross-section causing pouring out the water from the channel. On the basis of information taken from the locals and serving the system it is known that such a phenomenon occurs during the periods of heavy rains and floods.

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Bryanskaya, Yuliya, and Aleksandra Ostyakova. "Results of hydraulic tests of the ACO Qmax system pipeline." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 03073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126403073.

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Polymer corrugated pipelines are a very promising type of construction that has many advantages over concrete and reinforced concrete structures that are widely used today for collecting and diverting surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites. To collect and divert surface runoff from residential areas and enterprise sites, the hydraulic characteristics of the drainage system made of corrugated polymer culverts of ACO Qmax are studied by computational and experimental methods. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory of Hydraulics and hydro-mechanics at different flow rates and different slopes. The kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the water flow in the pipeline were determined: the velocity, the roughness coefficient, and the hydraulic resistance coefficient were measured at different values of the pipeline filling. It is found that the characteristics of the water flow obtained by the computational method using a computer program differ from the experimental values, the reason for which, apparently, in the shortcomings of the computational program and the lack of accuracy of experimental measurements. Experimental studies were conducted to adjust the calculation methods of such pipelines used in the design and verification of hydraulic calculation methods of corrugated pipelines based on the software product ACO Qmax.

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Wang, Hao, Wei-Min Qin, and Yu-Yong Jiao. "Stability assessment for highway with large-span box culvert jacking underneath: a case study." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 6 (June 2013): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0334.

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A case study of a double-cell, large-span prefabricated reinforced concrete box culvert with a total length of 52 m, a width of 46.8 m, and a height of 9.3 m, which passes beneath the Beijing – Hong Kong –Macau highway, is presented. The culvert is embedded in silty sand and silty clay at a depth of 1.2 m. To ensure the safety and normal operation of the highway, hydraulic jacking with the protection of a pipe roof was adopted for this project. This paper introduces the construction scheme in detail. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the responses of the highway under which a wide box culvert jacking passes was conducted. The monitoring results on the highway as well as the actual construction process and problems encountered were analyzed. The different development characteristics or trends for the settlement and horizontal displacement of a highway surface are presented. In addition, this paper discusses the reasons for the large deformation of the highway surface as well as proposes reasonable suggestions.

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Suetina, T. A., O. N. Chernykh, and A. V. Burlachenko. "Hydraulic calculation features of helically corrugated steel culverts." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 456 (December 31, 2018): 012129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/456/1/012129.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Culvert hydraulics'

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