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Journal articles on the topic 'Cumulative counter'
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1
Toch, Hans. "Cumulative Default." Criminal Justice and Behavior 35, no. 8 (2008): 943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854808318594.
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The careers of chronically disruptive prisoners are unquestionably problematic for prison staff members but are equivalently inauspicious for the prisoners themselves, who acquire off-putting reputations and must spend increasing portions of time in punitive or administrative segregation. When we review long-term disruptive careers, we are apt to encounter recurrent ineffective interventions and deteriorating sequences of behavior. This is the case even in relatively humane prison systems, though in such settings we also come across junctures at which positive impact has been achieved with ameliorative moves. Over time, a trend involving personal maturation and amelioration of misbehavior will be observed in many disruptive careers. It is important, as this occurs for prison staff not to react based on extrapolations from past behavior trends. It is also important for members of the prison staff who are assigned to work directly with the inmate to counter or modulate custodial risk-based assessments that the inmate otherwise invites.
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Obrenovic, Marija, Aco Janicijevic, and Dalibor Arbutina. "Statistical review of the insulation capacity of the Geiger-Muller counter." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp180913009o.
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This work considers the manifestation of spontaneous breakdowns of Geiger-Mueller counters. This is an experimental type of work. The reasons leading to the spontaneous breakdowns of Geiger-Mueller counters have been analysed under controlled laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out under the ?constant voltage?. The tested Geiger-Mueller chambers were commercial chambers of the radial electric field and homogenous electric field. The experimental-statistical methods were used in order to choose the chambers with identical features (with 0.1 % of statistical reliability).The results of experiments showed that the spontaneous breakdown of the Geiger-Mueller counter happens even in the conditions of shielding. They also showed that those breakdowns have cumulative features. The reason for that is a positive feedback between the spontaneous breakdowns. The explanation is confirmed and quantified by the working gas filtering experiments.
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Carvajal, Everardo. "Disempowering Mindfulness: Reflections on Discovering the Veils of Power in Well-Being and Good Intentions." LEARNing Landscapes 10, no. 2 (2017): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36510/learnland.v10i2.803.
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Despite the widespread popularity of mindfulness as a wellness intervention strategy across educational levels, its proponents are susceptible to countering the intended area of improvement. This article recounts the cumulative reflections of an educator and his attempts to implement mindfulness into high school classes at the Los Angeles County Jail. Beginning with a layout of the physical and social settings, the article examines the ways that unconsciously practicing mindfulness will counter and potentially negate the possible benefits of mindful practice.
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Bliese, Paul D., and Mo Wang. "Results Provide Information About Cumulative Probabilities of Finding Significance: Let’s Report This Information." Journal of Management 46, no. 7 (2019): 1275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206319886909.
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Commonly reported statistics, such as the t value and p value, contain useful information about the cumulative probability of finding statistical significance based on the properties of the sample being analyzed. Unfortunately, converting t values and p values into this form of information is not intuitive and is often done incorrectly. We show how the bootstrap can provide a way to understand the cumulative probability of finding significance based on the characteristics of a specific sample and the statistical model being used. We also provide a simple way to estimate this probability from t values without having to rely on the bootstrap. Reporting sample-based probabilities can help promote robust and reliable research by conveying appropriate levels of uncertainty into discussions of results. We provide recommendations to authors, editors, reviewers, readers, and educators to help counter origination bias (i.e., how much a single-study finding should be viewed as solid or sacred) and other biases tied to misunderstanding the variability inherent associated with reporting “statistically significant” findings.
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Dueker, Donna, W. James Gauderman, and Rob McConnell. "Accuracy of a New Time-Resolved Step Counter in Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 24, no. 4 (2012): 622–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.24.4.622.
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Most pedometers record cumulative steps, limiting ability to assess level of physical activity or nonwear periods. The SportBrain iStep X1 has potential to overcome this limitation by recording and storing step count data in 60-s epochs. We evaluated accuracy of this instrument in children and the duration of consecutive zero step count minutes that indicated nonwear time periods. Seventeen children walked or ran on a treadmill at 2, 3, 4 and 5 miles/hour and walked around a track while wearing the SportBrain and Digiwalker SW-701 pedometer. We compared percent error in step counts for each pedometers relative to observer counts. A subsample wore a SportBrain pedometer during up to 5 days of usual activity. The SportBrain pedometer performed with acceptable accuracy at all evaluated treadmill speeds and during self-paced walking, recording steps within an average of 4% of observed step counts. It outperformed the Digiwalker, especially at slower speeds and in overweight children. During normal wear only 1% of zero count periods were more than 60 min. We conclude that the SportBrain iStep X1 pedometer provides a valid measure of step counts in short averaging times useful for assessing patterns of physical activity in population studies and periods of nonwear.
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Chen, Victoria, and Paromita Pain. "News sources and the same sex marriage issue." Agenda Setting Journal 1, no. 2 (2017): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/asj.1.2.05che.
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Abstract Using agenda-setting theory, this study explores the effects of news sources on public opinion on the issue of the same-sex marriage over 10 years. It examines immediate substantive salience, immediate affective salience, cumulative substantive salience and cumulative affective salience of the news sources cited in news articles from The New York Times from 2003 to 2013 and compares the coverage to public opinion polls. Four findings merit notice. First, news sources with a clear standpoint had counter effects on public opinion. Second, the salience of news sources is as influential as the affective attribute salience of news sources on public opinion. Official sources had the power to influence public opinion the most. Thirdly, the influence of the media is stronger than the influence of news sources on influencing public opinion. Fourth, LGBTQ sources were the least used sources in the same-sex marriage coverage.
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Sheffield, Perry E., Kate R. Weinberger, Kazuhiko Ito, et al. "The Association of Tree Pollen Concentration Peaks and Allergy Medication Sales in New York City: 2003–2008." ISRN Allergy 2011 (April 20, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/537194.
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The impact of pollen exposure on population allergic illness is poorly characterized. We explore the association of tree pollen and over-the-counter daily allergy medication sales in the New York City metropolitan area. Dates of peak tree pollen (maple, oak, and birch) concentrations were identified from 2003 to 2008. Daily allergy medication sales reported to the city health department were analyzed as a function of the same-day and lagged tree pollen peak indicators, adjusting for season, year, temperature, and day of week. Significant associations were found between tree pollen peaks and allergy medication sales, with the strongest association at 2-day lag (excess sales of 28.7% (95% CI: 17.4–41.2) over the average sales during the study period). The cumulative effect over the 7-day period on and after the tree pollen peak dates was estimated to be 141.1% (95% CI: 79.4–224.1). In conclusion, tree pollen concentration peaks were followed by large increases in over-the-counter allergy medication sales.
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الوكيل, علي عبد الحسين. "ON DISCRETE WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION." Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 20, no. 79 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v20i79.807.
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 Most of the Weibull models studied in the literature were appropriate for modelling a continuous random variable which assume the variable takes on real values over the interval [0,∞]. One of the new studies in statistics is when the variables takes on discrete values. The idea was first introduced by Nakagawa and Osaki, as they introduced discrete Weibull distribution with two shape parameters q and β where 0 < q < 1 and b > 0. Weibull models for modelling discrete random variables assume only non-negative integer values. Such models are useful for modelling for example; the number of cycles to failure when components are subjected to cyclical loading. Discrete Weibull models can be obtained as the discrete counter parts of either the distribution function or the failure rate function of the standard Weibull model. Which lead to different models. This paper discusses the discrete model which is the counter part of the standard two-parameter Weibull distribution. It covers the determination of the probability mass function, cumulative distribution function, survivor function, hazard function, and the pseudo-hazard function.
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BUKODI, ERZSÉBET. "Cumulative Inequalities over the Life-Course: Life-long Learning and Social Mobility in Britain." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 2 (2016): 367–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000635.
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AbstractThis paper examines the possibility that life-long learning promotes intergenerational class mobility. The following two research questions are asked. Is it the case that further education provides individuals coming from less advantaged origins with a second chance to improve on their educational attainment? Is it the case that the returns to further qualifications, in terms of chances of upward class career mobility, are greater for children from less advantaged backgrounds than for children from more advantaged backgrounds? The analyses – that are based on the complete educational and class histories of men and women in a British birth cohort – mainly produce negative findings. Children coming from managerial and professional backgrounds seem to benefit most from further education. More specifically, further education appears to be an effective means of career advancement for individuals of managerial and professional origins who start out in their working lives in relatively low-level class positions. Via further education they can increase or update their qualifications, and in turn enhance their chances of being counter-mobile back to their class of origin. Overall, based on the findings of this paper, we can conclude that qualifications attained through life-long learning primarily serve to maintain, rather than to narrow, inequalities attached to social origins in Britain.
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Haarburger, David, and Tahir S. Pillay. "Historical perspectives in diagnostic clinical pathology: development of the pregnancy test." Journal of Clinical Pathology 64, no. 6 (2011): 546–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2011.090332.
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This is the first in a series of articles dealing with developments in the history of diagnostic pathology and laboratory medicine for the Journal of Clinical Pathology. The pregnancy test kits of today can give an accurate result within 2 min and are as easily available in the laboratory as they are for over-the-counter purchase. Such kits also find a use in the emergency room when dealing with the diagnosis of sudden abdominal pain in a woman of childbearing age. It is not immediately obvious that the simple urine dipstick tests of today reflect the cumulative knowledge of almost a century of reproductive biology, immunology and clinical chemistry.
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Buzkova, Petra. "Competing risk of mortality in association studies of non-fatal events." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255313.
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In geriatric research of non-fatal events, participants often die during the study follow-up without having the non-fatal event of interest. Cause-specific (CS) hazard regression and Fine-Gray (FG) subdistribution hazard regression are the two most common estimation approaches addressing such competing risk. We explain how the conventional CS approach and the FG approach differ and why many FG estimates of associations are counter-intuitive. Additionally, we clarify the indirect link between models for hazard and models for cumulative incidence. The methodologies are contrasted on data from the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based study in adults aged 65 years and older.
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Yang, Jian-Ping, Hong-Zhong Huang, Yu Liu, and Yan-Feng Li. "Quantification Classification Algorithm of Multiple Sources of Evidence." International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 14, no. 05 (2015): 1017–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219622014500242.
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Although Dempster–Shafer (D–S) evidence theory and its reasoning mechanism can deal with imprecise and uncertain information by combining cumulative evidences for changing prior opinions of new evidences, there is a deficiency in applying classical D–S evidence theory combination rule when conflict evidence appear — conflict evidence causes counter-intuitive results. To address this issue, alternative combination rules have been proposed for resolving the appeared conflicts of evidence. An underlying assumption is that conflict evidences exist, which, however, is not always true. Moreover, it has been verified that conflict factors may not be accurate to characterize the degree of conflict. Instead, the Jousselme distance has been regarded as a quantification criterion for the degree of conflict because of its promising properties. To avoid the counter-intuitive results, multiple sources of evidence should be classified first. This paper proposes a novel algorithm to quantify the classification of multiple sources of evidence based on a core vector method, and the algorithm is further verified by two examples. This study also explores the relationship between complementary information and conflicting evidence and discusses the stochastic interpretation of basic probability assignment functions.
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Lacey, James V., Mark E. Sherman, Brenda B. Rush, et al. "Absolute Risk of Endometrial Carcinoma During 20-Year Follow-Up Among Women With Endometrial Hyperplasia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 5 (2010): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.24.1315.
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Purpose The severity of endometrial hyperplasia (EH)—simple (SH), complex (CH), or atypical (AH)—influences clinical management, but valid estimates of absolute risk of clinical progression to carcinoma are lacking. Materials and Methods We conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort of 7,947 women diagnosed with EH (1970-2002) at one prepaid health plan who remained at risk for at least 1 year. Patient cases (N = 138) were diagnosed with carcinoma, on average, 6 years later (range, 1 to 24 years). Patient controls (N = 241) were matched to patient cases on age at EH, date of EH, and duration of follow-up, and they were counter-matched to patient cases on EH severity. After we independently reviewed original slides and medical records of patient controls and patient cases, we combined progression relative risks (AH v SH, CH, or disordered proliferative endometrium [ie, equivocal EH]) from the case-control analysis with clinical censoring information (ie, hysterectomy, death, or left the health plan) on all cohort members to estimate interval-specific (ie, 1 to 4, 5 to 9, and 10 to 19 years) and cumulative (ie, through 4, 9, and 19 years) progression risks. Results For nonatypical EH, cumulative progression risk increased from 1.2% (95% CI, 0.6% to 1.9%) through 4 years to 1.9% (95% CI, 1.2% to 2.6%) through 9 years to 4.6% (95% CI, 3.3% to 5.8%) through 19 years after EH diagnosis. For AH, cumulative risk increased from 8.2% (95% CI, 1.3% to 14.6%) through 4 years to 12.4% (95% CI, 3.0% to 20.8%) through 9 years to 27.5% (95% CI, 8.6% to 42.5%) through 19 years after AH. Conclusion Cumulative 20-year progression risk among women who remain at risk for at least 1 year is less than 5% for nonatypical EH but is 28% for AH.
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Heikkurinen, Pasi. "Degrowth: A metamorphosis in being." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2, no. 3 (2019): 528–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848618822511.
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The call to transform the growth society lacks an analysis of the human will. Problematically for degrowth, the enactment of this so-called will to transform has undesired matter-energetic consequences. Every act of transformation requires matter–energy, adding to the cumulative throughput of societies. To revert the ecospherical metabolism from a state of overshoot to one of degrowth, a metamorphosis in being is proposed. Building on Heidegger’s fundamental ontology, the article invites degrowth practitioners to become releasers by waiting for the unexpected and then to prepare for the expected, the collapse of civilization. A practice of releasement, where meditative thinking resides, is considered as an effective way to counter the destructive will to transform, and hence contribute to degrowth.
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Mitra, Satabdi. "Acute kidney injury and severe septicemia: toll of over-the-counter availability of drugs." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 4 (2021): 2038. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20211277.
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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) act mainly on peripheral pain mechanisms and on the central nervous system to raise the pain threshold. Their usage is widespread and many of these drugs are available over-the-counter (OTC) and hence self-medicated and abused. Drugs and Cosmetics Act is quiescent on this issue. Literature review has shown that, nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor group of NSAID is notorious to produce hepatic and renal damage besides gastric mucosal injury which surpass its benefits. Here a case has been reported on life-threatening condition faced on cumulative over-consumption of this OTC drug. A young female was admitted with sudden onset of abdominal pain, fever and vomiting. On examination, findings were almost within normal limit whether laboratory investigation over 2 successive days of admission revealed hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia, severe anaemia, deranged renal and liver function tests, nephrolithiasis in USG and sepsis without detection of any septic foci. The patient was managed conservatively with broad spectrum antibiotics besides supportive management. Nephrological and surgical consultation was taken alongwith. Upon being ambulatory and parameters on reaching to normal value, the patient was discharged following fortnight of hospitalization. Easy accessibility of OTC drugs even at online pharmacy is increasing the burden of iatrogenic ill-health to a great extent. If necessary steps are implemented for appropriate self-medication by Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) that might save Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), health resources and thousands of lives.
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Shaaban, S. M., M. Lazar, P. H. Yoon, and S. Poedts. "Quasilinear approach of the cumulative whistler instability in fast solar wind: Constraints of electron temperature anisotropy." Astronomy & Astrophysics 627 (July 2019): A76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935515.
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Context. Solar outflows are a considerable source of free energy that accumulates in multiple forms such as beaming (or drifting) components, or temperature anisotropies, or both. However, kinetic anisotropies of plasma particles do not grow indefinitely and particle-particle collisions are not efficient enough to explain the observed limits of these anisotropies. Instead, self-generated wave instabilities can efficiently act to constrain kinetic anisotropies, but the existing approaches are simplified and do not provide satisfactory explanations. Thus, small deviations from isotropy shown by the electron temperature (T) in fast solar winds are not explained yet. Aims. This paper provides an advanced quasilinear description of the whistler instability driven by the anisotropic electrons in conditions typical for the fast solar winds. The enhanced whistler-like fluctuations may constrain the upper limits of temperature anisotropy A ≡ T⊥/T∥ > 1, where ⊥, ∥ are defined with respect to the magnetic field direction. Methods. We studied self-generated whistler instabilities, cumulatively driven by the temperature anisotropy and the relative (counter)drift of electron populations, for example, core and halo electrons. Recent studies have shown that quasi-stable states are not bounded by linear instability thresholds but an extended quasilinear approach is necessary to describe these quasi-stable states in this case. Results. Marginal conditions of stability are obtained from a quasilinear theory of cumulative whistler instability and approach the quasi-stable states of electron populations reported by the observations. The instability saturation is determined by the relaxation of both the temperature anisotropy and relative drift of electron populations.
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Peel, David. "Subjective Skewness of Return as an Explanation of the Optimal Choice between Gambles in Cumulative Prospect Theory." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 2, no. 2 (2013): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v2i2.533.
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Given that the expected return and variance of return of two gambles are equal the hypothesis that the gamble with the greater positive skewness of return will be chosen by an expected utility maximiser is appealing. However the hypothesis is not, in general, correct. Brockett and Garven (1998) and Brocket and Kahane (1992) demonstrate this both theoretically and by constructing counter examples.A particularly revealing example is the following one constructed by Brockett and Kahane. Gamble A has the two outcomes 2.45 and 7.49 with probabilities 0.5141 and 0.4859 respectively. Gamble B has the three outcomes 0, 4.947 and 10 with probabilities 0.12096, 0.750085 and 0.128955 respectively. Even though gamble A exhibits lower expected return, a higher variance and lower positive skewness than gamble B it is preferred to gamble B by an expected utility maximiser on the basis of any standard utility function such as power, log or exponential. Consequently in this example of theirs the expected utility maximiser exhibits an aversion to higher expected return and higher skewness and a preference for higher variance. As noted by Brockett and Kahane these results cannot be dismissed as decision makers “trading” variance for mean or skewness or having a strange idiosyncratic utility function.
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Cvajner, Martina, and Giuseppe Sciortino. "Migration and Sexual Change." Migration Letters 16, no. 4 (2019): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v16i4.794.
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The current world is globally differentiated in many segmented sexual subcultures. Unsurprisingly, the existence of sexual differences – real or imagined, feared or desired – is embedded in the functioning of ethno-cultural boundaries. As the papers published in this special issue show, migration challenges such boundaries in many ways – some obvious, some counter-intuitive - and through a variety of processes. In recent years, many studies of migration-related sexual change have legitimized the importance of this topic among migration scholar. We do not have yet, however, satisfactory analytical frameworks and cumulative research programs. In this introduction to the special issue, we have shown how future progress may be contingent upon the capacity to distinguish among different perspectives as well as towards a more explicit discussion of the existing narratives.
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Davidson, Shannon, and Jennifer Adams. "Adversity and internalizing problems among rural Chinese adolescents." International Journal of Behavioral Development 37, no. 6 (2013): 530–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413503421.
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Throughout the developing world, adolescents living in rural poverty face multiple and inter-related adaptive challenges. Using longitudinal data from the Gansu Survey of Children and Families, we adopt an approach grounded in resilience theory to investigate the relationship between cumulative adversity and internalizing problems among 1,659 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 years in an interior Chinese province. We also investigate the compensatory roles of parental warmth and teacher support. Results of multivariate regression models suggest that internalizing problems increased in later adolescence in this sample. The rate of increase did not differ by gender, counter to most extant literature on sex differences in the developmental trajectory of internalizing problems. Along with parental warmth, teacher support emerged as an especially important compensatory factor, highlighting the significance of teachers as an often overlooked resource for poor rural adolescents.
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Loukianova, Anna, Egor Nikulin, and Alexander Kanivetc. "DEOFFSHORIZATION POLICY: CASE OF RUSSIAN COMPANIES." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 22, 2017): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.939.
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This paper investigates the impact of deoffshorization on the market value of Russian companies. The methodology of event study was used. Three events were analyzed, including the announcement of intentions to leave offshores from several major companies and the introduction of anti-offshore legislation (December 2013 - March 2014). We have not revealed any mutually significant market response to the selected events, since some of the firms faced positive cumulative abnormal returns, while the others encountered negative ones. At the same time, an empirical study showed evidence of significant negative effect on the market value for several companies. It can be argued that the deoffshorization impact on companies depends to a large extent on the offshore structure they use. Companies that are significantly exposed to deoffshorization need to adjust their strategy in order to counter potential negative consequences of this process
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Gbaorun, F., and D. Terver. "Investigation of Background Radiation Level Within X-ray Machine Environment." NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES 6 (December 28, 2015): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46912/napas.20.
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In this study, a Geiger Muller ionization counter has been used to investigate the variation of background radiation dose level with time in a typical x-ray machine room and its environment. This is to monitor the effect of x-ray exposure on the background ionizing radiation level. The results showed that within a period of 3 hours, the cumulative background radiation dose in the x-ray room grew from s s Gy to around 84 . 90 ́ 10 - 10 - an initial level of 38 . 78 ́ Gy compared with nearby rooms where the s cumulative radiation grew from almost zero to a maximum value of about 46 . 9 ́ Gy within the 10 - same period. It was observed that after a radiation exposure from the machine, the background s radiation dose rate took about 25 minutes to decay from a maximum level of around 45 ́ Gy/hr to 10 - - s 17 . 47 ́ 10 the background level about Gy/hr which was found to be higher than the background dose rates in other nearby locations. While the dose rate in the x-ray machine room was higher than the s 10 - maximum dose limit of 12 ́ Gy/hr recommended for members of the public by the International Committee for Radiation Protection (ICRP), the dose rates in the other locations studied in the neighbourhood of the x-ray machine were within the limit.
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Shaaban, S. M., and M. Lazar. "Whistler instabilities from the interplay of electron anisotropies in space plasmas: a quasi-linear approach." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492, no. 3 (2019): 3529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3569.
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ABSTRACT Recent statistical studies of observational data unveil relevant correlations between whistler fluctuations and the anisotropic electron populations present in space plasmas, e.g. solar wind and planetary magnetospheres. Locally, whistlers can be excited by two sources of free energy associated with anisotropic electrons, i.e. temperature anisotropies and beaming populations carrying the heat flux. However, these two sources of free energy and the resulting instabilities are usually studied independently preventing a realistic interpretation of their interplay. This paper presents the results of a parametric quasi-linear study of the whistler instability cumulatively driven by two counter-drifting electron populations and their anisotropic temperatures. By comparison to individual regimes dominated either by beaming population or by temperature anisotropy, in a transitory regime the instability becomes highly conditioned by the effects of both these two sources of free energy. Cumulative effects stimulate the instability and enhance the resulting fluctuations, which interact with electrons and stimulate their diffusion in velocity space, leading to a faster and deeper relaxation of the beaming velocity associated with a core heating in perpendicular direction and a thermalization of the beaming electrons. In particular, the relaxation of temperature anisotropy to quasi-stable states below the thresholds conditions predicted by linear theory may explain the observations showing the accumulation of these states near the isotropy and equipartition of energy.
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Ma, Jing, Yuanyuan Yang, Yang Wan, Chao Shen, and Peiyuan Qiu. "The influence of childhood adversities on mid to late cognitive function: From the perspective of life course." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0256297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256297.
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Background The effects of childhood adversities on cognitive function in later life are well reported. However, few studies have examined the cumulative mechanism, especially in Chinese population. This study aims to explore this cumulative effects of childhood adversities on mid to late cognitive decline in China. Methods Data were drawn from the second and third wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). We included 9,942 respondents aged 45 and above and retrospectively collected information on childhood adversities. Cognitive function was measured in three dimensions: orientation and calculation, immediate memory, and delayed memory. A structural equation model was employed for analysis. Results Age (β = -0.155, P<0.001) and mid to late depressive symptoms (β = -0.041, P<0.001) showed direct effects on cognitive decline. Low mid to late life socioeconomic status (SES) showed a direct effect on mid-late cognitive impairment (β = 0.603, P<0.001) and an indirect effect through depression (β = 0.007, P<0.001). Low childhood SES (β = 0.310, P<0.001), lack of friends (β = 0.208, P<0.001), parental mental health problems (β = 0.008, P<0.001), and poor relationship with parents (β = 0.001, P<0.001) had an indirect effect on cognitive impairment. Conclusions Childhood adversities had negative effects on cognitive function among middle aged and elderly population in China. The findings suggest that early counter measures on childhood adversities may lead to an effective reduction of cognitive impairment.
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Lyons-Amos, Mark, and Ingrid Schoon. "DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES IN FIRST BIRTH BEHAVIOUR TO ECONOMIC RECESSION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 2 (2017): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000220.
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SummaryEconomic conditions have dramatic influences on fertility. This paper evaluates the effect of the 2008 ‘Great Recession’ in the UK on first birth rate, which is the fertility behaviour most susceptible to external economic conditions. The key aim of the study was to assess the effect of the recession on fertility by individual-level characteristics, enabling variation in responses to economic hardship to be observed. Data were from the nationally representative UK Household Longitudinal Study (UK-HLS). Cumulative transition models were used to model the probability of first birth for women between the ages of 17 and 30 in three UK birth cohorts. The effect of the recession was captured using direct measures (local unemployment rates and individual unemployment status) and a pre-/post-comparison, capturing indirect effects. In general, higher birth rates were observed among more disadvantaged women compared with advantaged groups. The effect of the recession was disaggregated by social strata; the overall effect was counter-cyclical although at a slower rate among disadvantaged women.
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Park, Sojung, BoRin Kim, and Yoonsun Han. "Differential Aging in Place and Depressive Symptoms: Interplay Among Time, Income, and Senior Housing." Research on Aging 40, no. 3 (2017): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0164027517697106.
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Objective: We examined cumulative and differential experiences of aging in place. Method: Data came from the 2002 and 2010 wave of the Health Retirement Study. We modeled the trajectory of later-life depressive symptoms, and how senior-housing environments moderate the negative association between economic disadvantages and depressive symptoms. Results: At baseline, economically disadvantaged older adults were more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms. However, detrimental effects of income group (non-low income vs. moderate income; non-low income vs. low income) on depressive symptoms did not significantly change over time. The age-leveler hypothesis may account for nonsignificant effects of disadvantaged income groups over time. Discussion: Findings suggest that moderate-income seniors may experience positive differentials if they age in place in a supportive senior-housing environment. Moderate-income seniors may have broader opportunities in senior housing compared to private-home peers. Senior housing might partially counter risks such as low mental health, emerging from life-course disadvantage.
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Twining, Cornelia W., Eric P. Palkovacs, Maya A. Friedman, Daniel J. Hasselman, and David M. Post. "Nutrient loading by anadromous fishes: species-specific contributions and the effects of diversity." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 4 (2017): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0136.
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Anadromous fishes exhibit diverse life history and functional traits. Spawning anadromous fishes bring nutrients to fresh waters, and their life history and functional traits can influence nutrient loading patterns. We asked how nutrient inputs varied across 12 species of North American anadromous fishes and how these patterns affected river-wide trends in nutrient loading. We used portfolio effect analyses to assess whether diversity stabilized or destabilized nutrient inputs to freshwater ecosystems over time. Recent decreases in body size reduced per individual nutrient loading for several key species, which in turn decreased cumulative loading. Invasion also altered nutrient loading; non-native American shad (Alosa sapidissima) now provide nearly half of the annual marine-derived nutrient inputs to the Columbia River. Counter to expectations, species diversity (richness and evenness) did not significantly increase the stability of nutrient inputs to fresh waters. Species loss in the Connecticut River increased stability, while species gain in the Columbia River decreased stability.
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O'Neill, Tanya A., Megan R. Balks, and Jerónimo López-Martínez. "Ross Island recreational walking tracks: relationships between soil physiochemical properties and track usage." Polar Record 51, no. 4 (2014): 444–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000400.
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ABSTRACTThe objective of this research was to determine the number of people using the Ross Island recreational walking tracks, and to examine the relationships between the number of users, track morphological characteristics, and soil physiochemical properties. Infrared track counters provided 2-years of data on five walking tracks on the island. Track width and track incision were measured and soil sampling in the vicinity of the track counter and an adjacent control site was undertaken. Between January 2009 and January 2011 5084 passes were recorded on the Scott Base to McMurdo Station walking track, 2842 on the Wind Vane Hill walking track, 3561 on the Round Observation Hill walking track, 10936 on the Up Observation Hill track, and 693 on the Crater Hill summit walking track. There were more users on all tracks in the 2010–2011 summer season than the 2009–2010 summer season. The highest frequency of visitors occurred on Sundays during the summer (November to January). There was no relationship between the number of passes on the track and the measured impact indicators. This indicates that higher usage of a formed track had little cumulative impact. Track width and incision were related to the slope of the terrain, with tracks traversing flatter areas generally wider (R2 = 0.85) and less incised (R2 = 0.96), than those traversing steeper hillsides. There were no significant differences between tracks and control samples in soil pH, soil EC, organic C, total N, and total P. However, soil bulk density was higher in the walking tracks than adjacent control areas (p < 0.05).
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Barréa, Jean. "Entre l’utopie et la diplomatie : Les « contre-décisions »." Études internationales 16, no. 1 (2005): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701792ar.
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How are cultural changes put forward by so-called 'Utopias' accepted by political elites and then implemented through political decisions or international treaties ? This historical process has often been dealt with via two separate disciplines : sociology and political science. In this article, the author has chosen to use the new paradigm of global politics, i.e., the "issue paradigm", as his general framework of analysis. This article comprises two parts. First a theory of political change - culturally induced. Four concepts of change and progress are examined (Saint-Pierre, Kant, Condorcet and Bentham). This leads the author to the formulation of a new concept: " counter-decision", which can be defined as "a minor concession pulled through socially organized utopian movements from still reluctant political elites, at the very time when History is shaken by some kind of crisis such as war". The total process consists of four successive stages which are: intellectual maturation, socialisation, counter-decision, and new policy which is the final stage of political change culturally induced. The second part of the article gives a historical illustration of this four stages process, examples of which are the European unification, arbitration, collective security, disarmament, arms control, law of war and humanitarian law. These empirical illustrations reveal that Saint-Pierre, Kant, Condorcet and Bentham were all correct in their respective interpretation of progress. It also means that, in politics, cultural progress is at one and the same time rationally thought, reached through a dialectical process, cumulative or determinist in some aspects, if equally debated, and thus voluntarist.
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Asif, Mohammad, Kamlesh Chandra, and Prabhu Shankar Misra. "Wear Characteristic of Al-Based Metal Matrix Composites Used for Heavy Duty Brake Pad Applications." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.407.
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Wear study of metal matrix composites used as friction material is one of the most important parameter for determining the brake performance. The present investigations relates to the development of Aluminum powder based brake pads; where the back plates are also made of Aluminum based powders respectively. Thus it is aimed to fabricate net-shape Aluminium powder based brake pads in a single forming operation with better characteristics (low wear, low temperature rise, stable coefficient of friction) employing a newly developed technology namely “Hot Powder Preform Forging” technique. Three Aluminum based friction composites which are designated as ALM 01, ALM 02 & ALM 03 were formulated. The dry wear test is carried out using a pin-on-disc tribo-tester at constant sliding speed of 9 ms-1 under a load of 50 N. The counter face disc is made of heat treated grey cast iron. During the test, the cumulative wear (gm), Coefficient of friction, temperature rise (oC) and noise level (dB) were recorded. The effect of load at constant speed on sliding wear, frictional characteristic of aluminum based MMC (rotor / drum) in dry condition is studied. On the basis of initial laboratory tests like density, Hardness, wear test, the samples were qualified for sub-scale dynamometer test at Rejected Take Off condition. Optical microscope was used to investigate the microstructure of metal matrix friction composites surfaces. The results revealed that coefficient of friction was more stable. The Cumulative wear (gm) was low with rise in temperature. It was also observed that distribution of ingredients in matrix was fine and homogeneous.
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David, Robert O., Maria Cascajo-Castresana, Killian P. Brennan, et al. "Development of the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ): validation and application to field-collected snow samples." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 12 (2019): 6865–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6865-2019.
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Abstract. Ice formation in the atmosphere is important for regulating cloud lifetime, Earth's radiative balance and initiating precipitation. Due to the difference in the saturation vapor pressure over ice and water, in mixed-phase clouds (MPCs), ice will grow at the expense of supercooled cloud droplets. As such, MPCs, which contain both supercooled liquid and ice, are particularly susceptible to ice formation. However, measuring and quantifying the concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) responsible for ice formation at temperatures associated with MPCs is challenging due to their very low concentrations in the atmosphere (∼1 in 105 at −30 ∘C). Atmospheric INP concentrations vary over several orders of magnitude at a single temperature and strongly increase as temperature approaches the homogeneous freezing threshold of water. To further quantify the INP concentration in nature and perform systematic laboratory studies to increase the understanding of the properties responsible for ice nucleation, a new drop-freezing instrument, the DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich), is developed. The instrument is based on the design of previous drop-freezing assays and uses a USB camera to automatically detect freezing in a 96-well tray cooled in an ethanol chilled bath with a user-friendly and fully automated analysis procedure. Based on an in-depth characterization of DRINCZ, we develop a new method for quantifying and correcting temperature biases across drop-freezing assays. DRINCZ is further validated performing NX-illite experiments, which compare well with the literature. The temperature uncertainty in DRINCZ was determined to be ±0.9 ∘C. Furthermore, we demonstrate the applicability of DRINCZ by measuring and analyzing field-collected snow samples during an evolving synoptic situation in the Austrian Alps. The field samples fall within previously observed ranges for cumulative INP concentrations and show a dependence on air mass origin and upstream precipitation amount.
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Wendling, Jean-Michel, Thibaut Fabacher, Philippe-Pierre Pébaÿ, Isabelle Cosperec, and Michaël Rochoy. "Experimental Efficacy of the Face Shield and the Mask against Emitted and Potentially Received Particles." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (2021): 1942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041942.
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There is currently not sufficient evidence to support the effectiveness of face shields for source control. In order to evaluate the comparative barrier performance effect of face masks and face shields, we used an aerosol generator and a particle counter to evaluate the performance of the various devices in comparable situations. We tested different configurations in an experimental setup with manikin heads wearing masks (surgical type I), face shields (22.5 cm high with overhang under the chin of 7 cm and circumference of 35 cm) on an emitter or a receiver manikin head, or both. The manikins were face to face, 25 cm apart, with an intense particle emission (52.5 L/min) for 30 s. The particle counter calculated the total cumulative particles aspirated on a volume of 1.416 L In our experimental conditions, when the receiver alone wore a protection, the face shield was more effective (reduction factor = 54.8%), while reduction was lower with a mask (reduction factor = 21.8%) (p = 0.002). The wearing of a protective device by the emitter alone reduced the level of received particles by 96.8% for both the mask and face shield (p = NS). When both the emitter and receiver manikin heads wore a face shield, the protection allowed for better results in our experimental conditions: 98% reduction for the face shields versus 97.3% for the masks (p = 0.01). Face shields offered an even better barrier effect than the mask against small inhaled particles (<0.3 µm–0.3 to 0.5 µm–0.5 to 1 µm) in all configurations. Therefore, it would be interesting to include face shields as used in our experimental study as part of strategies to reduce transmission within the community setting.
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Reed, Thomas E., Elvira de Eyto, Kealan O’Higgins, et al. "Availability of holding habitat in lakes and rivers affects the incidence of spring (premature) upriver migration by Atlantic salmon." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 5 (2017): 668–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0191.
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Premature migration is a key component of the biocomplexity of anadromous fishes, yet remains poorly understood. Many Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations leave the ocean in spring, months prior to spawning, though this curtails feeding in productive marine environments. We hypothesized that habitat features encourage the evolution of this trait by providing fish with physical and thermal refuge during their long freshwater holding period. We document substantial variation in Atlantic salmon return-migration timing across 70 Irish rivers using 8 years of angling data, validated with electronic-counter data from 23 of the rivers. A higher frequency of spring migrating salmon was observed in rivers with accessible lakes and larger rivers in general. Spring migration may have evolved in rivers with suitable holding habitat as a strategy to minimize cumulative marine mortality, which is traded off against additional marine feeding. More research on this neglected topic is needed, given the value of large spring migrating Atlantic salmon to anglers, ongoing declines in their abundance in Ireland and elsewhere, and the widespread occurrence of premature migration in salmonids generally.
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Doctor, Allan, Juan C. Ibla, Barry M. Grenier, et al. "Pulmonary blood flow distribution during partial liquid ventilation." Journal of Applied Physiology 84, no. 5 (1998): 1540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.84.5.1540.
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Regional pulmonary blood flow was investigated with radiolabeled microspheres in four supine lambs during the transition from conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) to partial liquid ventilation (PLV) and with incremental dosing of perfluorocarbon liquid to a cumulative dose of 30 ml/kg. Four lambs supported with CMV served as controls. Formalin-fixed, air-dried lungs were sectioned according to a grid; activity was quantitated with a multichannel scintillation counter, corrected for weight, and normalized to mean flow. During CMV, flow in apical and hilar regions favored dependent lung ( P < 0.001), with no gradient across transverse planes from apex to diaphragm. During PLV the gradient within transverse planes found during CMV reversed, most notably in the hilar region, favoring nondependent lung ( P = 0.03). Also during PLV, flow was profoundly reduced near the diaphragm ( P < 0.001), and across transverse planes from apex to diaphragm a dose-augmented flow gradient developed favoring apical lung ( P < 0.01). We conclude that regional flow patterns during PLV partially reverse those noted during CMV and vary dramatically within the lung from apex to diaphragm.
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WHELAN, JACKIE, and JOHN FRY. "THE LACK OF SEA TO SUPPORT AGRI-ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES IN IRELAND'S RURAL ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION SCHEME." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 13, no. 01 (2011): 101–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333211003808.
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Proposals specifically aimed at environmental benefits or enhancements are often exempt from environmental assessment, despite evidence that they can be counter-productive. This is true of agri-environmental schemes where local farm-scale actions are expected to generate large-area cumulative effects on water quality, biodiversity or landscape. Evidence suggests benefits of schemes have often been assumed rather than planned for, necessitating ex-post assessment to justify continuance. This paper argues the need for the Irish Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS) to be assessed using SEA. REPS promoted a range of small-scale improvements in a bottom-up approach intended to reflect several high-level policy objectives primarily concerning environmental protection. The paper is based on analysis of "landscape protection" under the REPS from inception in 1994 until its phasing out period in 2015 when all participants will have completed their plans. The paper investigates how linking SEA to REPS had potential for harmonising with other policy objectives and therefore avoiding administrative duplication. Comparison with the Water Framework Directive suggests opportunities to connect different environmental procedures.
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Ensor, David, Jenni Elion, and Jan Eudy. "The Size Distribution of Particles Released by Garments During Helmke Drum Tests." Journal of the IEST 44, no. 4 (2001): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.44.4.33j2557006581633.
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The Helmke Drum test method to measure particles shed from garments was developed twenty years ago. It consists of a tumbling drum containing the garment under test. A probe connected to an optical particle counter is used to transport the sample from the drum. Dilution air is drawn into the drum from the surrounding cleanroom. The optical particle counters at the time of development were limited in resolution to 0.5 μm diameter. This particle size requirement is still in the current version of IEST-RP-CC003.2, Garment Systems Considerations for Cleanrooms and Other Controlled Environments. A question was raised in the current IEST Contamination Control Working Group 003, "Garment System Considerations for Cleanrooms and Other Controlled Environments," as to whether the method could be extended to smaller particle diameters. The method would benefit by including measurements of smaller particle diameters for two reasons: the higher particle counts expected for sub-0.5 μm particles might improve the statistics of the method; and there is a growing need to consider contamination by ultra-fine particles during the manufacture of high performance products. We hypothesized that the size distribution of particles released by garments follows a power law similar to that for cleanroom classes. The form of the power law distribution is N(d) = Ad(-B), where N(d) is the cumulative concentration greater to or equal to d, d is the particle diameter, and A and B are statistically determined coefficients. The size distributions from a number of Helmke Drum tests were analyzed and were found to be highly correlated to the power law equation. However, the slopes appeared to vary depending on the type of garment tested. These results support including guidance with respect to particle size in the Helmke Drum test section in the upcoming revision of IEST-RP-CC003.2.
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Kay, Gary, David L. Ginsberg, Bruce G. Pollock, and Lauri J. Romanzi. "Unmasking Anticholinergic Load: When 1 + 1= 3." CNS Spectrums 9, no. 12 (2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900009731.
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AbstractThe cholinergic system is a major neuromodulatory neurotransmitter system, interacting with core regions of the brain and affecting learning and memory function. Cholinergic function is severely reduced in patients with pathologic conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease. Muscarinic receptors M1–M5 are located at the postsynaptic level of the central cholinergic synapse. Blockage of certain muscarinic receptors has been shown to affect cognitive functioning. The roles of the individual receptor subtypes has implications for pharmacotherapy; eg, nonselective antimuscarinic/anticholinergic medications may block muscarinic neurotransmission, causing deficits in recall and new learning, while M1-receptor agonists and M2-receptor antagonists may not interfere with cognitive functioning. Studies investigating central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects of drugs have shown that antimuscarinic agents have the potential to cause impairment of CNS functioning. CNS dysfunction may be manifested as changes in memory, disruption of sleep, hallucinations, confusion, and delirium.Anticholinergic load refers to the cumulative effect of taking multiple drugs with anticholinergic activity. The extent to which a particular drug affects the cholinergic system can be determined by its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, the integrity of which decreases with age. Elderly individuals are also at high risk for increased anticholinergic load due to reductions in metabolism and elimination as well as pharmacokinetic drug interactions. In addition, elderly people are often prescribed several medications that have direct anticholinergic properties and take over-the-counter medications which may also carry substantial anticholinergic burden. The cumulative effect of these medications in vulnerable elderly patients may precipitate early cognitive declines or further exacerbate cognitive deficits in those already suffering from dementia. Risk of cognitive impairment in patients with overactive bladder can thus be reduced through use of M3-selective antagonists, such as darifenacin, and via alternatives to pharmacotherapy, such as behavioral modification, pelvic floor strengthening, and bladder-retraining exercises.
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Abdelmoneim, Zakia, and Mostafa Abdelrahman Fekry. "Using managerial and market tools to measure the impact of acquisition operations on firm performance." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, no. 1 (2021): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(1).2021.26.
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This paper aims to investigate and evaluate the effect of pre- and post-mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;amp;A) on non-financial Egyptian firms’ performance using a balanced scorecard (BSC), as well as to empirically investigate the impact of M&amp;amp;A on shareholder wealth using cumulative abnormal returns (CAR). The paper is limited to non-financial firms listed on the Egyptian stock market (EGX) that have undergone acquisition operations during the time specified in the paper from 2003 to 2016. Four perspectives for the BSC are assessed before and after the acquisition operations to evaluate performance. The final sample for the BSC appraisal is 12 companies for 12 acquisition operations, while the sample for shareholders’ wealth consists of 10 companies. The difference in the sample is that some companies became out-of-counter after the M&amp;amp;A process. Cumulative differential analysis and graph observation show preferable values for post-acquisition operations versus pre-acquisition operations for the three non-financial perspectives, namely Customer satisfaction, Learning and growth, and Internal business process, and for two financial perspectives, namely Sales and Profitability. The results show preferable values for pre-acquisition operations for two financial perspectives: Liquidity and Market value. The T-test results failed to establish a relationship between M&amp;amp;A and enhancing BSC perspectives. The results could not find any evidence to support the impact of pre-post M&amp;amp;A on the shareholders’ wealth. The relationship between BSC before and after M&amp;amp;A and CAR is tested using a multiple regression model. The results show a significant relationship only between shareholder wealth and the Learning and growth perspective.
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Colin, Régis, Michel Grzebyk, Pascal Wild, Guy Hédelin, and Ève Bourgkard. "Bladder cancer and occupational exposure to metalworking fluid mist: a counter-matched case–control study in French steel-producing factories." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (2018): 328–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104666.
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ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between occupational exposure to metalworking fluids (MWFs) in the steel-producing industry and bladder cancer incidence.MethodsA nested case–control study on bladder cancer was set up in a cohort of workers from six French steel-producing factories. Three controls were randomly selected for each incident bladder cancer case diagnosed from 2006 to 2012. Controls were matched to cases on age at diagnosis and counter-matched on a surrogate measure of exposure to MWFs derived from a job-exposure matrix. Cases (n=84) and controls (n=251) were face-to-face interviewed. Experts assessed occupational exposure to MWFs (straight, soluble and synthetic) using questionnaires and reports from factory visits. Occupational exposures were based on three metrics: duration, frequency-weighted duration and cumulative exposure index. Conditional multiple logistic regressions were used to determine ORs and 95% CIs, taking non-occupational and occupational exposure into account.ResultsIn the 25 years before diagnosis, ORs increased significantly with duration of exposure to straight MWFs (OR=1.13 (1.02–1.25)) and increased with frequency-weighted duration of exposure to straight MWFs (OR=1.44 (0.97–2.14)). These results remained valid after adjusting for duration of smoking, average number of cigarettes smoked per day, time since smoking cessation and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). ORs also increased with soluble MWFs but not significantly. No significant association was found with older exposures to MWFs or with exposure to synthetic MWFs.ConclusionThe increased risk of bladder cancer observed among workers exposed to straight MWFs and to a lesser extent to soluble MWFs may be explained by the presence of carcinogens (such as PAH) in mineral oils component of straight and soluble oils. Prevention therefore remains necessary in sectors using MWFs.
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Solís-Pérez, Alma R., and Raul I. Cabrera. "Productivity and Quality Responses of Salt-Stressed Roses to Supplemental Calcium." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 3 (2014): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.3.155.
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Plants of Rosa × spp. L. ‘Happy Hour’ grafted on the rootstocks R. × ‘Manetti’ and R. × ‘Natal Briar’ were salinized with 12 mM NaCl and received supplemental calcium (Ca) applications (as CaSO4) of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mM. Additional plants were salinized with 6 mM Na2SO4 and supplemented with 5 mM CaSO4 and compared to non-salinized, no supplemental Ca control plants. Cumulative flowers harvested, shoot length and leaf chlorophyll index were similar for both rootstocks across salt treatments, but Manetti plants had higher dry weights in flowers and most plant tissues except roots. Productivity and water relations in NaCl-salinized plants were not responsive to supplemental Ca. Conversely, calcium-supplemented plants salinized with Na2SO4 had better productivity and quality than those with NaCl, and were similar to non-stressed control plants. Salt injury symptoms were evident only on NaCl-treated plants, regardless of Ca supplements, and closely associated with chloride, but not sodium, accumulation, in leaf tissues. The extent of the ameliorative properties of supplemental calcium applications on salinized rose plants is influenced by the salinity level, the chemical composition of the salinizing solution (major ions and counter-ions) and the cultivar (scion) and rootstock selection.
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Kumar, Narender, and Lalita Lalita. "Usage of electronic resources at University of Delhi: a case study." Collection Building 36, no. 3 (2017): 96–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cb-11-2016-0031.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to know the cost of per use, to analyze the cost per use in different subjects, to analyze the most economical as well as expensive electronic database being subscribed by the University of Delhi, to identify the database(s) for cancellation and to highlight issues related to usage statistics. Design/methodology/approach Usage statistics have been collected from the publishers for the period under study of full-text databases in the counting online usage of networked electronic resource (COUNTER) JR1 excluding downloads from an archive and Indian databases not providing COUNTER compliance usage. Usages of foreign databases have been analyzed through different parameters like yearly average cost per down load, subject-wise average cost per down, most economical databases and most expensive databases have been identified. A total approximation cost has also been worked by adopting standards practice to know the saving of University of Delhi by subscribing these databases. Findings The study concludes that in case of foreign databases, the cost per use has increased by 41.77 per cent in the past 10 years and the cumulative average cost per use has been Rs.55.07 less than $1 if converted into US$. In case of subject, the cheapest cost per use has been from the databases providing statistical data (Rs.26.50) and the costliest cost per use has been from discipline social science (99–196.61), followed by management (Rs.37.33), general databases (Rs.40.58), science (Rs.41.66), humanities (Rs.48.73), technology (Rs.93.22) and computer science (Rs.102.09) per use. It has also been found that the Britannica Online has been the most economical database costing Rs.2.33 and World Intellectual Property Search as most expensive costing Rs.14,902.19 per use. The study concludes that University of Delhi have saved substantial amount by subscribing these databases instead of purchasing these article from open market. The study concluded that though the usage statistics is an important parameter for renewal or cancellation, it should not be the only criteria. Research limitations/implications This study could not able to work out the cost per use of Indian databases, as they were not able to provide COUNTER statistics. Practical implications On the basis of the study, University of Delhi and institute may decide on renewal of these databases. The institute may take necessary action to promote these databases through information literacy program. On the basis of the study, University of Delhi and institute may decide on renewal of these databases. The institute may take necessary action to promote these databases through information literacy program. Originality/value This study is an empirical research based on original usage statistics provided by the publishers in COUNTER format. Earlier literature has also been studied and used. Proper citation and reference have been acknowledged. The study has been checked through plagiarism detecting software.
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Sobrero, Alberto, Sara Lonardi, Gerardo Rosati, et al. "FOLFOX or CAPOX in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Efficacy Results of the Italian Three or Six Colon Adjuvant Trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 15 (2018): 1478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.76.2187.
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Purpose Given the cumulative neurotoxicity associated with oxaliplatin, a shorter duration of adjuvant therapy, if equally efficacious, would be advantageous for patients and health-care systems. Methods The Three or Six Colon Adjuvant trial is an open-label, phase III, multicenter, noninferiority trial randomizing patients with high-risk stage II or stage III colon cancer to receive 3 months or 6 months of FOLFOX (fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) or CAPOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin). Primary end-point is relapse-free survival. Results 3,759 patients were accrued from 130 Italian sites, 64% receiving FOLFOX and 36% CAPOX. Two-thirds were stage III. The median time of follow up was 62 months and 772 relapses or deaths have been observed. The hazard ratio (HR) of the 3 months versus 6 months for relapse/death was 1.14 (95% CI, 0.99 to 1.32; P [for noninferiority] = .514) and the CI crossed the noninferiority limit of 1.20. However, the absolute difference in 3-year RFS was 1.9% (95% CI, -0.7% to 4.4%). Counter-intuitively, while the RFS curves were similar for stage III (HR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.26) and for CAPOX treated patients (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.26), they were not for stage II and for FOLFOX treated patients, with HR of 1.41 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.89) and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.03 to 1.46), respectively, favoring the 6 months of treatment. Conclusion The Three or Six Colon Adjuvant trial failed to formally show noninferiority of 3 versus 6 months of treatment to the predefined margin of 20% relative increase. The results depended on the adjuvant regimen and risk. For CAPOX, 3 months were as good as 6 months; for FOLFOX, 6 months added extra benefit. Counter-intuitively, the low-risk patients benefitted more than the high-risk population from the 6-month duration. The choice of regimen and duration should depend on patient characteristics and be balanced against the extra toxicity of longer therapy.
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Klein, Eric S., Edward E. Berg, and Roman Dial. "Reply to comment by Gracz on “Wetland drying and succession across the Kenai Peninsula Lowlands, south-central Alaska”Appears in the Can. J. For. Res. 35: 1931–1941." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 2 (2011): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-216.
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Gracz (2011, Can. J. For. Res. 41: 425–428) proposes that the Good Friday earthquake of 1964 caused falling lake levels and drying wetlands on Alaska’s Northern Kenai Lowlands (NKL). His hypothesis states that the earthquake increased hydraulic conductivity by fracturing a leaky confining layer, accelerating drainage of surface water into regional aquifers. We counter that a single model of draining does not apply across the heterogeneity of geomorphology and soils on the NKL. In particular, the NKL’s glacial history precludes uniform application of a subsurface hydrologic model for lake draining and the nature of peat-based wetlands precludes its application to wetland drying. Instead, small, yet cumulative, climatic reductions in moisture surplus explain both observed lake level declines and vegetation changes. Moreover, and unlike a climatic hypothesis, a seismic hypothesis fails to explain lake drying elsewhere in Alaska. Although it is likely that the earthquake influenced some hydrologic features in the NKL, it is unlikely that a single hydrologic model based on a simple mechanical cause, e.g., downward drainage, adequately explains the changes observed across the whole NKL. Conversely, we maintain that the uniformity of the vegetation response seen across different landscapes, including wetlands, forests, and alpine areas, throughout the state of Alaska strongly supports a climatic hypothesis.
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Et. al., Annamalai M,. "Smart IOT Based Healthcare Monitoring and Decision-Making System Using Augmented Data Recognition Algorithm." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 11 (2021): 1971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i11.6153.
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Many medical errors occur because people are in charge of patients or elderly medications by handling large amounts of medications every day. This work consists of designing and establishing a pillbox prototype intended to address this shortcoming in medical areas. It can be used separately from the medication itself and other advanced features provided with this device by the hospital or retirement home. This medication pack aims to take most medications or vitamin supplements or stimulants that deal with over-salting or over-the-counter patients. The proposed smart pillbox contains a program that enables medical caregivers or clients to determine the pill size and timing of pills and service routine each day. In this research work, the Augmented Data Recognition (ADR) algorithm is also used to monitor humans' health conditions. Initially, the UCI dataset is used for training and validation of the proposed ADR algorithm. The heart rate, blood pressure and temperature of the patient have carried during the testing phase via the Internet of Things (IoT) setup. The testing phase estimates any abnormalities in the health status based on the information obtained by the sensor collected by the population structure. Statistical analysis is based on data obtained from a cumulative cloud from IoT devices to estimate percentage accuracy.
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Sreedhar, N. "Wear Characteristics of Al7075/Al2O3/SiC Hybrid Metal Matrix Nano Composites." Materials Science Forum 1034 (June 15, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1034.43.
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In the present investigation Aluminum matrix composites (AMMCs), Al7075 Alloy as matrix metal and Al2O3/SiC particles (2-8%) with an average particulate size of 20, 50 nm as strengthened material have been processed by the stir casting method. For the counter surface wear testing, a computerized pin on a wear tester was used as EN31 (58-60 HRC) steel disc and composite pin. The wear rate for the matrix metal and composites in terms of weight loss per unit sliding distance, friction coefficient, and volume loss were achieved. The composite results show better resistance to wear than matrix metal. SEM was used to investigate the microstructural characterization of worn surfaces. Sample weight loss was calculated and the change in cumulative wear loss at a sliding distance was uniform both for metal matrix as well as for composites. The wear speed for composites was also noted to be small compared to the metal matrix. In addition, experiments have shown that, with the increasing weight fraction of Al2O3/SiC and the coefficient of friction increases with increasing sliding velocity and weight fraction of Al2O3/SiC, the wear rate reduces. The wear characteristics (wear rate, coefficient of friction and wear loss) were better than those of other composites and the matrix metal with 6wt% Al2O3/SiC composites.
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Hu, Shujuan, Bo Feng, Xiaoxia Tang, and Yue Zhang. "Porous Alumina Ceramics Obtained by Particles Self-Assembly Combing Freeze Drying Method." Materials 12, no. 6 (2019): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060897.
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An innovative approach for fabricating porous alumina ceramics is demonstrated in this paper. The distinguished feature is that the construction of the porous structure stems from the interaction between ceramic particles, which is a poorly explored area. By tailoring the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energy to the second minimum, the dilute ceramic slurry would be gelled by the weakly assembled particle network, and the assembled structure is conserved via a freeze drying strategy. The DLVO theoretical analyses revealed that the second minimum of interaction energy could be obtained when the counter-ion concentration in colloidal suspension is 1.5 × 10−2 mol/L. The properties of the as-assembled samples were compared with one produced by the conventional freeze drying method. Results showed that the self-assembly of alumina particles has a positive influence on micro structures. Unlike the laminar pores generated by the traditional freeze drying procedure, the assembled samples show homogeneously interconnected and hierarchical open pores which were stable even after a 24 h dwell time at 950 °C (open porosity is 79.19% for the slurry of vol 20% solid loading). Particularly, after sintering at 1550 °C for 2 h, open porosity (67.01%) of the assembled samples was significantly greater than that of their un-assembled counterparts (39.97%). Besides, the assembled sample shows a narrower pore size distribution and a relatively higher cumulative pore volume.
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Das, Suma R., Pashupati Dhakal, Hari Poudyal, and Abhilash J. Chandy. "ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SPEED RATIOS IN NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HIGHLY VISCOUS RUBBER MIXING IN A PARTIALLY FILLED CHAMBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 89, no. 3 (2016): 371–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.16.83778.
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ABSTRACT Three-dimensional, transient, isothermal, and incompressible computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out for rubber mixing with two counter-rotating rotors in a partially filled chamber in order to assess the effect of different speed ratios. The three different speed ratios that are investigated include 1.0, 1.125, and 1.5. In addition to the solution of the incompressible continuity and momentum equations, a Eulerian multiphase model is employed to simulate two phases, rubber and air, and the volume of fluid (VOF) technique is used to calculate the free surface flow between the phases. The Bird–Carreau model is used to characterize the non-Newtonian highly viscous rubber. Massless particles are injected in the simulations to obtain data required for statistical calculations related to dispersive and distributive mixing characteristics. Specifically, joint probability density functions of mixing index and shear rate, and cumulative distribution functions of maximum shear stress are calculated to assess dispersive mixing, while distributive mixing capabilities are evaluated using various quantities such as cluster distribution index, axial distribution, interchamber particle transfer, and segregation scale. Results showed the speed ratio 1.125 to be consistently superior to 1.5 and 1.0, in terms of both dispersive and distributive mixing performance. The large speed difference between the rotors in the case of 1.5 caused it to perform the worst.
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Brennan, Killian P., Robert O. David, and Nadine Borduas-Dedekind. "Spatial and temporal variability in the ice-nucleating ability of alpine snowmelt and extension to frozen cloud fraction." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 1 (2020): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-163-2020.
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Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) produce ice from supercooled water droplets through heterogeneous freezing in the atmosphere. INPs have often been collected at the Jungfraujoch research station (at 3500 m a.s.l.) in central Switzerland; yet spatially diverse data on INP occurrence in the Swiss Alps are scarce and remain uncharacterized. We address this scarcity through our Swiss alpine snow sample study which took place during the winter of 2018. We collected a total of 88 fallen snow samples across the Alps at 17 different locations and investigated the impact of altitude, terrain, time since last snowfall and depth upon freezing temperatures. The INP concentrations were measured using the home-built DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ) and were then compared to spatial, temporal and physicochemical parameters. Boxplots of the freezing temperatures showed large variability in INP occurrence, even for samples collected 10 m apart on a plain and 1 m apart in depth. Furthermore, undiluted samples had cumulative INP concentrations ranging between 1 and 200 INP mL−1 of snowmelt over a temperature range of −5 to −19 ∘C. From this field-collected dataset, we parameterized the cumulative INP concentrations per cubic meter of air as a function of temperature with the following equation cair*(T)=e-0.7T-7.05, comparing well with previously reported precipitation data presented in Petters and Wright (2015). When assuming (1) a snow precipitation origin of the INPs, (2) a cloud water content of 0.4 g m−3 and (3) a critical INP concentration for glaciation of 10 m−3, the majority of the snow precipitated from clouds with glaciation temperatures between −5 and −20 ∘C. Based on the observed variability in INP concentrations, we conclude that studies conducted at the high-altitude research station Jungfraujoch are representative for INP measurements in the Swiss Alps. Furthermore, the INP concentration estimates in precipitation allow us to extrapolate the concentrations to a frozen cloud fraction. Indeed, this approach for estimating the liquid water-to-ice ratio in mixed-phase clouds compares well with aircraft measurements, ground-based lidar and satellite retrievals of frozen cloud fractions. In all, the generated parameterization for INP concentrations in snowmelt could help estimate cloud glaciation temperatures.
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Warhuus, Jan P., Casey J. Frid, and William B. Gartner. "Ready or not? Nascent entrepreneurs’ actions and the acquisition of external financing." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 27, no. 6 (2021): 1605–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-09-2020-0586.
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PurposeThis study offers empirical evidence from a nationally representative panel dataset of nascent entrepreneurs (PSED-II) regarding when external financing is acquired and how certain factors affect this timing during the cumulative process of nascent entrepreneurs taking actions toward establishing an operational entity. By assessing the relationship between the external financing event and the cumulative set of actions that nascent entrepreneurs undertake to create new businesses, we improve our understanding of how the timing of acquiring external financing affects organizational survival and growth.Design/methodology/approachWe apply nonparametric and semiparametric survival analysis techniques to a nationally representative panel dataset of nascent entrepreneurs. This ascertains the probability of an external financing event at any given moment in time and a set of startup conditions that we hypothesize will affect this timing. First, we use Kaplan–Meier analysis to explore when external financing occurs during new business creation. We then use discrete-time survival analysis to investigate whether certain startup conditions affect when external financing occurs. Finally, we conduct a test of independence to examine the external financing event relative to other startup activities completed during new business creation.FindingsNascent entrepreneurs tend to acquire external funding relatively late in the new venture startup process – on average, about two-thirds of the way from conceiving of the idea and becoming operational. They tend to take actions that are less resource-demanding early in the startup process to build their organizations to a fundable stage. Net worth tends to speed up the acquisition of external funding as wealthy entrepreneurs tend to ask for funding earlier in the process. Finally, entrepreneurs in capital-intensive industries do not seem to get outside funding before entrepreneurs in other industries.Originality/valueThis study is unique in three ways. First, we investigate the timing of the highly important external financing event. Timing is critical in unpacking and making sense of the very early stages of a new business and in guiding entrepreneurs and students about when to do what. Second, we do so in a subsample of preoperational, nascent, funded entrepreneurs derived from a nationally representative panel dataset of startup attempts. Third, our findings provide a counter-intuitive yet systematic understanding of organizational emergence and very early-stage financing.
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Fuchs, S., and M. C. McAlpin. "The net benefit of public expenditures on avalanche defence structures in the municipality of Davos, Switzerland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 3 (2005): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-319-2005.
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Abstract. Avalanches pose a threat to settlements as well as industrial and recreational areas in the Alps. As a counter measure, technical mitigation measures have been implemented since the 19th century, resulting in a raise in value of formerly endangered areas. This increase in value can be considered as a benefit due to prevented damage. This paper compares the total costs and benefits of technical mitigation measures in the municipality of Davos, Switzerland as a basis for evaluating their net social benefit. The benefit of avalanche defence structures is determined using two different approaches. First, the replacement value of buildings protected by mitigation measures is quantified. Second, the number of protected persons is monetarily assessed by means of a human capital approach. The quantified benefit is compared with the present value of cumulative capital expenditures on avalanche mitigation measures. In addition, distributional effects of the public expenditures on technical mitigation measures are discussed based on the average future tax revenues within protected areas. Depending on whether benefits are calculated in terms of protected buildings or protected persons, the results show a large range of cost-benefit ratios. Critical issues of cost-benefit analyses in the context of alpine natural hazards are highlighted, including problems related to the human capital approach and the sensitivity of results to how benefits are calculated. The applicability of cost-benefit analyses for evaluating avalanche mitigation measures is discussed.
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Bauerheim, M., P. Salas, F. Nicoud, and T. Poinsot. "Symmetry breaking of azimuthal thermo-acoustic modes in annular cavities: a theoretical study." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 760 (November 11, 2014): 431–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.578.
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AbstractMany physical problems containing rotating symmetry exhibit azimuthal waves, from electromagnetic waves in nanophotonic crystals to seismic waves in giant stars. When this symmetry is broken, clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) waves are split into two distinct modes which can become unstable. This paper focuses on a theoretical study of symmetry breaking in annular cavities containing a number $N$ of flames prone to azimuthal thermo-acoustic instabilities. A general dispersion relation for non-perfectly-axisymmetric cavities is obtained and analytically solved to provide an explicit expression for the frequencies and growth rates of all azimuthal modes of the configuration. This analytical study unveils two parameters affecting the stability of the mode: (i) a coupling strength corresponding to the cumulative effects of the $N$ flames and (ii) a splitting strength due to the symmetry breaking when the flames are different. This theory has been validated using a 3D Helmholtz solver and good agreement is found. When only two types of flames are introduced into the annular cavity, the splitting strength is found to depend on two parameters: the difference between the two burner types and the pattern used to distribute the flames along the azimuthal direction. To first order, this theory suggests that the most stable configuration is obtained for a perfectly axisymmetric configuration. Therefore, breaking the symmetry by mixing different flames cannot improve the stability of an annular combustor independently of the flame distribution pattern.