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Journal articles on the topic 'Currence question'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 July 2025

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1

Csirszki, Martin Milan. "Unfair trading practices in the agriculture and food supply chain – Some remarks on the Hungarian and German regulation." CEDR Journal of Rural Law 7, no. 1 (2021): 58–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5552897.

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This paper aims to find an answer to whether unfair trading practices (UTPs) in the agriculture and food supply chain are of agricultural law or competition law in nature. Although the expression ‘unfair trading practice’ suggests that this phenomenon is treated within the framework and toolbox of com-petition law, beneath the surface other aspects of the issue may appear, if we examine such a specific area like agriculture and food supply chain. To answer the question, the author analyses some national aspects of the new EU directive on UTPs in the agriculture and food supply chai
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2

Passinsky, Asya. "Should Bitcoin Be Classified as Money?" Journal of Social Ontology 6, no. 2 (2020): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jso-2020-0022.

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Abstract The advent of virtual currencies such as bitcoin raises a pressing question for lawmakers, regulators, and judges: should bitcoin and other virtual currencies be classified as money or currency for legal and regulatory purposes? I examine two different approaches to answering this question—a descriptive approach and a normative approach. The descriptive approach says that bitcoin and other virtual currencies should be classified as money or currency just in case they really are money or currency, whereas the normative approach says that this question of classification should be answer
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3

Endres, Anthony M. "DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL MONEY: THE QUESTION OF CURRENCY INTERNATIONALIZATION FROM BRETTON WOODS TO THE 1970S." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 39, no. 4 (2017): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837216000298.

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In the Bretton Woods era the controversy over cross-border use of national monies turned on how to create ‘symmetries’ and avoid significant ‘asymmetries’ in the way national currencies shared specific international currency functions. We examine the twentieth-century work of prominent economists on the nature, choice, and functions of international currencies. Prescriptive approaches to international currency formation are considered, beginning with the discussion of the Bretton Woods plans, followed by doctrinal developments stimulated by the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Why are tho
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Kaigorodova, Olga. "Addressing the Question of Seizing Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 1 (35) (April 11, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2022.1.43-52.

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Digital financial assets, digital currency have become a part of our lives. They were legalized by the Federal Law of July, 31 2020 № 259-ФЗ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and the Introduction of Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. However, alongside the positive aspects of advances in digitization, this phenomenon has also got is downside. Digital financial assets, digital currency have become not only a means of payment and capitalization of accounts, but also the objects of criminal infringements. They can be used to pay for illegal actions and to
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Panzac, Daniel. "L'Économie-Monde Ottomane en Question." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 3 (1996): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520962601234.

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AbstractThe contracts drawn up in the 18th century between European captains and Ottoman charterers state precisely the currency to be used for payment. The exploitation, on this point, of 1719 contracts, written in both Maghrib and Machrek Ottoman harbours, has concerned three periods, 1686-1707, 1754-1767 and 1791-1794. It reveals a secular evolution characterized by the simultaneous and successive circulation of numerous ottoman and european currencies and the persistency of two distinguished areas of use, the Maghrib and the Levant, which expresses the diversity and the upholding of these
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Kwaśnicki, Witold. "Waluty krajowe czy wspólnotowe? Oto jest pytanie!" Ekonomia 26, no. 1 (2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2658-1310.26.1.1.

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What currency system is conducive to economic development? Economists from various economics schools are trying to answer this question.Different opinions of economists advocating the existence of a global currency as well as those who believe that there should be competition between currencies and the associated ‘free banking’ have been presented. The problems associated with the concept of optimal currency areas are also discussed. The last section discusses the controversy surrounding the question: “monetary commun-ities or national currencies?”.
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Prates, Daniela, Barbara Fritz, and Luiz Fernando de Paula. "Invited ArticleFrontier-market economies as a new group of the financial periphery: patterns and transmission channels of global shocks." European Journal of Economics and Economic Policies: Intervention 20, no. 2 (2023): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2023.0106.

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This paper seeks to fill a gap in the literature on frontier market economies (FMEs) with the following two research questions: (i) Which are the drivers of FMEs’ integration into financial globalisation? (ii) What explains the greater vulnerability of FMEs compared to emerging market economies (EMEs) to global financial shocks? We argue that the emergence of FMEs as a new group of the financial periphery fills a vacuum left for global investors by the major EMEs, whose spreads declined in the past decade due to high foreign currency reserve accumulation and other EME-related factors. To answe
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8

Dr, Muhammad Anas Raza, та Muhammad Usman Hafiz. "الحقيقة حول المال والعملة: في ضوء الشريعة الإسلامية". AL-MISBAH research journal 4, № 1 (2024): 27–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11104419.

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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The evolution of currency systems has been integral to human civilization, initially rooted in the exchange of goods and gradually transitioning to the introduction of currency for facilitating trade. This transition was driven by the necessity to fulfill basic needs efficiently. However, various challenges led to the emergence of metallic currencies, notably coins, as a preferred medium of exchange. Gold and silver coins gradually became prevalent, yet in some regions, certain commodities retained their status as quasi-currencies. Subsequently, the dominance of coins
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9

Yandiev, Magomet, and Gapur Oziev. "Do Crypto Currencies Meet the Requirements of the Islamic Finance Industry?" Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2018, no. 3 (2018): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105201832.

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Is it possible to use crypto-currencies? This question is actual for active users of Islamic financial instruments. This paper gives a positive response to this question, but with a wide range of refinements, significantly limiting the list of allowable operations with crypto currency.
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10

Prokofiev, M. N., E. S. Borisova, and A. V. Vorobyeva. "Prospects of Using Virtual Currencies for the Socio-Economic Development of the Country." Economics, taxes & law 11, no. 4 (2018): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2018-11-4-54-59.

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The subject of research is the influence of virtual currencies on the socio- economic development. The purpose of research was to determine the specific features and development prospects of virtual innovation currencies as currencies of the future. The paper analyzes the virtual currency as a phenomenon of the modern payment system. The key characteristics of the crypto currency, their difference from the fiat money, the interrelation with the blockchain technology are indicated. The dynamics of the crypto currency market capitalization is demonstrated by a bitcoin example. The reasons for th
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11

Allen, Polly Reynolds. "Transactions Use of the Ecu in the Transition to EMU: A Model of Network Externalities." Recherches économiques de Louvain 59, no. 1-2 (1993): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0770451800044298.

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SummaryTo answer the question under what conditions during the transition to EMU will firms choose the Ecu as their currency for transactions, the paper develops a simple model of a firm’s choice of currency for pricing, invoicing and receiving payments for its product-its transactions currency. The focus of the model is the presence of network externalities derived from use of the same currency by others. The model points up the fallacy of focusing only on relative inflation performances of currencies when judging their likely adoption for transactions purposes.
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Alia, Hayyan, and Eli Spiegelman. "Convertible local currency and trust: ‘It’s Not You, It’s Me’ – A field experiment in the French Basque Country." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 35, no. 2 (2020): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094220905505.

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We present a field experiment investigating the mechanism by which community currencies enhance trust. Our question is the following: do I trust more when using a community currency because I am a trusting-type person or because I think that you are trustworthy? We call the former preference-based trust; while the latter is belief-based trust. We apply a modification of the standard trust game from the experimental economics literature to disentangle these mechanisms. Player A has to choose whether or not to trust player B, and player B can either reciprocate that trust or not. Our innovation
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13

Lypko, Nazarii. "Reassessment of the ‘Optimum Currency Area’ Theory in the European Union." Financial Engineering 1 (July 13, 2023): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232032.2023.1.23.

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A reassessment of the ‘optimum currency area’ in the European Union and its perspectives for the expansion in the modern economic conditions has been conducted in the research paper. Assessment of the optimum currency area has been made on the example of the countries from Central and Eastern Europe, which joined the Eurozone in recent years. The aim of the research paper was to compare the performance of the countries in the Eurozone with the performance of the countries with their single currencies. The research question was whether a single currency and centralized monetary policy can prote
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14

A, Vorobiov, Zakusylo P, and Kozachuk V. "Hybrid method of intellectual diagnosis and forecasting of complex technical systems." Artificial Intelligence 26, jai2021.26(2) (2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jai2021.02.078.

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Modern control and diagnostic systems (CDS) usually determine only the technical condition (TC) at the current time, ie the CDS answers the question: a complex technical system (CTS) should be considered operational or not, and may provide little information on performance CTS even in the near future. Therefore, the existing scenarios of CDS operation do not provide for the assessment of the possibility of gradual failures, ie there is no forecasting of the technical condition. The processes of parameter degradation and degradation prediction are stochastic processes, the “behavior” of which i
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15

Tueshova, Еkaterina S. "On the Question of the Specifics of the Mechanism for the Implementation of Rights to Digital Currencies." Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: History and Law 11, no. 5 (2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1501-2021-11-5-32-44.

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Relevance. This article discusses the current issues of the transformation of the mechanism for the implemen-tation of rights in relation to digital currencies. It is noted that the digital transformation of all spheres of public life makes it necessary to develop a more flexible concept of mechanisms for the implementation of rights, which differs depending on the object of their application. The purpose of the article is to identify the key features inherent in the mechanism of exercising rights in relation to digital currency. The objectives of the research are the analysis of the mechanism
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16

Buzuriu, Bogdan Cristian. "Central Bank Digital Currencies and Financial Stability: Literature Review and New Questions." Timisoara Journal of Economics and Business 17, no. 1 (2024): 41–64. https://doi.org/10.2478/tjeb-2024-0003.

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Abstract The continuous development of money and payment instruments is a matter of concern for each central bank. As a response to the use of cryptocurrencies, more and more central banks intend to issue digital currencies - the so-called Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC). Information Technology progress and new financial elements determine central banks’ adaptation to these new challenges. All over the world, central banks have explored the opportunity of issuing CBDC at different stages; some banks are conducting research, others are in the testing phase, and only a select few have begun
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17

Sielska, Alicja. "Changes in the international monetary system: opportunities and risks for the US dollar." Economic Annals-ХХI 183, no. 5-6 (2020): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v183-01.

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In the 1940s, the US dollar was established as an international currency. Since then, its position has been practically unchallenged. However, in light of the financial crisis of 2008, the strengthening of the Chinese and European economies, and the COVID-19 pandemic, it is necessary to reflect on the future balance of power in the international monetary system. To this end, this article poses the following research question: is the US dollar facing a threat to its leading position in the global arena? First, I describe the historical currency system and the position of the dollar after the 20
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18

Mishina, V. Yu, and L. I. Khomyakova. "Current Trends in the Development of Financial Infrastructure and Transformation of the Foreign Exchange Market in Russia." Financial Journal 16, no. 4 (2024): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31107/2075-1990-2024-4-8-23.

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The article analyzes the main changes in the Russian currency market in the context of modern realities — unprecedented geopolitical pressure, changes in the financial, currency and payment landscape under the influence of sanctions. The purpose of the article is to study the directions of ruble settlements, financial integration and trade in currencies of friendly countries in response to structural changes in the Russian currency market. A significant decrease in the share of the dollar in international payments, reserves and transactions in the foreign exchange market is noted. Much attenti
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19

Uyar, Umut, and Ibrahim Korkmaz Kahraman. "The risk analysis of Bitcoin and major currencies: value at risk approach." Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, no. 1 (2019): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-01-2018-0005.

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Purpose This study aims to compare investors of major conventional currencies and Bitcoin (BTC) investors by using the value at risk (VaR) method common risk measure. Design/methodology/approach The paper used a risk analysis named as VaR. The analysis has various computations that Historical Simulation and Monte Carlo Simulation methods were used for this paper. Findings Findings of the analysis are assessed in two different aspects of singular currency risk and portfolios built. First, BTC is found to be significantly risky with respect to the major currencies; and it is six times riskier th
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20

Carbaugh, Robert J., and David W. Hedrick. "Will the Dollar be Dethroned as the Main Reserve Currency?" Global Economy Journal 9, no. 3 (2009): 1850176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1541.

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The U.S. dollar was in the line of fire as leaders from the largest developed and developing countries participated in the G8 meeting in July, 2009. China and other emerging market heavyweights such as Russia and Brazil are pushing for debate on an eventual shift away from the dollar to a new global reserve currency. These countries are particularly concerned about the heavy debt burden of the United States and fear inflation will further debase the dollar which has lost 33 percent in value against other major currencies since 2002. Will the dollar continue as the main reserve currency of the
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21

Voloshin, Vyacheslav, Nikolay Belopolsky, and Svetlana Bessonova. "Risks at Crypto-Currency Flow at International Financial Markets." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.8 (2018): 566–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.8.27307.

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Analyzed in the article are the problems of occupying the financial market and formation of crypto-currencies in today’s financial world, also analyzed are the aspects of ambiguity in an approach to defining and attitude to crypto-currency in different countries. The objective of the article is discovering advantages and risks of application of crypto-currencies at international financial markets.Analyzed were the factors of influence upon-bitcoin, the most popular crypto-currency. Comparative analysis of the legislation, regulating the flow of crypto-currencies at the financial markets and
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22

Mukhin, Dmitry. "An Equilibrium Model of the International Price System." American Economic Review 112, no. 2 (2022): 650–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181550.

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What explains the central role of the dollar in world trade? Will the US currency retain its dominant status in the future? This paper develops a quantitative general equilibrium framework with endogenous currency choice that can address these questions. Complementarities in price setting and input-output linkages across firms generate complementarities in currency choice making exporters coordinate on the same currency of invoicing. The dollar is more likely to play this role because of the large size of the US economy, a widespread peg to the dollar, and the history dependence in currency ch
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Poznanić, Ljupka, Željko Jokić, and Nela Bosnić. "REATION OF A MULTICURRENCY SYSTEM IN THE WORLD." Limes-Plus 20, no. 1 (2024): 119–42. https://doi.org/10.69899/limes-plus-en-242001119p.

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Which criteria should be used to determine the value or price of goods, services, labour, and even a country’s currency to pay for them, is the question of all questions continuously asked since the introduction of trading between commodities and money up to the present day? At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (from 1870 to 1913), gold and silver served as international standards for establishing the value of currencies worldwide. However, this standard was short-lived due to its adverse effects, primarily leading to increased unemployment among workers, but also due t
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Hosny, Amr Sadek. "When Do Currency Unions Increase Trade?" Global Economy Journal 14, no. 1 (2014): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0063.

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A stylized empirical fact in the international trade literature is that currency unions increase trade. This “Rose effect” suggests that a country pair that shares a common currency will, on average, trade three times as much as countries that don’t. In this paper, I question whether currency unions have heterogeneous effects over the distribution of the trade variable. The motivation is that regressions reported in the previous literature give average effects, while common currencies can affect countries’ trade differently over the trade distribution. I build on the same gravity approach and
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Reddy, N. Suma, and K. Rajeswari. "Challenges in the Adoption of Retail Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)." International Journal of Research 10, no. 8 (2023): 285–94. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8225538.

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<em>Financial innovation in Digital currency augmented and brought us into the age of Blockchain and crypto currencies. Despite a cautious stance to digital or crypto currencies, Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is considered as a potential solution for central banks across the world to replace fiat currency notes and to counter the growth of crypto currencies. The main motivation for Central Banks is to limit the risk inherent in the global shift to cashless payment as they are responsible for safety of the monetary system. CBDC gives more control over the currency circulation thereby giv
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Kuroda, Akinobu. "INTRODUCTION: CURRENCY ASSORTMENT IN THE CHINA-JAPAN TRANS-MARITIME REGION." International Journal of Asian Studies 4, no. 2 (2007): 221–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591407000733.

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History tells us that neither government decree nor intrinsic content can determine the value of currencies. However true this statement is, though, it is not at all clear who actually made that determination. It is easy to say theoretically that the market decides the price of currencies, but it is not so easy actually to mark the boundaries of the market and identify those who were influential in valuing the currency. Thus, the question remains unanswered. Nevertheless, certain historical facts concerning medieval Japan discovered by Hiroyuki Honda in the following paper furnish us with two
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27

Polivach, A. "Prospects of a Cryptocurrency to Become a New Reserve Currency." World Economy and International Relations 69, no. 7 (2025): 15–26. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-7-15-26.

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Decision of the newly elect president of the USA in March 2025 to establish the Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and United States Digital Asset Stockpile has again put forward a question about prospects of a cryptocurrency to get status of a new reserve currency in a near future. This article analyses such possibility. Modern reserve currencies are those widely used in international transactions and those, whose market is sufficiently liquid. As for crypto-currencies, so available statistics focuses mainly on number of owners and total volumes of ownership or transmissions. Actual use of cryptocurre
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Adnan Fendi, Usama, Asem Tahtamouni, Yaser Jalghoum, and Suleiman Jamal Mohammad. "The study of bubbles in bitcoin behavior." Banks and Bank Systems 14, no. 4 (2019): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.14(4).2019.13.

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Bitcoin is an online communication system that facilitates the use of virtual currency, including electronic payments. This paper aims at analyzing the behavior of Bitcoin returns as a proposal for future currencies while making a comparison between Bitcoin and other conventional currencies. This paper uses quantitative approach to analyze the time series of Bitcoin and that of other conventional currencies during the period 2010–2018. It uses 1) a descriptive statistics for the weekly returns for Bitcoin which includes the mean, standard deviation, maximum value, minimum value, skewness, kurt
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Larfi, Aicha. "Bitcoin Between The Economy and Islamic Law." International Conference on Islamic Economic (ICIE) 1, no. 1 (2022): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58223/icie.v1i1.106.

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From the womb of cyberspace bitcoin, the first decentralized digital currency, differed from the traditional currencies that we used to revolutionize the world of finance, and in light of its rapid spread, became a source of concern and question about the impact of this child on the economy of states and individuals, opinions differed around him between supporters and opponents, hence this study came in order to search and extrapolate this currency to know the positions of countries and major companies and what economists expected for their future, and the legitimate vision is not yet clear, a
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Green, Toby. "The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa by Klas Rönnbäck – A Response." History in Africa 45 (November 27, 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2017.13.

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Abstract:Following the article by Klas Rönnbäck, this article responds by stressing some key elements missing from the original article. These include the connection of African economic history to world economic history, the question of periodization and economic change, and the issue of currency devaluation in the period in question. The response concludes by posing several questions of the theoretical assumptions made by economists regarding data, and problematizes the applicability of such models to a distant pre-colonial African past.
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Rozhdestvenskaya, T. E., and A. G. Guznov. "Digital currency: features of regulation in the Russian Federation." Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(1).58-67.

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The subject of research, relevance. The development of digital technologies has an impact on almost all areas of society, including the financial sphere. This is the reason for a serious controversy to develop recently and to continue both at the international and national levels in terms of approaches to their legal regulation. This discussion affects both public law and private law. The emergence of such a phenomenon as digital currencies raises the question of their legalization for legislators of various states. The answer to such a question cannot be found without studying the legal conse
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Raj, E. Daniel Santhosh. "A Study on Impact of Demonetization of Currency in Indian Banking Scenario." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 9 (2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i9.93.

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The aim behind the government’s action was to combat tax cheating, counterfeiting and corruption. Eliminating large denominations makes it harder to hide large amounts of cash.The government’s demonetisation of Rs 500 and Rs 1000 notes is a contentious issue, but is understandable. Such schemes may have not worked in the past, but a political commitment had to be honoured. The question is not whether the government is right for demonetising the currency; instead, the concerns are centred on why they adopted this chaotic and surreptitious approach.It is a radical financial step in which a curre
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Saleh Alqahtani, Wejdan. "https://awej.org/current-theses/." Arab World English Journal, no. 287 (July 20, 2022): 1–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/th.287.

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English Question Formation in the Saudi context has received very little attention. To the best of our knowledge, there are two studies conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA): one looked at the difficulties Saudi students faced when constructing English questions with specific regard to wh and yes/no questions, and the primary problems associated with their difficulties (Al-Hassaani, 2016). Another study analyzed the errors Saudi EFL learners made when forming wh questions and the reasons behind making them (Addaibani, 2017). Therefore, this current study is seen as the first study tha
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Younis Masiha, Rogash. "Effects of Cryptocurrencies on Global Economics: A Review Study." Qubahan Academic Journal 2, no. 2 (2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v2n2a126.

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The features of a new global economy appear stronger and faster than the changes recorded by the economy throughout history, and the “Covid-19” pandemic has accelerated these transformations, achieving on the ground a global experience to deal with digital payment via credit cards and the use of online payment applications, and it marks the beginning of the end of the era of paper currencies. And the trend towards investing in crypto and digital currencies on the part of investors, in conjunction with the competition of countries around the world to win the issuance of the first digital curren
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Younis Masiha, Rogash. "Effects of Cryptocurrencies on Global Economics: A Review Study." Qubahan Academic Journal 2, no. 2 (2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v2n2a138.

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The features of a new global economy appear stronger and faster than the changes recorded by the economy throughout history, and the “Covid-19” pandemic has accelerated these transformations, achieving on the ground a global experience to deal with digital payment via credit cards and the use of online payment applications, and it marks the beginning of the end of the era of paper currencies. And the trend towards investing in crypto and digital currencies on the part of investors, in conjunction with the competition of countries around the world to win the issuance of the first digital curren
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Younis Masiha, Rogash. "Effects of Cryptocurrencies on Global Economics: A Review Study." Qubahan Academic Journal 2, no. 2 (2022): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v2n2a136.

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The features of a new global economy appear stronger and faster than the changes recorded by the economy throughout history, and the “Covid-19” pandemic has accelerated these transformations, achieving on the ground a global experience to deal with digital payment via credit cards and the use of online payment applications, and it marks the beginning of the end of the era of paper currencies. And the trend towards investing in crypto and digital currencies on the part of investors, in conjunction with the competition of countries around the world to win the issuance of the first digital curren
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37

Godi, Ntwanano Jethro, and Athenia Bongani Sibindi. "The reasons for investing offshore: A South African perspective." Corporate Ownership and Control 11, no. 4 (2014): 489–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv11i4c5p7.

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The value growth of some domestic investments have far exceeded that of offshore investments in recent years, which has led to some investors asking this question: What is the point of investing offshore? The long-term case for diversifying offshore seems to remain powerful even though the domestic currency might strengthen. Investing in multi-currency vehicles that diversify offshore risks across a range of currencies could be vital for offshore investors. As such, this paper aims to identify and rank in order of importance the reasons why South African investors invest in foreign countries.
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Hudson, Ian. "The Currency Carry Trade: Selection Skill or Behavioral Bias." International Business Research 9, no. 9 (2016): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v9n9p176.

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&lt;p&gt;Many attempts have been undertaken to solve the forward premium puzzle with little to no success. The global currency market is considered the most information efficient and transparent of all financial markets since it demonstrates a balance between over and under-reaction to information with remarkable consistency. The Efficient Market Hypothesis espouses investors cannot systematically outperform a benchmark since all investors have access to the same information. Therefore, the expected long-term rate of return for currencies is essentially zero. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory asser
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Arapova, E. "Asian Currency Unit: Searching for Optimal Currency Basket Structure." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2015): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-1-40-51.

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The article examines the prospects of monetary integration in East Asia and the speci&amp;#64257;c issue of the Asian Currency Unit (ACU) that could potentially become a core element of Asian monetary integration in the long run. The research explores main initiatives underlying financial cooperation and key obstacles hampering monetary integration in the region. The concept of Asian currency unit was introduced by the East Asian countries as one of the mechanisms aimed to ensure regional financial stability. Being a weighted average of regional currencies ACU is highly negatively affected by
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Moyo, Sam, and Paris Yeros. "Intervention The Zimbabwe Question and the Two Lefts." Historical Materialism 15, no. 3 (2007): 171–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920607x225924.

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AbstractThis article identifies the two currents that have divided the Left over the Zimbabwe question. It argues that in the course of the radicalisation of the Zimbabwean state, 'Two Lefts' emerged, the so-called 'internationalist' and the 'nationalist', to take up opposite positions over a series of political questions, most notably the agrarian question and the national question. The article defends the nationalist Left and offers a critique of the 'internationalist' Left through a discussion of contemporary imperialism, the neocolonial state, and civil society.
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STAIGER, ROBERT W., and ALAN O. SYKES. "‘Currency manipulation’ and world trade." World Trade Review 9, no. 4 (2010): 583–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000340.

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AbstractCentral bank intervention in foreign exchange markets may, under some conditions, stimulate exports and retard imports. In the past few years, this issue has moved to center stage because of the foreign exchange policies of China. Numerous public officials and commentators argue that China has engaged in impermissible ‘currency manipulation’, and various proposals for stiff action against China have been advanced. This paper considers the relationship between exchange rate policy and international trade, and addresses the questions of whether and how currency manipulation should be add
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Ismail, Mahmoud. "THE VALIDITY OF THE DIGITAL CURRENCIES AS A PRICE IN THE SALE CONTRACT." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 5 (2022): 641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.5.52.

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The article describes a new method of payment for the purchases in the contract of sale, by the new items of exchange called digital currencies. Undeniably, the digital currencies are evolving as a new asset class, in the absence of solid legal recognition. The private issuance of such currency poses legal risk for the traders. While some jurisprudences treat digital currencies as money, other jurisprudences view them as a property. Digital currencies are traded on exchanges as commodities, and stored as digital information, how should digital currencies be classified? Could we consider it as
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Šumonja, Miloš, and Ankica Vučković. "The Bunjevci question in the light of contemporary understandings of the nation." Kultura, no. 174-175 (2022): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kultura2275213s.

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This paper analyzes the theoretical framework of the discussion on the national identity of the Bačka Bunjevci. Based on the insight into the main currents within contemporary studies of nations and nationalism, and conceptual analysis of scientific papers that problematize the opening of the ˮBunjevci questionˮ after the breakup of socialist Yugoslavia, we conclude: a) that standard arguments of all parties assume that modern nations have identifiable roots deep in the past; b) that the ˮBunjevci questionˮ shows the opposite, that there are no objective or ˮscientificˮ criteria of a national
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Naheem, Mohammed Ahmad. "Exploring the links between AML, digital currencies and blockchain technology." Journal of Money Laundering Control 22, no. 3 (2019): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmlc-11-2015-0050.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the implications of the 2014 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) publication and guidelines on virtual currency definitions and the overall impact of blockchain technology on anti-money laundering (AML) compliance and regulation. The report cites three case study examples, which the FATF paper uses and which this paper questions as to their relevance, especially to the formal banking sector. Design/methodology/approach The paper has provided a critical analysis of a FATF publication and guideline document. Additional secondary data has been used on blockchain
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Skenderi, Sibora. "Central Bank Digital Currencies: To issue, or not to issue, that is the question- Legal and Economic Implications in the EU and, the Albanian Perspective." European Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Research 10, no. 8 (2022): 56–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejaafr.2013/vol10n85677.

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This research paper aims to serve as an added value to enrich the literature regarding the Central Banks Digital Currency and all its possible implications impacting the financial system. Our focus is on analysing CBDC from different perspectives, by analysing the motivations and concerns that lead countries with different economic conditions to introduce for their public this innovation as well as, to analyse the implications it poses due to significant fields of banking sector at whole, in terms of commercial banks, monetary policy of central bank or all the spikes that may happen in financi
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Belenchuk, Sergei I. "NEW TYPE OF MONEY – CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, no. 3 (2021): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2021-3-187-197.

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Now, with all the acuteness, the question has arisen about what types of money can replace cash and non-cash money that are issued by central and commercial banks. The central place in the new system may be occupied by the CBDC, or “Central Bank Digital Currency”. The People’s Bank of China, which uses the formation of an almost entirely “cashless” economy as the basis for the transition to digital currency, was the first major central bank to test-run the issue of the CBDC. That forced central banks of leading developed countries, primarily the United States, to speed up the implementation of
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Zahara, Fatimah. "The Analysis of Maqashid Syariah on the Use of Fiat Money and Dinar Dirham." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences 3, no. 2 (2020): 1216–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v3i2.964.

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Money as a medium of exchange, has at least two forms, namely fiat money and dinar dirham. This paper discusses the use of fiat money and the use of gold and silver as a currency with its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, this article also compares the use of fiat money and dinar dirhams as currency. This paper answers the question of whether gold and silver are the only metals accepted as the currency in the economic system, while other currencies are not. The results of this study indicate that, although the hadith is more likely to state that gold and silver as money, it is not lim
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Štrkolec, Miroslav, and Ladislav Hrabčák. "Digital Currency in Broader Sense, Status, Regulation and Development Trends." Financial Law Review, no. 21 (1) (2021): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.21.005.13288.

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The present article deals with one of the phenomena of the Industrial (Digital) revolution 4.0, which is digital currency in broader sense, respectively virtual currencies, as some authors refer to them. Despite the fact that this phenomenon is not such a novelty in society, it has demanded the focus of legal science only in recent years and the discussion has not subsided, it can be stated that it is only in the beginning. Along with digital currency in broader sense, there are several issues, such as the correctness of their naming, their legal status and, as far as the area of tax law is co
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Martin, Vesna. "Central Bank digital currencies." Bankarstvo 50, no. 3 (2021): 109–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2103109m.

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Central Bank digital currencies are a digital challenge to the international monetary and financial system. Since the development of cryptocurrency, such as bitcoin, the modern world has faced the possibility of digital technological transformation and providing a digital form of payment for the economy and the household. In addition, the announcement of a digital currency that would have a global reach, such as the Libre issued by the social network Facebook, raised questions about legal and regulatory safeguards, financial stability, and the role of the digital currency in society. All this
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Coyne, Joshua G., and Peter L. McMickle. "Can Blockchains Serve an Accounting Purpose?" Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting 14, no. 2 (2017): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jeta-51910.

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ABSTRACT The blockchain has enabled the successful creation of decentralized digital currency networks. This success has prompted further investigation into the usefulness of blockchains in other business settings. Because of the blockchain's use as a ledger, the question arises whether the blockchain could become a more secure alternative to current accounting ledgers. We show that this is infeasible. By casting this question in the context of the Byzantine Generals Problem, which the blockchain was designed to solve, we identify multiple flaws hindering implementation of the blockchain as a
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