Relevant bibliographies by topics / Currency question

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Currency question'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Currency question"

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STAIGER, ROBERT W., and ALAN O. SYKES. "‘Currency manipulation’ and world trade." World Trade Review 9, no. 4 (2010): 583–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745610000340.

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AbstractCentral bank intervention in foreign exchange markets may, under some conditions, stimulate exports and retard imports. In the past few years, this issue has moved to center stage because of the foreign exchange policies of China. Numerous public officials and commentators argue that China has engaged in impermissible ‘currency manipulation’, and various proposals for stiff action against China have been advanced. This paper considers the relationship between exchange rate policy and international trade, and addresses the questions of whether and how currency manipulation should be addressed by the international trading system. Our conclusions are at odds with much of what is currently being said by proponents of multilateral or unilateral actions against China. In particular, we question whether China's practices can be adjudicated to be ‘manipulation’ under international law, and doubt that their trade effects can be identified with the degree of confidence necessary to ascertain whether the practices ‘frustrate the intent’ of WTO/GATT commitments. The difficulty of identifying the trade effects of currency practices undermines the ability of the WTO dispute resolution system to address them, and calls into question the wisdom and legitimacy of unilateral countermeasures that have been proposed in various quarters.
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Vaughan-Spruce, Hannah. "“Relationships Are the Currency of Mission”." Catholic Social Science Review 27 (2022): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cssr20222713.

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Pope Francis’s evangelistic rallying cry in has rendered the Catholic Church’s mandate to evangelise unmistakable. At the parish level, the response to this mandate has varied from wholehearted and intentional cultural change to polite indifference. Sociologically, structure and culture inescapably influence individual agency in embracing missional identity at every level of the Church’s life. The question of structure—and specifically, pastor transitions from parish to parish—is considered in terms of its impact on a parish’s effectiveness at mission. Structural change may seem impossible; and yet, taking the lid off the question of structure allows us both to acknowledge its influence on the Church’s effectiveness at evangelisation, and to raise questions indicating instances where change might be possible.
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Kaigorodova, Olga. "Addressing the Question of Seizing Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency." Siberian Criminal Process and Criminalistic Readings, no. 1 (35) (April 11, 2022): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2411-6122.2022.1.43-52.

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Digital financial assets, digital currency have become a part of our lives. They were legalized by the Federal Law of July, 31 2020 № 259-ФЗ “On Digital Financial Assets, Digital Currency and the Introduction of Amendments to Some Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation”. However, alongside the positive aspects of advances in digitization, this phenomenon has also got is downside. Digital financial assets, digital currency have become not only a means of payment and capitalization of accounts, but also the objects of criminal infringements. They can be used to pay for illegal actions and to purchase objects whose civil circulation is restricted, which makes it necessary to address the question of seizing digital financial assets and digital currencies in criminal proceedings.
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Passinsky, Asya. "Should Bitcoin Be Classified as Money?" Journal of Social Ontology 6, no. 2 (2020): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jso-2020-0022.

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Abstract The advent of virtual currencies such as bitcoin raises a pressing question for lawmakers, regulators, and judges: should bitcoin and other virtual currencies be classified as money or currency for legal and regulatory purposes? I examine two different approaches to answering this question—a descriptive approach and a normative approach. The descriptive approach says that bitcoin and other virtual currencies should be classified as money or currency just in case they really are money or currency, whereas the normative approach says that this question of classification should be answered on the basis of substantive normative considerations. I argue against the descriptive approach and in favor of the normative approach.
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Endres, Anthony M. "DOCTRINAL DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL MONEY: THE QUESTION OF CURRENCY INTERNATIONALIZATION FROM BRETTON WOODS TO THE 1970S." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 39, no. 4 (2017): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837216000298.

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In the Bretton Woods era the controversy over cross-border use of national monies turned on how to create ‘symmetries’ and avoid significant ‘asymmetries’ in the way national currencies shared specific international currency functions. We examine the twentieth-century work of prominent economists on the nature, choice, and functions of international currencies. Prescriptive approaches to international currency formation are considered, beginning with the discussion of the Bretton Woods plans, followed by doctrinal developments stimulated by the collapse of the Bretton Woods system. Why are those developments instructive, given recent revisitation of the currency internationalization question in modern international monetary thought and policy? The modern revival of this question resembles a rehabilitation and restatement of earlier controversies, though it underestimates the gradual encroachment of the idea of international currency competition. This idea came to dominate other doctrines from the 1970s; it accommodates the ongoing adaptation of national currencies to the full range of international currency functions.
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A.C., Nzubechi, Nzubechi A.C., Oyinmiebi P.T., and John C.C. "ECOWAS Common Currency Postponed Again: Will the Currency Ever be Launched?" African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research 5, no. 5 (2022): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajsshr-r6zmvi8l.

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The plan to introduce a common currency in West Africa has been difficult to achieve. Since this plan was agreed upon by member countries, it has faced more than 5 postponements, and this has made scholars and experts question whether the common currency will ever be introduced in the sub-region. This question comes from the postponement of the launch of the common currency to 2027. Before this announcement, the common currency was confronted with various issues and challenges (convergence criteria, fear of loss of fiscal sovereignty, CFA franc zone, and France hegemonic pressure). ECOWAS blamed the COVID-19 pandemic for the recent postponement of the date to 2027. This paper therefore seeks to interrogate the implication of the COVID-19 pandemic on the common currency process coupled with the already existing challenges and issues that had over the years confronted the common currency. The study relied essentially on qualitative data predicated on secondary data. The study adopted the theory of Optimum Currency Area. The paper revealed that the inability of ECOWAS to overcome the issues facing the common currency caused the postponements. The study recommended, amongst other things, that the issues and challenges should be addressed by ECOWAS, the process of the common currency should not be rushed, and the eurozone crisis should serve as a lesson to ECOWAS.
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Green, Toby. "The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa by Klas Rönnbäck – A Response." History in Africa 45 (November 27, 2017): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2017.13.

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Abstract:Following the article by Klas Rönnbäck, this article responds by stressing some key elements missing from the original article. These include the connection of African economic history to world economic history, the question of periodization and economic change, and the issue of currency devaluation in the period in question. The response concludes by posing several questions of the theoretical assumptions made by economists regarding data, and problematizes the applicability of such models to a distant pre-colonial African past.
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Panzac, Daniel. "L'Économie-Monde Ottomane en Question." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 39, no. 3 (1996): 368–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520962601234.

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AbstractThe contracts drawn up in the 18th century between European captains and Ottoman charterers state precisely the currency to be used for payment. The exploitation, on this point, of 1719 contracts, written in both Maghrib and Machrek Ottoman harbours, has concerned three periods, 1686-1707, 1754-1767 and 1791-1794. It reveals a secular evolution characterized by the simultaneous and successive circulation of numerous ottoman and european currencies and the persistency of two distinguished areas of use, the Maghrib and the Levant, which expresses the diversity and the upholding of these areas, long after they joined the Ottoman empire.
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Karakostas, Emmanouil. "The Effects of Currency Protectionism on the Exports of the Trade Partners - A Composite Index." International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Accounting 11, no. 1 (2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33094/8.2017.2021.111.23.34.

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The competitive exchange rate devaluation (or currency protectionism) is a phenomenon of global political economy, which goes hand in hand with trade activities. The causes, consequences and effects of monetary protectionism for the concerned countries have been thoroughly analyzed on the basis of existing literature. An important element of analysis is the different effects of the implementation of protectionist policy measures on trading partners. An example of currency protectionism nowadays is the currency competition between the US and China. Although the US is the "hegemon" of the modern international economic-political system, China's continuous, upward and rapid economic course has weakened the primacy of the US, with consequences that are perceived in the global economic system. Of course, China has been accused of practices of economic "mercantilism." On the basis of these mercantilist accusations, a kind of war broke out with the US. But the main question is this: how are the exports of trading partners affected by this currency competition? To be able to answer this question more fully, a quantitative tool should be created that can interpret the effects of currency competition on trading partners. This study will try answering this question by using the case study of U.S. - China currency competition. The methodology applied is the creation of a Composite Index.
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Musina, A. A., and J. T. Shakirova. "TO THE QUESTION OF STABILIZATION OF THE NATIONAL CURRENCY COURSE." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 3 (2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2019-3-43.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Currency question"

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Ng, Chat Charles. "Comparisons of currency board systems in Hong Kong, Argentina and other countries." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21326460.

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Bana, Ismail. "Currency substitution and transactions costs : issues, implications and evidence for Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=73969.

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Soliman, Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed. "The effect of currency crises on foreign direct investment and foreign affiliate activity /." view abstract or download file of text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3055714.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2002.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-120). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Zhang, Zhiwei. "Empirical analysis of nonlinear macroeconomic relations with applications to business cycles and speculative currency attacks /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3026386.

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Ng, Chat Charles, and 吳策. "Comparisons of currency board systems in Hong Kong, Argentina and other countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954753.

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Maute, Jutta. "Hyperinflation, currency board, and bust the case of Argentina /." Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2006. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/71336700.html.

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Eng, Yong Heng. "Exchange market efficiency, currency substitution and exchange rate determination : issues, implications and evidence for the Asian currency market." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72094.

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This thesis examines the empirical validity of the efficient market hypothesis, currency substitution, purchasing power parity theory, interest rate parity theory and the monetary approach to exchange rate for the foreign exchange markets of Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The empirical results give support to the efficient market hypothesis, mixed evidence for the existence of currency substitution, a strong indication for the long run purchasing power parity theory, support for the inclusion of expectations variable in the interest parity theory, and rejection of the monetary approach to the exchange rate.
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Chan, Sau-san. "Choosing an exchange rate regime for a sub-national economy from an optimum currency area perspective : the case of Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18492083.

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Koether, Philipp. "On the basis of F.A.v. Hayek's idea of a free market monetary system and his publication "Denationalisation of money : an analysis of the theory and practice of concurrent currencies" (1976) about currency competition on financial markets in the times of electronic commerce and the introduction of "e-money" /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31972810.

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Chan, Sau-san, and 陳守信. "Choosing an exchange rate regime for a sub-national economy from an optimum currency area perspective: the caseof Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3123558X.

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Books on the topic "Currency question"

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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency substitution. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency substitution. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1993.

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Alarco, Germán. La dolarizacion y su impacto en la economia peruana. 2nd ed. Fundación Friedrich Ebert, 1986.

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Jin, Guobao. Zhongguo bi zhi wen ti. Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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ju, China Gong shang fang wen. Jin gui yin jian wen ti cong kan. Wen hai chu ban she, 2003.

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suo, Zhongguo jing ji yan jiu. Xin bi zhi: Jin yuan juan. Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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Dexeus, Juan Sardá. La política monetaria y las fluctuaciones de la economía española en siglo XI. Editorial Alta Fulla, 1998.

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Zhang, Naiqi. Zhongguo huo bi zhi du wang na li qu. Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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An Act to Amend the Currency Act Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Legislative Committee on Bill C-124. Minutes of proceedings and evidence of the Legislative Committee on Bill C-124, an act to amend the Currency Act: Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Comité législatif sur le Projet de Loi C-124, Loi modifiant la Loi sur la monnaie. Queen's Printer, 1993.

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Zi, Yaohua. Jin gui yin jian zhi gen ben de yan jiu. Beijing zhong xian tuo fang ke ji fa zhan you xian gong si, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Currency question"

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Lucio, Miguel Martinez. "State Intervention and the Question of European Integration in Spain." In The Single European Currency in National Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62795-0_7.

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Lucio, Miguel Martinez. "State Intervention and the Question of European Integration in Spain." In The Single European Currency in National Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26579-4_7.

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Szàsz, André. "Towards a Single European Currency: Ecu, Franc-Fort, Question-Mark." In The New Europe: Evolving Economic and Financial Systems in East and West. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1741-8_15.

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McDiarmid, Andrew. "‘The proper question is not whether paper money be as good as silver or gold, but whether it is better than no money’." In Credit, Currency, and Capital. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003284819-4.

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Meyer, Dirk. "Currency Denomination: On the Question of the Currency of Debt in Old Contracts in the Event of Withdrawal from the Euro from a German Perspective." In European Union and Monetary Union in Permanent Crisis II. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-38646-7_10.

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Gaunt, Richard A. "The Currency Question freed from mystery, in a letter to Mr Peel shewing how the distress may be relieved without altering the standard." In Sir Robert Peel. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315400709-7.

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Bönisch-Brednich, Brigitte. "Receiving the Gift of the Master’s Voice: How White Western Academic Paradigms Shape Knowledge and Remittance Economies: A De-Colonial Perspective." In Remittances as Social Practices and Agents of Change. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81504-2_18.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the social, political, and cultural agents that drive the engines of gifting academic knowledge. It considers knowledge as a form of social remittance. Viewing knowledge transfers as remittance practices makes processes of (neo)colonial exchange flows visible. It also allows us to see such remittances as what they are: political and social scripts that determine legitimacy, value, and currency of knowledge in a world of economic and social inequalities. We can view knowledge according to Bourdieu as academic capital with skewed exchange rates. This chapter explores the question: How are the positions of sender and receiver linked to neo-colonial inequities? In a world system of university rankings, regionalized hubs of academic influence, money flows, and uneven power relationships, the exchange of knowledge and the definition of what constitutes knowledge is a fraught and fascinating topic when approaching it within a frame of remittance economy.
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Ng, Damien. "Answering the research questions." In Currency Wars with China and Japan in Western Newsmagazines. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003212492-6.

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Kotzen, Matthew. "Study Questions for Part III." In Current Controversies in Philosophy of Science. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315713151-13.

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Frieden, Jeffry A. "The United States: From Greenbacks to Gold, 1862–79." In Currency Politics. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691173849.003.0002.

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This chapter surveys US currency policy from the Civil War until the country returned to the gold standard in 1879. It shows that economic interests played a major role in the politics of US currency policy in this period. In particular, they appear consistent with the idea that those most likely to benefit from a weak dollar—farmers producing tradable crops and manufacturers facing import competition—were strong supporters of either staying off the gold standard or going to a depreciated silver standard. There is no question that the data are of questionable quality, and the evaluations of the arguments are indirect. Nevertheless, the results seem consistent over a series of votes that took place over a period of about ten years. And they served as a precursor to an even more striking and much better-known US debate over the gold standard in the 1890s.
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Conference papers on the topic "Currency question"

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Kaya, Fadime, Glenda Amaral, Francisco Javier Perez, Marc Makkes, Tina van der Linden, and Jaap Gordijn. "An Ontological Exploration of Central Bank Digital Currency Governance Design." In Digital Restructuring and Human (Re)action. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.4.2022.19.

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Financial ecosystems and their related transactions are increasingly relying on big tech payment service providers, such as ApplePay and WeChat. By offering these services, transacting in unregulated cryptocurrencies becomes easier. Consequently, big tech companies take a powerful position in the ecosystem, such dominance may be avoided by a decentralized ecosystem, in which decision making power is distributed over several actors. Emergence of several highly unregulated cryptocurrencies and increased reliance on big tech, motivates central banks to investigate alternatives, called Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) that can be subject to governance and rules. CBDC is specifically aimed to decrease dependency on largely uncontrolled big tech payment service providers and to limit the growth of unregulated cryptocurrencies. In this paper, we explore the key question of how to design a governance structure, we do that by applying the DECENT ontology and conceptual models to the real world use-case of CBDC.
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Sarnecky, William G. "A Slippery Slope of Authorship and Attribution: The Atelier Model and the Design/Build Conundrum." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.10.

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Focusing on the atelier model and design/build pedagogy, this paper explores the question of authorship and attribution in academia. While the legalities of copyright and authorship in architectural practice have been addressed legislatively and through adjudication, there is no analog to this clarification for academics. Defining authorship of creative work in academia often remains a murky question, particularly when students and instructors work together. This uncertainty poses a particular problem for academicsin pursuit of tenure where academic andcreative authorship remain the primary form of currency. Case studies of three design/build projects at different scales will shed light on the complicated relationship between teacher, student and the creative work emerging from the atelier model.
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Opačić, Ana. "PROBLEM CHF KLAUZULE – OSNOV ZA RASKID ILI NIŠTAVOST." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.181o.

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In this paper author deals with the question of monopoly position of banks leading to numerous violations of the Law on Obligations. The author points to the problem of using currency clauses in loan agreements with particular reference to the disputed indexed to the Swiss franc. Today, the topical question whether the disputed agreements challenged based on the reasons for cancellation or seek absolute futility. Skyrocketing these currencies were followed, and by some indications and additionally caused by the unlawful conduct of the banks that these loans placed. Today more than 20 000 users are pushed to the edge of existence execution on real estate and forced evictions have become a reality, which has been warned if the state does not actively participate in solving the problems in Serbia.
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Kipriyanov, Vladislav. "ON THE QUESTION OF THE CONCEPT OF “KNOW-HOW”." In Current problems of jurisprudence. Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/168-173.

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The article discusses the history of the term “know-how”. The article describes the legislative definition of the concept of “know-how” in various states. It is concluded that the category of “know-how” on an international scale has ceased to be considered as an alternative exclusively to patent protection of technical solutions and has been transformed into a special object of commodity turnover, which covers various types of information (technical knowledge, experience, skills) essential for a certain field of knowledge, which, taking into account the development and formation of the information society, seems quite natural.
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Isabel Oliver, María. "Resiliency: It Goes Beyond the Hair." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.11.

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In the January article of The Guardian News ‘How Hurricane Maria forced Puerto Ricans to change their hair’, author Norbert Figueroa reflects on the devastating effects of the category four storm in the US territory. Besides the aftermath caused by floodwaters, massive electric shortage, and structural damages, Figueroa revealed how Hurricane Maria forced adaptations to everyday life, including the way Puerto Ricans styled their hair. Extreme conditions of heat and humidity, exacerbated by the lack of electric power, lead to the acceptance of natural hairdos, to the creation of sidewalk barber shops, and to the formalization of an underground economy where haircuts in the form of currency, were exchanged for power generators. Figueroa’s simple but complex observation is critical in the revelation of creative self-organizing assemblages at the face of concealed realities. If the simple act of hair restructuring convokes taxonomical categorizations, ingenious adaptabilities, spatial re-conceptualizations, and the creation of new underground economies, why isn’t architecture transcending its heteronomous condition to achieve ‘resilient’ solutions? If resilience is defined as ‘the ability of objects to spring back into shape’ after being deformed,’ does it exclude the notion of ‘predictability’? This paper does not bring to the fore the discursivity that the resilient discourse entails, but it is an attempt to question its interpretations and trivial meanings within a ‘utopian’ model that fails to come to terms with the constitution of the physical realm.
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Lazareva, E. G., A. V. Bigaeva, I. V. Rzhanova, and L. N. Kharlamova. "TO THE QUESTION OF WINE PRODUCTS DNA AUTHENTICATION." In Current issues in the beverage industry. Author-online, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21323/978-5-6043128-4-1-2019-3-134-137.

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Wang, Yutong, Jiyuan Zheng, Qijiong Liu, Zhou Zhao, Jun Xiao, and Yueting Zhuang. "Weak Supervision Enhanced Generative Network for Question Generation." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/528.

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Automatic question generation according to an answer within the given passage is useful for many applications, such as question answering system, dialogue system, etc. Current neural-based methods mostly take two steps which extract several important sentences based on the candidate answer through manual rules or supervised neural networks and then use an encoder-decoder framework to generate questions about these sentences. These approaches still acquire two steps and neglect the semantic relations between the answer and the context of the whole passage which is sometimes necessary for answering the question. To address this problem, we propose the Weakly Supervision Enhanced Generative Network (WeGen) which automatically discovers relevant features of the passage given the answer span in a weakly supervised manner to improve the quality of generated questions. More specifically, we devise a discriminator, Relation Guider, to capture the relations between the passage and the associated answer and then the Multi-Interaction mechanism is deployed to transfer the knowledge dynamically for our question generation system. Experiments show the effectiveness of our method in both automatic evaluations and human evaluations.
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Pujari, Nitin, Sai Spoorthy, Raj Kiran, Amalna Jose, Akshay Mallya, and Gowthami S r. "AUTOMATED GENERATION OF QUESTION BANK TO ASSIST IN THE EVALUATION OF THE POSSESSED KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTED BY EXTEMPORE PARAGRAPH IN A TECHNICAL CONTEXT." In eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-210.

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Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes and the evaluation of this knowledge plays a vital role in judging the cognitive ability of an individual. Not only does evaluation give the measure of the extent of knowledge, it also helps one to analyze the scope of improvement for an overall effective learning .Traditionally, the evaluation of one's knowledge is determined by probing the knowledge acquired in the form of questions. This paper attempts to automate the process of generating relevant question bank pertaining to the paragraph's technical context to assist in evaluation. The knowledge on a particular topic can be captured by a paragraph in the context of that domain. The current acumen of the individual in the subject pertaining to that paragraph can be determined by the technical keywords used, and their consolidation into a paragraph along with connectors. The empirical evaluation of knowledge in the domain can be implemented by posing questions from the generated question bank using the technical keywords present in the paragraph with the help of global knowledge base as the basis. The extent of the knowledge in the domain can be determined recursively by posing questions from the generated question bank which diverge from the subject of the paragraph, adhering to the domain. The above process of context-based repeated probing can be used to evaluate the breadth and depth of the knowledge of an individual in a technical context. This paper also attempts to remove the semantic redundancy of the questions generated in the question bank to achieve distinct consistency.
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Elenchezhian, Muthu Ram Prabhu, Md Rassel Raihan, and Kenneth Reifsnider. "The Role of Uncertainty in Machine Learning As an Element of Control for Material Systems and Structures." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84930.

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Recurrent neural networks (RNN) have been used to interpret data in situations wherein our knowledge of the active physics is incomplete. The currency of these methods is the data that are generated by a physical system. Unfortunately, if we are uncertain about the physics of the system, we also do not know the level of uncertainty in the data that we use to represent it. Typically, data provided to an RNN is provided by measurements of system state information, e.g., data that define speed, position, accelerations, configurations of system elements (like the flaps and elevators on an airplane) etc. But recently, data are being collected that indicate the state of the materials themselves that are used to construct the system. Material state may include the defect state of the materials such as the crack density and patterns in composite material in structural elements (obtained from health monitoring data). In this paper, we address the question of teaching a control system (e.g., for testing equipment, aircraft control systems, health monitoring systems, etc.) to recognize composite material degradation during service and to adjust applied loads and fields as part of a control scheme to avoid failure of the material during service. Topics will include defining a proper cost function for the above objectives, formulation of a ‘failure hypothesis’ as a regression function, and the quantification of uncertainty when the physics of the situation is not completely defined. Examples of machine learning techniques for a uniaxial fatigue loading of composite coupons with a circular hole are presented. Example models are random forest regression algorithms and artificial neural networks for linear regression.
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YASAKOV, YAROSLAV, and Ruslan Ahmedov. "SOME QUESTIONS ON THE CONTROL OF THE MIGRATION PROCESSES." In Current problems of jurisprudence. Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/341-346.

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The movement of large groups of refugees and migrants becomes a catalyst in social and geopolitical processes. International organizations are trying to resolve the crisis moments associated with the migration processes of recent decades. International law and State legislation provide migrants with basic rights and freedoms.
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Reports on the topic "Currency question"

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Mehrling, Perry. Exorbitant privilege? On the rise (and rise) of the global dollar system. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp198.

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The global dollar system, though repeatedly reported to be on its last legs—most recently in the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, but most famously in the Nixon devaluation of 1971—has repeatedly instead consolidated and gone on to further geographical expansion (McCauley 2021). The key currency approach to international monetary economics, first put forward by John H. Williams in the aftermath of the 1931 devaluation of sterling, suggests that such resilience arises from the actions of market practitioners who appreciate the convenience of a global means of payment. So the question arises, why has the key currency approach remained a minority view, if not among practicing bankers then certainly among practicing academics? This paper proposes two main reasons—the discredit of monetary optimism during the depression, and the subsequent fateful adoption of Walrasian equilibrium as the frame for academic discussion after WWII.
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Trammell, B. Current Open Questions in Path-Aware Networking. RFC Editor, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc9217.

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Giovannini, Alberto. The Currency Reform as the Last Stage of Economic and Monetary Union: Some Policy Questions. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3917.

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Cavallo, Eduardo A., and Eduardo Fernández-Arias. Coping with Financial Crises: Latin American Answers to European Questions. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008422.

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Europe faces challenges reminiscent of Latin American financial crises. The failure of recent liquidity support to normalize the situation in Europe suggests the need to refocus the policy debate on fundamentals: structural reform for growth and, where needed, restructuring to resolve banking crises and the debt overhang. Latin America's experience yields relevant policy lessons for Europe on those fronts except concerning the use of sharp real devaluations to spearhead recovery: euro-zone countries following suit by reintroducing devalued national currencies would invite catastrophe. Despite this constraint, Europe stands a better chance of navigating the path out of the crisis because it has cooperative mechanisms unavailable in Latin America. European cooperation can provide support for orderly crisis resolution as well as growth and competitiveness within the currency union fold, to the benefit of all members. However, the path is uncharted, and successful regional cooperation will require innovation and political will.
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Marques, Sofia, Julie Vaughan-Graham, Daniela Figueiredo, and Rui Costa. The current evidence base surrounding Bobath Concept (NDT) in adult neurorehabilitation: a scoping review update. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.11.0011.

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Review question / Objective: This scoping review aimed to gain a clear understanding of the current evidence base surrounding neurological rehabilitation based on the Bobath Concept (NDT) in adult population, by analyzing the different types of evidence that address and inform practice in this field and the way the research has been conducted. The specific questions, in regards to the available international published and unpublished literature, are: • What types of research are being conducted about the Bobath concept in adult neurorehabilitation? • How Bobath concept in adult neurorehabilitation is being studied, defined, conceptualized and operationalized? • What are the main knowledge gaps about the research involving the Bobath concept in adult neurorehabilitation and the implications for rehabilitation science? Condition being studied: The Bobath Concept approach in adult neuroreabilitation.
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Vanhala, Antero, Erik Haapatalo, Katariina Gehrmann, and Paulus Torkki. Protocol for scoping review: financial effects and opportunity costs of priority setting in health care. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.3.0077.

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Review question / Objective: The objective of this scoping review is to describe the current evidence on the financial effects and opportunity costs of priority setting decisions in health care in high-income countries. The purpose of the study is to provide knowledge to decision and policy makers on what is known about the true effectiveness of different prioritization approaches. Our research questions are: 1. What current published evidence is available on the financial effects and outcomes of different health care priority setting methods and implementations in developed health care systems? 2. What current published evidence is available on the realized opportunity costs of priority setting in health care?
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Flach, G., F. Smith, L. Hamm, and T. Butcher. Unreviewed Disposal Question Evaluation: Impact of New Information since 2008 PA on Current Low-Level Solid Waste Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1160324.

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Gilbert, Alan. Housing in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012212.

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INDES provides training programmes for public officials in Latin America and the Caribbean .Its current courses currently emphasize strategies for poverty reduction and the provision of social services, particularly education and health. INDES is considering extending its programme to include discussion of a current orphan of social policy, housing and shelter. This poses three questions. First, why is housing deserving of inclusion in its training course? Second, what are the interesting intellectual questions being raised in the housing field? And, finally, if a housing component were to be included in the course, what should be included in it? Answering those questions is the main purpose of the paper.
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Kaye, Tom, Caspar Groeneveld, Caitlin Moss, and Björn Haßler. Nepal “Ask me anything” Session: Responses to audience questions. EdTech Hub, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0014.

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On Thursday, 30 April 2020, the EdTech Hub participated in an “Ask me anything” session for policy-makers and funders in Nepal. The session focused on designing high-quality, effective, distance education programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants included high-level officials from the Nepalese government (e.g., the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Curriculum Development Office and the Education Review Office), representatives from development partners (e.g., the World Bank, UNICEF and USAID) and other education organisations (e.g., OLE Nepal). The session was convened for two purposes. First, to consider international good practice and current trends in distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic, presented by the World Bank EduTech team and the EdTech Hub. Second, for the EdTech Hub team to gather questions from participants, to be able to target guidance specifically to the situation in Nepal. This document provides answers to a consolidated list of 10 questions received from stakeholders during the session. To consolidate any overlap, we have occasionally combined multiple questions into one. In other cases, where multiple important issues required a focused response, we split apart questions.
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Ruprah, Inder J. The Question is Not Whether "To Devalue or Not to Devalue?" But Rather "What to Devalue?". Inter-American Development Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008431.

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In this policy brief, we review the problem of a lack of competitiveness and the policy options to improve competitiveness and hence promote economic growth. Inadequate competitiveness can be measured as a sustained current account deficit of the balance of payments. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of three devaluation policy options: an external devaluation, an internal devaluation, and a fiscal devaluation. We conclude that the latest fashionable option, fiscal devaluation, offers gain with no pain but detailed country-specific simulations are needed to determine which option is the better one.
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