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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Currency substitution

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Academic literature on the topic 'Currency substitution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Currency substitution"

1

Traa, Bob M. "Indirect currency substitution." Economics Letters 18, no. 2-3 (1985): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(85)90188-0.

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Genc, Ismail H., Hasan Sahin, and Turan Erol. "Currency Substitution in Turkey." American Journal of Applied Sciences 2, no. 5 (2005): 920–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2005.920.925.

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Xaiyavong, Inthiphone, and Toshihisa Toyoda. "Currency Substitution in Laos." Asian Economic Journal 30, no. 1 (2016): 67–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asej.12085.

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Arize, Augustine C. "Currency Substitution in Korea." American Economist 35, no. 2 (1991): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459103500209.

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Selcuk, Faruk. "Currency substitution in Turkey." Applied Economics 26, no. 5 (1994): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036849400000019.

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Bahmani-Oskooee, Mohsen, and Ampa Techaratanachai. "Currency substitution in Thailand." Journal of Policy Modeling 23, no. 2 (2001): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(00)00030-2.

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Alami, Tarik H. "Currency substitution versus dollarization." Journal of Policy Modeling 23, no. 4 (2001): 473–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-8938(01)00063-1.

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Boon, Martin, Clemens Kool, and Casper De Vries. "Simulating currency substitution bias." Economics Letters 28, no. 3 (1988): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90129-2.

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Sturzenegger, Federico A. "Hyperinflation with Currency Substitution: Introducing an Indexed Currency." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 26, no. 3 (1994): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2078008.

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Sıklar, Ilyas, Veysel Karagol, and Suzan Sahin. "Is There Any Meaningful Ratchet Effect in the Process of Currency Substitution? Evidence from Turkey." Business and Economic Research 7, no. 2 (2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v7i2.11500.

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Currency substitution is an important phenomenon that has emerged with the liberalization of economies. In the Turkish economy, the studies about the currency substitution have gained momentum as a result of the extreme depreciation of the domestic currency in early 2000s. Switching to the flexible exchange rate system practice after the 2000-2001 crisis and putting into implement the inflation targeting strategy since 2005 have significantly reduced the currency substitution rate. Since 2014, the depreciation of domestic currency has made the currency substitution phenomenon a current issue again. This study analyses the main determinants of currency substitution phenomenon by considering the demand for money in the context of Turkey. Developed empirical model is estimated by using ARDL methodology for 2003-2016 periods by using monthly data obtained from Turkish economy. Estimation results indicate that interest rate differential is an important variable in the process of currency substitution in Turkey. Besides, estimation results also support the existence of a strong ratchet effect in the allocation of deposits between local and foreign currencies. These results together show that strong policies with higher credibility should be pursued with a longer period of time to make reverse currency substitution in effect and to assure economic units to turn back local currency denominated deposits.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Currency substitution"

1

Tasdemir, Ozlem. "Currency And Asset Substitution In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1002369/index.pdf.

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This study investigates the determinants and effects of currency and asset substitution in Turkey using quarterly data from 1987:1 to 2002:4. The empirical results from the application of Johansen procedure to a four-variable system containing currency-asset substitution proxy (M2Y/M2)), real income, real exchange rate, and ratchet effect proxy (past peak values of the depreciation of the real exchange rate) suggest the presence of a single cointegration vector among the variables. The results further suggest the endogeneity of the degree of currency substitution for the parameters of the cointegration vector. According to the theory consistent and data-acceptable long-run relationship between the variables, there is a strong ratchet (hysteresis) effect in currency-asset substitution in Turkey. The study contains also the policy implications of both currency substitution and the ratchet effect arising from real exchange rate change shocks in the Turkish economy.

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Baskurt, Ozge. "Financial Dollarization And Currency Substitution In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606172/index.pdf.

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This study aims to investigate currency substitution and financial dollarization in Turkey. The extend of dollarization in Turkey appears to be very high according to both the conventional currency substitution and the recently developed financial dollarization measures. This has serious policy implications as a source of financial fragility through currency/maturity mismatches and balance sheet effects. The empirical part of this study contained an investigation of the long run relationships between the variables in a system containing currency substitution ratio, expected exchange rate change and rates of return on domestic and foreign currency denominated assets. The results of the Johansen cointegration analysis based on quarterly data for the 1987-2004 period appeared not to be strongly supporting the General Portfolio Balance Model (GPBM). The theoretical part of this study suggests that the GPBM can be reduced to the Sequential Portfolio Balance Model (SPBM) under the uncovered interest parity (UIP) hypothesis. Consequently, the GPBM may be misleading under UIP. The Johansen cointegration results suggested the validity of the UIP for the Turkish data. The estimation of the SPBM suggested that there is a long-run relationship between currency substitution and expected exchange rate change in Turkey. The elasticity of currency substitution appeared to be high but consistent with those estimated for other high inflation developing countries. The results further supported the presence of a ratchet/hysteresis effect proxied by a trend variable. All these results are consistent with the argument that currency substitution and financial dollarization are important especially in high inflation countries.

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Battal, Ozlem. "Money demand and currency substitution in Turkey." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.437261.

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Alemán, Eugenio J. "Inflation, currency substitution, and dollarization : the case of Argentina." FIU Digital Commons, 1995. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1224.

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This dissertation discusses the relationship between inflation, currency substitution and dollarization that has taken place in Argentina for the past several decades. First, it is shown that when consumers are able to hold only domestic monetary balances (without capital mobility) an increase in the rate of inflation will produce a balance of payments deficit. We then look at the same issue but with heterogeneous consumers, this heterogeneity being generated by non-proportional lump-sum transfers. Second, we discussed some necessary assumptions related to currency substitution models and concluded that there was no a-priori conclusion on whether currencies should be assumed to be "cooperant" or "non-cooperant" in utility. That is to say, whether individuals held different currencies together or one instead of the other. Third, we went into discussing the issue of currency substitution as being a constraint on governments inflationary objectives rather than a choice of those governments to avoid hyperinflations. We showed that imperfect substitutability between currencies does not "reduce the scope for rational (hyper)inflationary processes" as it had been previously argued. It will ultimately depend on the parametrization used and not on the intrinsic characteristics of imperfect substitutability between currencies. We further showed that in Argentina, individuals have been able to endogenize the money supply by holding foreign monetary balances. We argued that the decision to hold foreign monetary balances by individuals is always a second best due to the trade-off between holding foreign monetary balances and consumption. For some levels of income, consumption, and foreign inflation, individuals would prefer to hold domestic monetary balances rather than foreign ones. We then modeled the distinction between dollarization and currency substitution. We concluded that although dollarization is necessary for currency substitution to take place, the decision to use foreign monetary balances for transactions purposes is largely independent from the dollarization process. Finally, we concluded that Argentina should not fully dollarize its economy because dollarization is always a second best to using a domestic currency. Further, we argued that a fixed exchange system would be better than a flexible exchange rate or a "crawling-peg" system because of the characteristics of the political system and the possibilities of "mass praetorianism" to develop, which is intricately linked to "populist" solutions.

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Bana, Ismail. "Currency substitution and transactions costs : issues, implications and evidence for Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=73969.

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Yang, Steve S. "Determinants of currency substitution and money demand in the Russian Federation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7443.

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Ozel, Saruhan. "Exchange rate theory and practice: target zones and asymmetrical currency substitution." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40255.

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Tandon, Ajay Jr. "Essays on Development Economics: Issues in Macroeconomics and Population." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40513.

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This dissertation consists of three chapters on development economics. The first two chapters are in the area of international macroeconomics. The third chapter is in an area that is the intersection of macroeconomics and population economics. The first chapter studies currency substitution in an environment where agents' inflation tax evasive demand for foreign money is balanced by the concern for the possibility that the government may impose economy-wide capital controls under which foreign currency transactions are costly. We contrast implications of constant beliefs regarding capital controls with those obtained under endogenous beliefs. With endogenous beliefs, agents expect a greater likelihood of capital controls as economy-wide currency substitution rises. Our results show a persistent demand for foreign money under endogenous beliefs despite efforts by the government to reduce inflation. The second chapter is a theoretical study of currency substitution in an overlapping-generations economy. We focus on the role of beliefs in determining the relative demands for domestic and foreign money. Domestic money suffers from a lack of confidence leading agents to demand foreign money as an alternate store-of-value. We study equilibria in which the level of confidence in domestic money evolves as a function of expected future aggregate domestic money demand: agents increase their demand for domestic money only if aggregate economy-wide real domestic money demand is expected to rise. The third chapter is a study of intertemporal substitution and fertility dynamics. The demographic experience of Iran after the revolution poses an interesting puzzle. A brief increase in period fertility after the 1979 revolution interrupted a trend of decline that had started in the 1950s. The rise in fertility, however, appears to have lasted only a few years: in the late 1980s fertility decline resumed its course at an even faster pace. We present evidence that suggests that the changes in Iranian fertility since the revolution were in part a birth timing phenomenon. The revolution may well have been a transient economic shock which temporarily depressed the relative "price" of children and caused adjustment in fertility patterns which, at least in an ex post sense, is suggestive of intertemporal substitution.<br>Ph. D.

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Eng, Yong Heng. "Exchange market efficiency, currency substitution and exchange rate determination : issues, implications and evidence for the Asian currency market." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72094.

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This thesis examines the empirical validity of the efficient market hypothesis, currency substitution, purchasing power parity theory, interest rate parity theory and the monetary approach to exchange rate for the foreign exchange markets of Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong. The empirical results give support to the efficient market hypothesis, mixed evidence for the existence of currency substitution, a strong indication for the long run purchasing power parity theory, support for the inclusion of expectations variable in the interest parity theory, and rejection of the monetary approach to the exchange rate.

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Martin, Felix. "Topics in the economics of money substitutes in developing and transition countries." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0b9cb662-a5a7-4a22-99b9-521a464b2348.

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Recent research has shown that money substitutes - whether in the form of foreign currency or of more exotic instruments such as privately-issued moneys - are common in developing and transition countries, and have important consequences for macroeconomic and financial sector policy. The aim of this thesis is to advance our theoretical and empirical understanding of the determinants of money substitution in developing and transition economies. We begin in Chapter 1 by addressing the need for a general theoretical framework for the analysis of money substitutes. Reviewing both the classical and the modern theoretical literature on money, we conclude that the Credit theory of money - an ancient but until recently neglected theory which conceives of money as a unilateral financial contract between its issuer and its bearer - is a useful framework for such analysis. In Chapter 2, we undertake an empirical analysis of non-cash settlements (NCS) in Croatia. Using time series econometric analysis, we demonstrate that the instruments used to settle NCS are at least in part substitutes for the national currency, created endogenously by the enterprise sector in response to constraints on their participation in the official monetary and banking system. We turn to the most important form of money substitute in developing and transition countries - foreign currency - in Chapter 3, where we present a new review of the theoretical and empirical literature on dollarisation. In particular, we track the evolution of theoretical models of dollarisation in response to the increasing empirical importance of financial dollarisation relative to currency substitution. In Chapter 4 we undertake an empirical study of the determinants of deposit dollarisation in the two transition economies of Estonia and Lithuania by building and interpreting dynamic, multiple equation, econometric models. We find that a simple, portfolio theoretic account of the dollarisation process furnishes a good explanation, but also that data availability limits the level of analytical detail that this approach can attain.

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Books on the topic "Currency substitution"

1

Giovannini, Alberto. Currency substitution. Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1993.

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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency substitution. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6.

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Fund, International Monetary. "Currency substitution and financial innovation". International Monetary Fund, 1989.

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Sturzenegger, Federico. Hyperinflation with currency substitution: Introducing an indexed currency. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992.

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6

Sen, Partha. The Laursen-Metzler effect under currency substitution. College of Commerce and Business Administration, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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Sen, Partha. The Laursen-Metzler effect under currency substitution. College of Commerce and Business Administration, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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Sen, Partha. The Laursen-Metzler effect under currency substitution. College of Commerce and Business Administration, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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Sen, Partha. The Laursen-Metzler effect under currency substitution. College of Commerce and Business Administration, Bureau of Economic and Business Research, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1986.

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10

Brand, Diana. Currency substitution in developing countries: Theory and empirical analysis for Latin America and Eastern Europe. Weltforum Verlag, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Currency substitution"

1

Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "Introduction." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_1.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "A General Equilibrium Theory of Exchange Rates and Managed Floating." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_2.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "Empirical Implementation of the Instability Hypothesis." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_3.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "Currency Substitution and Small Open Economies: The Case of the Dominican Republic." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_4.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "Dominant Currencies and Monetarism in Argentina." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_5.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "Venezuela and Ecuador — Currency Substitution in Oil Economies." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_6.

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Canto, Victor A., and Gerald Nickelsburg. "Conclusion." In Currency Substitution. Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3261-6_7.

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Warburton, Christopher E. S. "Currency substitution and management." In The Development of International Monetary Policy. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315099934-4.

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Hercowitz, Zvi, and Efraim Sadka. "On Optimal Currency Substitution Policy and Public Finance." In Economic Policy in Theory and Practice. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18584-9_4.

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Pentecost, Eric J. "Currency Substitution and Exchange Rate Policy within the European Union." In Exchange Rate Policy in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25755-3_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Currency substitution"

1

Zhang, Minghong, Shan Zou, Honghui You, and Deyu Yuan. "Empirical Analysis on the Substitution Effects of Electronic Currency." In 2009 International Conference on Electronic Commerce and Business Intelligence, ECBI. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecbi.2009.100.

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Vinogradova, Anna, Julia Grinevich, Alma Turganbayeva, Mokhinur Bakhramova, and Anna Troitskaya. "Impact of currency regulation on public welfare and economic security." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.mohy2122.

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The research examines the role of currency regulation in ensuring economic security, and special emphasis is placed on the analysis of this issue from the point of view of public welfare. Income growth as a source of human capital development is impossible without effective state regulation at the current stage of economic development. Regular changes in Russia’s foreign economic activity, economic and political problems at the national and international levels, and the widespread use of modern technology pose a threat to both national and economic security. All this creates the need for regular analysis of statistics on individual indicators, including the detection of violations of currency legislation. The study also analyzed the issue of legal and illegal capital outflows and their impact on the economy; it was determined that the outflow of funds due to legal transactions exceeds illegal ones by many times. This fact underscores the need to introduce measures to minimize net outflows. The factor that determines people’s standard of living has been chosen GDP (PPP) per capita, and reflected the impact of the foreign exchange market on public welfare using regression analysis. The results also explain the import substitution policy of the Central Bank.

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Gonzalez, Ricardo S., and Gilles Flamant. "Technical and Economic Feasibility Analysis of Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Technology in the Cement Production Process: Hybrid Approach — A Case Study." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18143.

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Currently, increasing world population demands a higher cement production. Therefore atmospheric emissions and energy consumption become two of the most important environmental and economic issues. Fuel and electricity consumption for the production of cement represent 40% of the total production cost [1]. It is known that cement production is an energy-intensive process which contributes with approximately 5% of the worldwide carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [2] [3]. By using Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) at the calcination process in the cement production line, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 40% and savings of up to 60% through fuel substitution can be obtained if all the fuel used at the calcination step is substituted. The aim of the study is not to propose a detailed design of the solar process but to examine and quantify the various options in order to define the favorable economic conditions and the technical issues to face in a conventional cement plant aiming: substituting energy sources and achieving continuous operation of the cement plant employing a hybrid mode. Three options related with how to apply the CST technology were evaluated. The best solution is a Central Tower with Solar Reactor at the Top of the Tower since it allows energy substitution with high thermal energy efficiency. This implies, compared with the other options, the minimum changes in the process. Several energy substitution scenarios are investigated considering different energy losses and amount of energy to be replaced. It was found that the solar energy availability is not a constraint, meaning that from the technical point of view it is possible to replace up to 100% of the energy requirements for the calcination process. Economic results are promissory since the application of the proposed approach (Go Process) became attractive. The Payback Time (PBT) obtained (from 6 to 10 years) is lower when it is compared with the PBT for applications of CST for electricity production. Besides, the IRR values obtained (from 8% to 11%) are adequate in accordance with the typical values expected by most of the equity investors in renewable energy projects (between 8% and 12%) [4]. It is expected that CST technology will become more attractive and profitable due to economic aspects like increments in fossil fuels and alternative fuels cost and the current deployment of the CST technology to produce electricity. Other aspects such as more strict legislation related with CO2 emissions combined with encouraging legislation to use of renewable energy also play an important role in the economic attractiveness of the proposed application.

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Davoyan, R. O., I. V. Bebyakina, E. R. Davoyan, V. A. Bibishev, L. A. Bespalova, and O. Yu Puzirnaya. "Use of synthetic form Triticum miguschovae Zhir in common wheat breeding." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-56.

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T. miguschovae (GGAADD) was used as a “genetic bridge” to transfer valuable traits to the common wheat instead T. militina and Ae. tauschii. Lines with resistance to leaf rust, yellow rust and powdery mildew, as well as with high protein content (17–18 %) were selected. The lines with translocation Т2BL.2BS-2GL, 5BS.5BL-5GL, T6BS.6BL-6GL and substitution of chromosomes 1D(1Dt), 4D(4Dt), 5D(5Dt), 6D(6Dt) were identified. DNA analysis revealed that the lines can carry leaf rust resistance genes that are different from the known Lr39 and Lr50. Introgression lines have been successfully used in breeding. Five common winter wheat cultivars are developed.

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Shinde, Satyajeet, Jianchi Zhou, Shubhankar Marathe, et al. "ESD to the display inducing currents measured using a substitution PC board." In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility - EMC 2016. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isemc.2016.7571735.

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Kafa, C. A., D. Triyono, and H. Laysandra. "Effect of Sr substitution on the room temperature electrical properties of La1-xSrxFeO3 nano-crystalline materials." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2016 (ISCPMS 2016): Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991146.

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Djanelidze, M. G. "Microelectronics: the industry structure and import substitution problems." In REGIONAL ECONOMY AND TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT. INSTITUTE OF PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL ECONOMICS OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/978-5-7310-5861-2-2022-16-1-42-52.

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The importance of the microelectronics industry for the Russian economy is shown. The analysis of its con-dition is carried out and some problems of its development arising under the conditions of sanctions pressure are considered. The article highlights the complexity of the production process in the industry and the supply chains necessary for it. The forms/business models of production organization existing in the industry in the global economy conditions are analyzed. It has been established that these forms are currently being transformed under the influence of crisis phenomena in supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the subsequent period.The novelty elements of the article are related to the disclosure of dynamic and investment constraints associated with critical thresholds for the domestic microelectronics industry development.

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Susilo, R. A., and D. Triyono. "Effects of Y and Lu substitutions on the low temperature structural properties of Tb2Fe2Si2C." In INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2016 (ISCPMS 2016): Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4991126.

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Grassi, F., C. Rostamzadeh, D. Bellan, G. Spadacini, and S. A. Pignari. "Assessment of the Bulk Current Injection test procedure based on the substitution method." In 2013 Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (APEMC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apemc.2013.7360659.

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Yudharma, G., B. Kurniawan, I. K. Rahman, and D. S. Razaq. "Effect of copper substitution on the structural, morphology, and magnetic properties of La0.7Ba0.1Sr0.2Mn1-xCuxO3 (x = 0, 0.10) manganite." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES (ISCPMS2018). AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5132438.

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Reports on the topic "Currency substitution"

1

Giovannini, Alberto, and Bart Turtelboom. Currency Substitution. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4232.

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Sturzenegger, Federico. Hyperinflation with Currency Substitution: Introducing an Indexed Currency. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4184.

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Engel, Charles. The Real Effects of Foreign Inflation in the Presence of Currency Substitution. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2140.

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Edwards, Sebastian. Central Bank Digital Currencies and The Emerging Markets: The Currency Substitution Challenge. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29489.

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Giovannini, Alberto. Currency Substitution and the Fluctuations of Foreign-Exchange Reserves with Credibly Fixed Exchange Rates. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3636.

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Keane, Claire, Sean Lyons, Mark Regan, and Brendan Walsh. HOME SUPPORT SERVICES IN IRELAND: EXCHEQUER AND DISTRIBUTIONAL IMPACTS OF FUNDING OPTIONS. ESRI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/sustat111.

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Abstract:

A new statutory scheme for the provision of home support services is currently being developed by the Department of Health. Research has shown that access to home support services varies across the country. The new scheme aims to tackle this issue to ensure equitable access to home support services nationwide and is part of wider reform of Ireland’s health and social care systems as envisaged in the Sláintecare report and Department of Health action plans. Publicly funded home support services in Ireland are currently provided free of charge for recipients, unlike long-term residential or nursing home care, which involves a contribution from residents. In 2019, the HSE’s Older Persons’ Services provided care to 53,000 people at a cost of €440 million. It is anticipated that demand for home support services may increase under the new scheme, for example if unmet demand is met or if the new scheme results in more people being able to remain in their own home, substituting away from long-term residential care. Any increased demand would result in an increased cost, which may also rise as the population ages. This report examines the possible introduction of co-payments for home support services. We focus on the likely Exchequer impact of a range of different funding scenarios along with the distributional, poverty and inequality impacts of such charges. Due to data limitations, and the fact that the majority of home support services are provided to older age groups, we focus on those aged 65 years and over. Regarding co-payments we examine the impact of flat-rate charges for users, regardless of means, as well as co-payments for home support recipients above a variety of income levels. The tapering of payments is also examined to ensure that individuals just over a specific income threshold would see co-payments gradually increasing as their income rises. We also consider the capping of co-payments so that those needing a high number of home support hours would not potentially face very high costs.

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Petit, Vincent. Road to a rapid transition to sustainable energy security in Europe. Schneider Electric Sustainability Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.58284/se.sri.bcap9655.

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Abstract:

Decarbonization and energy security in Europe are two faces of the same coin. They are both related to the large dependency of the European Union economy on fossil fuels, which today represent around 70% of the total supply of energy. The bulk of these energy resources are imported, with Russia being the largest supplier, accounting for 40% of natural gas and 27% of oil imports. However, fossil fuels are also the primary root cause of greenhouse gas emissions, and the European Union is committed to reduce those by 55% by 2030 (versus 1990). This report is based on the landmark research from the Joint Research Center of the European Commission, the “Integrated Database of the European Energy Sector”, which for the first time mapped actual energy uses for each country within the European Union, across 17 sectors of activity, with data granularity at the level of each process step (or end-use) of each of these sectors. Our approach here has been to systematically review these process steps (or end-uses) and qualify the extent to which they could be electrified, effectively removing the demand for fossil fuels as a result. We have focused only on those process steps where technology was already widely available and for which we evaluated the switch to be relatively easy (or attractive). In other words, we estimated the impact of rapid electrification of “easy to abate” activities. The conclusion of this evaluation is that the share of electricity demand in the final energy mix could jump from around 20% today to 50%, which would drive a reduction in emissions at end-use of around 1,300 MtCO2 /y, as well as a drop in natural gas and oil supply of around 50%. As a result of such transformation, electricity demand would nearly double, with the bulk of that growth materializing in the building sector. Short-term, the challenge of addressing climate targets while providing for energy security is thus intimately connected to buildings. While such transition would certainly require major infrastructure upgrades, which may prove a roadblock to rapid deployment, we find that the combination of energy efficiency measures (notably digital) and distributed generation penetration (rooftop solar) could significantly tame the issue, and hence help accelerate the move away from fossil fuels, with energy spend savings as high as 80% across some building types; a major driver of change. Beyond this, further potential exists for electrification. Other measures on the demand-side will include deeper renovations of the industrial stock (notably in the automotive, machinery, paper, and petrochemical industries for which our current assessment may be underestimated) and further electrification of mobility (trucks). The transition of the power system away from coal (and ultimately natural gas) will then also play a key role, followed ultimately by feedstocks substitution in industry. Some of these transitions are already on the way and will likely bring further improvements. The key message, however, is that a significant opportunity revolves around buildings to both quickly decarbonize and reduce energy dependencies in Europe. Rapid transformation of the energy system may be more feasible than we think. We notably estimate that, by 2030, an ambitious and focused effort could help displace 15% to 25% of natural gas and oil supply and reduce emissions by around 500 MtCO2 /y (note that these savings would come on top of additional measures regarding energy efficiency and flexibility, which are not the object of this study). For this to happen, approximately 100 million buildings will need renovating, and a similar number of electric vehicles would need to hit the road.

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