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Journal articles on the topic 'Current calculations'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Kozarek, Łukasz, Hubert Cichecki, Mateusz Bogacki, et al. "Impact of the Short-Circuit Current Value on the Operation of Overhead Connections in High-Voltage Power Stations." Energies 16, no. 8 (2023): 3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083462.

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This paper focuses on determining the effects of short-circuit current values on the operation of high-voltage substations. The analyses performed focused on the dynamic and thermal effects on the short-circuit current for different input data configurations. The analyses of the dynamic effects of short-circuit current were performed in two ways. First, calculations were executed using the procedures contained in “IEC 60865-1:2012 Short-circuit currents, calculations of the effects of short-circuit currents. Part 1: Definitions and calculation methods”. Analytic calculations were accomplished for different values of the initial three-phase short-circuit current, the type of short circuit, the static tension force of the conductors, the stiffness of the structure and the methods of attaching the lashing chains. Secondly, the same analysis was performed using PRIMTECH 3D software. The connections were modeled in computer software, for which the calculations were implemented according to normative recommendations. After obtaining the results, an analysis was performed using the model based on the input data. Performing the analysis in two ways made it possible to compare the results with each other and develop conclusions. An analysis of the thermal effects of the short-circuit current was also provided. The results of the calculations showed that the choice of conductor cross sections according to the value of the initial short-circuit current was correct. Particular attention has been paid to rigid conductors and flexible conductors, which are directly affected by the short circuit and have an impact on the selection of the complete equipment for the high-voltage switchgear.

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Degtyarenko, Pavel N., Vladimir V. Zheltov, Nikolay N. Balashov, Andrey Yu Arkhangelsky, Alena Yu Degtyarenko, and Konstantin L. Kovalev. "Fault Current Limitation in Electrical Power Networks Containing HTS Cable and HTS Fuse." Materials 15, no. 24 (2022): 8754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248754.

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Numerical calculations of parameters of an electrical power network where an HTS fuse is used as a fault current limiting device have been done. The calculations were performed for networks containing different types of HTS cables as well. The design of HTS fuse was developed based on the numerical calculation for the network-rated parameters considering the special types 2G HTS tape characteristics. The distinctive feature of these tapes is the minimal thickness (about 30 µm) of the substrate at the critical current 450–600 A. The tests were performed at a voltage of 1 kV and demonstrated the ability of circuit breaking at fault currents about 3–4 kA. A comparison of experimental results with the calculations allows us to conclude that the HTS fuse of this design can operate as a fault current limiting device in electrical power networks at various rated voltage levels.

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Gutora, T. V., and A. A. Verkhovsky. "Typical errors when performing thermal engineering calculations of facade translucent structures." Zhilishchnoe Stroitel stvo, no. 12 (January 20, 2025): 8–13. https://doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2024-12-8-13.

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The main regulatory requirements and typical errors in the performance of thermal engineering calculations of facade translucent structures (FTS) are considered.The assessment of the influence of incorrect or erroneous choice of parameters of thermal engineering calculations on the calculation model and calculation results is given.The analysis was carried out taking into account the current regulatory documents for conducting thermal engineering calculations and laboratory testing of the FTS.

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Komarzyniec, Grzegorz. "Calculating the Inrush Current of Superconducting Transformers." Energies 14, no. 20 (2021): 6714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206714.

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Under certain circumstances, after connecting a superconducting transformer to the power network, a high value current may flow through its windings. This current can exceed the critical value of the superconductor many times and cause the windings to lose their superconductive state. Loss of superconductive state of the windings may result in thermal interruption of their continuity as a result of conduction of a current of very high density. The mathematical relationships used to calculate the inrush current of conventional transformers do not work well for the calculation of superconducting transformers. This is due to the properties of superconducting materials used in the windings, first of all to the stepwise changes of the windings’ resistance when exiting the superconducting state and when returning to this state. The article presents the mathematical dependencies allowing to calculate the pulse waveforms of the inrush current of these transformers are derived. Basic electrical circuit sizes are used in the calculations, making the calculations quick and easy. Using the formulas, calculations of the inrush current of 8.5 kVA and 13.5 kVA superconducting transformers. The results were verified with the results of the inrush current measurements, achieving good compliance.

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5

Sweeting, David. "Applying IEC 60909, Fault Current Calculations." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 48, no. 2 (2012): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2011.2180011.

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6

Dupuy, Delphine, David Pedreira, Damien Verbeke, et al. "Adaptive Meshing for Eddy Current Calculations." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51, no. 11 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2015.2445830.

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7

Troisi, S., and L. Turturici. "NON-CURRENT EPHEMERIS FOR APPROXIMATED CALCULATIONS." Survey Review 30, no. 233 (1989): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sre.1989.30.233.135.

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8

Witek, Arkadiusz. "Heat transfer through small, unventilated air cavities in the current standards." Inżynieria i Budownictwo LXXX, no. 5 (2024): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.7111.

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The paper discusses in detail the calculation procedures from the PN-EN ISO 10077 and PN-EN ISO 6946 standards used to determine the heat transfer through small, unventilated air cavities. In order to assess the differences in real situations, calculations of an exemplary air cavity were also performed using a computer program implementing these methods. On the basis of the analyzes carried out, a number of differences in procedures and the range of potential discrepancies in the results were demonstrated. Calculations were made for an example air void. The differences in heat fluxes were up to 11% depending on the method used.

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9

Stoneham, A. M. "Defect calculations in semiconductors Theoretical principles as illustrated by current calculations." Philosophical Magazine B 51, no. 2 (1985): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642818508240560.

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10

Mazur, Damian, and Marek Gołębiowski. "Calculating the main and leakage inductance matrix of the 3-column 15-winding autotransformer." Archives of Electrical Engineering 60, no. 3 (2011): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-011-0020-9.

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Calculating the main and leakage inductance matrix of the 3-column 15-winding autotransformer The aim of this paper is presentation and comparison of calculation methods of the inductance matrix of a 3-column multi-winding autotransformer. Main and leakage autotransformer inductance was obtained using finite elements method. Static calculations were made at the current supply for 2D and 3D models, and mono-harmonic calculations were made at the voltage supply. In the mono-harmonic calculations the eddy current losses were taken into account, this made it possible to study relationship between the autotransformer parameters and the frequency. Calculations were made using Ansys and the authors' own programs in Matlab.

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11

Golebiowski, Marek. "Calculation of eddy current and hysteresis losses during transient states in laminated magnetic circuits." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 36, no. 3 (2017): 665–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2016-0409.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop the method of taking the eddy current losses in the laminated magnetic circuits into account during implicit transient calculations. The nonlinear magnetization characteristic of iron and the hysteresis losses can also be considered in the simulations done with the developed method. Design/methodology/approach The paper presents complex equivalent magnetic permeability derived from the presumed angular frequency in a laminated magnetic circuit. On this basis, the synthesis of a magnetic permeability as a function of the Laplace variable “s” is presented. After transformation of the variable “s” to a variable “z” of the Z transformation, it is possible to conduct discrete time calculation of transient states of magnetic circuits including the eddy current losses. An iterative process is developed to take the saturation of the magnetic circuit in these calculations into account. As regards hysteresis losses, the scalar model of magnetic hysteresis by Juhani Tellinen was implemented. The new method is validated by calculations of a two-coil transformer. Findings It is important to take into account the losses in sheet metal directly in the implicit transient calculations. This possibility is provided by the presented method based on the synthesis of the equivalent magnetic permeability μ^(s). The presented method was proved to be correct and efficient. The calculated sheet metal losses were compared with the results presented in literature. Good conformance of results was attained. Practical implications The method enables calculation of eddy current and hysteresis losses in laminated magnetic circuits during calculations of transient states. It does not need, unlike the previous methods, previously provided information (“a priori”) about the content of higher harmonics in waveforms. The method takes into account mutual dependence of transient waveforms of currents in the analysed system and losses of laminated magnetic circuit, expressed by eddy currents and hysteresis losses. Its implementation comes down to using in calculations a filter of the IIR type and corresponds to its calculation complexity. The author plans to use the presented method in the finite elements method transient calculations. Originality/value A new approach is a synthesis of the equivalent magnetic permeability in Laplace domain, which creates an equivalent RC circuit for permeability. Analytic equations for parameters of this equivalent circuit are original. A method for considering nonlinear magnetization characteristic and hysteresis losses was presented. In calculations of transient states of systems with magnetic circuits, one can use the developed equivalent circuit of magnetic permeability in a form of the IIR filter. Operator magnetic permeability includes fractional derivative of Laplace’s variable “vs”. Therefore, the equivalent IIR filter includes “history” of the processes that take place in the laminated magnetic circuit to the current, calculated time moment. This “history” in terms of its content is limited only by the degree of the applied IIR filter. It enables to calculate “step by step”, without previous (“a priori”) knowledge about harmonic components of the whole waveforms. It was necessary in the previously used methods, when determining parameters of magnetic permeability. The method proposed in the paper allows for calculations with taking into account direct dependence of an electric part of the system on its magnetic part.

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12

Tarko, Rafał, Jakub Gajdzica, Wiesław Nowak, and Waldemar Szpyra. "Comparative Analysis of High-Voltage Power Line Models for Determining Short-Circuit Currents in Towers Earthing Systems." Energies 14, no. 16 (2021): 4729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164729.

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The article deals with the problems of single-phase short-circuit current distribution in overhead power lines. Short-circuit disturbances cause many negative phenomena in power networks. Since experimental studies of short-circuits in real networks are practically impossible to perform, these effects can be evaluated only theoretically, based on short-circuit current calculations with the use of appropriate mathematical models. Although short-circuit modeling is considered to be one of the simplest power system calculations, the exact mathematical description of the phenomena occurring at short-circuits is complex. Simplified normative methods are often used for short-circuit current calculations; however, this does not give ground for a thorough analysis of short-circuit current distribution in power lines. The distributions are analyzed using power line models with different degrees of complexity in line with the assumptions made for a given model. The paper presents the problem of current distribution analysis in high-voltage overhead lines for single-phase faults to the tower structures. Simulation studies were conducted on the models developed for the calculation of short-circuit currents in the high-voltage power line earthing. The objective of the analysis was to assess the validity of simplification assumptions followed by practical recommendations on the applicability of the models.

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13

Ma, Xiaodan, Tuo Li, Fei Chen, and Lihua Zhang. "Research on Energy-saving Calculation of Navigational Lighting System Powered by Low Current in Green Airport." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2491, no. 1 (2023): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2491/1/012015.

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Abstract The airport navigation lighting system is an important energy-consuming system in the flight area. The annual energy consumption of large and medium-sized airports can reach millions of kilowatt hours. At present, the airport is replacing traditional halogen lamps with LED navigation lighting for energy conservation. For LED lighting under the traditional 6.6 A power supply system, the circuit loss is high, and the overall energy-saving effect of the system is not good. A low-current power supply energy-saving navigation lighting system is proposed. The primary cable, secondary cable, isolation transformer, and auxiliary lighting system in the navigation lighting circuit are studied by performing the energy-saving calculation of navigation lights under low currents. By building a set of navigation lighting systems to conduct energy consumption experiments and comparing them with theoretical calculations, a calculation model is proposed to provide a basis for energy-saving calculations for the application of a low-current power supply navigation lighting system.

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14

Andrea, Yoo. "New Dynamical Model for the Multi-Input Multi-Output Robot Manipulators Using A Robust Adaptive Fuzzy Controller." Engineering: An International Journal 2, no. 6 (2020): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3877961.

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Along with increasing scientific progress, humans are constantly confronted with several new real-world issues. This further demonstrates the need for optimization algorithms that can quickly adapt to an uncertain and changing environment over time. In such issues, the current conditions lead to an area of optima and worth changed after some time. Therefore, an optimization calculation must have the option to adjust rapidly to evolving conditions. This paper proposes a new algorithm dependent on the PSO calculation, alluded to as a versatile increasing/decreasing PSO calculation. In the optimization procedure, this algorithm can generally adaptively find and track the ideal number changed after some time in nonlinear and dynamic conditions with imperceptible changes, by decreasing or expanding the quantity of calculation particles and the successful hunt extend. Also, another definition has been presented called the Focused Search Zone, which expects to feature promising spaces to quicken the neighborhood search process and forestall untimely combination and achievement file as a paradigm for deciding centered pursuit zone conduct toward ecological conditions. The consequences of the proposed calculation are assessed on the moving pinnacle benchmark work and hence contrasted and those got from a few legitimate calculations. The outcomes show a beneficial outcome of versatile systems utilized, remembering a reduction or an expansion for particles and search extend on finding and following numerous optima contrasted with other multi-populace based streamlining calculations.

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15

Atika, Ratna, and Dyah Utari Yusa Wardhani. "Perancangan Software Impedansi Total Sistem Rangkaian Listrik Menggunakan Metode Gabriel Kron." Jurnal Ampere 8, no. 1 (2023): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31851/ampere.v8i1.11349.

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Calculating the total impedance between two points that are equivalent and connected to a current voltage source still revolves around the discussion using the Wye-Delta transformation, the theory of the Series-Parallel formula, the loop current method and the node or node voltage method. These calculations are still ineffective and take quite a long time for certain complex circuits, because the calculations can only be done manually. So we need a special solution to facilitate us in the calculation process. In this case it is necessary to do a new transformation approach called Transformation [C]. This [C] Transformation Matrix will connect the old and new equivalent circuits. This study uses the Borland C++ Builder program with four kinds of complex circuit conditions tested. From the test results it can be seen that the results of program calculations are the same as the results of manual calculations and are proven to be easier, more effective and efficient than manual calculations which are complicated and require a long and lengthy calculation process. This software is very helpful and can be applied to calculate the total impedance of an electrical circuit system, especially in certain cases of conditioned complicated circuits.

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16

Vetrova, Natalia, Evgeny Kuimov, Sergey Meshkov, Mstislav Makeev, Vladimir Sinyakin, and Vasiliy Shashurin. "A Compact Current-Transfer Model in Resonant-Tunneling Structures with Consideration of Interelectronic Interaction." Electronics 12, no. 3 (2023): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030519.

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A compact analytical model of current transfer was developed to estimate the characteristics of heterostructured devices. The absence of empirical correction factors and the explicit accounting of the interelectronic interaction differentiates it from previous similar models. The model obtains an estimates of the electron density in the quantum well of the heterostructural channel and applies a self-consistent correction for resonance levels. It also provides accuracy in the positive differential resistance region of the I–V characteristics in the AlGaAs structures, with an average relative error not exceeding 2%. The time complexity of the calculations of the I–V characteristics using this model is several orders of magnitude less than that of calculations using ab initio models. Its high accuracy and low temporal complexity of calculations of I–V characteristics allow this model to be integrated in systems for the design and calculation of reliability indicators for devices, including terahertz devices.

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17

Berizzi, A., A. Silvestri, D. Zaninelli, and S. Massucco. "Short-circuit current calculations for DC systems." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 32, no. 5 (1996): 990–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/28.536856.

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18

West, Alan C., Johannes H. Sukamto, and John Newman. "A Criterion to Verify Current Distribution Calculations." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 137, no. 9 (1990): 2745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2087051.

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19

Nadtochy, P. N., C. Schmitt, and K. Mazurek. "On some limitations of current Langevin calculations." Physica Scripta T154 (May 1, 2013): 014004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2013/t154/014004.

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20

Sato, Ken, Haruhiko Okumura, and Satarou Yamaguchi. "Numerical calculations for Peltier current lead designing." Cryogenics 41, no. 7 (2001): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-2275(01)00117-5.

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21

Khondker, A. N., and A. F. M. Anwar. "Approximate analytic current-voltage calculations for MODFETs." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 37, no. 1 (1990): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.43836.

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22

Musil, Luboš, Martin Tipka, Hana Hanzlová, and Jan Vodička. "Comparison of Methods for Crack Development State for Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete." Solid State Phenomena 322 (August 9, 2021): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.322.48.

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Fibre reinforced concrete is a composite material that is increasingly used in construction practice. An often-discussed problem regarding the fibre reinforced concrete is the crack development state and post-cracking behaviour. The paper compares the calculations done according to the Eurocode design and calculations done according to the older procedure given by ČSN standard. The calculations are also compared with the calculations done using the SCIA Engineer software. From the obtained results, the complexity of the calculation, the amount of coefficients, and the variance of value given the current standards is evident.

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23

FERROGLIA, ANDREA. "QCD CORRECTIONS TO THE RADIATIVE DECAY $\bar{B}\to X_s\gamma$." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 37 (2008): 3123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773230802879x.

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In this short review, the calculation of the next-to-next-to-leading order QCD corrections to the inclusive radiative decay [Formula: see text] is described. We summarize the salient features of the calculational framework adopted, discuss the results obtained in the last few years, and indicate the technical tools that made the NNLO calculations possible. We conclude by comparing the current NNLO theoretical estimate for the branching ratio with the experimental measurement and by briefly discussing the size and origin of the residual theoretical uncertainty.

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24

Castro, Luis Miguel, Daniel Guillen, and Frederic Trillaud. "On Short-Circuit Current Calculations Including Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (ScFCLs)." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 33, no. 5 (2018): 2513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2018.2800732.

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25

He, Ren, and Donghai Hu. "Physical Mechanism of Eddy Current Demagnetizing Effect for Eddy Current Brake." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 13, no. 10 (2016): 6810–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2016.5632.

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This article researches both the mathematical relation between the braking force of eddy current brake and the speed of the moving conductor and the relationship between the average air-gap flux density and the velocity of the moving conductor respectively which result in the ambiguity of the physical mechanism of eddy current demagnetizing effect. The theoretical methods for obtaining the distribution of the excitation magnetic field, the eddy current magnetic field and the air gap magnetic field of eddy current brake were presented. Then the impacts of the excitation magnetic field and eddy current magnetic field on the distribution of air gap magnetic field were got through contrastive analysis and then the physical mechanism of eddy current demagnetizing effect is obtained. Finally, the influence of the eddy current demagnetizing effect on the design and control of eddy current brake was discussed in depth. The correctness of these theoretical calculations was validated by experiments on the retarder synthetic performance test bench or the finite element numerical calculation.

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26

Demyaniushko, I. V., V. V. Mironova, and E. M. Loginov. "The current state of computational analysis methods of strength and reliability of vehicles wheels." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 9, no. 2-4 (2015): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67130.

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The review of modern approaches to the analysis of stress-strain state of motor vehicles wheels was made. It is shown that calculations of fatigue strength and resistance to impact are based on calculation of stress-strain state of wheel after bench loading using finite element method.

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27

Milutinov, Miodrag, Karolina Kasaš Lažetić, Teodora Spasić, and Miroslav Prša. "THE INFLUENCE OF UNBALANCED CURRENT IN BUS BARS ON MAGNETIC FIELD DISTRIBUTION." Journal of Energy Technology 16, no. 3 (2025): 11–21. https://doi.org/10.18690/jet.16.3.11-21.2023.

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The analysis of magnetic field and current density distribution in the case of a three phase bus bar system with a current of 500 A is presented in this paper. The impact is investigated of the position of the neutral conductor on the magnetic field and current density distribution. The main goal of the calculations was to find the position of the neutral conductor which produces the lowest magnetic field and current density in the case of current unbalance. The numerical calculations were performed in the COMSOL Multiphysics program package on a simplified 2D model. The calculation results are presented graphically, as the diagrams of the magnetic flux and current density magnitude distribution in the three-phase bus bar system plane, are perpendicular to the system’s axis. The obtained results show that, in both cases, (current balance and current unbalance), the position of the neutral conductor influences the magnetic flux density distribution.

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28

Vinogradov, Dmitrii, Igor Teplyakov, and Yury Ivochkin. "Calculation of the Magnetic Field of a Current-Carrying System." Mathematics 11, no. 17 (2023): 3623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11173623.

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With regard to the study of the characteristics of electrovortex flows occurring indirect current electric arcs and electroslag smelting furnaces, a method has been developed for calculating the magnetic field in a current-carrying medium based on the calculation of the Biot–Savart–Laplace integral. The developed technique is focused on the use of unstructured grids and does not require a priori information about the shape of the computational domain. The technique has been tested on problems that have an analytical solution, i.e., the calculation of the distribution of the magnetic field in the cylinder and the calculation of the magnetic field of the ring with the current. The distributions of the magnetic field are obtained for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases. We used NVIDIA CUDA technology on graphic processor units (GPUs) to speed up calculations. A comparison of the calculation times on various CPUs and GPUs is given.

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Simic, Nikola, Luka Strezoski, and Boris Dumnic. "Short-Circuit Analysis of DER-Based Microgrids in Connected and Islanded Modes of Operation." Energies 14, no. 19 (2021): 6372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196372.

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Since microgrids should be able to smoothly operate in two distinct modes—grid-connected and islanded, their fault currents can widely fluctuate depending on the operational mode. When the microgrid is connected to the grid, the highest fault current, by far, is supplied by the utility grid. In this mode, the fault current contribution from distributed energy resources (DERs) is less than 20%. However, when the microgrid switches to the islanded mode, the fault current contribution from the utility grid is lost and DERs are the sole fault current sources. Thus, the overall fault current in the islanded mode is multiple times lower when compared to the grid connected mode. Moreover, most of the DERs are inverter-based, with limited fault currents, which further reduces the overall fault current in the islanded mode. With the rapid rise of the microgrid penetration around the globe, this phenomenon can adversely influence the relay protection, and thus the microgrid fault current needs to be precisely analyzed. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to thoroughly analyze the fault current differences in two distinct operation modes of a microgrid, and to consequently derive conclusions regarding the required improvements in fault calculations and relay protection analysis in emerging microgrids. A representative microgrid test bed is developed and modelled using the in-house developed software as well as in a state-of-the-art hardware-in-the-loop environment. Several different short-circuit faults were simulated and analyzed in both grid-connected and islanded modes. The results show that the fault currents significantly differ depending on the operating mode, and thus highly influence the protection system. Moreover, test results show that the fault calculation algorithms aimed at radial distribution grids, mostly used for microgrid fault calculations in the available literature, need to be further improved to provide precise and time-efficient results when the emerging microgrids are considered. These results provide a valuable insight into the current state of the microgrids’ fault calculation and protection and reveal several important directions for future research.

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30

Zakrevsky, A. F. "Eddy current method for measuring the parameters of the test object." Electronics and Communications 16, no. 6 (2012): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2312-1807.2011.16.6.240390.

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A mathematical model is presented eddy current sensor located above conductive half-space obtained by the discrete method. Based of such a model, the calculation formulas are given insertion impedance per turn and round flat coil, as well as their sensitivity to changes in the size of the gap. Using this model allows you to reduce time of electromagnetic analysis and calculation parameters of the eddy current sensor, to improve the accuracy of calculations in comparison with approximate methods. The proposed method implementation of a model for multi-parameter control using microcontrollers, which is considered by the example of determining the size of the gap

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31

Laptev, Anatoly G., Radik N. Khamidullin, and Alexander V. Rakov. "DISSIPATIVE MODEL OF FRICTION AND MASS TRANSFER IN COUNTER-CURRENT PACKED COLUMNS." Oil and Gas Business, no. 3 (June 16, 2025): 228–53. https://doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2025-3-228-253.

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The processes of momentum and mass transfer in columns with random and structured packings with intensifiers in a counter-current film mode with gas are considered. Using known expressions for the average rate of the kinetic energy dissipation of the gas flow, a formula is obtained for calculating the average tangential friction stress on the interphase surface of the flowing film of the liquid phase that takes into account the energy dissipation components in the gas and liquid phases. The main experimental information for the calculation is the gas pressure drop in the packed bed. The obtained expression for energy dissipation in the gas phase is used in the expression for calculating the average mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase. Examples of calculations and comparison with experimental data as well as with calculations carried out via various empirical expressions for random and structured packings in the film mode are shown.

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32

SOMMER, R. "Hadron Structure from Lattice Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD)." International Journal of Modern Physics C 02, no. 01 (1991): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183191000160.

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We give an introduction to the calculational methods used to investigate the structure of strongly interacting particles within the framework of lattice QCD, the fundamental theory of strong interactions. The analogy of and the difference to a calculation of equilibrium properties in statistical mechanics are pointed out. We discuss the algorithm used for the most CPU – intensive part of the calculation: the inversion of a large sparse matrix. The physical examples are the calculations of the strength of beta-decay and the [Formula: see text] mixing matrix element. The latter is of great interest for the interpretation of current high energy experiments and also gives insight into the accuracy of the static approximation for b-quarks.

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33

Enescu, Diana, Pietro Colella, and Angela Russo. "Thermal Assessment of Power Cables and Impacts on Cable Current Rating: An Overview." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205319.

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The conceptual assessment of the rating conditions of power cables was addressed over one century ago, with theories based on the physical and heat transfer properties of the power cable installed in a given medium. During the years, the evolution of the computational methods and technologies has made more powerful means for executing the calculations available. More detailed configurations have been analysed, also moving from the steady-state to dynamic rating assessment. The research is in progress, with recent advances obtained on both advanced models, extensive calculations from 2D and 3D finite element methods, simplified approaches aimed at reducing the computational burden, and dedicated solutions for specific types of cables and applications. This paper provides a general overview that links the fundamental concepts of heat transfer for the calculation of cable rating to the advanced solutions that have emerged in the last years.

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Zhao, Xiaoying, and Dunxin Bian. "Currents’-Physical-Component-Based Reactive Power Compensation Optimization in Three-Phase, Four-Wire Systems." Applied Sciences 14, no. 12 (2024): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14125043.

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In this paper, we aim to address the limited capacity of compensation devices by enhancing their utilization rate by applying the currents’ physical component (CPC) theory for reactive power optimization in three-phase four-wire systems. When reactive currents cannot be fully compensated for, we propose using CPC theory to generate reference currents for the compensation devices. Weight coefficients associated with different reactive current components are introduced, enabling flexible combinations of these independent current components. The maximum output amplitude of the three-phase current from the compensation device serves as a constraint condition, allowing for the calculation of reference currents under various compensation targets. Additionally, a reactive current optimization compensation scheme focusing on loss reduction is selected. The simulated annealing–particle swarm optimization (SA-PSO) hybrid algorithm is employed to solve the optimization mathematical model. The discussed calculations, current waveforms, and voltage waveforms are generated using the constructed mathematical model and then used for a theoretical explanation. The simulation verifies the feasibility of the proposed method.

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Koteras, Dariusz. "Calculation of eddy current losses using the electrodynamic similarity laws." Archives of Electrical Engineering 63, no. 1 (2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aee-2014-0008.

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Abstract The results of the eddy currents losses calculations with using electrodynamics scaling were presented in this paper. Scaling rules were used for obtain the values of the eddy currents losses. For the calculations Finite Element Method was used. Numerical calculations were verified by measurements and a good agreement was obtained

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Mariia Lutsyk. "CURRENT STATE OF CASH CIRCULATION AND CASHLESS CALCULATIONS." European Cooperation 2, no. 46 (2020): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32070/ec.v2i46.84.

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This study contributes to the scientific literature, emphasizing the urgency of the problem of withdrawal of funds from circulation, reducing cash turnover in the economies of different countries in order to minimize the risks associated with its use. Reducing cash flow is a task that requires solving economic, political, social, administrative, psychological problems. The general decrease in the volume of cash will lead to lower inflation, the risk of money laundering, terrorist financing, improve the investment climate, liberalize the credit market and more. Despite the rather long time during which the chosen topic is researched by scholars and studied in practice at the level of states, intergovernmental associations, banks, there is still a significant share of cash transactions with a general tendency to increase non-cash transactions both in number and amount. . Therefore, it is important to obtain and analyze relevant information, review forecasts, clarify plans, which is why this study is primarily devoted. The transition to non-cash payments is associated with a number of obstacles and challenges, so the author analyzes the determinants of implementation and the effectiveness of non-cash turnover substantiates which socio-economic factors constrain the use of non-cash transactions. The demand for the use of non-cash payments depends on the level of use of funds in the country, and on how quickly society will be able to give up physical money. The positive aspects of the impact of non-cash circulation on the country's economy, public administration, industry and society have been identified. Statistics show that the preference for certain types of payment instruments, cash or non-cash payment depends on the level of economic development of the country, traditions, habits and areas of economic activity in societies. This article considers and analyzes the current state of cash circulation in individual countries, the ratio of cash to total assets of global technology companies from 2007 to 2019; cash use forecasts in different countries are displayed. In addition, the issue of cybersecurity, which should be given special attention when it comes to payments using special means of payment in general, and on the Internet in particular, is not ignored.

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Bowler, J. R. "Eddy current calculations using half‐space Green’s functions." Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. 3 (1987): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.338131.

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Rapetti, F., Y. Maday, F. Bouillault, and A. Razek. "Eddy-current calculations in three-dimensional moving structures." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 38, no. 2 (2002): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.996160.

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Decker, J., Y. Peysson, J. Hillairet, et al. "Calculations of lower hybrid current drive in ITER." Nuclear Fusion 51, no. 7 (2011): 073025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/51/7/073025.

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Netter, D., J. Leveque, P. Masson, and A. Rezzoug. "Monte Carlo Method for Transient Eddy-Current Calculations." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 40, no. 6 (2004): 3450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2004.831662.

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Fritz, Catherine O., Peter E. Morris, and Jennifer J. Richler. "Effect size estimates: Current use, calculations, and interpretation." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141, no. 1 (2012): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024338.

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Hammond, P. "Upper and lower bounds in eddy-current calculations." IEE Proceedings A (Physical Science, Measurement and Instrumentation, Management and Education) 136, no. 4 (1989): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-2.1989.0036.

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Crofton, J., and S. Sriram. "Reverse leakage current calculations for SiC Schottky contacts." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 43, no. 12 (1996): 2305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.544427.

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Liang, Y. Y., Y. X. Zhou, H. Chen, R. Note, H. Mizuseki, and Y. Kawazoe. "Current through single conjugated molecules: Calculations versus measurements." Journal of Chemical Physics 129, no. 2 (2008): 024901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2951986.

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Bowler, J. R. "Eddy current calculations using half-space Green's functions." NDT International 22, no. 3 (1989): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-9126(89)90140-5.

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Lee, M. E., S. I. Hariharan, and N. Ida. "Transient calculations of two-dimensional eddy current problems." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 25, no. 4 (1989): 3140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.34387.

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Biro, O., and W. Maurer. "Transient 3D eddy current calculations in fusion reactors." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 26, no. 5 (1990): 2364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.104732.

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Marushchenko, N. B., C. D. Beidler, and H. Maassberg. "Current Drive Calculations with an Advanced Adjoint Approach." Fusion Science and Technology 55, no. 2 (2009): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst55-180.

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Mocak, Jan. "Voltammetric current–potential calculations using infinite series solution." Electrochemistry Communications 4, no. 10 (2002): 803–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2481(02)00449-6.

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Gerasimov, Alexander, and Alexander Kirpichnikov. "Quasi-equilibrium channel model of an constant current arc." Thermal Science 7, no. 1 (2003): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0301101g.

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The rather simple method of calculation of electronic and gas temperature in the channel of arc of plasma generator is offered. This method is based on self-consistent two-temperature channel model of an electric arc. The method proposed enables to obtain radial allocation of gas and electronic temperatures in a non-conducting zone of an constant current arc, for prescribed parameters of discharge (current intensity and power of the discharge), with enough good precision. The results obtained can be used in model and engineering calculations to estimate gas and electronic temperatures in the channel of an arc plasma generator.

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