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Ornelas, Almaraz Gustavo. "Patterns of tobacco consumption in Mexico : current perspective." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2012. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/42973/.
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The aim of this study has been to investigate current issues regarding the consumption of tobacco products in Mexico. The first chapter examines the incidence of the excise of tobacco using data from the National Income and Expenditure Household Survey of 2008. The results showed that, the excise is regressive taking the equivalent of 7.6% of consumption expenditure for smoking households in the lowest, and 3.3% from smoking households in the highest quintile. The unfairness of the excise on tobacco is confirmed by the calculation of the Kakwani index of progressivity which is estimated at -0.196. The results are valid for the 2008 taxschedule. The second chapter investigates the effect of demographic, socio-economic and psychosocial factors influencing the demand for cigarettes in Mexico. The data used for the analysis comes from two sweeps of the Mexican Family Life Survey of 2002 and 2005- 2007, a source individual-level data. A two-part model of cigarette demand is estimated. According to the estimation, a number of significant effects are found to determine the overall level of consumption in both sweeps. In the third chapter a panel hurdle model is applied to data on cigarette consumption. The model has the feature of applying the Box-Cox transformation to the dependent variable in order to address the skew distribution seen in data. It also includes a non-zero correlation coefficient to account for the temporal linkage of consumption. The data used for estimation comes from the short panel of individuals created from the Mexican Family Life Survey. The results reveal that individuals who are unusually likely to participate in the activity of smoking tend to smoke less intensively. This is confirmed by the estimated correlation parameter which appears to be significantly negative. A number of significant effects are found to determine the overall level of consumption overtime.
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Sawaf, Sahm. "Investigation of current wind lobby layout on energy consumption within food supermarkets." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75016/.
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Energy consumption due to constant opening and closing of external doors is a source of heat loss in food supermarkets. With the emphasis on energy efficiency in buildings increasing rapidly through various government's legislations and rise in energy prices, reducing heat loss through the doorways by constructing a wind lobby has become the norm. The aims of this thesis were to investigate the current wind lobby layout in supermarkets and their benefits for energy consumption through in-situ measurement, analysis and numerical modelling of a wind lobby. Measurements over one year in an operational supermarket wind lobby showed that electric energy consumption of the air curtain significantly increased from 19% of the total HVAC's electric energy consumption for the whole year to 61 % between October and January. The electric energy consumption of the air curtain was found to increase month on month in winter whilst the average temperature across the doorway decreased for the same period. Although cold snaps in winter months were detected, a correlation between the electric energy consumption of the air curtain and temperature did not exist. To estimate heat flow across a sliding doorway, a controlled experiment was undertaken in a different building without footfall to provide boundary conditions and validation for a numerical model of the wind lobby. The steady state CFD model results showed that the factors affecting the increase in heat loss were the door's opening size, indoor I outdoor temperature difference and the inlet wind speed which were the same whether the air curtain was switched off or on. This meant that the air curtain did not function as intended to contain heat in the lobby. However the air flow pattern was more complex when the air curtain was on and it dominated the air flow near the top of the doorway. A door to the back of the wind lobby was introduced in the CFD model to test cross ventilation. When the air curtain was switched on, it did not function as intended and failed to contain heat inside the lobby. When the indoor outdoor temperature difference and inlet air velocity increased, the volumetric temperature in the lobby was reduced by over 70%. Findings from the CFD model suggest that reducing the impact of the outdoor wind speed on the air curtain will reduce heat loss at the doorway. A system to shield the doors and yet allow easy access to customers such as baffles needs to be tested and assessed.
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Kent, Christopher J. (Christopher John). "Essays on the current account, consumption smoothing, and the real exchange rate." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10328.
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Herrera, Barraiga Luis Oscar. "Essays on the current account, the real exchange rate and durable consumption." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10837.
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Carlsson, Fredrik, and Klas-Göran Eriksson. "Comparison of security level and current consumption of security implementations for MQTT." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Datateknik och informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40760.
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IoT is a rapidly growing area with products in the consumer, commercial and industrial market. Collecting data with multiple small and often battery-powered devices sets new challenges for both security and communication. There has been a distinct lack of a IoT specific communication protocols. The industry has had to use bulky interfaces not suitable for resource-constrained devices. MQTT is a standardised communication protocol made for the IoT industry. MQTT does however not have built-in security and it is up to the developers to implement a suitable security countermeasure. To evaluate how different security countermeasures impact MQTT in complexity, current consumption and security the following research questions are answered. How do you derive a measurement from the SEF that can be compared with a current consumption measurement? Which level of security, according to the SEF, will RSA, AES and TLS provide to MQTT when publishing a message to a broker? What level of complexity is added to MQTT when using chosen security countermeasure? Which of the analysed security countermeasure upholds an adequate security level while also having a low current consumption? To answer the above research questions an experiment approach has been used. Implementations of TLS, RSA and AES have been evaluated to measure how they affect the security level and current consumption of an MQTT publication, compared to no security countermeasures at all.Both RSA and AES had the same security level, but the current consumption for RSA was four times higher. The experiment showed that the security level is significantly higher for TLS, while it also has the highest current consumption. The security countermeasure evaluated differs greatly. TLS provides complete protections, while RSA and AES lacks authentication and does not ensure integrity and non-repudiation.Even if the current consumption for TLS is higher, the security it provides make it unreasonable to recommend any of the other security countermeasure implementations.
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Lundberg, Erik. "The Effects of Inheritance Expectation on Current Economic Behavior." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415107.
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According to the standard life-cycle hypothesis, all expected future incomes should be incorporated into an individual’s life-time budget and therefore affect current economic behavior. As inheritances can be anticipated to some extent, I test if expectations on receiving an inheritance in the future affect individuals’ current decisions about their labor supply, savings and consumption. To empirically test this, I take advantage of the combined facts that individuals in Sweden are legal heirs to their childless sibling and that the probability of inheriting a childless sibling increases with time due to the negative relationship between age and fertility. If individuals internalize the expected inheritance, we should observe a readjustment in labor supply and consumption at the time of an unexpected birth of a nephew or niece and onwards. Exploiting the variation in the expected inheritance loss, I find that individuals internalize expected inheritances by readjusting their savings after this event. I do not find any overall effects in labor supply or consumption. However, there seems to exist some heterogeneity in responses between males and females, where males only adjust their savings while females adjust both their labor supply and savings.
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Lam, Hoi-yee. "Voltage-current trajectory a 2-dimensional approach to understand electrical load signatures /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3890861X.
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Gao, Xiang. "Using methods of optimization programming and meta-analysis to evaluate current Unite [sic] States nutritional recommendations /." Thesis, Connect to Dissertations & Theses @ Tufts University, 2005.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Tufts University, 2005.Adviser: Katherine L. Tucker. Submitted to the School of Nutrition Science and Policy. Includes bibliographical references. Access restricted to members of the Tufts University community. Also available via the World Wide Web;
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Lam, Hoi-yee, and 林凱儀. "Voltage-current trajectory: a 2-dimensional approach to understand electrical load signatures." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3890861X.
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Solaiman, Mohammad. "Middle-class Household Consumption in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Understanding Current Practices Related to Food, Electricity, Transport and Attire." Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/77987.
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Dhaka experiences unplanned expansion and large population influx. Half of its dwellers are well-educated with stable employment, forming the city’s middleclass. Amid growing concerns over Dhaka’s liveability, the consumption practices of this middleclass related to food, attire, transport and energy are explored using a household survey and expert interviews. The Theory of Planned Behaviour explains the current unsustainable patterns resulting from Dhaka’s socio-historical formation, economic development and globalisation. Changing social norms can improve its future.
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O'Brien, Meghan [Verfasser]. "Timber consumption and sustainable forest use : Assessing the EU’s current and expected consumption of global timber in relation to the global capacity for sustainable supply / Meghan O'Brien." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1109080808/34.
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Song, Guanqiao. "Analysis of the energy consumption of the powertrain and the auxiliary systems for battery-electric trucks." Thesis, KTH, Fordonsdynamik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-286349.
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The electrification of the truck is crucial to meet the strategic vision of the European Union (EU) to contribute to net-zero greenhouse gas emissions for all sectors of the economy and society. The battery-electric truck is very efficient to reduce the emissions and has also a lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) compared to diesel trucks. Thus, the energy consumption of the battery-electric truck needs to be analysed in detail, and the differences in the conventional powertrain, recuperation by regenerative braking during driving and charging during standing, need to be considered. This master thesis aims to analyse the energy consumption of the battery-electric truck during driving and standing charging. For driving cycle simulation the Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO) and MATLAB are used. Different variations, such as payload, rolling resistance, air drag, and Power Take Off (PTO), are considered in the driving cycle simulation. The driving cycle simulation is verified by calculating the energy balance and compared with the on-road test results. For the standing charging simulation, MATLAB is used to analyse the charging loss with different battery packs and charging speeds. The results are shown with the Sankey diagram and other illustrative tools. Seen from the simulation results, the usable energy of the battery pack is enough for the truck to complete the designed driving cycle. The main loss in the powertrain is the Power Electronic Converter (PEC) and the electric machine. To increase the range and reduce energy loss, using a higher efficiency PEC and electric machine is an efficient method. For the charging simulation, the current Combined Charging System (CCS) standard charging station can charge the battery-electric truck with adequate voltage and reasonable charging time. The main loss during the charging comes from the charging station.Elektrificering av lastbilen är avgörande för att uppfylla Europeiska Unionens (EUs) strategiska vision att bidra till nettonollutsläpp av växthusgaser för alla sektorer i samhället. Den batterielektriska lastbilen är väldigt effektiv för att reducera utsläppen och är också mer ekonomisk med en lägre Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) jämfört med diesel lastbilar. Således behöver energiförbrukningen för den batterielektriska lastbilen analyseras i detalj, och skillnaderna i den konventionella drivlinan, återhämtning genom regenerativ bromsning under körning och laddning, måste övervägas. Detta examensarbete syftar till att analysera energiförbrukningen för den batterielektriska lastbilen under körning och laddning. För körcykelsimuleringar används the Vehicle Energy Consumption calculation TOol (VECTO) och MATLAB. Olika variationer, såsom nyttolast, rullmotstånd, luftmotstånd och Power Take Off (PTO), beaktas i körcykelsimuleringen. Körcykelsimuleringen verifieras genom att beräkna energibalansen som jämförs med experimentella testresultat utförda på väg. För laddningssimuleringen används MATLAB för att analysera laddningsförlusten med olika batteripaket och laddningshastigheter. Resultaten visas med Sankey diagram och andra illustrativa verktyg. Simuleringsresultaten visar att batteripaketets användbara energi är tillräckligt för att lastbilen ska kunna slutföra den planerade körcykeln. Den största förlusten i drivlinan är kopplat till the Power Electronic Converter (PEC) och den elektriska maskinen. För att öka räckvidden och minska energiförlusten är det ett effektivt sätt att en använda PEC och en elektrisk maskin med högre effektivitet. För laddningssimuleringen kan den nuvarande stationen med Combined Charging System (CCS) standard ladda batteriladdaren med tillräcklig spänning och med rimlig laddningstid. Huvudförlusten under laddningen kommer från laddstationen.
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Kvalheim, Miles R. "Residental Electricity Demand: An Analysis of the Current and Future United States Electricity Grid and Its Impact on Power Consumption." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/352.
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The nature of electrical power requires specific infrastructure in order to operate adequately. Currently, the United States electricity grid contains a number of bottlenecking inefficiencies that arise from the aging infrastructure of the system. This paper examines the current state of the United States electricity grid, how potential changes in weather variables can affect the electricity consumption of residential consumers, and how implementation of Smart Grid technology can potentially mitigate these issues. It is determined through regression analysis that each weather variable that was tested proves significant for at least one of the consumers compared. This indicates that there is an enormous magnitude of individual variables that factor into residential electricity consumption and that more efficient and integrated electricity practices are necessary to optimize efficiency.
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Bjellerup, Mårten. "Essays on Consumption : - Aggregation, Asymmetry and Asset Distributions." Doctoral thesis, Växjö universitet, Ekonomihögskolan, EHV, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-406.
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The dissertation consists of four self-contained essays on consumption. Essays 1 and 2 consider different measures of aggregate consumption, and Essays 3 and 4 consider how the distributions of income and wealth affect consumption from a macro and micro perspective, respectively. Essay 1 considers the empirical practice of seemingly interchangeable use of two measures of consumption; total consumption expenditure and consumption expenditure on nondurable goods and services. Using data from Sweden and the US in an error correction model, it is shown that consumption functions based on the two measures exhibit significant differences in several aspects of econometric modelling. Essay 2, coauthored with Thomas Holgersson, considers derivation of a univariate and a multivariate version of a test for asymmetry, based on the third central moment. The logic behind the test is that the dependent variable should correspond to the specification of the econometric model; symmetric with linear models and asymmetric with non-linear models. The main result in the empirical application of the test is that orthodox theory seems to be supported for consumption of both nondurable and durable consumption. The consumption of durables shows little deviation from symmetry in the four-country sample, while the consumption of nondurables is shown to be asymmetric in two out of four cases, the UK and the US. Essay 3 departs from the observation that introducing income uncertainty makes the consumption function concave, implying that the distributions of wealth and income are omitted variables in aggregate Euler equations. This implication is tested through estimation of the distributions over time and augmentation of consumption functions, using Swedish data for 1963-2000. The results show that only the dispersion of wealth is significant, the explanation of which is found in the marked changes of the group of households with negative wealth; a group that according to a concave consumption function has the highest marginal propensity to consume. Essay 4 attempts to empirically specify the nature of the alleged concavity of the consumption function. Using grouped household level Swedish data for 1999-2001, it is shown that the marginal propensity to consume out of current resources, i.e. current income and net wealth, is strictly decreasing in current resources and net wealth, but approximately constant in income. Also, an empirical reciprocal to the stylized theoretical consumption function is estimated, and shown to bear a close resemblance to the theoretical version.
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Terblanche, Michelle. "The future impact of the current electricity crisis on Sasol South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18178.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Towards the end of 2007, South Africa started experiencing widespread rolling electricity blackouts as the electricity demand exceeded the supply from energy giant Eskom. The crisis reached its tipping point when industries, including Sasol, were requested to reduce their electricity consumption by 10%. The purpose of this research was to identify alternative futures for Sasol in the light of the current electricity crisis. The scenario process was used to develop the following independent scenarios for Sasol: • Fuel to the fire. The country is amidst an ongoing nationwide electricity crisis and Sasol is still dependent on Eskom for more than 50% of its electricity demand. The end result is reduced turnover, shortage of liquid fuels and a decrease in Sasol’s contribution to the economy. • Ignorance is bliss. This is a world where Sasol is independent of Eskom for electricity supply despite the country’s continuing electricity crisis. Independence is ideal but unfortunately it comes at a cost. It is about taking painful action in the near term to forestall even more painful consequences in the future. • Blessing in disguise. Sasol is dependent on Eskom for the majority of its electricity requirement. The reliability of electricity supply in South Africa recovered and there is an overall awareness regarding energy efficiency and a positive adoption of alternative energy technologies. • Icing on the cake. Sasol is completely independent of Eskom and Eskom managed to restore the integrity of electricity supply. The end result, Sasol can continue with its planned growth and expansion. In order for the scenarios to be useful for Sasol, it is necessary to incorporate them into the strategic agenda. Some considerations include the gradual replacement of traditional fossil fuels, carbon capture and sequestration, advanced coal electricity generation (clean coal technology), increasing the use of renewable energy sources and developing the hydrogen economy.
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Oliveira, Ana Cecília Gomes Campos de. "O défice externo português (1960-2001): a abordagem intertemporal da balança corrente." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/904.
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Mestrado em Economia Monetária e FinanceiraA abordagem intertemporal vê a balança corrente como um amortecedor dos choques temporários no produto, investimento e gastos públicos, através do qual os agentes privados podem fazer o alisamento do consumo ao longo do tempo. Este trabalho baseia-se no modelo intertemporal da balança corrente para avaliar a solvência e sustentabilidade dos défices externos portugueses ao longo do período 1960-2001. Também é analisada a optimalidade dos fluxos de capitais, deduzindo uma trajectória óptima da balança corrente contra a qual é comparada a trajectória observada. Os resultados empíricos indicam que o modelo se ajusta bem, sendo capaz de explicar os principais movimentos da balança corrente. Conclui-se que a economia portuguesa é solvente e que os agentes privados conseguiram, ao longo do período, fazer o alisamento do consumo. Os resultados indicam ainda que os défices correntes portugueses são excessivos desde meados dos anos 60, resultando numa trajectória dos activos externos líquidos que não é sustentável.
The intertemporal approach views the current account as a buffer through which private agents can smooth consumption over time in response to the temporary disturbances to output, investment and government expenditure. This paper uses an intertemporal model of the current account to examine the solvency and sustainability of Portuguese's current account deficits over the period 1960-2001. It also analyses the optimality of its capital flows by comparing the actual current account series against a current account's optimal path derived from the model. The empirical results indicate that the model performs well overall and it is capable of explaining the major cyclical movements in Portugal's current account. The findings indicate that the Portugal economy appeared to satisfy its intertemporal budget constraint during the period and the hypothesis of full consumption smoothing cannot be rejected. The results also suggest that Portuguese's current account deficit have become excessive since the mid-1960s resulting in an unsustainable path of the stock of net foreign liabilities.
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Rukpakavong, Wilawan. "Energy-efficient and lifetime aware routing in WSNs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14497.
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Network lifetime is an important performance metric in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Transmission Power Control (TPC) is a well-established method to minimise energy consumption in transmission in order to extend node lifetime and, consequently, lead to solutions that help extend network lifetime. The accurate lifetime estimation of sensor nodes is useful for routing to make more energy-efficient decisions and prolong lifetime. This research proposes an Energy-Efficient TPC (EETPC) mechanism using the measured Received Signal Strength (RSS) to calculate the ideal transmission power. This includes the investigation of the impact factors on RSS, such as distance, height above ground, multipath environment, the capability of node, noise and interference, and temperature. Furthermore, a Dynamic Node Lifetime Estimation (DNLE) technique for WSNs is also presented, including the impact factors on node lifetime, such as battery type, model, brand, self-discharge, discharge rate, age, charge cycles, and temperature. In addition, an Energy-Efficient and Lifetime Aware Routing (EELAR) algorithm is designed and developed for prolonging network lifetime in multihop WSNs. The proposed routing algorithm includes transmission power and lifetime metrics for path selection in addition to the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) metric. Both simulation and real hardware testbed experiments are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed schemes. The simulation experiments run on the AVRORA simulator for two hardware platforms: Mica2 and MicaZ. The testbed experiments run on two real hardware platforms: the N740 NanoSensor and Mica2. The corresponding implementations are on two operating systems: Contiki and TinyOS. The proposed TPC mechanism covers those investigated factors and gives an overall performance better than the existing techniques, i.e. it gives lower packet loss and power consumption rates, while delays do not significantly increase. It can be applied for single-hop with multihoming and multihop networks. Using the DNLE technique, node lifetime can be predicted more accurately, which can be applied for both static and dynamic loads. EELAR gives the best performance on packet loss rate, average node lifetime and network lifetime compared to the other algorithms and no significant difference is found between each algorithm with the packet delay.
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Silva, Júlia Goes da. "Mobilidade de capital no Brasil no período de 1970-2007: análise pela abordagem intertemporal da conta corrente." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2012. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1892.
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A discussão teórica em torno da mobilidade do capital pode ser divida em dois pontos de referência: um conduzido pela mensuração da relação entre poupança e investimento domésticos, conforme Feldstein e Horioka (1980); o outro pela análise das variâncias da conta corrente teórica e observada, como propõe Ghosh (1995). Ambos trouxeram importantes contribuições para testar suposições sobre o fluxo de capital entre nações, entretanto, o presente trabalho segue a linha de Ghosh (1995), se preocupando com a análise da conta corrente sob as hipóteses de equilíbrio intertemporal, limitando-se ao caso brasileiro no período de 1970 a 2007. Com o fim de encontrar evidências sobre o grau de mobilidade internacional do capital para o país, e sobre o comportamento suavizador da conta corrente, seguiu-se em boa medida a metodologia utilizada em Huang (2010), que levanta a hipótese da importância de incluir as variáveis taxa real de juros mundial e termos de troca no modelo básico de Ghosh (1995). Utilizando o método de Variável Instrumental, não foi possível estabelecer o grau de mobilidade de capital para o Brasil entre 1970-2007, pois o parâmetro que capta a relação entre produto líquido e conta corrente mostrou-se estatisticamente não diferente de zero. Todavia, a inclusão dos termos de troca e da taxa de juros ao modelo, resultou em melhor ajustamento das estimativas, confirmando a importância dessas para explicar os movimentos da conta corrente. Os resultados obtidos pelo VAR mostraram que a série gerada para a conta corrente teórica não se ajusta à observada. Entretanto, os resultados reafirmam a importância de incluir aquelas variáveis, e conduzem à constatação de excesso de mobilidade do capital entre 1970-2007. Mas, quando se observa a série teórica em subperíodos, de 1970-1989, de 1990-2007 e de 1994-2007, verifica-se que, para o modelo expandido (que inclui as variáveis propostas),o excesso de mobilidade não ocorre após 1994.
The theoretical debate on capital mobility can be divided into two strands in the literature: one based on measuring the saving-investment correlation following Feldstein and Horioka (1980) seminal paper; the other one comparing the variance of the theoretical current account derived from an intertemporal equilibrium model with its actual counterpart, as proposed by Ghosh (1995). In the present work it is analyzed the Brazilian case from 1970 to 2007 following the line of Ghosh (1995) who focuses on the analysis of the current account under the hypothesis of intertemporal equilibrium. In order to find evidence of the degree of international capital mobility, and of the behavior of smoothing current account, it is followed largely the model developed in Huang (2010) who investigated the importance of including world real interest rate and terms of trade in the basic model of Ghosh (1995). Using the method of Instrumental Variable as proposed in Huang (2010) the degree of capital mobility for Brazil between 1970 and 2007 could not be correctly evaluated because the key parameter that measures the degree of capital mobility was not statistically different from zero in all models estimated. However, it is found that the inclusion of terms of trade and interest rate in the estimated models improve the model fit to the actual current account, confirming the importance of these variables to explain its movements. Comparing the variances it is found that the generated theoretical current account does not match the volatility of the observed one leading to the finding of “excess mobility” as defined in Ghosh (1995) in the whole sample. Nevertheless, when we divide the theoretical series in three periods, namely, 1970-1989, 1990-2007 and 1994-2007, a different result emerges for the complete model (comprising all the variables proposed) with the “excess mobility” no longer holding after 1994.
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Bartoli, Jonathan. "Développement et caractérisation d'architectures mémoires non volatiles pour des applications basse consommation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4373.
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Avec l'évolution des technologies et le développement des objets connectés, la consommation des circuits est devenue un sujet important. Dans cette thèse nous nous concentrons sur la consommation des mémoires non volatiles à piégeage de charge. Afin de diminuer la consommation, différentes architectures ont vu le jour comme les mémoires 2T ou Split Gate. Nous proposons deux nouvelles architectures de mémoires permettant la diminution de la consommation par rapport à une mémoire Flash standard. La première, appelée ATW (Asymmetrical Tunnel Window), est composée d'une marche d'oxyde au niveau de son oxyde tunnel qui lui permet d'être moins consommatrice qu'une mémoire Flash standard. Une seconde architecture mémoire appelée eSTM (embedded Select Trench Memory) est aussi présentée. Son principal atout est la présence de son transistor de sélection qui est indispensable pour avoir une faible consommation. Grâce à son architecture, cette cellule est bien meilleure que l'architecture proposée précédemment (ATW). Une dernière étude a été réalisée afin d'optimiser le procédé de fabrication de la mémoire eSTM pour le rendre plus robusteWith the evolution of technologies and the development of connected objects, the circuit consumption is becoming an important subject. In this thesis, we focus on the consumption of trap-charge non-volatile memories. To decrease the consumption, different architectures have emerged, like 2T or Split Gate memories. We propose two new memory architectures allowing to decrease the consumption compared to the standard Flash memory. The first, called ATW (Asymmetrical Tunnel Window), is composed of an oxide step in the tunnel oxide which allows to be less consumer than a standard Flash memory. A second memory architecture called eSTM (embedded Select Trench Memory) is also presented. Its main advantage is its select transistor which is essential to obtain a lower consumption. Thanks to its architecture, this cell is better than the previously proposed architecture (ATW). The last study has been performed to optimize the process flow of the eSTM memory to make it more robust
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Pauletti, Luiz Celestino. "Um estudo de uso de gradador de tensão em motores de indução monofásicos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/17566.
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O motor de indução é, talvez, o mais robusto e, certamente, um dos motores mais comumente usados. Graças à simplicidade de sua construção, do seu baixo custo, confiabilidade e rendimento relativamente alto com carga nominal é provável que ele permaneça sendo a principal fonte de transformação de energia elétrica em energia mecânica nas aplicações industriais e comerciais por um futuro previsível. O estudo de economia de energia pela redução de perdas é o objetivo do presente estudo. Os motores de indução operam regularmente com fluxo quase constante no entreferro e, portanto, com perdas magnéticas quase constantes. A utilização de um circuito gradador de tensão em série com a alimentação do motor para reduzir o fluxo no entreferro pela redução da tensão aplicada quando a carga não requer fluxo total é o objeto de análise neste estudo. Com a redução da tensão, para manter o conjugado de operação, a velocidade de rotação diminui, ou seja, há um aumento no escorregamento até um valor ótimo para reduzir as perdas totais. Então, esperaria-se que com a redução da tensão aplicada, as perdas magnéticas decresceriam e a eficiência total cresceria. Via de regra, no motor de indução, dada a característica mergulhante de sua curva Conjugado x Velocidade na região em torno da velocidade nominal, o conjugado varia muito mais que a velocidade. Para operação eficiente, a sua tensão aplicada deve ser função da carga que traciona. É objetivo desse trabalho estudar um dispositivo que, colocado em série com a fonte de alimentação de um motor de indução de CA, promove a redução de potência fornecida ao motor, quando a carga aplicada ao motor é menor que a carga nominal. Uma análise da redução da tensão senoidal aplicada através de um auto-transformador de tensão variável é comparada com a redução da tensão através de um circuito gradador baseado em tiristores. A melhor tensão a ser obtida é a que reduz as perdas magnéticas ao mínimo, para cargas que não requerem o fluxo total no entreferro como quando da tensão nominal aplicada. As limitações do processo são estudadas e apresentadas.The induction motor is perhaps the most rugged, and certainly one of the most commonly used motors. With simply construction, low cost, reliability and efficiency relatively high with rated-load it seems to be a good way to convert electric energy into mechanical energy for industrial and domestic applications for a predictable future. An economy in energy consumption by loss reduction is the goal of this study. The induction motors as normal operate with constant flux in the air-gap and, hence with almost constant losses in the core. The use of a voltage gradador circuit in series with the voltage source applied to the motor for flux reduction in the air-gap by reduction of the voltage when the load do not need full-flux is this study proposal. Hence, with applied voltage reduction, to keep the operational torque, the motor rotation decreases or the slip increases to an optimum value to reduce the total core losses and increase the efficiency. As a rule, the induction motor, by the dip characteristic of the torque x speed curve in the region near the nominal speed, the torque changes much more then the speed. For efficient operation, the applied voltage should be a function of the load. It is the goal or aim of this work to study a device which, when placed in series with the power input of an alternating current induction motor, will produce a reduction in power normally provided to the motor when operated in either a condition where motor loading is less than a rated load. An analysis of voltage ideal sine wave supply reduction applied by an autotransformer with variable voltage is compared with the voltage reduction using a gradador circuit based on thyristors. The optimal voltage operation is the one that decrease the iron losses to minimum, for partial-load that do not need full-flux in the air-gap as when the full voltage is applied. Limitations in the process are investigated and will be showed.
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Laurence-Allen, Antonia. "Class, consumption and currency : commercial photography in mid-Victorian Scotland." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3469.
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This thesis examines a thirty year span in the history of Scottish photography, focusing on the rise of the commercial studio from 1851 to assess how images were produced and consumed by the middle class in the mid-Victorian period. Using extensive archival material and a range of theoretical approaches, the research explores how photography was displayed, circulated, exploited and discussed in Scotland during its nascent years as a commodity. In doing so, it is unlike previous studies on Scottish photography that have not attended to the history of the medium as it is seen through exhibitions or the national journals, but instead have concentrated on explicating how an individual photographer or singular set of images are evidence of excellence in the field. While this thesis pays close attention to individual projects and studios, it does so to illuminate how photography functioned as a material object that equally shaped and was shaped by ideological constructs peculiar to mid-Victorian life in Scotland. It does not highlight particular photographers or works in order to elevate their standing in the history of photography but, rather, to show how they can be used as examples of a class phenomenon and provide an analytical frame for elucidating the cultural impact of commercial photography. Therefore, while the first two chapters provide a panoramic view of how photography was introduced to the Scottish middle class and how commercial photographers initially visualized Scotland, the second section is comprised of three ‘case studies' that show how the subject of the city, the landscape and the portrait were turned into objects of cultural consumption. This allows for a re-appraisal of photographs produced in Scotland during this era to suggest the impact of photography's products and processes was as vital as its visual content.
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Bartoli, Jonathan. "Développement et caractérisation d'architectures mémoires non volatiles pour des applications basse consommation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4373.
Full textAbstract:
Avec l'évolution des technologies et le développement des objets connectés, la consommation des circuits est devenue un sujet important. Dans cette thèse nous nous concentrons sur la consommation des mémoires non volatiles à piégeage de charge. Afin de diminuer la consommation, différentes architectures ont vu le jour comme les mémoires 2T ou Split Gate. Nous proposons deux nouvelles architectures de mémoires permettant la diminution de la consommation par rapport à une mémoire Flash standard. La première, appelée ATW (Asymmetrical Tunnel Window), est composée d'une marche d'oxyde au niveau de son oxyde tunnel qui lui permet d'être moins consommatrice qu'une mémoire Flash standard. Une seconde architecture mémoire appelée eSTM (embedded Select Trench Memory) est aussi présentée. Son principal atout est la présence de son transistor de sélection qui est indispensable pour avoir une faible consommation. Grâce à son architecture, cette cellule est bien meilleure que l'architecture proposée précédemment (ATW). Une dernière étude a été réalisée afin d'optimiser le procédé de fabrication de la mémoire eSTM pour le rendre plus robusteWith the evolution of technologies and the development of connected objects, the circuit consumption is becoming an important subject. In this thesis, we focus on the consumption of trap-charge non-volatile memories. To decrease the consumption, different architectures have emerged, like 2T or Split Gate memories. We propose two new memory architectures allowing to decrease the consumption compared to the standard Flash memory. The first, called ATW (Asymmetrical Tunnel Window), is composed of an oxide step in the tunnel oxide which allows to be less consumer than a standard Flash memory. A second memory architecture called eSTM (embedded Select Trench Memory) is also presented. Its main advantage is its select transistor which is essential to obtain a lower consumption. Thanks to its architecture, this cell is better than the previously proposed architecture (ATW). The last study has been performed to optimize the process flow of the eSTM memory to make it more robust
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Mikulášek, Michal. "Zařízení pro zaznamenávání proudové spotřeby LPWA senzorů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-413004.
Full textAbstract:
This Master thesis deals with the design and construction of a measuring device for measuring and the current consumption logging of sensors using LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network) technology. The theoretical part of the thesis firstly summarizes selected LPWAN technologies. Selected technologies, namely: LoRaWAN, Sigfox and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), are described more in detail. Further, the current measurement techniques are briefly discussed. The main focus is given to the current shunt measuring methods. The second half of thesis describes procedures conducted during the design and construction of a measuring device. The current measuring is based on the current shunt circuit complemented by the voltage amplification circuit, whose output is subsquently converted into digital form using an AD converter. The thesis describes in great detail the procedures for selecting individual components and important processes used in design of printed circuit boards. An integral part of the measuring device implementation is the design and implementation of control software, which is described in detail and supplemented by workflow charts underlining the entire description. The implementation of the entire measuring device is completed by the design and implementation of the cover box using 3D printing technology. Finally, the specifications of designed device are briefly discussed based on the limits of the used components.
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Larios-Martinez, Heriberto. "Financial and currency crises : contagion and welfare costs in emerging markets." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1454.
Full textAbstract:
Crises in emerging markets during the 1990’s pose a challenge to understand why economies with apparently strong fundamentals did face severe devaluations and severe disruption in their functioning. We study three different aspects of crises: i) Contagion is defined as the possibility of a domestic financial or currency crisis to spread to other countries. We study the 1990’s crises and introduce a new measure for defining financial crises and isolating their impact on currency crises and vice versa; ii) During the 1990’emerging countries in crises suffered severe adjustments in the level of consumption. We build on Lucas’s measure of welfare loss and derive a more comprehensive measure that includes: total loss; loss related to changes in consumption growth rate; to volatility of consumption; and, to changes in the level of consumption; iii) Trying to explain the behaviour of consumption after crises in emerging markets during the 1990’s we found contradicting theoretical approaches and empirical results. We solve the model of intertemporal maximisation of consumption assuming that agents maximise over several periods at a time. We extend the intertemporal framework to include the decision of participating not only in the loanable funds market but in other financial assets and derive the solution for a stock market. The results imply an alternative to the specification of the Euler equation for consumption with more explanatory variables previously omitted.
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HajYehia, Samer. "Essays in financial economics : terror, consumption, and investment, currency options and liquidity premium, and purchasing power parity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29432.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2004.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is composed of three chapters, each includes one paper. The first chapter includes a paper that analyses the impact of terror on consumption and investment. This paper provides evidence on how consumers and investors react to terror attacks based on a new database from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. An increase in terror casualties triggers households to alter their perceived personal security and expected future income. Only ex-post do households distinguish a temporary from a permanent increase in terror casualties. A temporary increase in the number of terror casualties causes a bust-boom cycle of durables consumption and irreversible investment; nondurables are affected less. A permanent increase in the number of terror casualties causes a one-time drop in consumption. This is in line with the theory on irreversible investment and durables consumption: terror generates temporary uncertainty about personal security and future income, which in turn causes a bust-boom cycle of durables due to bunching of purchases in later periods. A permanent increase in terror causes neither bunching nor boom. Similar results are obtained for the effect of terror casualties on fixed capital. The second chapter includes a paper titled: "Arbitrage Tests of Israel's Currency Options Markets." The aims of this study are threefold. First, we test the validity of the Black and Scholes (B-S) model as a naive option-pricing model for the case of an exchange-rate target zone. We find that although we cannot reject the weakly efficient market hypothesis (except for very-near-maturity deep-ITM options), we can reject the strongly efficient market and/or the B-S model validity hypotheses.
(cont.) The banking sector could have utilized arbitrage opportunities, notably for out-of-the-money, at-the-money, and far-from-maturity options, especially when employing inter-temporal weighted-average implied standard deviation. Second, we estimate the liquidity premium for currency options by using a unique data set that allows us to comparing tradable and non-tradable options. The liquidity premium, though positive in average, is found to be negative for some options. This is an indication that there could have been arbitrage opportunities, especially for the banking sector. Third, we examine the null hypothesis that the Israeli currency options market is efficient, an issue that has not been investigated. Ex-post tests of arbitrage and dominance conditions do not permit rejection of the null hypothesis, except for very-near maturity, deep-in-the-money (ITM) options. The paper enhances the literature by using a unique database from the Israeli currency options market, which includes currency options traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and (non-tradable) Bank of Israel currency options. In addition, this paper examines B-S when the exchange rate is confined to a target zone. The third chapter includes a paper that analyses the robustness of exchange rate models, unit roots and cointegration. Three basic models have been proposed to explain the exchange rate: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), the Balassa-Samuelson model and the random walk model. The robustness of these models is not merely a statistical curiosity but has important implications in many economic and financial models. During the last two decades ...
by Samer Haj-Yehia.
Ph.D.
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Larsson, Robin, and Vilhelm Kjellsson. "En studie som undersöker om mobila betaltjänster skapar ett skifte i svensk konsumtion: En fallstudie av den mobila betaltjänsten Swish, med inriktning på B2C-transaktioner." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20520.
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The study aims to examine the current phenomena where consumers in Sweden increasingly choose mobile payment services as a payment method instead of using cash or credit cards. The study wants to answer the question “how does the increasing use of mobile payment services affect the consumer/user’s consumption and why do we choose the software as a payment method?” The study explains the main functions and characteristics of the top four mobile payment services in Sweden, but applies a case study on the most popular mobile payment service: Swish. The characteristics and functions that is examined is therefore delimited to Swish; but the linkages drawn from the why the consumer use mobile payment services, to a consumer’s consumption choices can of course generally apply to several mobile payment services.The study is divided into parts and chapters to increase reading comprehension, understanding of structure and fast identification of relevant and needed information.
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Mai, Jaroslav. "Obecný program pro energetické výpočty napájení tratí DPMB." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218052.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis dwells on program creating in program environment Excel, in accordance with submission from submitter. Program is going to be able solve all required values. This thesis has four parts. First part is oriented on problems of urban mass transportation a methods of specific energy consumption. Second part contains program flowchart and program description. Third part contains theoretical solution of specific energy consumption and theoretical comparison of computing methods. Last part contains numerical substitution in an equations and calculating of their values.
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Jia-WeiHuang and 黃佳偉. "The Effects of Consumption and Income Taxes on Current Account." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/44440883871859278417.
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Roccisano, Dante. "The contribution of soy consumption to three current major world epidemic diseases." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/80593.
Full textAbstract:
With the current worldwide health problems of an epidemic of obesity identified by the WHO in 1997 as a disease running parallel with other major diseases that are causing untold suffering both amongst the very young with childhood blood cancer leukaemia and an increasing epidemic amongst the elderly with Alzheimer's Dementia disease. The problem for many authorities is both cause and possible solutions. Most explanations as to why obesity occurs remain unsatisfactory. While medical science has improved the survival rates for childhood leukaemia cancer, it so far, has not provided sufficient explanation, as to why, the high incidence of child leukaemia continues to occur despite medical advances. The burden of Alzheimer's disease is also reaching epidemic proportions across the Western world as well as other countries, such that, the spiralling economic cost of care alone is now calculated in the billions, and which, if it continues may possibly cripple the, economy of some countries. The question remains, why, in this modern day and age with all the advances of science and understanding of medical science these three apparently disparate areas of human affliction continue to increase across many populations. Currently there are no plausible answers forthcoming for the proliferation of these diseases. In relation to obesity, many still regard it merely a matter of eating too much and exercising too little. For child leukaemia especially those born leukaemic, it is tenuous to correlate the disease with lifestyle factors. For those who develop Alzheimer’s Disease, lifestyle over a lifetime could certainly have a part to play, but what, when other individuals with similar lifestyles do not develop the disease? The simplest common factor explaining the onset of these three afflictions is diet. The question arises as to what kinds of dietary changes are now in place or what type of food changes are being invoked and consumed, in sufficient quantities, and that are perhaps markedly different from previous generations. The food supply of the majority of humans in the 21st century contains large amounts of industrially processed products. These new, and abundant, dietary components may contain, and have, unexpected consequences and effects contributing to obesity, child leukaemia and Alzheimer's disease. The one foremost food ingredient besides sugar, that seems to dominate the food supply is soybean. Industrially processed soybean products are now ubiquitous in the food supply of many nations. Unlike traditional Asian soy derived foods, western style industrially processed soy products (soybean oil, soy flour, soy milk, soy lecithin, tofu and an extensive array of soy utilizing processed packaged foods), are not subject to fermentation. Fermentation reduces anti-nutrient and phytohormonal contents of soy although not completely. It is well recognized that modern soy products block absorption of essential minerals (e.g. iodine) and that they contain large amounts of (e.g. genistein). Although soy is promoted as a source of cheap protein, that is supposed to improve human diets, its anti-nutrient and xenoestrogen component content, may in actual fact, produce more detrimental effects for the human body, than the so far perceived and commercially promoted “benefits” derived from increased consumption of readily and cheaply available soy protein. The capacity of soy to not only lower iodine intake besides other essential minerals and nutrients, also, introduces into the human body, a number of extraneous estrogen like substances which may slow down metabolism sufficiently and promote female pattern of fat deposition. Hence, their hypothesized link to obesity in the first instance. Genistein is also known to be a topoisomerase type II poison, and could well be a contributing factor to interference of cellular development, causing DNA disruption and creating chromosomal aberrations in the rapidly developing embryo, during the vulnerable prenatal stages, especially, where the mother is ingesting soy products as part of her diet. And similarly therefore, the hypothesis linking soy to childhood leukaemia. Furthermore, genistein, despite some short term studies not only disrupts thyroid function, with its interaction with the hippocampus, pituitary and thyroid axis may also possibly be a slow, contributing factor, to the early stages of memory loss as well as impaired motor coordination as frequently observed in Alzheimer's symptoms. The meta-analysis of soy consumption and these three major diseases with prevalence across all countries for which WHO information is available, presented in this thesis, is the first in the literature tabulating an empirical result supporting the hypothesis that industrially processed soy products may contribute to the worldwide increase of overweight and obesity, childhood leukaemia and Alzheimer's disease. Of special interest are the results showing greater prevalence of obesity and poor, but heavily soybean exposed, Latin American countries than in wealthy, but using little soy, countries of the European Union. The results also show, that the two nations with the highest consumption of soy per capita, are also the two nations with the highest incidence of child leukaemia, and also the highest incidence of Alzheimer's disease (China and USA) besides their problems with an epidemic of obesity. These empirical findings indicate the need for the implementation of public health
measures, to counter the increasing obesity and Alzheimer’s epidemics, the continued high
incidence of childhood leukaemia despite improved medical survival rates. At policy level it
may have to be decided to weigh up the economic-political benefits as opposed to the
economic drain due to the escalating high cost and maintenance of medical care for all
these diseases. On a broader scale, this thesis also argues that the food industry needs to be
more thoroughly scrutinised to prevent its profit seeking business model and/or behaviour
from creating worldwide public health problems.Thesis (M.Med.Sc.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, 2013
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Kuei-Yao, Ting, and 丁奎耀. "A Low Power Consumption and Current Reuse VCO Circuit in Wireless USB Application." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/24815522450034386658.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系博碩士班
96
Based on devices model of TSMC 0.18μm RFCMOS technology, the theory and simulation of voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) integrated circuits are studied herein, and the further circuit design and optimization are presented and analyzed for working frequency in 9.7GHz. Firstly, this thesis briefly introduces the fundamental theory of different kinds of oscillators in the first three chapters. Secondly, we focus on low power consumption as the starting point to the simulation and analysis of three kinds of LC VCO circuits. The fundamental physics of LC oscillator is analyzed in detail in this paper. Thirdly, the design procedures of LC-VCO circuits and optimization schemes are presented. Accordingly we proposed a method for lower power consumption of VCO circuit with on-chip inductor and varactor selection. We focus on the Wireless Universal Serial Bus（WUSB） application with VCO oscillation frequency in 9.7GHz. The Agilent ADS RF simulator and the TSMC 0.18μm model are adopted to prevail the VCO integrated circuit design. According to the designed VCO circuits, the low power consumption as key performance index is used to fine-tune VCO circuit. This paper is presented the designed VCO by using TSMC 0.18μm standard CMOS process via National Chip Implement Center（CIC）foundry chip service. The final results show that tuning frequency range in 625MHz/V and phase noise of -106dBc@1MHz at frequency in 8.63GHz under 1.1V VDD voltage for power consumption in 1.36mW are obtained.
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Anderson, David M. "Current and future economic impact of Mount Hood National Forest outdoor recreation consumption /." 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/11346.
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CingChang and 張謦. "Simplified estimation method of building energy consumption in urban area based on zoning and current conditions." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88rhcx.
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Almeida, João Pedro Correia Freire de. "Support Framework For Building’s Electrical Consumption Assessment." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/21762.
Full textAbstract:
Predictions state that energy demand will rise about 53% until 2030. This fact, aligned
with the problem of the on growing scarce nature of fossil fuels represents a serious issue
because as it’s well known, energy sectors world wide face serious problems when
the topic is energy production. To tackle this problem, the most commonly appointed
solution is a sustainable energy development, or in other words, energy efficiency.
When energy efficiency is the topic, what comes to mind is energy efficiency in buildings.
With that being said, solutions that allow the monitoring of the energy consumption
of a building, or that allows the visualization of the behavior of specific electrical devices,
are a necessity.
With that in mind, a solution that has the purpose to relate the Active Power of specific
circuits from an electrical switchboard, to the total Active Power of that electrical
switchboard is proposed. This will be achieved by the development of a module that
has the capability of monitoring a number of electrical devices that are connected to an
electrical switchboard using current and voltage sensors. All the data collected will then
be processed with the help of Computational Intelligence (CI) methods, so the relation
between the Active Power of specific circuits versus the Active Power from the entrance
of the electrical switchboard can be established and then analyzed.
It’s important to note that the developed module will be a non-intrusive system,
which is a great advantage when compared to other similar products already in the market.
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Yeh, Fu-Chin, and 葉富欽. "Study on the Current Product Management of Fresh-cut Vegetables and Fruits and Their Consumption Trends of Taiwan." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36027094374578530848.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
食品科學系
94
Abstract The purpose of this thesis will focus on the analysis and study of the fresh-cut vegetables and fruits industry. In recent years, along with the change of the social activities and life style, the demand of consumer to the fresh-cut vegetables and fruits that contain both convenience and health advantages is increasing greatly. The fresh-cut vegetables and fruits industry have the market development potential very much. The purpose of this research hope to find out the competition strategy and the development trend of the fresh-cut vegetables and fruits industry, make the industry understand the process adaptability of the fresh-cut vegetables and fruits, expecting to improve the product quality and develop new product, then promote its added value. This research adopts the questionnaire method of quantitative research and carries on the consumer behavior's investigating, the scholar and the expert investigates and manufacturer's inquisition. This research first through extensively collect the domestic and international relative references, industry yearbooks, books, professional reports, journals, magazines and newspapers as the secondary data. By using the questionnaire the author obtains the primary data. According to the analysis,the investment item that the operator needs most can consider that the marketing advertisement, machinery equipment and training have the initiative.Currently the quality of CAS fresh-cut vegetable and fruit need not good, because agrochemical's remaining is the quality problem which needs most to promote, suggesting to strengthen a source head management.To promotes the production & sales resume system, suggest to strengthen production & sales two respects' will and ability first, strengthening a guidance and publicizeeing to strengthen a feasibility.
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Chao, Hsin-i., and 趙欣儀. "The Intertemporal Model of Current Account and Budget Deficit in Taiwan under the Consumption Smoothing and Tax Smoothing." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20194480287004990480.
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Tsai, Ming-Yen, and 蔡明諺. "TEM Observation of the Ni(V) UBM Consumption Induced by High Current Density in Flip-Chip Solder Joints." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63666142068924735659.
Full textAbstract:
博士臺灣大學
材料科學與工程學研究所
98
In our previous studies, a two-stage failure mechanism of flip-chip solder joints during electromigration was pointed out. When the test vehicles were under current stressing and solid-state aging, the combination of current crowding and resulting Joule heating would make the original Ni(V) UBM be replaced by the so-called “consumed Ni(V)” at the edge of the passivation where electron flows entered into the solder joints. With increasing the reaction time, the “consumed Ni(V)” would transform to the so-called “porous structure” by comparing the morphology change in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) back-scattered electron (BSE) images. The formation of porous structure would block electron flows. Hence, the electron flows would be diverted to the neighboring Ni(V) and subsequently this area would also be attacked to form consumed Ni(V). The above processes would proceed and the range of porous structure would expand. Once porous structure propagated all the Ni(V) layer, the device would fail. All the above processes were observed by SEM. In this study, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the microstructures of “consumed Ni(V)” and “porous structure” in detail. The sputtered Ni(V) UBM after one reflow was with columnar structures in TEM bright field (BF) images. However, consumed Ni(V) was a solid layer without crystalline grains. Besides, the original Ni(V)/(Cu,Ni)6Sn5 interface became blurred. These results were due to the Ni-Cu-Sn interdiffusion at the original Ni(V)/(Cu,Ni)6Sn5 interface. Confirmation was done by scanning TEM (STEM) compo- sitional analyses. The consumed Ni(V) became a V-Cu-Sn-Ni region. The selected area diffraction patterns (SADP) of consumed Ni(V) showed a broad incident beam with faint diffraction rings and spots, which indicated that it was composed of an amorphous phase and crystalline phases with ultra-fine grains. The BF images of porous structure showed that there were many voids near the original Ni(V)/(Cu,Ni)6Sn5 interface. This result corresponded to that porous structure was shown as a two-phase structure by SEM in our previous studies. For the original Ni(V) layer, Cu and Sn in-fluxes could not balance the serious Ni out-flux, which resulted in the void formation. It was confirmed by the fact that almost no Ni signal was detected in porous structure by STEM-EDX analyses. V atoms were immobile and trapped in Ni(V) layer without agglomeration, which was beneficial to form an amorphous matrix. The SADP of porous structure implied that it was composed of an amorphous matrix and fine-crystalline Cu6Sn5 and VSn2 intermetallic compounds (IMC). The following HRTEM observation supported this implication. Compared to consumed Ni(V), the contrast of porous structure was lighter in TEM BF images. This implied that porous structure had lower atomic weight. The V content could be a critical value since V was immobile during electromigration. From consumed Ni(V) to porous structure, the related V content increased from 30-40 at.% to over 40 at.%. Since the volume of Ni(V) layer was unchanged, it implied that porous structure had higher degree of porosity. In addition, by comparing the SADP types of consumed Ni(V) and porous structure, porous structure was convinced to have higher degree of crystallization. Finally, the current applying was considered to play an important role on the void formation. The electron flows enhanced the Ni out-flux and retarded the Cu and Sn in-fluxes, which resulted in more serious unbalanced fluxes. Porous structure with higher degree of crystallization also provided more fast diffusion paths for vacancies. These phenomenons would accelerate the void formation. It was pointed out in the past literature that a NiAl3 phase was presumably formed at the original Al/Ni(V) interface. This phase formation followed by the oxide formation should be correlated to the abrupt increase of resistance of the interconnect after Ni(V) consumption. Based on our TEM BF/DF images, STEM line scan analyses and HRTEM observation, a thin continuous layer was exactly observed between porous structure and Al. After identification, this continuous layer was convinced to be NiAl3. In addition, according to STEM high angle angular dark field (HAADF) images, an oxide layer was likely to form between NiAl3 and porous structure. The slight increase of electrical resistance when electron flows mainly passed through consumed Ni(V) was due to the amorphization of Ni(V) matrix. The fast increase of resistance when electron flows mainly passed through porous structure was due to the combination of amorphization of Ni(V) matrix, formation of crystalline fine grains and continuous oxide layer.
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Lai, Yang-hong, and 賴彥宏. "Analysis of current installation conditions, energy consumption and effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation systems used in industries in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98221312405201891064.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
97
Engineering control is a prior measure to prevent worker expose to hazardous substances. Among them the local exhaust ventilation system (LEV) is the one used widely by industries. But the current installation conditions, energy consumption, and effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation systems are needed for further analyzing. The objective of this study is establish an evaluating protocol for LEV, and used it to analyze current installation conditions of LEV in various industries. Besides, this study is aimed at discussing the energy consumption and effectiveness of LEV. After analyzing all collected reference information, the development of techniques and systems was mainly based on six currently available reference materials. The developed evaluating protocol can be divided into three stages, including design and installation, test, and operation and maintenance stages. For each of the designated stage, its content can be divided into three levels, including main items (11, 4, and 4, for the design and installation, test, and operation and maintenance stages respectively), sub-items (17, 9 and 7, respectively), and detailed guidelines for each of all sub-items (17, 9, and 7, respectively). The present study also assess 20 enterprises, including 10 high-tech industries in a technology park and 10 conventional industries in industrial park, by using the above developed protocol the results show that over 50% enterprises conforming each one of 17 detail contents of detailed guidelines in the design and installation stage are 4 and 12 for conventional industries and high-tech industries, respectively. There are 0 contents in conventional industries and 8 contents in high-tech industries for the 9 detail guidelines in the test stage. There are 0 contents in conventional industries and 5 contents in high-tech industries for 7 detail guidelines in operation and maintenance stage. This study analyzes the energy consumption and performance of LEV by the static pressure balance method. The results show that LEVs in high-tech industries are found with enough capture velocities, but the energy consumption ratio of the current state to the ideal state is 3.73- 4.30. There are 60% LEVs in conventional industries are found with insufficient performance. Because of the poor design in duct and unsuitable fan selection, all selected of enterprises are found with energy consumption ratios 8.33- 150. In conclusion, the enterprises can use the developed evaluating protocol to restrain the LEV in design and installation, test, and operation and maintenance stage for the propose of effectiveness of a LEV system and reducing the energy consumption.
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Chang, Fenghua, and 張峰華. "Using the Load Current of the CPU to Dynamically Control the Voltage and Reduce the Power Consumption of PC Systems." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31322046638229401526.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
電機工程學系
100
Most PC dynamic power-saving technologies only focus on the CPU core voltage (VCORE), but rarely on the total PC system. Usually the PC working performance is proportional to the working current of the CPU. When the PC works at full speed, even over-clocking, the higher CPU working frequency increases the load current. But in general use (for example, MSN) the CPU doesn’t need high performance and the load current is relatively low. In this paper we refer to the load current of the CPU and infer that the current state of the PC is either heavy load or light load. Then, based on the voltage specification of each device on the PC motherboard, we use the DVS Regulators to provide different voltages for each device. We call it “systematic power conservation”. When the PC has a light load we can decrease the operating voltage of each device to the minimum voltage of the acceptable operating range, and with a heavy load we can increase it to the maximum voltage of the acceptable operating range, to improve the performance. The test results show that DVS Regulator can reduce power consumption by more than 2W.
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Castilho, Miguel Alexandre Leandro. "Design of a Reference Buffer for a Delta-Sigma ADC with Current DAC." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/91656.
Full textAbstract:
In analog to digital conversion, it’s necessary to provide a reference voltage to the Analog
to Digital Converter (ADC), in order to quantify the input signal. However, as the
ADC has a switch constantly commuting on its input it will cause perturbations on the
reference voltage provided by the Bandgap circuit. Thus, it will interfere with the normal
behaviour of the Bandgap circuit, which will longer be capable of provide the desired
reference voltage.
Besides, if the reference voltage is not constant in the desired value the output code generated
by the ADC will have errors.
In order to avoid conversion errors it will be needed to introduce a buffer between the
Bandgap and the ADC. Thus, taking advantage from the characteristics of the buffer (low
output impedance, high input impedance and unitary gain) the system will be capable of
recover from the perturbations introduced by the ADC in the reference voltage.
Therefore, in this thesis are studied some of the already existing architectures of buffers,
in order to see the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This way were chosen the
best three architectures from a theoretical point of view, to implement and simulate, to
obtain all the needed information in order to better compare them.
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Grundeis, Felicitas. "The Influence of non-invasive Prefrontal/Frontal Brain Stimulation on Food Reappraisal Abilities and Calorie Consumption in Obese Females." 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36271.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies suggest that non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex modulates food choices and calorie intake in obese humans. In a fully randomized, placebo-controlled,
within-subject and double-blinded study, we applied single sessions of anodal,
cathodal, and sham tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and
contralateral frontal operculum in 25 hungry obese women and investigated possible influences on food reappraisal abilities as well as calorie intake. We hypothesized that tDCS, (i) improves the ability to regulate the desire for visually presented foods and, (ii) reduces their consumption. We could not confirm an effect of anodal or cathodal tDCS, neither on the ability to modulate the desire for visually presented foods, nor on calorie consumption. The present findings do not support the notion of prefrontal/frontal tDCS as a promising treatment option for obesity.:1. Introduction
1.1 Obejective of investigation
1.1.1 Obesity
1.1.2 Homeostasis versus hedonism?
1.1.3 Regulating the desire to eat
1.1.4 Obesity and the brain
1.2 Previous studies
1.2.1 EEG study
1.2.2 Buffet study
1.3 Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS)
1.4 TDCS study
2 Publication
3 Summary of work
3.1 Data Acquisition ans analysis
3.2 Results and discussion
3.2.1 Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence
3.2.2 Multifactorial influence on behavior
3.2.3 Limitations of study design
3.2.4 Limitations of method
3.3 Outlook
4 References
5 Attachments
5.1 Academic contribution
5.2 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit
5.3 Einreichungserklärung
5.4 Curriculum vitae
5.5 Publications
5.6 Acknowledgements
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Rguibi, Omar. "Food loss and waste in the food supply chain: current situation and potential solutions." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/131509.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to identify the food waste and loss (FLW) at the different phases of the food supply chain(FSC)and provide some possible solutions that the various actors can implement to reduce the waste. This research starts by overviewing the FSC .It then focuses on describing how the waste occurs in the different phases of the supply chain and the main drivers of FL Win each stage. The impact of FL Wis assessed and quantified in the study to sensitize the readers about the under estimated environmental and socio-economic effects of the issue. The findings emphasize the urgency to tackle the problem and involve all the actors, especially the consumers, to formulate some solutions and strategies that will alleviate the ecological and socio-economic effect of the issue. Additionally, as a support, based on an extensive literature review and successful examples, some solutions and recommendations are presented that can be adopted to reduce the waste by the different actors.
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Samper, Luz-Adriana. "Do the Clothes Make the Man? How Gaps Between Current and Ideal Self Goals Shape Product-Related Perceptions and Behavior." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3889.
Full textAbstract:
I present a framework that describes how perceived discrepancies from an ideal, or hoped-for, self influence how people view and behave with products associated with identity attainment (i.e., "symbolic props"). In the first half of this framework, I demonstrate that individuals who perceive that they are more discrepant from their aspired identity (i.e., more aspirationally discrepant individuals) view symbolic props as more "instrumental," or useful, in helping them achieve identity goals. I demonstrate that this effect is egocentric, mediated by motivation, and only occurs when the perceived rate of progress toward one's aspirational goals is high enough to merit engagement toward the goal. In the second half of the framework, I show that for more aspirationally discrepant individuals, the use of symbolic props may actually limit effort on goal-relevant tasks. These studies suggest an ironic effect whereby aspirational discrepancy may lead to acquisition of goal-relevant props to the detriment of performance-relevant effort.
Dissertation
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Valy, Sara. "How to attract new potential publication to Gulbenkian Música without losing the current ones?: what should Gulbenkien música dpo to increase the platinum public's Consumption." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/25217.
Full text
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Черник, Олександр Володимирович. "Аналіз технології електролітичного рафінування міді." Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/4624.
Full textAbstract:
Черник А. В. Аналіз технології електролітичного рафінування міді : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 136 "Металургія" / наук. керівник Р. М. Воляр. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 87 с.UA : Виконано аналіз технології електролітичного рафінування з реалізацією двох способів підведення електроліту в ванну - традиційний і паралельний. Визначено ступінь впливу збільшення катодного щільності струму і витрати електроліту на вихід за струмом для двох способів підведення електроліту в ванну. Встановлено технологічні параметри, які забезпечують максимально можливий вихід за струмом при збереженні високої якості одержуваних мідних катодів.
EN : The analysis of the technology of electrolytic refining was carried out with the implementation of two methods of supplying electrolyte to the bath - traditional and parallel. The degree of influence of an increase in the cathode current density and electrolyte consumption on the current efficiency for two methods of supplying the electrolyte to the bath has been determined. The technological parameters have been established that ensure the maximum possible current efficiency while maintaining the high quality of the obtained copper cathodes.
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Chen, Pei-Ling, and 陳姵伶. "A Survey of Taipei City’s Elementary School Teachers’ Cognition, Attitude, and Current Teaching Status with Respect to the Effect of Reducing the Consumption of Single-Use Plastic Products on Marine Conservation." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6669x7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺北市立大學
歷史與地理學系社會科教學碩士學位班
107
Purpose of this cross-sectional research is to understand what is the current level of Taipei elementary schoolteachers’ understanding of, and attitude towards, reducing the use of disposable plastic products in favor of marine conservation, how the phenomenon is taught and to analyze, based upon the results, what are the differences and similarities among teachers with varying backgrounds. In total, 226 randomly chosen teachers from Taipei´s public elementary schools were validated for this survey which was conducted in the form of semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, Independent two-sample t-test, One-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficient and other means of statistics were used to conduct the analysis. The main research achievements are following: 1. With room for improvement, Taipei´s elementary schoolteachers have intermediate to high intermediate level of understanding regarding the reduction of plastic waste in favor of marine conservation. Attitude towards adopting the reduction as a part of the curricula is positive in the high intermediate level. 2. Whether the elementary schoolteachers participate in activities, courses or studies related to marine conservation, or to reduction of plastic waste, does affect the understanding of, and attitude towards, reducing plastic waste in favor of marine conservation. 3. Improving the teachers´ scores in understanding of the reduction of plastic waste in favor of marine conservation improves their scores in attitude towards reducing waste, showing an intermediate positive correlation. 4. Up to 85% of Taipei elementary schoolteachers took up waste reduction as a part of the curricula with frequencies ranging between ”often” and ”average”, thus further endorsing the significance of the issue. 5. Statistics of adopting waste reduction as a part of the curricula: 80% of teachers utilize mass media and internet as their original source material; 70% apply arbitrary instructions from different fields together with didactic teaching and educational media; student group discussions are the most common teaching method with assessments done mostly in oral, written or hands-on form. 6. The interviewed teachers consider reducing plastic waste inconvenient. Not only does this significance show up in their teaching, but, in order to better motivate students, there is a need for more mandatory teaching environment that comes from having the schools foster better coordinated measures. Based upon the aforementioned research results, the following recommendations are given to educational authorities, schools and elementary schoolteachers: educational authorities should provide teachers with more learning resources, strengthen the usage of marine education resource platforms, adopt a mandatory approach to waste reduction in schools´ teaching environment and, for the teachers, to take on an active role in learning the subject matter.
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Lukic, Zdravko. "Design and Practical Implementation of Advanced Reconfigurable Digital Controllers for Low-power Multi-phase DC-DC Converters." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/33855.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of this thesis is to develop practical digital controller architectures for multi-phase dc-dc converters utilized in low power (up to few hundred watts) and cost-sensitive applications. The proposed controllers are suitable for on-chip integration while being capable of providing advanced features, such as dynamic efficiency optimization, inductor current estimation, converter component identification, as well as combined dynamic current sharing and fast transient response.
The first part of this thesis addresses challenges related to the practical implementation of digital controllers for low-power multi-phase dc-dc converters. As a possible solution, a multi-use high-frequency digital PWM controller IC that can regulate up to four switching converters (either interleaved or standalone) is presented. Due to its configurability, low current consumption (90.25 μA/MHz per phase), fault-tolerant work, and ability to operate at high switching frequencies (programmable, up to 10 MHz), the IC is suitable to control various dc-dc converters. The applications range from dc-dc converters used in miniature battery-powered electronic devices consuming a fraction of watt to multi-phase dedicated supplies for communication systems, consuming hundreds of watts.
A controller for multi-phase converters with unequal current sharing is introduced and an efficiency optimization method based on logarithmic current sharing is proposed in the second part. By forcing converters to operate at their peak efficiencies and dynamically adjusting the number of active converter phases based on the output load current, a significant improvement in efficiency over the full range of operation is obtained (up to 25%). The stability and inductor current transition problems related to this mode of operation are also resolved.
At last, two reconfigurable digital controller architectures with multi-parameter estimation are introduced. Both controllers eliminate the need for external analog current/temperature sensing circuits by accurately estimating phase inductor currents and identifying critical phase parameters such as equivalent resistances, inductances and output capacitance. A sensorless non-linear, average current-mode controller is introduced to provide fast transient response (under 5 μs), small voltage deviation and dynamic current sharing with multi-phase converters. To equalize the thermal stress of phase components, a conduction loss-based current sharing scheme is proposed and implemented.
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Wei, Xuefeng Frank. "Analysis and Design of Electrodes for Deep Brain Stimulation." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/1084.
Full textAbstract:
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes are intended to stimulate specific areas of the brain to treat movement disorders including essential tremor, Parkinson's disease and dystonia. An important goal in the design of next generation DBS electrodes is to minimize the power needed to stimulate specific regions of the brain. A reduction in power consumption will prolong battery life and reduce the size of implanted pulse generator. Electrode geometry is one approach to increase the efficiency of neural stimulation and reduce the power required to produce the level of activation required for clinical efficacy.
We first characterized the impedance of the presently used clinical DBS electrodes
Current density distribution is an important factor in determining patterns of neural excitation, tissue damage and electrode corrosion. We developed a recursive simulation scheme to calculate the current density distribution that incorporates the nonlinear electrode-tissue interface into finite-element based models of electrodes. The current density distributions on the electrode surface were strongly dependent on the sinusoidal frequency. The primary current density distribution without including the electrode-tissue interface can be used to estimate neural excitation, tissue damage and electrode corrosion with rectangular stimulus pulses as most of the signal power is at frequencies where the secondary current density distribution matches closely the primary current density distribution.
We designed and analyzed novel electrode geometries to decrease stimulation thresholds, thus reducing power consumption of implanted stimulators. Our hypothesis was that high-perimeter electrode geometries that increase the variation of current density on the electrode surface will generate larger activating functions for surrounding neurons and thereby increase stimulation efficiency. We investigated three classes of electrodes: segmented cylindrical electrodes, serpentine-perimeter planar electrodes, and serpentine-perimeter cylindrical electrodes. An approach that combined finite element models of potentials and cable models of axonal excitation was used to quantify the stimulation efficiency of electrodes with various geometries. Increasing the electrode perimeter increased the electrode efficiency by decreasing stimulation threshold. Both segmentation and serpentine edges provided means to increase the efficiency of stimulation. Novel cylindrical electrodes that combined segmentation with serpentine edges decreased power consumption by ~20% for axons parallel to the electrode and by ~35% for axons perpendicular to the electrode. These electrode designs could potentially prolong the average battery life of deep brain stimulator by more than one year.
Dissertation
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吳楊翎. "Low consumptive current VCO of 8GHz." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98368958833665118432.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
電機學院電信學程
100
This paper presents using for Phase Locked Loop with high frequency and low consumptive current VCO of 8GHz by TSMC 0.18um RF CMOS 1P6M process technology. The article mentioned the Barkhausen criterion、negative resistance criterion and the definition of phase noise. We also describe the advantage and disadvantage for the structure of the oscillator. About the arrangement of layout, the RF signal was arranged in Metal6 layer. The device controller was arranged in Metal4 layer. Power line was lying down in Metal2 layer. The die area is 0.811x0.752 mm2. The measured in center frequency was 8.090 GHz、Tuning range was 80MHz. Phase noise that shift 1MHz from center frequency is -116.8 dBc/Hz. The consumptive current was measured 3.36mA and consumptive power is 4.03mW. FOM is -188.9 dBc/Hz.
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Ρούσσος, Παναγιώτης-Αλέξανδρος. "Αναλογικά ηλεκτρονικά για βιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/6598.
Full textAbstract:
Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εκπονείται μελέτη που αφορά την σχεδίαση αναλογικών ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων για βιοϊατρικές εφαρμογές. Δίνεται μεγαλύτερη βαρύτητα στην υλοποίηση διαγωγών χαμηλής τροφοδοσίας και ενισχυτών ρεύματος οδηγούμενων από το υπόστρωμα. Όπως σε όλα τα διαφορικά κυκλώματα, έτσι και στους διαφορικούς διαγωγούς κύριο μέλημα των σχεδιαστών είναι η γραμμικότητα τους και οι παράμετροι που την επηρεάζουν. Προτείνεται ένας διαγωγός χαμηλής τροφοδοσίας που βασίζεται στην βαθμίδα ακόλουθου τάσης με αναστροφή και προσομοιώνεται για να μελετηθεί το εύρος της γραμμικότητας του, η απόκριση συχνότητας και η συμπεριφορά του σε χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενο ημιτονοειδές σήμα.
Ο ενισχυτής ρεύματος οδηγούμενος από το υπόστρωμα που παρουσιάζεται σε αυτήν την εργασία εκμεταλλεύεται όλους τους βαθμούς ελευθερίας ενός MOS τρανζίστορ πολωμένου στην ασθενή αναστροφή και στον κόρο. Η τεχνική οδήγησης από το υπόστρωμα χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως στην σχεδίαση κυκλωμάτων χαμηλής τροφοδοσίας, αφού έχει μειωμένες απαιτήσεις τάσης, ενώ είναι και ανεξάρτητη από περιορισμούς σχετικούς με την τάση κατωφλίου. Επιπρόσθετα, τα τρανζίστορ με οδήγηση από το υπόστρωμα διατηρούνται στην περιοχή κόρου για αρνητικές, μηδενικές και σχετικά μικρές θετικές τιμές της τάσης πόλωσης VBS. Έτσι, μπορούν να επεξεργάζονται σήματα εισόδου κοινού τρόπου (common-mode input range) μεγάλης τιμής και με μεγάλο εύρος κυμάτωσης κάτι που δεν θα μπορούσε να επιτευχθεί με συμβατικές κυκλωματικές τεχνικές σε τόσο χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας. Όμως, τα τρανζίστορ με οδήγηση από το υπόστρωμα έχουν μικρή τιμή διαγωγιμότητας και είναι ευαίσθητα στον θόρυβο. Άλλο μειονέκτημα της τεχνικής με οδήγηση από το υπόστρωμα είναι ότι η πόλωση των τρανζίστορ εξαρτάται από την τεχνολογία ολοκλήρωσης.
Το κέρδος του ενισχυτή ρεύματος οδηγούμενου από το υπόστρωμα μεταβάλλεται με εκθετικό τρόπο. Αυτή η ιδιότητα είναι σημαντική και χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε συστήματα αυτομάτου ελέγχου κέρδους όπου το σήμα εισόδου μεταβάλλεται αρκετές τάξεις μεγέθους. Σε ένα παρόμοιο σύστημα χρησιμοποιούμε και τα προαναφερθέντα κυκλώματα και εξετάζουμε την συνολική συμπεριφορά του. Οι προδιαγραφές αυτών των κυκλωμάτων επιτρέπουν την εφαρμογή τους στην βιοϊατρική, αφού εμφυτεύσιμα συστήματα, βίο-αισθητήρες και βοηθητικά ακοής επεξεργάζονται σήματα σχετικά χαμηλών συχνοτήτων με χαμηλή τάση τροφοδοσίας.This diploma thesis forms a study on the design of analog circuits for biomedical applications. We focus on the realization of low voltage transconductors and Bulk-Driven current amplifiers. Like all the differential circuits, the designers’ main concern for a differential transconductor is its linearity and the parameters that affect it. We propose a low voltage transconductor based on Flipped Voltage Follower topology and we simulate it in order to study the range of the linearity, frequency response and its behavior in temporally varying sinusoidal signal. The Bulk-Driven current amplifier presented in this thesis takes advantage of all degrees of freedom of a MOS transistor biased in weak inversion and in saturation. The Bulk-Driven technique is widely used in the design of low voltage supply, because it has reduced demands on voltage and is independent of restrictions related to the threshold voltage. Moreover, Bulk-Driven transistors are maintained in saturation for negative, zero and even small positive values of the bias voltage VBS. Consequently, they can process large input common mode signals and signals with large swing voltage range, a property that could not be achieved with conventional circuit techniques at low power supply voltages. However, the transconductance of a Bulk –Driven transistor is smaller and is sensitive to noise. Another disadvantage of the Bulk-Driven technique is that the polarity of the transistor is process related. The gain of the Bulk-Driven current amplifier varies exponentially. This property is important and it is used widely in systems of automatic gain control where input signals can range several orders of magnitude. The specifications of these circuits allow their appliance in biomedicine, because implanted systems, biosensors and hearing aids process signals of relatively small frequencies with low voltage supply.
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Ruggeri, Thomas L. "TIMR : Time Interleaved Multi Rail." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/29070.
Full textAbstract:
This work presents a new energy saving technique for modern digital designs. We propose Time Interleaved Multi-Rail (TIMR) - a method for providing two dynamic supply rails to a circuit. This technique uses the first supply rail to mask the transition delay while changing the voltage of the second rail. We examine the design of TIMR as well as the implementation and considerations. We propose a number of control schemes that range from traditional DVFS to "race to sleep". This thesis also shows simulations of the technique using a existing voltage regulator in order to find the time and energy overhead of implementing the design. We find a 100μs switching time delay and 118μJ energy overhead associated with changing the voltage rail. This work concludes with comparisons to current energy saving techniques.Graduation date: 2012