Journal articles on the topic 'Current Starved Inverter'

In recent years researchers have been focusing on the design of low power and small size oscillator for emerging areas of interest such as the internet of things (IoT) and biomedical applications. In this paper a new delay block for ring oscillator is proposed using CMOS inverter cascaded with inverted current starved inverter (CICSI). The designed delay block provides approximately 50% more delay with a smaller number of transistors than the conventionally designed circuits. Furthermore, a ring oscillator and a non-overlapping clock (NOC) generator are designed using it. The designed circuits can be used in switched capacitor (SC) circuits, analog mixed signal circuits to meet the need for low frequency portable biomedical applications. The designed circuits are simulated on Generic 90nm 1.2V Process Design Kit (GPDK90) using Cadence Virtuoso Design Environment. The simulation result shows the delay of the CICSI delay block is 592ps. The ring oscillator using 101 stages of delay block is designed and it is shown that it operates at a frequency of 17MHz with a power consumption of 420?W.

A temperature-stable, low-power ring oscillator design for implementation in an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is presented. In this work, the design uses a new arrangement of chain delay elements consisting of a current-starved inverter and a CMOS capacitor. This power consumption improvement ring oscillator design was built in the environment of 130nm CMOS process technology using Mentor Graphics environment with voltage supply 1V. The simulation results show a maximum power consumption of 1.036 nW and it shows that the presented design is applicable in low power advanced sensing systems application including biomedical, chemical, and other sensors.

This paper presents a time domain CMOS temperature sensor with a simple current source. This sensor chip only occupies a small active die area of 0.026 mm2 because it adopts a simple current source consisting of an n-type poly resistor and a PMOS transistor and a simple current controlled oscillator consisting of three current starved inverter delay cells. Although this current source is based on a simple architecture, it has better temperature linearity than the conventional approach that generates a temperature-dependent current through a poly resistor using a feedback loop. This temperature sensor is designed in a 0.18 μm 1P6M CMOS process. In the post-layout simulations, the temperature error was measured within a range from −1.0 to +0.7 °C over the temperature range of 0 to 100 °C after two point calibration was carried out at 20 and 80 °C, respectively. The temperature resolution was set as 0.32 °C and the temperature to digital conversion rate was 50 kHz. The energy efficiency is 1.4 nJ/sample and the supply voltage sensitivity is 0.077 °C/mV at 27 °C while the supply voltage varies from 1.65 to 1.95 V.

An ultralow-power ultrawideband (UWB) transmitter with an energy-efficient injection-locked radio frequency (RF) clock harvester that generates a carrier from an RF signal is proposed for RF energy-harvesting Internet-of-Things (IoT) sensor applications. The energy-efficient RF clock harvester based on the injection-locked ring oscillator (ILRO) is proposed to achieve optimal locking range and minimum input sensitivity to obtain an injection-locked 450 MHz clock in ultralow-power operation. A current-starved inverter-based delay stage is adopted that allows delay adjustment by bias voltage to minimize dynamic current consumption while maintaining a constant delay regardless of changes in process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT). To minimize static current consumption, a UWB transmitter based on a digital-based UWB pulse generator and a pulse-driven switching drive amplifier is proposed. The proposed injection-locked RF clock harvester achieves the best RF input sensitivity of −34 dBm at a power consumption of 2.03 μW, enabling energy-efficient clock harvesting from low RF input power. In ultralow-power operation, a 23.8% locking range is achieved at the RF injection power of −15 dBm to cope with frequency changes due to PVT variations. The proposed UWB transmitter with RF clock harvester achieves the lowest energy consumption per pulse with an average power consumption of 97.03 μW and an energy consumption of 19.41 pJ/pulse, enabling operation with the energy available in RF energy-harvesting applications.

Traditionally DC-AC converters are considered with voltage source inverters (VSI); although less studied and discussed, it has started recently to be used current source inverters (CSI). Another possibility for DC/AC conversion is the multilevel configuration. This paper shows experimental operation and simulation analysis of a grid-connected multilevel current source inverter (MCSI), which includes a circuit for equipment safety reasons due to grid disconnections.

A common voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) architecture used in the phase locked loop (PLL) is the ring oscillator (RO). RO consist of number of inverters cascaded together as the input of the first stage connected to the output of the last stage. It is important to design the RO to be work at desired frequency depend on application with low power consumption. This paper presents a review the performance evaluation of different delay cell topologies the implemented in the ring oscillator. The various topologies analyzed includes current starved delay cell, differential delay cell and current follower cell. Performance evaluation includes frequency range, frequency stability, phase noise and power consumption had been reviewed and comparison of different topologies has been discussed. It is observed that starved current delay cell have lower power consumption and the different of the frequency range is small as compared to other type of delay cell.

In this paper, a single-phase photovoltaic (PV) inverter fed by a boost converter to supply a freezer motor with variable DC input is investigated. The proposed circuit has two stages. Firstly, the DC output of the PV panel that varies between 150 and 300 V will be applied to the boost converter. The boost converter will boost the input voltage to a fixed 300 V DC. Next, this voltage is supplied to the single-phase full bridge inverter to obtain 230 V AC. In the end, The output of the inverter will feed a freezer motor. The PV panels can be stand-alone or grid-connected. The grid-connected PV is divided into two categories, such as with a transformer and without a transformer, a transformer type has galvanic isolation resulting in increasing the security and also provides no further DC current toward the grid, but it is expensive, heavy and bulky. The transformerless type holds high efficiency and it is cheaper, but it suffers from leakage current between PV and the grid. This paper proposes a stand-alone direct use of PV to supply a freezer; therefore, no grid connection will result in no leakage current between the PV and Grid. The proposed circuit has some features such as no filtering circuit at the output of the inverter, no battery in the system, DC-link instead of AC link that reduces no-loads, having a higher efficiency, and holding enough energy in the DC-link capacitor to get the motor started. The circuit uses no transformers, thus, it is cheaper and has a smaller size. In addition, the system does not require a complex pulse width modulation (PWM) technique, because the motor can operate with a pulsed waveform. The control strategy uses the PWM signal with the desired timing. With this type of square wave, the harmonics (5th and 7th) of the voltage are reduced. The experimental and simulation results are presented to verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy.

The retarder braking system of an electric drive dump truck is introduced in this paper. When the truck is going downhill at a low speed, part of the braking energy is consumed by braking resistance system, other energy is changed into AC power by inverter module, the diesel engine is dragged from an idling speed to a high speed by the synchronous motor, energy feedback is realized. In this paper, to achieve synchronous motor starting, a zero crossing detection and frequency searching method based on rotor speed sensor is used,.The experiment shows the engine is started steadily and the current shock becomes flat.

Purpose China’s rapid economic growth has greatly changed its consumption pattern of agricultural food. Wealthy Chinese consumers demand food of superior quality. However, with the national grain security goal focused primarily on self-sufficiency, China has no choice but to keep increasing the scale of agricultural industrialization and modernization, which inevitably brings in unwanted chemical input that puts food safety at risk. China’s consumers started to adopt an alternative food supply method. This paper aims to examine how Chinese consumers use privatized ways (i.e. their own social capital) to select high-quality local agricultural products as a unique type of inverted quarantine. Design/methodology/approach This paper mainly used a qualitative research method, including participant observation and in-depth interviews as the main sources of data. For the fieldwork, two providers of high-quality food in Beijing were selected as the research sites. Data were collected by in-depth interviews with consumers and organizers of the two local food suppliers and participant observation of online and offline interactions between food providers and consumers. Findings Instead of seeing development of consumer citizenship, what is witnessed is consumers use their private resources or networks to deal with risks created by institutional failure. In this sense, it is a type of inverted quarantine, but is different from what Szasz described in his book. Instead of purchasing bottled water or organic food sold in the mainstream supermarkets, Chinese middle-class consumers rely more on their personal relations with food suppliers and start to adopt an alternative way of food supply. Research limitations/implications Beijing consumers are among the most privileged, in terms of income level and access to alternative trusted sources of food. Therefore, the findings of this paper may not be applicable to other provincial cities in China. A comparative research on healthy food consumption patterns among major cities in China still require further attention. In addition, with the flourish of online shopping platforms, it is highly likely that the current shopping patterns among the affluent middle-class consumers will change accordingly. Originality/value This paper reveals the current uncertainty experienced by Chinese middle-class consumers and showed their concerns related to food safety. It may shed some lights on the current discussion about middle-class anxiety in Mainland China. It also developed a typology of inverted quarantine with empirical evidence, and therefore helps further develop the concept of inverted quarantine.

The use of series connected IGBTs is still a current subject in literature, despite such a discussion having started in the 1990s. Though countless academic studies, there are currently no available commercial products on the market for medium voltage inverters (up to 4.16 kV) and lower power (up to 1 MW) using this technology. This is related to the difficulty of ensuring the dynamic and static voltage sharing between IGBTs, giving rise to relatively expensive and complex firing circuits, when compared to the components they intend to control. Therefore, this article aims to present a simple and low-cost alternative, still effective for driving low voltage series-connected IGBTs, specifically for the encapsulation TO-247 type. Experimental results are presented showing the behavior of the solution under several operating conditions.

The effects of reactant concentration on the growth of ZnO nanostructures and the photovoltaic performance of inverted organic solar cells based on a blend of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEHPPV) as donor and (6,6)-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as acceptor with a structure of FTO/ZnO nanostructures/MEHPPV:PCBM/Ag utilizing ZnO nanostructures as electron collecting layer and silver as a hole collecting electrode were investigated. The ZnO preparation consisted of ZnO nanoparticles seed layer coating and followed by ZnO nanostructures growth in equimolar aqueous solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (0.02-0.08 M) and hexamethylenetetramine (0.02-0.08 M). ZnO nanorods having diameter of 50-70 nm and with length up to 120 nm were obtained at reactant concentration of 0.04 M. The ZnO nanorods started to merge with each other and formed irregular nanostructures vertically on the substrates at higher reactant concentrations of 0.06 M and 0.08 M. The solar cell with ZnO nanorods prepared at reactant concentration of 0.04 M provided the largest interface area between polymer active layer and ZnO, resulting in the highest power conversion efficiency of 0.053 % with short circuit current density of 0.43 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.42 V and fill factor of 29 %.

The automotive industry has a strong demand for highly reliable and cost-efficient electronics. Especially the upcoming generations of hybrid cars and fully electrical vehicles need compact and efficient 400 V power modules. Within the engine compartment installation space is of major concern. Therefore small size and high integration level of the modules are needed. Conventionally IGBTs and diodes are soldered to DCB (Direct Copper Bond) ceramics substrates and their top contacts are connected by heavy Al wire bonds. These ceramic modules are vacuum soldered to water-cooled base plates. Embedding of power switches, and controller into compact modules using PCB (Printed Circuit Board) technologies offers the potential to further improve the thermal management by double-sided cooling and to reduce the thickness of the module. In the recently started “HI-LEVEL” (Integration of Power Electronics in in High Current PCBs for Electric Vehicle Application) project, partners from automotive, automotive supplier, material supplier, PCB manufacturer and research teamed up to develop the technology, components and materials to realize high power modules. The following topics of the development will be addressed in detail in this paper:Assemble of power dies (IGBT and diode) using new sinter die attach materials:The deployment of new no pressure, low temperature sinter paste for the assembly of the power dies is a mayor development goal. Here the development of a reliable process to realize a defect free bonding of large IGBT dies (up to 10x14mm2) is essentially. These pastes are applied by stencil printing or dispensing and the sintering will take place after die placement at temperatures of around 200 °C.Thick copper substrate technology:To handle the high switching current, suitable copper tracks in the PCB are required. The realization of such thick copper lines (up to 1mm thickness) requires advanced processing, compared to conventional multilayer PCB production. In this paper the essential development steps towards a 10 kW inverter module with embedded components will be described. The process steps and reliability investigations of the different interconnect levels will be described in detail.

The spectrum of conventional power electronics packaging reaches from SMD packages for power chips to large power modules. In most of these packages the power semiconductors are connected by bond wires, resulting in large resistances and parasitic inductances. Power chip packages have to carry semiconductors with increasing current densities. Conventional wire bonds are limiting their performance. Today's power modules are based on DCB (Direct Copper bonded) ceramic substrates. IGBT switches are mounted onto the ceramic and their top side contacts are connected by thick Al wires. This allows one wiring layer only and makes an integration of driver chips very difficult. Additionally bond wires result in a high stray inductance which limits the switching frequency. Especially for the use of ultra-fast switching semiconductors, like SiC and GaN, it is very difficult to realize low inductive packages. The embedding of chips offers a solution for many of the problems in power chip packages and power modules. While chip embedding was an academic exercise a decade ago, it is now an industrial solution. A huge advantage of packaging using PCB technology is the cost-effective processing on large panel. Furthermore embedded packages and modules allow either double-side cooling or 3D assembly of components like capacitors, gate drivers or controllers. The advanced results of research projects will be discussed in the paper. An ultra-low inductance power module with SiC switches at 20 A / 600 V has been realized and characterized. The DC link inductance of the module was 0,8 nH only. These results sparked a huge interest in currently starting follow up projects creating package for fast switches. In a further project power modules for automotive power inverters for motor control are under development. As a project demonstrator, a 10 kW module with IGBTs and diodes at 400 V / 500 A, was manufactured. This demonstrator is based on high power PCB technology and was fully characterized; the results will be presented in detail. Recently started research projects will face the challenges of MW solar inverters at 1000 A and 1000 V, using SiC semiconductors as switches. First concepts will be presented as an outlook.

Helicopter time-domain electromagnetic (HTEM) surveying has historically been used for mineral exploration, but over the past decade it has started to be used in environmental assessments and geologic and hydrologic mapping. Such surveying is a cost-effective means of rapidly acquiring densely spaced data over large regions. At the same time, the quality of HTEM data can suffer from various inaccuracies. We developed an effective strategy for processing and inverting a commercial HTEM data set affected by uncertainties and systematic errors. The delivered data included early time gates contaminated by transmitter currents, noise in late time gates, and amplitude shifts between adjacent flights that appeared as artificial lineations in maps of the data and horizontal slices extracted from inversion models. Multiple processing steps were required to address these issues. Contaminated early time gates and noisy late time gates were semiautomatically identified and eliminated on a record-by-record basis. Timing errors between the transmitter and receiver electronics and inaccuracies in absolute amplitudes were corrected after calibrating selected HTEM data against data simulated from accurate ground-based TEM measurements. After editing and calibration, application of a quasi-3D spatially constrained inversion scheme significantly reduced the artificial lineations. Residual lineations were effectively eliminated after incorporating the transmitter and receiver altitudes and line-to-line amplitude factors in the inversion process. The final inverted model was very different from that generated from the original data provided by the contractor. For example, the average resistivity of the thick surface layer decreased from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text], the depths to the layer boundaries were reduced by 15%–23%, and the artificial lineations were practically eliminated. Our processing and inversion strategy is entirely general, such that with minor system-specific modifications it could be applied to any HTEM data set, including those recorded many years ago.

Oocyte IVM is a long process during which oocytes acquire their ability to support the stages of development in a stepwise manner, ultimately reaching activation of the embryonic genome. The overall success of this process can be affected by factors such as hormonal treatment for ovarian stimulation. Thus, the current study aims to evaluate the possible effects of the ovarian stimulatory protocols on the goat oocyte quality and IVM rate. Adult and cyclic Canindé goats were heat-synchronized by means of intravaginal sponges impregnated with 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP, Progespon, Syntex, Buenos Aires, Argentina) inserted for 11 days coupled with a luteolytic injection of 50 μg cloprostenol (Ciosin, Coopers, São Paulo, Brazil) in the 8th day of treatment. The ovarian stimulation was carried out using one of the following protocols: a) standard multi-doses (MD) with 120 mg pFSH (Folltropin-V, Vetrepharm, Canada) distributed in five injections (30/30; 20/20; 20 mg) at 12 h intervals (n = 18); b) three- doses (TD) with 120 mg pFSH administered in three injections (60; 40; 20 mg) at 24 h intervals (n = 17); c) one shot (OD) of 70 mg pFSH plus 200 IU of eCG (Novormon, Syntex) administered 36 h before sponge removal (n = 17). In MD andTD groups, the pFSH injections started in Day 8 of progestagen treatment. The follicles were aspirated just after the sponge removal using laparoscopic oocyte recovery (LOR). This procedure was performed with a 22-gauge needle and a vacuum pump at 30 mmHg. The collection medium was TCM-199 supplemented with HEPES (10 mM), heparin (20 IU mL-1), and gentamicin sulfate (40 μg mL-1). COCs were classified as grade I, II, III, or IV based on visual criteria (Baldassarre H et al. 2003 Theriogenology 56, 831-839). Good quality oocytes (grade I and II) were incubated in TCM-199 supplemented with cysteamine (100 μM), EGF (10 ng mL-1) and gentamicin sulfate (40 μgm L-1) at 38.5°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 in air for 24 h. Oocyte maturation was assessed by the visualization of first polar body under inverted microscope. Data were expressed as percentages and analyzed using the Fischer’s exact test. No statistical differences among hormonal treatments (P > 0.05) were observed for the percentage of the good quality oocytes, with 70.4 ± 3.0% of COCs graded in I and II. The IVM rate inTD (31.4%) was statistically lower than MD (31.4% v. 46.5%, P = 0.04) group. However, no significant differences (P = 0.89) were observed between OD (45.2%) and MD groups. Thus, current results indicate that oocyte production for IVM can be facilitated using ovarian stimulation with the one shot FSH/eCG regime without affecting meiotic competence. In summary, OD and MD treatments can be used for oocyte IVM in an embryo production programme in Canindé goats. This study was supported by the following Brazilian agencies: FINEP, CNPq, FUNCAP, and CAPES.

In recent years, the phenomenon of pits with special deposits, i.e. ritual pits, seems to have, once again, attracted attention both in Europe and in the Balkans. In the central Balkans, scientific literature related to this topic is still deficient, hence one of the objectives of this paper is to change the current state and rekindle interest in the study of this form of manifestation of the spiritual culture of prehistoric man. It appears that one of the oldest reasons for sacrificial offerings is primal, instinctive fear. The fear of the transience of life or of death compelled our ancient ancestors to make some sort of ?agreement? with the surrounding forces, bestowing particular sacrifices onto them. Sacrifice represents one of the rituals of prehistoric communities which could have been performed in a number of ways and in different circumstances. One of these are offerings placed in pits, in the form of specific objects, food, drink or living beings sacrificed to higher powers and accompanied by certain symbolic actions, for the purpose of gaining their favour or help. When interpreting pits, what should further be considered is that the fundamental difference between a discarded object and an object used for a ritual purpose lies in the fact that the object of ritual character is still meaningful to man, performing a symbolic function, unlike the former, whose role is lost after being disposed of. Aritual object, an item or a living being sacrificed in a pit, is no longer of common, worldly significance (food, drink, tools, etc.), but rather possesses a symbolic, sacral meaning, intended for higher powers, to propitiate and appease them, that is to create some form of the oldest religious communication. Not only is it difficult to identify the pits used for ritual purposes in the course of fieldwork, but it is even more challenging to interpret them and practically impossible to accurately reconstruct the actions performed during the rituals. Many authors who concern themselves with this topic concur that the context of a pit and the objects within it, the choice of offerings and their symbolism, along with the pit?s stratigraphy and other patterns observed in it, are in fact the features that make it distinct, i.e. ritual. Similar pits are known throughout history and their descriptions can be found in ancient written sources, as well as identified in the field, with certain differences, stretching back all the way into deep prehistory. This paper presents several newly discovered ritual pits in the central Balkans from the Eneolithic, Bronze and Iron Age, and additionally mentions some of the previously published pits from the area and its near and more distant surroundings. In the course of recent investigations conducted at the site of Bubanj, two ritual pits were recorded in the Early Eneolithic horizon of the Bubanj-Hum I culture. Next to the first, shallower (up to 0.2 m), oval shaped pit, of around 2.5 m long and 1.7 m wide, an oven was noted, while the pit was filled with whole vessels, parts of grindstones, chipped and polished stone tools, baked clay, animal bones, etc. (Figs. 1, 2; Pl. I). Two smaller hollows were noted in the northern part of the pit, while several postholes, which might have supported some kind of roof or shelter construction, were detected somewhat deeper in the subsoil, around the oven and the pit. Below this pit, a smaller one was noted, around 0.7 m deep and with a base diameter of about 1.2 m, filled with yellow, sandy, refined soil. The bottom of the pit was dug to the level of the subsoil and levelled. The second ritual pit from Bubanj was considerably deeper (around 1.5 m) and approximately 1.7 m in diameter, with baked walls and filled with red ashy soil. It contained fragmented or whole vessels, chipped stone tools, a part of an altar, an air nozzle (tuy?res), a polished stone axe, tools made of horn, a fragment of a grindstone, pebbles, house daub and animal bones (Fig. 3; Pl. II). Part of the inventory had been burnt, particularly in the lower section of the pit. This paper also mentions the Late Eneolithic pit from Vinca, containing eight whole vessels in an inverted position (Fig. 4; Pl. III), as well as the Bronze Age complexes from Kokino Selo and Pelince, in northern Macedonia (Figs. 5, 6), comprising several dozen pits, commonly with a broken stone construction, in which whole vessels, along with tools made from chipped and polished stone, baked clay or bone and large amounts of daub were discovered. In the Iron Age, the number of ritual pits significantly increased in all of Europe and, from this period, two pits from the area surrounding Vranje are presented - one with mixed contents (the skulls, without the lower jaw, of at least six male wild boars, as well as the skulls, lower jaws, right pelvic bones and shoulder blades of at least six deer, along with parts of grindstones, pottery and daub fragments and a chipped stone tool) and the other with a complete skeleton of a young female horse, a baked clay weight and chipped stone flaking debris (Figs. 7, 8; Pl. IV).1 The pits were dated, by means of conventional C14 dating, to the period from the mid-6th to the mid-4th century BC.2 By comparing and analysing a large number of pits from the central Balkans and the neighbouring areas, it was observed that ritual pits, as a form of an ancient, primitive religiosity, had already emerged in the Palaeolithic and endured in Europe throughout the entire prehistory, despite various natural and social changes that occurred during this extended period. The pits proved to have been located both outside inhabited areas, as well as in settlements (even under houses), either individually or clustered, and in some cases also constituting entire complexes, with protective architecture in the form of a roof or a shelter (Bubanj, Ohoden). The surface areas occupied by the complexes, along with the dimensions and shapes of the pits, the stratigraphy of their contents, their architecture and many other elements vary considerably, even within a single complex. It is for this reason that it is not possible, at this moment in time, at least without very detailed and comprehensive analysis, to discern some regularities or patterns which could, with any certainty, be considered reliable. This primeval custom, therefore, cannot be linked to any particular period, culture or region, but was entirely dependent on the state or level of the spiritual consciousness of an individual or a community. This religious idea started to decline during the Roman domination and vanished entirely at the time of Christianity.

In the recent years, Physical Unclonable Functions(PUFs) are emerged to be one of the lightweight hardware security primitives for device authentication, identification, such as Internet of things (IoT). IoT comprises connection of multiple number of nodes (devices) for exchanging the information across different networks. PUFs can sense the minute and unavoidable process variations during the fabrication process and generates the unique number of challenge-response pairs(CRPs), which can be stored and extensively used for secure associations between smart devices in IoT. Arbiter PUFs and ring oscillator PUFs are most commonly used strong PUFs in current day scenario. The conventional Linear arbiter PUFs are suffers from low reliability and vulnerable to Machine Learning attacks. In this paper, we proposed a Current starved Inverter (CSI) based arbiter PUF which enhances the non- linearity and randomness. The Proposed architecture was simulated using cadence spectre CMOS 45nm technology and estimated its metrics such as uniqueness reliability and uniformity.

In Wireless communication system VCO is major part which regulates the frequency according to the voltage. Ring oscillator of one type of VCO is used. The topology of Ring oscillator is current starved Ring VCO, is used. In this topology the oscillation frequency is regulated by MOS capacitance. MOS capacitance is added at the end of every stage of inverter.180 nm CMOS technology is used in this paper. The supply voltage is 1.8V and control voltage is varied from 0V to 1.8V. The simulated results are shown that good tuning range from 2.06GHz to 2.62 GHz. which is used in application of wireless system. The phase noise is measured -112dbc/Hz at 1MHz.

This paper shows a structure of current starved inverter-based CMOS thyristor oscillator which is utilized to drive the counters that go about as a segment in the elapsed time counter. The performance of this oscillator is improved using a temperature independent biasing circuit that utilizes low power. The design incorporates utilization of trim bits at different process corners to shift the frequency. As the oscillator works with a battery supply, the output variations across supply are compromised. On – chip oscillator is implemented in a silicon area of 0.003064 mm² using UMC180 CMOS technology. Output shows a low power low frequency performance compared to a regular on- chip oscillator.