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1
Motalo, Andrij, and Vasil Motalo. "ANALYSIS OF CALORIMETRIC METHOD OF MEASUREMENT OF NATURAL GAS CALORIFIC VALUE." Measuring Equipment and Metrology 82, no. 3 (2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcmtm2021.03.032.
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The article considers the current methods of measuring the calorific value of natural gas which are valid in the upto-date gasometry. The procedure for measuring the gross and net volume-basis specific calorific value of natural gas by the calorimetric method is analyzed. It is shown that to increase the accuracy and validity of measurement results, the experiment to determine the values of gross and net volume-basis specific calorific should be performed for at least 5 samples of the investigated gas. A methodology for estimating the accuracy of measuring the gross and net volume-basis specific calorific values of natural gas by the calorimetric method by finding estimates of the uncertainty of the obtained measurement results taking into account both random and systematic influencing factors are developed. The uncertainty budgets for measuring the gross and net volumebasis-specific calorific values of natural gas have been developed for the practical implementation of the methodology. The results of experimental studies of samples of one of the natural gas fields are given and the objective values of the gross and net volumebasis specific calorific with estimates of extended uncertainty are obtained.
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Gane, Nicholas. "Measure, Value and the Current Crises of Sociology." Sociological Review 59, no. 2_suppl (2011): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2012.02054.x.
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This paper returns to C. Wright Mills' The Sociological Imagination to make an argument about the crisis of sociological method and theory today. Mills' famous text opens with a stinging critique of abstracted empiricism and grand theory on the grounds that they fetishize either methods or concepts. It is argued that Mills' critique can be applied to current sociological practices and thinking. The first part of this paper centres on questions of method, and reads between Mills' critique of abstracted empiricism and a recent debate over what Mike Savage and Roger Burrows call the ‘coming crisis of empirical sociology’. In the light of this, it is argued that two crises currently haunt empirical sociology: a crisis of imagination and measurement. The second part of the paper then moves to the analysis of what Mills calls ‘grand theory’. Here, two parallel crises are identified: a generational crisis within social theory that is tied in turn to what might be called a crisis of the concept. The conclusion of the paper returns to Mills in order to rethink his vision of the promise or value of sociology. It is argued that innovative conceptual work must lie at the heart of future sociological thinking if it is to move beyond the parallel traps of what Mills calls abstracted empiricism and grand theory.
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Hu, Jun Sheng, Lei Guan, Jia Li Dong, Ying Wang, and Ying Yong Duan. "The Application and Research of Electrochemical Method Treating Acid Red 3R Simulation Wastewater by Response Surface Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1258–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1258.
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Using electrochemical oxidation method treats the acid red 3R simulation wastewater, investigates the influence of current density, electrolyte concentration, pH-value and aeration and their interaction on the removal rate of chroma. Through the design of Box-Benhnken Design(BBD) and the response surface analysis, the influence sequence of all variables is current density > aeration > electrolyte concentration > pH-value, the influence sequence of all interaction is electrolyte concentration-aeration > current density-aeration ,electrolyte concentration-pH value > current density-pH value > pH value-aeration > current density-electrolyte concentration. Ultimately, the optimal value is 98.4915% under the condition of current density of 6.51mA/cm2,electrolyte concentration of 0.04mol/L,pH-value of 4.17 and aeration of 0.24m3/h.
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Zhang, Xipeng, Nengling Tai, Pan Wu, Xiaodong Zheng, and Wentao Huang. "A Fault Line Selection Method for DC Distribution Network Using Multiple Observers." Energies 12, no. 7 (2019): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12071245.
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This paper proposes a method of fault line selection for a DC distribution network. Firstly, the 1-mode current is calculated using the measured currents of the positive and the negative line. Then, it is time reversed and further decomposed by wavelet technology. Secondly, the lossless mirror line network is established according to the parameters and the topology of the DC distribution network. Thirdly, it is presumed that several virtual current sources are employed at the locations where the corresponding observers are, and the values of these current sources are equal to the processed 1-mode currents. Fourthly, a fault is placed at every point of the lossless mirror line network the RMS value of every assumed fault current is calculated. During this process, the phase coefficient of every lossless mirror line is set to vary along with the length of the line obeying Gaussian distribution. Finally, the line with the peak value of the RMS values of the currents is selected as the fault line. The result of fault line selection is updated using the fewest observers that are set in advance according to the initial result. A DC distribution network is simulated in PSCAD/EMDTC to verify the correctness of the proposed method.
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Li, Xiao Yong, Kang Xu, Li Jun Cao, and Si Yuan Wang. "Cost Management Method with Value Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2114.
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The use of value engineering in China has grown significantly in the last twenty years. With keen competition in construction market, the cost control is the key measure to increase the economic benefits in the company and enhance the core competency of enterprises. This paper makes a holistic appraisal of value engineering as used in Chinese construction industry by investigating current theory and practice. It evaluates value engineering projects. This research suggests a methodology for the cost control process in construction enterprise, aiming at the correct systematic approach of Value Engineering and target-costing in cost management. The value engineering and target-costing are complementary processes. This proposed approach was validated in a case study, aiming at improved product cost, functionality and quality accomplishment, in accordance with customer needs and the company strategy.
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Czarnigowska, Agata. "Earned value method as a tool for project control." Budownictwo i Architektura 3, no. 2 (2008): 015–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.2320.
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Earned Value is a well-known project management tool that uses information on cost, schedule and work performance to establish the current status of the project. By means of a few simple rates, it allows the manager to extrapolate current trends to predict their likely final effect. The method is based on a simpli-fied model of a project, but proved to be useful in practice of cost control. It is being developed to account better for schedule and time aspects. The paper outlines the basic principles of the method and its recent extension, the Earned Schedule method, and, with help of a few examples, investigates into assumptions that affect their diagnostic and predictive accuracy.
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Loman, M. S., and V. S. Kachenya. "DETECTION OF CURRENT CIRCUITS FAULT FOR DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT PROTECTION." ENERGETIKA. Proceedings of CIS higher education institutions and power engineering associations 61, no. 2 (2018): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1029-7448-2018-61-2-108-117.
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False operation of the differential current protection leads to tripping of the most important electrical power objects. Fault of current transformer’s secondary circuits is one of the most often cause of false operation of the differential current protection. Early determination of this malfunction increases the reliability of the differential current protection and reduces the number of false trips. In the present article the methods of secondary open circuit determining for the differential protection are described. Some of the methods react instantly to the malfunction of secondary current circuits, and the other part identifies fault after a certain time delay. Each of considered methods has its advantages and disadvantages. A new method for determination secondary open current circuits based on the analysis of increments of the RMS values of differential and braking currents has been proposed. In this case, increments are calculated for half the period of the industrial frequency, which provides quick fault determining. The use of the sum and the difference between the increments of the brake and differential currents makes it possible to determine the open circuits in the most sensitive way. The method can be adapted to work with any type of differential protection, including transformer protection. The evaluation of the increment of the RMS current value is performed taking into account the transient process in the Fourier filter. With the aid of a computational experiment, the error limit of such an estimate is determined. The block diagram of algorithm of determination of open circuits on the basis of the analysis of increments of the acting values of brake and differential currents is presented; the principle of its functioning is described. The parameters of operation are determined. The limits of sensitivity of the method are determined, too. The time characteristics of the algorithm have been determined by the method of computational experiment with the of the MatLab Simulink simulation environment.
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Anggriani, Yeni, Helmi Yazid, and Muhamad Taqi. "Fair Value Non-Current Asset, Koneksi Politik, dan Audit Fee." AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review) 3, no. 2 (2021): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i2.4708.
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This study aims to determine the effect of fair value non-current asset on the determination of audit fee and to know moderating effect of political connection between fair value non -current asset and audit fee in financial companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method of research analysis used in this research is descriptive method. Population in this research is financial companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange with sample of 25 companies by using purposive sampling method in period 2016-2018. The data used is secondary data collected by documentation technique. In analyzing the data, this study used a test tool of ordinary least square (OLS) analysis and moderation regression analysis (MRA). The result of this research indicates that fair value non-current asset influence audit fee and this research show that the political connection can’t moderate of fair value non-current asset toward audit fee. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i2.4708
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Meng, Zhao Wei, and Pei Chao Yu. "Value-at-Risk Estimation Based on Empirical Likelihood Method." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.1.
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Value at Risk ( ) is a method using statistical knowledge to measure financial risks, and its calculating core is to estimate or predicate fluctuation of the financial assets price. In recent years, the main method of estimating and predicating fluctuation of the financial assets price is the GARCH model. So to determine a reasonable GARCH model becomes the crux of calculating. In this paper, we proposed using empirical likelihood method to estimate , and we also proved that the empirical likelihood method is more effective and more concise than other current methods by simulation analysis.
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SOBCZYK, JAN. "CURRENT-CURRENT CORRELATION FUNCTION ON ALGEBRAIC CURVES." Modern Physics Letters A 08, no. 12 (1993): 1153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732393002634.
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We derive an explicit expression for a current-current correlation function on a Riemann surface represented as 3 sheets ramified covering over CP(1). The method used in the paper can be easily applied to more general algebraic curves. Knowledge of G(z, w) enables calculation of the expectation value of the energy momentum tensor for scalar field.
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Ramlau-Hansen, H. "Life Insurance Accounting at Current Values: A Danish View." British Actuarial Journal 3, no. 3 (1997): 655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321700005079.
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ABSTRACTTraditional life insurance accounting standards rely on various types of book and cost values, the result being that the income and balance sheet statements do not necessarily give a true and transparent picture of the result of the life business. As examples, assets are typically stated at a mix of cost, current and amortised cost values, whereas life insurance provisions are calculated according to the approved technical basis.In this paper, it is suggested that this deficiency can be corrected by preparing life insurance accounts at current value. The proposed method implies that the life insurance provisions shall amount to the present value of the company's net liabilities to the policyholders including a provision for future bonus distribution. Moreover, any unrealized investment reserves are thrown into light, and it is shown how a bonus equalization provision at current value may serve as a key indicator of the financial strength of the company.The method has been designed primarily for the Danish market, but aspects of the method should be of relevance more widely.Finally, the results are illustrated by a number of numerical examples.
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Jaijairam, Paul. "Fair Value Accounting vs. Historical Cost Accounting." Review of Business Information Systems (RBIS) 17, no. 1 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/rbis.v17i1.7579.
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This paper reviews fair value accounting method relative to historical cost accounting. Although both methods are widely used by entities in computing their income and financial positions, there is controversy over superiority. Historical cost accounting reports assets and liabilities at the initial price they were exchanged for at the time of the transaction. Conversely, fair value accounting quotes the prevailing price in the market. Nevertheless, while both methods of accounting affect financial statements, the impact of fair value accounting on the balance sheet and income statement is extreme due to the potential volatility of the method. Fair value accounting is deemed superior when compared to historical cost accounting because it reflects the current situation in the market whereas the later is based on the past. In addition, in relative terms, fair value accounting provides users with more current financial information and visibility.
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Gromov, Victor, Vladimir Kuznetsov, Sergey Konovalov, et al. "Estimation of Current Amplitude Pulse." Advanced Materials Research 1013 (October 2014): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1013.166.
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Method of estimation of current amplitude (~10 kA) pulses constructed by powerful current pulse generator is suggested. It bases on the solution of differential equation current and voltage change on capacitor. The final formula consists of maximum value of capacitor charge, maximum negative voltage value, pulse duration and capacitor value.
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Stentsel, Y., O. Porkuian, K. Litvinov, and T. Sotnikova. "Mathematical Models of Additional Measurement Errors of Control Means." Metrology and instruments, no. 2 (May 3, 2019): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/2307-2180(2)2019.43-51.
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Studies have shown that under industrial conditions there is rarely a correction of the current measurement result when the influencing parameter deviates from the normalized value. The existing method of determining the additional measurement error is that in order to obtain the real value of the measurement result, the correction is calculated, which leads to the current value of indexes of control means. The correction value is determined by dividing the degree of the influencing parameter deviation by the normalized value of the additional error. This method of determining the correction is not accurate enough, since it does not take into account the nonlinear dependence of the additional measurement error on the change in the influencing parameter, as well as on the current value of the output signal of control means. To determine the real value of the measured parameter and the additional error, the method of integral-type functional is proposed. The essence of the method is in determining the difference of planes under the nominal and current parts of the static characteristic, limited by the measurement range. It is shown that the planes difference depends on the current and real values of the output signal of control means, as well as on the influencing parameter deviation. The method allows calculating the real values of the measured parameter only by the output signal of control means and the current values of the influencing parameter. The dependencies between the real value of the measured parameter, the current value of the output signal of control means and the influencing parameter deviation are established.
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Ewans, Kevin C. "A Response-Based Method for Developing Joint Metocean Criteria for On-Bottom Pipeline Stability." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 125, no. 2 (2003): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1555114.
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A response-based method for deriving joint metocean criteria for the on-bottom stability design of submarine pipelines is described. The method consists of applying a response function to convert a long time history of ocean wave and current conditions into a corresponding pipe response time history, from which extreme values and the joint metocean criteria can be obtained. In the case of designing for the 100-year return period conditions, the joint criteria are defined as either the value of the steady current to associate with the wave conditions that have a return period of 100 years or the value of the wave conditions to associate with the value of the steady current that has a return period of 100 years. The method involves first determining the extreme values, of the waves, currents and the responses, such as those with a 100-year return period, and then deriving the pair of wave and current combinations by inverting the response function at the 100-year return period level. Response functions for both the traditional static design approach and the state-of-the-art dynamic simulation design approach are presented. Both response functions are expressed in terms of the pipe weight per unit pipe length required for the pipe to be stable. In the case of the traditional approach, this is the weight required to keep the pipe static on the sea bed; but in the case of the dynamic approach, it is the weight that will allow a maximum lateral pipe displacement of three pipe diameters. The dynamic response function was developed from the AGA Level-3 pipeline stability software, by performing pipeline response simulations for many combinations of different sea state and steady current conditions. Joint wave and current criteria obtained from the response functions, for two test locations, are compared and evaluated against both the independent wave and current criteria and the joint criteria values recommended in design codes. A method is also outlined on how the response functions may be used to make estimates of the pipeline reliability with respect to on-bottom stabilization.
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Gao, Han, Zhang, Xiao, Zhao, and Li. "Study on Fault Current Characteristics and Current Limiting Method of Plug-In Devices in VSC-DC Distribution System." Energies 12, no. 16 (2019): 3159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163159.
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The DC (Direct Current) distribution system based on the voltage source converter (VSC-DC) has become a research hotspot due to its various advantages. There are many plug-in devices in the VSC-DC distribution system, which may be damaged by the fault current. Therefore, studying the fault current characteristics and current limiting method is one of the key methods to ensure the safe and stable operation of the VSC-DC distribution system. Based on theoretical analysis and simulation calculations, this paper studies the causes, influencing factors, and current limiting methods of the fault current when the pole-to-pole fault occurs at the line side of plug-in devices in a ±10 kV VSC-DC distribution system. Firstly, based on the system topology, the decisive fault condition of fault current and the design principle of current limiting reactor value are analyzed. Secondly, the theoretical calculation methods of fault current and current limiting reactor value which satisfies the breaking capacity of DC circuit breaker are proposed. Finally, the accuracy of theoretical calculation methods is verified by simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC (Power Systems Computer Aided Design/ Electromagnetic Transients including DC). The research results could provide the theoretical calculation methods of the fault current and the current limiting reactor value of plug-in devices in the ±10 kV VSC-DC distribution system.
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Luo, Jian. "Electronic Components Thermal Stability Analysis of PCB Plate Based on the Micro Unit Heat Balance Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 513-517 (February 2014): 3175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.513-517.3175.
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In the thermal stability analysis of electronic equipment, usually we obtain the temperature by quasi circuit method and analytic method. Quasi circuit method is to use the method of circuit analysis, and the heat flux in electronic equipment is simulated into current value in short circuit analysis. The temperature is simulated into a voltage of the circuit. The values of conductance and resistance are simulated into some other valued of circuit components. Analytical method is set space function subordinate relationship value of temperature in electronic equipment. Usually these two methods are desirable, but in the actual design, due to the large computational quantity of quasi circuit method and analytic method, the calculation is complex. Therefore, we combine these methods to solve some traditional disadvantages using micro unit heat balance method, which provides a new method for optimal portfolio.
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Aswani Kumar, Eedara, Koritala Chandra Sekhar, and Rayapudi Srinivasa Rao. "Model Predictive Current Control of a Three-Phase T-Type NPC Inverter to Reduce Common Mode Voltage." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 02 (2017): 1850028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126618500287.
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This paper presents a reduced control set model predictive control (RCSMPC) method for three-phase T-type neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter. The whole control set (WCS) consists of all the 27 switching states of T-type NPC inverter. The reduced control set (RCS) with 19 switching states is formed from WCS by excluding the switching states with common mode voltage (CMV) value higher than one-sixth of input DC voltage [Formula: see text]. With RCS, single-objective model predictive current control method can restrict the CMV peak value to [Formula: see text]. To further reduce the CMV below this threshold, a cost function with the weighted sum of two control targets is formulated in the RCSMPC method. The two control targets of RCSMPC method are CMV mitigation and load current control. The weight for CMV is called bias factor. The RCSMPC method is computationally efficient, as the number of switching states is less than that of WCSMPC. To further reduce the computational burden, CMV values corresponding to all the switching states are calculated offline and stored in memory. Robustness of both the methods is investigated with parameter deviations at different bias factors and reference currents. The proposed method is validated using simulation and experimental results and compared with the existing methods.
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Kotzé, Antonie, and Paul du Preez. "Current exposure method for CCP’s under Basel III." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 3, no. 1 (2013): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv3i1c1art2.
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Exposure-at-default is one of the most interesting and most difficult parameters to estimate in counterparty credit risk. Basel I offered only the non-internal Current Exposure Method for estimating this quantity whilst Basel II further introduced the Standardized Method and an Internal Model Method. Under new Basel III rules a central counterparty is defined as being a financial institution. New principles set out by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision forces Central Counterparties in using the Current Exposure Method when estimating the credit exposures to Clearing Member banks notwithstanding its shortcomings. The Current Exposure Method relies on the Value-at-Risk methodology and its characteristics are discussed in this note. We will particularly investigate exposures to SAFCOM, the South African clearing house and point to a mathematical discrepancy on how netting is effected through the Basel accord.
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Lee, Won Seok, and Joon Moon. "Development of a Personal Values Scale For Tourism Using a Mixed Method." Tourism Culture & Communication 20, no. 4 (2020): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/194341420x15915043095820.
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This study aims to develop cross-cultural value measurement scales that can overcome established methodological problems and test the dimensional frameworks of the scale with non-Asian respondents. It applies a mixed-method approach to observe intrinsic, nationally distinct values, and develop a generalized values measurement scale. This study found new value dimensions that were not present in the previous value studies (i.e., life balance, emotional growth, family union, and friendship) and provided segmented subdimensions (i.e., balancing between work and rest, time management, rewards of investment, and self-examination). This complements and enhances the current body of knowledge on value measurement.
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Zhang, Zhen Peng, Shao Xin Meng, Jian Kang Zhao, and Wen Bin Rao. "Test Method for Verification Power Cable DTS System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.621.
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The verification test method on DTS system for power cable conductor-temperature calculation accuracy is described in this paper. The DTS temperature measure accuracy and positional accuracy are tests firstly. During the test a power cable laying in tunnel and applying different load currents ,the conductor-temperature measured value and the DTS system calculated value were compared. Testing process are employs the T-type thermocouple for conductor-temperature measure. DTS system calculates the conductor-temperature according to load current, over-sheath temperature etc. The difference between measured and calculated value were analyzed and compared, that was used for verify the accuracy of the power cable conductor temperature calculated by the DTS system.
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Garg, Mukesh, and Dean Hanlon. "The value relevance of fair value accounting: Evidence from the real estate industry." Corporate Ownership and Control 9, no. 4-4 (2012): 408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv9i4c4art4.
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This study examines whether investors use the fair value of real estate investments in the balance sheet, and unrealized fair value gains and losses in the income statement, in their price setting process. Drawing on sample firms from the real estate development industry in New Zealand, the results of the current study suggest that: (1) unrealized fair value gains and losses on real estate investments have incremental value relevance compared to historical cost earnings, controlling for the method of recognition of the fair value gain or loss; and (2) current fair value of real estate investments has incremental value over historical book value of real estate investments. Such investigation is important given the current international debate concerning fair value accounting
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Dente, Gregory C., and Michael L. Tilton. "Solution Method for Mixed Boundary Value Problems: Applications to Current Injection in Semiconductor Lasers." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 49, no. 4 (2013): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jqe.2013.2248344.
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Wong, David W. S. "Issues in the Current Practices of Spatial Cluster Detection and Exploring Alternative Methods." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (2021): 9848. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189848.
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Local Moran and local G-statistic are commonly used to identify high-value (hot spot) and low-value (cold spot) spatial clusters for various purposes. However, these popular tools are based on the concept of spatial autocorrelation or association (SA), but do not explicitly consider if values are high or low enough to deserve attention. Resultant clusters may not include areas with extreme values that practitioners often want to identify when using these tools. Additionally, these tools are based on statistics that assume observed values or estimates are highly accurate with error levels that can be ignored or are spatially uniform. In this article, problems associated with these popular SA-based cluster detection tools were illustrated. Alternative hot spot-cold spot detection methods considering estimate error were explored. The class separability classification method was demonstrated to produce useful results. A heuristic hot spot-cold spot identification method was also proposed. Based on user-determined threshold values, areas with estimates exceeding the thresholds were treated as seeds. These seeds and neighboring areas with estimates that were not statistically different from those in the seeds at a given confidence level constituted the hot spots and cold spots. Results from the heuristic method were intuitively meaningful and practically valuable.
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Najafzadeh, Kaveh, and Hosein Heydari. "New Inverter Fault Current Limiting Method by Considering Microgrid Control Strategy." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.1647.
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In this paper we present an approach for fault current limiting (FCL) in inverters of a Microgrid. For this purpose, which is based on the control system employed in Microgrid, we select the proper FCL technique. In this research it is represented that FCL inverter current with limited magnitude of id and iq that are used in PQ control don’t have a good behavior in V-F controlled DG. Current limiting by decreasing the output voltage of DG is performed by the value of inverter reduction of the voltage that is selected by paying attention to the maximum current that is allowed through inverter, this value is two times of the rated current of inverter
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Chen, Chang Nian, and Rui Zhu. "An Improved Direct Current Prediction Method for Intra Coding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.749.
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Direct current mode is one of the primary prediction modes for intra coding. In the coding standard, it has not concerned the spatial correlations between neighboring pixels, which limits its coding performance. To address this problem, an improved prediction method is proposed in this paper. In the prediction scheme, prediction pixel uses its available neighbor samples and its value is set to be the mean of the references. The reference samples are not only from other encoder blocks but also pixels predicted in current block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method advances in both coding performance and coding efficiency, compared with the existing method.
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Gong, Maofa, Ran Zheng, Linyuan Hou, Jingyu Wei, and Na Wu. "A Method for Identification of Transformer Inrush Current Based on Box Dimension." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2095896.
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Magnetizing inrush current can lead to the maloperation of transformer differential protection. To overcome such an issue, a method is proposed to distinguish inrush current from inner fault current based on box dimension. According to the fundamental difference in waveform between the two, the algorithm can extract the three-phase current and calculate its box dimensions. If the box dimension value is smaller than the setting value, it is the inrush current; otherwise, it is inner fault current. Using PSACD and MATLAB, the simulation has been performed to prove the efficiency reliability of the presented algorithm in distinguishing inrush current and fault current.
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Sukarasa, I. Ketut, and Ida Bagus Alit Paramarta. "Identification of the groundwater existence by geoelectrical method." International journal of physical sciences and engineering 4, no. 2 (2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijpse.v4n2.450.
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Research has been carried out to identify the presence of subsurface water in Selulung Village, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency using 2D geoelectric methods. The work process of this research is the first to collect data directly by using a geoelectric device with Wenner configuration. Electric currents are injected from the surface to the subsurface through the current electrodes which are put on the earth's surface. The collected data is then processed using the Res2Din software version 3.71.118. The software results in the form of 2D images are direct lateral images of subsurface structures. From the three trajectories identified, namely at the coordinates 8°12'18.7"S 115°16'08.3"E the lowest resistivity value was 178 Ohm m with a depth of 10 m which was thought to be a rock layer with surface water content. On line 2 at coordinates 8°12'16.1"S 115°16'09.7"E the resistivity value is 6 ohm.m up to 660,000 ohm.m, the maximum depth obtained is 24 m. This line is thought to be a water-bearing layer because the value of resistance is low. Line 3 which is in the coordinates 8°12'16.3"S 115°15'50.0"E the distribution of resistivity values varies from 42 - 9,400 Ohm m.
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Bondarenko, Igor, and Oleg Avrunin. "ON THE EXCITATION OF LOCAL ELECTRIC CURRENT IN THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT." Innovative Technologies and Scientific Solutions for Industries, no. 1 (15) (March 31, 2021): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/itssi.2021.15.106.
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The subject of the study in the article is to study the method of excitation of human body tissues using an electric current. The purpose of the work is to develop a method for exciting local current in a human body affecting the microcirculation of blood and excitability of local areas of muscle tissue during the treatment process. The article solves the following tasks: the creation of a model pattern of fabric, the rationale for the generation of electric current inside the sample, the development of the design of the current generation system and measuring the electrical response of the model sample of the tissue on the occurrence of electric current, determining the size and spatial current distribution in the model sample of the fabric, comparison The obtained current values with known and admissible in medical practice its values, determination of the advantages of the proposed method of excitation of current compared to the traditional used in medicine. The following methods were used: analysis of scientific publications for the subject of the study, the calculation of the expected current parameters in the model sample, the method of designing the nodes of the current generation and measurement system of the electrical response, the experimental method of excitation of the current and measuring the sample response to it. The following results were obtained: a new acoustic-magnetic method of exciting electric current in local areas of muscle tissue is justified, which allows determining for them the optimal values of the therapeutic current and the value of its threshold value. model samples of muscle tissue are created, a magnetohydrodynamic method of generating electric current inside the patient's body is justified, design of a system for generating current and measuring the electrical response of a model fabric sample to the occurrence of electric current in it; determining the magnitude and spatial distribution of the current in the model fabric sample; comparison of obtained current values with known and permissible values in medical practice and proved their safety for a person. Calculated ratios are obtained, which connect value of excited local current with parameters of ultrasonic radiation, external permanent magnetic field and biological medium. The materials have been found that the current density excited in the local area of the biological medium is independent of the ultrasound frequency and is determined mainly by the intensity of the ultrasound and the constant magnetic field. The advantages of the current excitation method according to the present invention over the conventional galvanic method of passing current through the patient's skin are the ability to generate current in any desired local area of the patient's tissue and its complete safety. Conclusions: The scientific foundations of the new method of excitation of local current inside the human body have been developed and experimentally tested on model samples. Using this method can significantly increase the effectiveness of the treatment process based on the effect of current on blood microcirculation in predetermined areas of muscle tissue and for the first time will allow distinguishing and determining with high accuracy thresholds of their excitability by electric current.
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Ge, Jiuhao, Chenkai Yang, Ping Wang, and Yongsheng Shi. "Defect Classification Using Postpeak Value for Pulsed Eddy-Current Technique." Sensors 20, no. 12 (2020): 3390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123390.
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In this paper, a feature termed as the postpeak value is proposed for the pulsed eddy current technique (PECT). Moreover, a method using the postpeak value is proposed to classify surface and reverse defects. A PECT system is built for verification purposes. Experiment results prove that the postpeak feature value has better performance than that of the traditional peak value in the case of reverse defect detection. In contrast, the peak value is better than the postpeak value in the case of surface defect detection. Experiment results also validate that the proposed classification algorithm has advantages: classification can be achieved in real time, the calculation process and results are easy to understand, and supervised training is unnecessary.
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METELYTSYA, Volodymyr, and Natalia KOVAL. "PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF ACCOUNTING FOR NON-CURRENT AND CURRENT TANGIBLE ASSETS IN BUDGETARY INSTITUTIONS." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 3 (53) (September 25, 2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2020-3-15.
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This article examines the current state of accounting support for current and non-current tangible assets in budgetary institutions. The analysis of the receipt of non-current tangible assets allowed us to focus on the issue of stagnation of the value criterion when assigning the asset to fixed assets or other non-current tangible assets. The application of the value criterion is currently an imperfect method of grouping non-current tangible assets by classification groups, because the definition of an asset in some cases depends on the supplier's taxation system. The definition of this problem allowed to suggest ways to solve it, where the first proposal is to refuse to separate value added tax from the price of the asset, and the second is to determine the asset by groups based on its properties without reference to its value. Each of the proposed proposals has its advantages, but given the inflationary factors and the instability of economic processes, the grouping of non-current tangible assets should be done by analyzing the characteristics, properties of the asset without reference to its value. The second part of this article is devoted to the study of the method of disposal of stocks received as a result of intra-departmental movement within the authorized body. It is established that this type of stocks has its own specifics associated with its receipt in the field of management and use in the activities of budgetary institutions. Taking into account these factors, the article proposes to legislate the disposal of this type of stock only by using the method of identified cost of the relevant unit of stock. This will ensure the reliability of the financial and budgetary reporting not only in a particular budgetary institution, but also in general by the authorized body. The proposed improvements in the accounting of non-current and current tangible assets will improve the financial and budgetary reporting of budgetary institutions, bring budgetary accounting to international and European standards, as well as improve the quality of planning in budgetary institutions.
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Biswas, Chandan Kumar, Ritanjali Sethi, and Soumya Gangopadhyay. "Micro-Hardness Study on AISI P20 Steel Using Taguchi Method." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 319–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.319.
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A well-designed experimental were conducted with L18 Orthogonal Array (OA) based on the Taguchi method with input factors discharge current, pulse on time, lift time and flushing pressure. Micro hardness was measured and the mean of the observed values were plotted. The factors effecting the micro-hardness of the work-piece has been obtained. It is inferred that micro-hardness value increases with increase in discharge current and decreases with increase in Pulse on Time. The optimal condition for minimum hardness was found to be discharge current (Ip) = 2A, pulse on time (Ton) = 500μs, lift time (Tup)= 1.4 ms and flushing pressure (Fp)= 0.2 kgf/cm2.
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Hafeez, Kamran, Shahid A. Khan, Alex Van den Bossche, and Qadeer Ul Hasan. "Circulating Current Reduction in MMC-HVDC System Using Average Model." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (2019): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071383.
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: Modular multilevel converters (MMCs) are quickly emerging as a suitable technology for a voltage-source converter-based high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems due to its numerous advantages as reported in literature. However, for a large DC-network, MMCs require large numbers of sub-modules (SMs) and switches, which makes its modeling very challenging and computationally complex using electromagnetic transient (EMT) programs. Average Value Model (AVM) provides a relatively better solution to model MMCs by combining cells as an arm equivalent circuit. Circulating current is an important issue related to the performance and stability of MMCs. Due to circulating currents, power loss in a converter increases as root mean square (RMS) values of the arm current increases. The traditional method for inserting SMs in each arm is based on direct modulation, which does not compensate for the arm voltage oscillations, and generates circulating current in each leg of a three-phase MMC. This paper presents a new method for reducing the circulating current by adding 2nd and 4thharmonics in the upper and lower arm currents of an MMC. Less capacitor energy variations reobtained by the proposed method compared to traditional direct modulation methods. The proposed method is tested on a common symmetrical monopole (point-to-point) MMC-HVDC system using vector current control strategy in PSCAD/EMTDC software. Analytical and simulation results show the effectiveness of the new method in minimizing the circulating current and arm voltage oscillation reductions as compared to the direct modulation approach.
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Smetherman, Dana H. "Understanding the Current Procedural Terminology Process." Journal of Breast Imaging 1, no. 2 (2019): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbz002.
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Abstract This article describes the method by which U.S. health care services are valued and reimbursed, and the essential role practicing physicians, including breast imaging radiologists, and medical specialty societies play in this process. The American Medical Association has described the method for developing new and revised Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes as a 3-legged stool, with patient care as the seat supported by its legs: the CPT process (where the work is described), the Relative Value Scale Update Committee (RUC) process (where the work is valued), and coverage by Medicare (where the work is paid). Although the future direction of health care payment policy in the USA is uncertain and difficult to predict, CPT codes remain the foundation for the reimbursement of physician services. A working knowledge of the CPT process can be valuable to breast imaging radiologists, both for managing their practices at the current time and preparing them for future changes in payment policy.
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Tomczuk, Bronisław, Dawid Wajnert, and Jan Zimon. "Influence of Bias Current Value on Properties of Active Magnetic Bearing." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.513.
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The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of bias current value on the active magnetic bearing (AMB) performance. The numerical simulation results were compared with the experimental ones. Two variants were examined. In the first one, the bias current was set to half of its maximal value. In the second case, the bias current was equal to zero. It should be noted, that in both variants of the AMB the simple PID regulator has been assumed as a controller with constant parameters. The transients have been simulated with using field-circuit method. We obtained the characteristics of the magnetic force verso the control current and rotor position. The force has been calculated using the magnetic field analysis method [1, . The transients from the computer simulation were used for determination of the AMB stability. Thus, launch of the machine should be examined against its destruction. Both, the computer simulation results and measurement ones have shown that the AMB system can be controlled by the linear regulator without any bias current. However, lack of the bias current causes higher time of the rotor settling and increases overshoot magnitude.
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Korshunov, Anatoly I., Khomyak A. Valentin, and Irina D. Vasilyeva. "Frequency-current method of controlling an asynchronous three-phase motor." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre 4, no. 394 (2020): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2020-4-394-129-136.
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Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses the method for controlling an asynchronous motor (AM), based on maintaining the optimal frequency of the rotor currents, which corresponds to the maximum electromagnetic moment of the rotor, and controlling its value by regulating the stator currents.
 Materials and methods. The mathematical model of asynchronous motor adopted in this study assumed the stator to be powered by a controlled three-phase AC generator. The functional diagram of motor speed control system and its digital model in the Matlab Simulink system have been developed.
 Main results. The constructed mathematical model of AM is correct under condition of smooth changes in set frequency and amplitude of stator currents governed by three-phase stator current control loop practically without error.
 Conclusion. The proposed method for controlling AM does not require complex calculations and is not too demanding in terms of computer hardware resources.
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Marmul, Larisa, and Mykola Kucherenko. "Current issues of accounting of non-current assets depreciation." University Economic Bulletin, no. 49 (May 22, 2021): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-49-108-112.
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The subject of the research is theoretical principles and practical proposals for the improvement and development of methods and accounting of depreciation and depreciation charge based on the requirements of tax accounting and national accounting standards. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of accounting for the justification of proposals concerning grouping methods, determination of fixed assets depreciation and depreciation charge based on tax accounting, and national accounting standards harmonization. The methodological bases of the article are general scientific (dialectical, historical, monographic, system-structural), general economic (statistical and economic, groupings), special accounting (double entry, accounting, balance) research methods. The results of the article. It is generalized that fixed assets for accounting and depreciation are divided into certain groups according to the substantiated methods. Accounting problems are related to inconsistencies in regulatory and methodological support and can be resolved based on the harmonization of tax accounting and national accounting standards. Field of application of results. The results can be used in the management of enterprises and in the educational process of secondary special and higher education institutions in training the specialists in economics and accounting. Conclusions. Therefore, in the absence of clear criteria on which the choice of depreciation method for the relevant group of fixed assets should be based, it is likely that the enterprise may provide inaccurate information about its fixed assets and other non-current assets. Therefore, for this purpose, a centralized procedure for determining the liquidation value of fixed assets and other non-current assets should be introduced, as well as clear Regulations on the choice of depreciation method should be developed at the legislative level.
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Wang, Xiao Ming, Qi Zhang, and Bin Qian. "Reactive Power Compensation Method of HVDC Commutation Failure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 1510–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.1510.
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In the high-voltage direct current transmission system, the difference value between the landing phase voltage and DC transmission system commutation failure of the critical voltage drop value, as system occurred in the critical value of commutation failure. When commutation voltage lower than the critical value would reduce arc Angle, caused by commutation failure。Therefore, by using the method of reactive power compensation to keep converter bus voltage stability, can avoid commutation failure.
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Jarzebowicz, Leszek. "Derivation of Motor Mean Phase Currents in PMSM Drives Operating with Low Switching-to-Fundamental Frequency Ratio." Power Electronics and Drives 4, no. 1 (2019): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pead-2019-0003.
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AbstractPulse width modulation (PWM) of inverter output voltage causes the waveforms of motor phase currents to consist of distinctive ripples. In order to provide suitable feedback for the motor current controllers, the mean value must be extracted from the currents’ waveforms in every PWM cycle. A common solution to derive the mean phase currents is to sample their value at the midpoint of a symmetrical PWM cycle. Using an assumption of linear current changes in steady PWM subintervals, this midpoint sample corresponds to the mean current in the PWM cycle. This way no hardware filtering or high-rate current sampling is required. Nevertheless, the assumption of linear current changes has been recently reported as over simplistic in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drives operating with low switching-to-fundamental frequency ratio (SFFR). This, in turn, causes substantial errors in the representation of the mean phase currents by the midpoint sample. This paper proposes a solution for deriving mean phase currents in low SFFR PMSM drives, which does not rely on the linear current change assumption. The method is based on sampling the currents at the start point of a PWM cycle and correcting the sampled value using a model-based formula that reproduces the current waveforms. Effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation for an exemplary setup of high-speed PMSM drive. The results show that the proposed method decreases the error of determining the mean phase currents approximately 10 times when compared to the classical midpoint sampling technique.
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Vasylchuk, Iryna, and Kateryna Slyusarenko. "SUSTAINABILITY AS A CORPORATE VALUE CREATOR." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 27, no. 2 (2018): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/2710.
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The article explores current theoretical and practical approaches to expanded implementation of the principles of sustainable development paradigm within corporations. The essence of Sustainable Corporation and Sustainability as a factor of formation of the long-term corporation value is determined; the relationships between corporate social and financial performance are described; the existing methods for developing sustainability key performance indicators are discussed. The authors present a structural-logical scheme and algorithm of assessment of sustainable value added using indirect method. The scheme characterizes the distribution of the value among internal and external, financial and non-financial stakeholders.
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Bolzan, Jorge A. "A simple method for the optimization of the decay time in pulse polarography." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 6 (1988): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19881149.
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A simple method for optimization of the minimum decay time, previous to the sampling time of the polarographic current, is described. The former should make compatible two requisites: it should be short enough for obtaining the maximum value of the faradaic current and long enough for the minimum or null value of the double layer decay current. The method is performed with the pulse polarograph only, without ancillary instruments, is fast and its accuracy is fairly comparable with earlier methods, which were more accurate but by far more involved to perform.
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Молодцов, Дмитрий Анатольевич, and Андрей Владимирович Осин. "A new method of applying multi-valued dependencies." Fuzzy Systems and Soft Computing, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/fssc72.
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В работе предлагается метод построения многозначных закономерностей, основанный на сравнении закономерностей для текущего значения аргументов. Приведено подробное описание всех алгоритмов. Эффективность метода продемонстрирована на примерах прогнозирования некоторых финансовых индексов. The paper proposes a method for constructing multi-valued dependencies based on a comparison of dependencies for the current value of the arguments. A detailed description of all the algorithms is given. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by forecasting some financial indices.
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Gadasina, Lyudmila, Mikhail Laskin, and Ekaterina Zaytseva. "The cadastral value as a tool for monitoring the real estate market value." St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, no. 1 (2021): 84–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.104.
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In the theory and practice of real estate valuation, in analytical studies of the dynamics of real estate markets there is a problem of tracking changes in market prices. The apparent simplicity of this task leads to the fact that in everyday practice both market participants and professional analysts are satisfied with observations of average prices. The advantage of this traditional approach is computational simplicity. However, in the conditions of presence of a large number of special software and extensive statistical material can be used more complex research methods. The purpose of this article is to research big current market data of real estate objects and compare these data with the cadastral value determined in accordance with Russian legislation as the market value at the specified date. In this regard, there are problems associated with the multidimensional distribution of market prices and cadastral values. The article presents the method of calculation of changes of the real estate market prices on the basis of comparison of two-dimensional prices distributions of offers and cadastral prices for two periods. The main problem in studying the dynamics of real estate market prices is the inability to track the change in market prices for each property, as objects are constantly put up for sale and removed from it. The work carried out in the Russian Federation in 2014 to establish the cadastral value of real estate opens opportunity to analyze two-dimensional distributions of current market and cadastral prices and to assess the dynamic characteristics of the market for any real estate objects. The main result of article is the method which allows to apprise the market value of real estate in real time when new market data come by their comparison with the previously established cadastral value. Cadastral value is assumed to be defined as market value at the valuation date.
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Ihara, Emily S., and JoAnn S. Lee. "Agent-Based Modeling: Value Added to Social Work Research." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 100, no. 3 (2019): 305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044389419842764.
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Social workers have taken large strides in adopting rigorous research methods, yet there have been computational advances that could enhance the social work knowledge base. This article introduces a computational method, agent-based modeling, which can facilitate theoretical and methodological innovations by strengthening the alignment of our research methods with common social work theories. We review three theories, identify how current methods do not allow for the full exploration of the social phenomena under investigation, and provide justification for using agent-based modeling.
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Golowasch, Jorge, Gladis Thomas, Adam L. Taylor, et al. "Membrane Capacitance Measurements Revisited: Dependence of Capacitance Value on Measurement Method in Nonisopotential Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (2009): 2161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00160.2009.
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During growth or degeneration neuronal surface area can change dramatically. Measurements of membrane protein concentration, as in ion channel or ionic conductance density, are often normalized by membrane capacitance, which is proportional to the surface area, to express changes independently from cell surface variations. Several electrophysiological protocols are used to measure cell capacitance, all based on the assumption of membrane isopotentiality. Yet, most neurons violate this assumption because of their complex anatomical structure, raising the question of which protocol yields measurements that are closest to the actual total membrane capacitance. We measured the capacitance of identified neurons from crab stomatogastric ganglia using three different protocols: the current-clamp step, the voltage-clamp step, and the voltage-clamp ramp protocols. We observed that the current-clamp protocol produced significantly higher capacitance values than those of either voltage-clamp protocol. Computational models of various anatomical complexities suggest that the current-clamp protocol can yield accurate capacitance estimates. In contrast, the voltage-clamp protocol estimates rapidly deteriorate as isopotentiality is reduced. We provide a mathematical description of these results by analyzing a simple two-compartment model neuron to facilitate an intuitive understanding of these methods. Together, the experiments, modeling, and mathematical analysis indicate that accurate total membrane capacitance measurements cannot be obtained with voltage-clamp protocols in nonisopotential neurons. Furthermore, although current-clamp steps can theoretically yield accurate measurements, experimentalists should be aware of limitations imposed by step duration and numerical errors during fitting procedures to obtain the membrane time constant.
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Demyanova, E. A. "Current issues of company evaluation under fintech." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 1 (May 25, 2018): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2018-1-102-1.
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The purpose of the current study was to form theoretical issues and practical recommendations on development of methodology evaluation for companies implementing modern financial technologies. The research was conducted based on methodology of systematic research, synthesis, abstract logic and scientific forecast, statistical methods and factor analysis methods, expert evaluation, real option method, explored fuzzy logic. Research resulted in discovery of such companies’ features that implement modern financial technology as evaluation objects, as well as exogenous and endogenous factors that impact the evaluation of the researched companies, and these factors’ classification offered; there were methodological recommendations developed on qualitative and quantitative ranking of specific indeterminacy; there were adaptations performed to discounted cash flows, real options, and ratio methods. The methodology developed was approbated based on domestic and foreign companies that provide consulting and evaluations services. As a result of its usage, a more precise evaluation was provided for the companies implementing modern financial technologies. A separate practical usage regarded the adopted method of discounting rate calculation based on the correction for specific fintech implementation risks and the developed mechanism of real options usage for additional company’s value that allows receiving a more accurate evaluation numbers. The classification manual of specific risks developed by the author is used by evaluation practitioners. The scientific issues and practical recommendations on improvement of the companies’ evaluation that were developed within the study are being used for teaching of “Evaluation and business value management” course in Financial University.
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Soelehan, Aan, Annaria Magdalena Marpaung, and Shanty Dewi K. "Antisipasi Rencana Pembayaran Hutang Dagang Melalui Pengukuran Translation Exposure dengan Metode Current Rate dan Penggunaan Forward Contract Hedging." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Kesatuan 1, no. 2 (2013): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jimkes.v1i2.261.
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Translation exposure is the exposure of profit and loss balance sheet at a multinational company on nominal exchange rate. The potential of risk translation is used to measure change of foreign currencies exchange rate on domestic currency value of assets and foreign currencies owned by the company. Translation exposure is measured by current rate method and business debt is anticipated by forward contact hedging.
 The purpose of this research is to find out the risk level of translation exposure by current rate method, the management of current rate method itself, and the management of forward contract to business debt anticipation. The analysis method used is current rate measurement method, forward contract hedging calculation, and relevant variables management.
 The results show that for current rate measurement at PT Panasia Filament Inti Tbk., viewed from 2005 – 2009, YEN currency has the highest translation exposure percentage value and gets loss in translation exposure; for forward contract hedging calculation, viewed from 2005 – 2009, all currencies namely GBP, EURO, USD, CHF, SGD, and YEN have various profit and loss from forward contract itself. 
 
 Keywords: translation exposure; current rate method; forward contract hedging; business debt
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Mohd Nawi, Nazri, Zawati Harun, and Noorhaniza Wahid. "Defective Casting Diagnosing via an Enhanced Knowledge Hyper-Surface Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.684.
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The research on the analysis of cause and effect relationships in castings has always been a centre of attention in the manufacturing industry. An intelligent diagnosis system should be able to diagnose effectively the causal representation and also justify its diagnosis. Recently, a method, known as the Knowledge Hyper-surface method which used Lagrange Interpolation polynomials has gained more popularity in learning cause and effect analysis in casting processes. The current method show that the belief value of the occurrence of cause with respect to the change in the belief value in the occurrence of effect can be modelled by linear, quadratic or cubic relationships and the method retained the advantages of neural networks and overcomes their limitations in learning the input-output mapping function in the presence of noisy, limited and sparse data. However, the methodology was unable to model exponential increase/decrease in belief values in cause and effect relationships. This paper proposed an enhancement to the current Knowledge Hyper-surface method by introducing midpoints in the existing shape formulation which further constrains the shape of the Knowledge hyper-surfaces to model an exponential rise in belief values but without exposing the dataset to the limitations of ‘over fitting’. The ability of the proposed method to capture the exponential change in the belief variation of the cause when the belief in the effect is at its minimum is compared to the current method on real casting data.
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Yuan, Jian-jun, Shuai Wang, Weiwei Wan, Yanxue Liang, Luo Yang, and Yifan Liu. "Direct teaching of industrial manipulators using current sensors." Assembly Automation 38, no. 2 (2018): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aa-02-2017-027.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to implement direct teaching of industrial manipulators using current sensors. The traditional way to implement teaching is either to use a teaching pedant, which is time consuming, or use force sensors, which increases system cost. To overcome these disadvantages, a novel method is explored in the paper by using current sensors installed at joints as torque observers. Design/methodology/approach The method uses current sensors installed at each joint of a manipulator as torque observers and estimates external forces from differences between joint-driven torque computed based on the values of current sensors and commanded values of motor-driven torque. The joint-driven torque is computed by cancelling out both pre-calibrated gravity and friction resistance (compensation). Also, to make the method robust, the paper presents a strategy to detect unexpected slowly drifts and zero external forces and stop the robot in those situations. Findings Experimental results demonstrated that compensating the joint torques using both pre-calibrated gravity and friction resistance has performance comparable to a force sensor installed on the end effector of a manipulator. It is possible to implement satisfying direct teaching without using force sensors on 7 degree of freedom manipulators with large mass and friction resistance. Originality/value The main contribution of the paper is that the authors cancel out both pre-calibrated gravity and friction resistance to improve the direct teaching using only current sensors; they develop methods to avoid unsafe situations like slow drifts. The method will benefit industrial manipulators, especially those with large mass and friction resistance, to realize flexible and reliable direct teaching.
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Liu, Yiman, Jie Li, Nianxin Wan, et al. "A Current Sensing Biosensor for BOD Rapid Measurement." Archaea 2020 (October 26, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8894925.
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In order to improve the practicality of the rapid biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) method, a highly sensitive rapid detection method for BOD that is based on establishing the correlation between current and dissolved oxygen (DO) was developed. In this experiment, Bacillus subtilis was used as the test microorganism, and the embedding method was used to achieve quantitative fixation of microorganisms, which could increase the content of microorganisms and prolong the service life of the biological element. The conductivity (COND) probe is used as a sensing element, so that the testing value can be read every second. In the program, the moving average method is used to process the collected data so that the value can be read every minute. National standard samples were detected to test the accuracy and stability of the method. The results showed that relative error and analytical standard deviations were less than 5%. Different polluted water was tested to evaluate its application range. The results showed that relative error was less than 5%. The results of the method are consistent with the results of the wastewater sample obtained by the BOD5 standard method. The proposed rapid BOD current sensing biosensor method should be promising in practical application of wastewater monitoring.