Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Curriculum Teaching of mother tongue'

Thesis (Ph.D.(African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2019
This thesis investigated the use of African languages as media of teaching and learning in public schools in Mopani District of Limpopo Province. The study was guided by a qualitative approach. A total of 30 educators from five primary schools participated in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. Interviews were used as a tool for data collection. Data from the interviews was analysed by means of thematic method of data analysis, and was presented in the form of themes. The results revealed that African languages are admired by most educators. The findings of this study revealed that it is possible to introduce African languages as media of teaching and learning in South Africa, but it will require an extensive preparation, which involves effective training of teachers and the acquisition of teaching and learning materials in African languages. The study also revealed that the current use of English and Afrikaans as media of teaching and learning contributes to poor academic performance of learners. The findings of the study have important implications for both learners and educators. The study will provide the National Department of Education with information it might need to review its language policy with regard to instructional languages. The study will also contribute towards knowledge of African languages as media of instruction, and will help school administrators and policy makers to understand challenges associated with the current medium of instruction and learner performance in schools in South Africa. All education stakeholders might be able to identify the causal factors of language failure rate in grade 12

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No Brasil, o livro didático representa, para muitos, o principal meio de acesso à cultura letrada por parte de professores e alunos. O uso desse material é comum na maioria das escolas brasileiras e pode estar estritamente relacionado com a formação do professor. Considerando, então, a importância atribuída a esse recurso e o lugar de destaque que ele tem alcançado nas pesquisas e estudos educacionais, realizamos esta investigação, de caráter qualitativo, com o objetivo de refletir sobre a formação inicial de professores, observando a relação entre essa formação e o uso do livro didático de português na sala de aula da educação básica. Nosso referencial teórico foi composto a partir de grandes temáticas: formação de professores, ensino de língua portuguesa, livro didático e currículo. De posse das leituras, investigamos dois cursos de licenciatura em Letras de instituições públicas de ensino superior da cidade de Recife (PE) e, conforme nossos propósitos, os dados foram recolhidos a partir de diferentes instrumentos: pesquisa documental, entrevista semiestruturada e observação. No primeiro caso, analisamos as matrizes curriculares dos cursos e os programas das disciplinas de formação para a docência (didáticas específicas, metodologias, práticas e estágios), buscando observar como se dava a organização dos cursos e qual o lugar reservado à discussão sobre o livro didático de português; no caso do segundo instrumento, realizamos entrevistas com docentes das disciplinas formadoras, de modo a identificar a concepção dos mesmos sobre a formação do professor de português, o papel das disciplinas de formação para a docência e o livro didático; quanto ao terceiro instrumento, observamos aulas desses docentes, com o objetivo de perceber como se davam as discussões sobre o livro didático de português e o seu uso. A análise dos dados, apoiada no caráter inferencial e interpretativo da Análise de Conteúdo, permitiu-nos perceber, em relação aos documentos, que os dois cursos atendem às determinações das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Formação de Professores da Educação Básica em Nível Superior no que diz respeito à duração, carga horária, oferta de componentes curriculares globais, específicos e integradores, indicação de Atividades Complementares e oferta de disciplinas que garantem espaço para a Prática como Componente Curricular (PCC). No que se refere às disciplinas ofertadas nos currículos das duas instituições, observamos que a maior parte delas remete aos conteúdos que serão ensinados na educação básica e que aquelas que se voltam à formação para a docência, em sua maioria, apresentam a discussão sobre o livro didático. No que se refere aos discursos dos docentes, observamos que eles esperam que ocorra na universidade, lócus privilegiado da formação do professor, a formação do profissional crítico e reflexivo, que não somente domine os conhecimentos teóricos, mas também saiba didatizá-los. Os docentes reconhecem ainda a importância das disciplinas de formação para a docência e da discussão sobre o livro didático na formação de um professor autônomo e autor das suas próprias práticas. No que concerne, por fim, às práticas, vimos que a discussão sobre livro didático ocorre nas disciplinas de formação para a docência na tentativa a abarcar os vários aspectos desse objeto multifacetado, mesmo que alguns pontos importantes dessa temática não tenham sido contemplados. Os achados deste estudo não esgotam o tema. Há ainda muito o que investigar no que se refere ao livro didático de português, sobretudo no que diz respeito ao seu uso.
Textbook, in Brazil, represents the main way of access to literate culture for many teachers and students. The use of this material is common in most of Brazilian schools and it can be strictly related to teacher’s formation. Considering, thus, the importance attributed to this resource and the emphasized place it takes on educational studies, we realize this investigation, in a qualitative perspective, with the aim of reflecting about teachers’ initial formation, observing the relation between this formation and the use of Portuguese textbooks in basic education classrooms. Our theoretic background was composed by wise themes: teacher formation, teaching of Portuguese, textbooks and curriculum. After readings, we investigated two Letters teaching courses which are public institutions of higher education system from Recife (PE) and, according to our purposes, data was collected through different instruments: documental research, semi-structured interview and observation. In the first case, we analyzed curricular matrices and the programs of subjects focused on teacher’s formation (specific didactics, methodologies, practices and trainings), aiming to observe how the courses are organized and what place is reserved for discussion about Portuguese textbook; on the case of second instrument, we interviewed professors who teach those subjects in order to identify their conception about Portuguese teachers’ formation , the role of those subjects to teaching and textbook; in relation to the third instrument, we observed classes taught by these professors aiming to understand how discussions about Portuguese textbook and its use happen. Data analyzes, based on inferential and interpretative features of Content Analyze, pointed out, in relation to documents, which both courses are according to what is determined by Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Formação de Professores da Educação Básica em Nível Superior (National Curricular Matrices for Basic Education Teachers’ Formation in Higher Education) in terms of length of time, hourly load, offering of global curricular components, specific and integrated ones, indication of Complementary Activities and subjects that secure space for Practice as Curricular Component (PCC). In relation to subjects presented in both curricula of the two intuitions, we observed that most of them contemplate contents which will be taught in basic education and most of them which focus on teaching formation present the discussion about textbook. In relation to professors’ discourse, we observed they hope to occur in university, privileged locus of teacher’s formation, the formation of critic and reflexive professionals that do not know only theoretic knowledge, but also the didactic process of its teaching. Professors recognized the importance of subjects for teachers’ formation and the discussion about textbooks in order to form a teacher who is autonomous and author of his own practices. In relation to professors’ practices, we notice that the discussion about textbook takes place on subjects for teachers’ formation in attempt to contemplate several aspects of this multifaceted object, even considering that some important points of this thematic were not contemplated. Findings of this study do not exhaust the theme. There is still much more to investigate in relation to Portuguese textbook, especially about its use.

This thesis looks at conditions for selections of fictional texts in the Swedish subject in the upper secondary school. Three different empirical materials have contributed to the understanding of what conditions there are for the texts to enter the classroom. The first material consists of national policy documents from 1970 to 2005. Here there is a tendency that the student goes from being an object for knowledge to becoming a subject that creates his/her own knowledge. With this development the contents and the given aims with the subject become more abstract, which leads to the framework of the curriculum becoming wider and more difficult to interpret. Simultaneously the focus is moved from mediation of given knowledge, to the development of an identity for the individual.

The second material consists of debate and method articles from Svenskläraren, a magazine for members, published by an organisation of Swedish teachers. The study comprise articles from the same period of time as the national curricula. In the articles there are three tendencies reflecting the changes in the discourse of the Swedish subject. The first tendency shows how the overall ideological debate on the subject disappears during this period. The second tendency shows how discussions about the conceptions of the subject is replaced by more and more concrete examples of methods. The third tendency depicts that the concrete text selections have moved from being partly predetermined during the seventies to become debated during the eighties, to finally during the nineties end up in a situation where some texts has a sufficient cultural capital not to need justifications, whereas others need it.

The third material consists of interviews with, and observations of, four active teachers, in order to find what conditions there are for text selections in their rhetoric and practice. The results show a clear impression of informal institutional factors and of the school culture. However, this seems to decrease with experience. There are big differences in how the teachers speak about text selections and text use and what the result becomes in practice. Here professionalism in form of knowledge in subject didactics could have a vast impact.

Abstract Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur modersmålslärarna använder sig utav digitala verktyg i undervisningen, samt att ta reda på fördelarna och nackdelarna med användning av digitala verktyg som läromedel i modersmålsundervisningen. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ undersökning, där sex modersmålslärare intervjuades och sex lektionsobservationer genomfördes. Resultaten analyserades med hjälp av ett analysverktyg. Analysverktyget heter SAMRmodellen, som handlar om hur informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) används i lärandet. Resultaten visade att alla modersmålsläraren är positiva till att använda olika former av digitala verktyg. Det underlättar deras arbete samt främjar elevernas modersmål. Respondenterna har tillgång till digitala verktyg som kan lånas ut till elever och de får regelbundet kompetensutveckling om hur de kan undervisa digitalt. Det som framkommit i vår studie är att lärarna arbetar utifrån olika nivåer enligt SAMRmodellen, och att modersmålslärare jobbar med digitala verktyg för tre olika syfte: att söka information, att kommunicera och att presentera. Fördelarna med användningen av digitala verktyg var många. Digitala verktyg ökar elevernas intresse och motivation, erbjuder stora möjligheter för att variera undervisningen. Det underlättar uppföljning av elevernas arbete för att ge eleverna feedback och respons, vilket hjälper dem att utveckla sina arbeten. Digitala verktyg främjar elevernas lärande av sina modersmål. Nackdelarna var inte så många jämfört med fördelarna. De negativa upplevelserna var framför allt elever som gör annat vid datorerna under lektionen, vilket tar både tid och fokus från undervisningen. Vad gäller informationssökning så har en del elever inte tålamod att vara källkritiska. Nyckelord: digitala verktyg, IKT, modersmål, SAMR-modell.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The community of Paarl, in the Western Cape, is traditionally Afrikaans-speaking. This research investigated whether a language shift has occurred in some middle-class communities in Paarl. Certain Coloured neighbourhoods were identified. The emphasis was also on whether Afrikaans-speaking parents chose to raise their children in English. It was found that a language shift, predominantly towards English, has indeed occurred where Afrikaans first language (L1) parents were raising their children in English. This finding differs from earlier studies by Anthonissen and George (2003) and by Fortuin (2009), in which only two or three families were studied, whereas this study engaged with 50 households. This study focused mainly on the parents and their views about their decisions. Not only was the occurrence of a language shift confirmed, but the complexity of the matter was also highlighted. An attempt to preserve Afrikaans as heritage language was also noted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die gemeenskap van Paarl, in die Wes-Kaap, is tradisioneel Afrikaanssprekend. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek of daar ’n taalverskuiwing in die middelklasgemeenskap in Paarl plaasgevind het. Die klem is ook laat val op die vraag of dit Afrikaanssprekende ouers is wat kies om hulle kinders in Engels groot te maak. Die bevinding was dat ’n taalverskuiwing wel plaasgevind het waar ouers met Afrikaans as moedertaal verkies om hulle kinders in Engels groot te maak. Die verskuiwing is derhalwe hoofsaaklik na Engels. Hierdie bevindings verskil van vroeëre studies deur Anthonissen en George (2003), asook Fortuin (2009), wat twee of drie spesifieke families ondersoek het; daarteenoor het hierdie studie 50 huisgesinne betrek. Die studie fokus hoofsaaklik op die ouers en hulle siening oor die rede vir hulle besluit. Die studie het nie net bevestig dat ’n taalverskuiwing plaasgevind het nie, die kompleksiteit van die kwessie is ook uitgelig. Daar is ook waargeneem dat ’n poging aangewend word om Afrikaans as moedertaal te behou.

O relatório que ora se apresenta foi realizado no âmbito da unidade curricular Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, do Mestrado em Ensino de Português e de Língua Estrangeira no 3.º ciclo do Ensino Básico e no Ensino Secundário, na área de especialização de Espanhol. Neste pretende dar-se conhecimento de como decorreu o trabalho realizado durante o ano letivo de 2016/2017, no Agrupamento de Escolas de Reguengos de Monsaraz. A Prática de Ensino Supervisionada habilita profissionalmente para a docência e para o desempenho de funções docentes. No entanto, um profissional é melhor quanto maior for a sua capacidade de refletir criticamente sobre ao seu desempenho e sobre as suas ações. Neste sentido, foi elaborado o presente relatório que pretende constituir uma reflexão cuidada sobre as opções que tomámos e sobre as metodologias que adotámos durante o nosso percurso, na escola, em cada uma das disciplinas lecionadas. Estamos conscientes de que só refletindo sobre a nossa prática, só questionando os nossos métodos e só investido na nossa formação ao longo da vida, evoluiremos profissionalmente. A formação de um professor não se esgota na sua formação inicial. Pelo contrário: esta deve ser entendida como um ponto de partida para um trabalho contínuo e consciente, numa busca incessante pela melhoria da nossa prática letiva – a formação contínua. Com base no “Perfil Geral de Desempenho Profissional do Educador de Infância e dos Professores dos Ensinos Básico e Secundário”, definido por lei (Decreto-Lei n.º 241/2001, de 30 de Agosto), elaborámos este relatório, estruturando-o de forma a abordar a preparação científica, pedagógica e didática, que remete para o conhecimento da legislação sobre o sistema de ensino e sobre o ensino das línguas materna e estrangeira, a planificação, condução das aulas, avaliação das aprendizagens e análise da nossa prática letiva em cada uma das disciplinas, tanto no Ensino Básico, como no Ensino Secundário. O professor que somos hoje é fruto do nosso investimento profissional e da tentativa de sermos cada vez melhores e mais competentes; Abstract: Report carried out within the framework of the Supervised Teaching Practice The current report was carried out within the framework of the Supervised Teaching Practice course of the Master's Degree in Portuguese and Foreign Language Teaching in Middle and Secondary School in the Spanish specialization field. It intends to report how the work was carried out during the school year 2016/2017 in the Reguengos School Group of Monsaraz. The Supervised Teaching Practice empowers us professionally to teach and perform teaching functions. However, the more the professional is able to reflect critically on his performance and his actions, the better he is. Bearing this in mind, we prepared this report, which intends to provide a careful reflection on the options we made and on the methodologies we adopted during our course at school in each of the subjects taught. We are aware that it is only by reflecting on our practice, by questioning our methods and by investing on our lifelong training, that we will evolve professionally. A teacher’s training is not exhausted in his early teaching years. On the contrary, these should be understood as a starting point for a continuous and conscious work, in an incessant search for the improvement of our teaching practice – the continuous training. Based on the "General Profile of Professional Performance of Early Childhood Educators and Primary and Secondary School Teachers", defined by law (Decree-Law no. 241/2001, of 30th August), we produced this report, structuring it in order to approach the scientific, pedagogical and didactic preparation, which refers to the knowledge of the legislation on the teaching system and the teaching of the mother tongue and foreign languages, lesson planning and conduction, learning assessment and analysis of our teaching practice in each of the subjects, both in Middle School and in Secondary School. The teacher we are today is the result of our professional investment and the attempt to be better and more competent.

Tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää voiko Suomessa julkaistua oppikirjaa perustellusti käyttää ruotsalaisessa suomi äidinkielenä -opetuksessa, ruotsalaisen peruskoulun opetussuunnitelman äidin­kielen kurssisuunnitelman keskeisiä sisältöjä vasten tarkasteltuna, kun kirja on tarkoitettu alun perin käytettäväksi Suomessa ruotsinkielisten koulujen suomi toisena kotimaisena kielenä -oppiaineessa, äidinkielenomaisen suomen oppimäärässä. Tutkimuksen taustalla on Ruotsissa julkaistun suomen kielen oppimateriaalin, joka olisi suunnattu ruotsalaisen kurssisuunitelman ”suomi ensimmäisenä kielenä” oppiaineeseen, vähäisyys. Äidinkielen­opettajat Ruotsissa käyttävät ruotsalaisen materiaalin vähäisyyden vuoksi Suomessa julkaistua opetusmateriaalia. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen kehys perustuu sosiokulttuurisen oppimis­käsityksen teorialle, ja sitä kehittävälle systeemis-funktionaaliselle kieliteorialle, tai genre­pedagogiikalle. Opetuksen, ja sen myötä myös oppimateriaalin tehtävien ja käsiteltävien tekstien on oltava näiden näkemysten mukaan sellaisia, että ne ovat oppijan lähikehityksen vyöhykkeellä. Tutkielman menetelmänä oli oppikirjatutkimuksen alalla yleinen sisällöntutkimus, ja tässä tutkielmassa sisällön­tutkimuksen kohteena oli nimenomaan oppikirja pedagogisena, ei ideologisena artefaktina. Oppikirjassa ei ole mukana ruotsinsuomalaista näkökulmaa, eikä se mainitse ruotsissa puhuttua suomea, joten tutkimuksessa on rajattu nämä kurssisuunnitelman kohdat tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle.  Tutkimuksen perusteella on todettavissa, että suomessa julkaistua suomen kielen opetusmateriaalia voidaan käyttää äidinkielenopetuksessa, mutta tietyin varauksin. Maiden välisten opetussuunnitelmien painotuserojen vuoksi käsitellyssä oppikirjassa oli vain vähän kaunokirjallisuuteen liittyviä sisältöjä ja tehtäviä, kaunokirjallisuuden ollessa kuitenkin yksi keskeinen osa ruotsalaista kurssisuunnitelmaa.
Målet med denna studie var att undersöka om det går att använda en finsk lärobok i modersmåls­undervisning i finska i Sverige i enlighet med den svenska kursplanen. Boken är publicerad i Finland och riktad mot undervisning i finlandssvenska skolor i ämnet finska som det andra inhemska språket, den modersmålsinriktade lärokursen (mofi). Det saknas lämpliga läroböcker och -material som är utformade för modersmålsundervisning i Sverige med de elever som studerar finska enligt kursplanen ”finska som modersmål”. På grund av bristen har modersmålslärare i Sverige använt sig av läromedel från Finland i undervisningen. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i studien är den sociokulturella teorin om lärande, som utvecklas vidare i systemisk-funktionell grammatik, eller genrepedagogik. Enligt denna syn på lärande ska läroböcker, -medel och uppgifter vara anpassade så att eleven befinner sig i sin proximala utvecklingszon. Undersökningen grundar sig vidare på innehållsanalysens metoder och betraktar boken som pedagogisk artefakt, inte ideologisk. Boken har inte det sverigefinska perspektivet och nämner inte finskan man talar i Sverige, och därför har jag valt att lämna ut kursplanens delar som berör sverigefinsk kultur. Med den gällande svenska kursplan i modersmål - finska och dess centralt innehåll, visar studien att man kan använda boken i modersmåls­undervisningen även i Sverige, men på vissa villkor: På grund av de tyngdpunkter som den finska läroplanen i Finland har, uppvisar läroboken vissa brister, till exempel beträffande genrer: skönlitteratur saknas i stort sett helt i boken.
The goal of this study was to analyse whether it is arguable to use a textbook in Finnish mother tongue instruction in Sweden when the book itself is originally published in Finland and aimed to be used by Swedish speakers in language instruction within a subject called “Finnish as a second national language” in Finland. There is a lack of suitable textbooks and material that are designed for the Sweden Finnish mother tongue instruction with learners that are studying Finnish in Sweden following the course plan of “Finnish as a first language”. Due to the lack of suitable Swedish-made material, mother tongue teachers in Sweden have used material published in Finland. The theoretical basis of this study is found in the sociocultural perspective of learning and the systemic-functional language theory or genre-based pedagogy. According to these theories, the used material, textbooks and exercises should be on the learners’ zone of proximal development.  The analysis in this study follows the methods of content analysis, and the study focuses on the book as a pedagogical rather than ideological artefact. The textbook analysed in this study does not contain the Sweden Finnish perspective, and does not mention the Finnish spoken in Sweden, and therefore the parts of the Swedish course plan that are related to the perspective are left out of this study. With the current Swedish course plan for Finnish, and its core contents, the textbook in question may be used in mother tongue instruction, with some reservations. The book lacks few genres that are present in the Swedish course plan’s core contents, such as fictional literary genres other than short stories. The lack of specific genres is due to the different emphasises that the curricula of the two countries’ school systems have.

The present study focuses on teacher’s attitudes to the European Language Portfolio (ELP) in mother tongue English programs. More specifically it will explore how effective the ELP and portfolio assessment are in mother tongue teaching inSweden. The aim is also to assess whether mother tongue English students perform equally well in the four language skill areas. This case study seeks to find the strengths and weaknesses of the ELP according to the teachers that are using the ELP as an assessment tool, as well as investigating previous evaluation materials used to identify achievement in mother tongue. For this purpose, a case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with four English mother tongue teachers at theLanguageCenterin Göteborg (henceforth LCG). The teachers interviewed at the language center use the ELP assessment but do not actively use the other parts of the language passport. The LCG materials for the mother tongue ELP were adapted from the original ELP 6 to 16 years created for Österåker municipality by Iakovos Demetriádes in 2007. Mother tongue teachers in Göteborg have since identified a number of the ELP’s strengths, as well as some of its weaknesses. The ELP is compatible with the Swedish syllabus, which makes it easier to write a written assessment for each class from the 1st grade and up.  There are however problems with individual teachers interpretation of ELP descriptors.  These problems will be brought to light later on in this paper.

Given the perception that it lacks differentiated study for distinct linguistic varieties under the general discussion of mother tongue tuition, this study is devoted to the Chinese mother tongue education in Sweden. It aims to better understand the motivational issues in the Chinese mother tongue learning for Swedish-Chinese simultaneous bilinguals from the teachers’ perspective. Interview was chosen as the primary fieldwork method to solicit teachers’ understanding and experience on the subject. It is found out that the teachers experience motivation of target students as a multifaceted issue and their strategies stretch over a wide spectrum. The collected empirics are analyzed with the help of linguistic theories of the Chinese language and bilingualism, as well as motivational theories in language learning. It is concluded that the family plays a vital role in the development of bilingualism and that the multiplicity and the morphographic nature of the Chinese language impose extra challenge on Chinese mother tongue teachers and Swedish-Chinese simultaneous bilinguals, at the same time the current general curriculum for mother tongue teaching fails to provide sufficient and relevant guidance to Chinese mother tongue teaching.

In international schools, a range (75–80%) of students is non-native English speakers. However, many of these schools do not offer mother tongue (MT) programs to these students. These globally mobile students’ MT proficiency levels depend on whether or not their school offers an MT program. As a result, MT teachers must teach students who possess a wide range of proficiency levels in their MT. This study applied the lens of sociocultural theory to provide more complete description of the Japanese MT program in an international school including the school’s organization, language policy, and MT curriculum development. Rather than just describe instructional MT practices, this single case study examined the educational context of the school and the Japanese MT program by conducting semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, and documents in this international school offering an International Baccalaureate Diplomat Program (IBDP). The findings of this study were (a) a lack of written language policy, (b) a lack of common curriculum, (c) a lack of curriculum cohesion, (d) the Japanese MT language program offering combination of the day- school curriculum in grades 7–10 and the after-school curriculum in grades K-6, and (e) differentiated instruction implemented by the three Japanese teachers to the students who have different MT proficiency levels. Although international schools have a commitment to rich language development, they still need to reflect on how to improve the language curriculum including strengthening the organization structure of MT instruction and enhancing the curriculum cohesion of MT instruction across grade levels.

This study aims to gain a broader view, within the frame of a comparative international perspective, of the relationship and dilemmas between the theoretical visions of the curriculum and their applicability in practice by mother tongue teachers within the current organizational structures and given resources. The research uses a qualitative and comparative method and semi-structured interviews of ten mother tongue teachers, five Chinese Mandarin and five Spanish, teaching Compulsory School level 7 to 9 in Sweden. The interviews and dialogues with the teachers make it possible to see phenomenon from many different perspectives and build knowledge after the interpretation and exploration of their testimonies and experiences. The study is comparative and one can see that there are more similarities than differences among the interviewed Spanish and Chinese mother tongue teachers. Both groups defined MTE (Mothet Tongue Education) as essential in the lives of children and youths and mention aspects such as intellectual development, identity, and interculturalism linked to the labour market. Also the feeling of a sense of community with other cultures in the world would empower the students with a capacity for social relationships, tolerance, and understanding of different peoples. Thereafter I investigate if the mother tongue teachers find it difficult to interpret and implement the formulations of the SNAE (Swedish National Agency for Education) curriculum and the policies that govern their specific role in the school system. It also implies identifying some of the external, contextual factors that can affect the effective application of the curriculum. Concerning the curricular aspects, the conclusion is that many of the visions described in the texts are not compatible with the situation of mother tongue teaching or to the reality of the students. Organizational factors, incomprehension and lack of platform-based research affect negatively the ambitions of effective and equitable MTE in Sweden. In addition, these teachers are also preoccupied with the future of MTE in Sweden. The political discourse would appear to be driving Europe towards right-wing political ideas in which MTE would not be a priority.

Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation attempts a study in the design of school dictionaries for their use in the mother tongue or first language education. Pedagogical dictionaries have undergone changes, which are also due to changes, which had taken, place in the teaching of the mother tongue and in descriptive linguistics from the 1950s onwards. Features of the pedagogical model also have been affected by the development in language-teaching methodology. The teaching of the mother tongue is now less concerned with the knowledge and critical exploration of texts than with competence in oral and written expression.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Cada vez mais, os professores vÃm exercendo um papel de destaque na ressignificaÃÃo das prÃticas de ensino-aprendizagem de lÃngua materna. Nesse contexto, os cursos de formaÃÃo continuada e inicial de professores de lÃngua materna vÃm sendo repensados. Nesta pesquisa, entÃo, identificamos e reconhecemos o acervo de representaÃÃes sociais (doravante RS) de oito estagiÃrias da disciplina de EstÃgio em Ensino de LÃngua Portuguesa do curso de Letras-PortuguÃs da UFC sobre o estÃgio de regÃncia, engendradas, mobilizadas e ressignificadas na e pela disciplina. Considerando a premissa de que o estÃgio à o espaÃo privilegiado de ressignificaÃÃo de representaÃÃes docentes, analisamos se hÃ, de fato, ressignificaÃÃes nesse espaÃo. Essa proposta à crucial para (re)pensarmos o estÃgio de regÃncia como etapa do percurso formativo do professor de lÃngua materna. Em uma abordagem discursiva e ideolÃgica das RS, na qual destacamos a funÃÃo da linguagem no engendramento e na circulaÃÃo de representaÃÃes,delineamos, a partir das tomadas de posiÃÃo das estagiÃrias frente ao objeto de representaÃÃo âestÃgio de regÃnciaâ, (re)veladas pelas modalizaÃÃes no seu discurso durante a interaÃÃo com os seus pares em grupos focais, os sentidos e os valores que elas, as estagiÃrias, atribuem ao estÃgio de regÃncia, antes e durante a disciplina. Para isso, apoiamo-nos nos quadros teÃrico-metodolÃgicos da Teoria das RepresentaÃÃes Sociais (MOSCOVICI, 1961, 1978, 2009 ; JODELET, 1984, 2001, 2005; DOISE, 2001 ), do Interacionismo SÃcio-discursivo (BRONCKART, 2006, 2008, 2009) e nos conceitos de grupo social e de ideologia (VAN DIJK, 1999, 2003, 2009). Como procedimentos de coleta de dados, adotamos um questionÃrio e dois Grupos Focais (doravante GFs), situaÃÃes de aÃÃo de linguagem em que as estagiÃrias se engajaram e mobilizaram suas RS sobre o estÃgio de regÃncia. Como categoria de anÃlise, adotamos as modalizaÃÃes (BRONCKART, 2009), pois materializam linguisticamente avaliaÃÃes e julgamentos. A partir da anÃlise das modalizaÃÃes, identificamos as tomadas de posiÃÃo do grupo frente Ãs atividades e Ãs prÃticas da disciplina. Em nossa anÃlise qualitativa-interpretativista, percebemos que as estagiÃrias representam o estÃgio de regÃncia, tanto antes quanto durante a disciplina, a) como aprendizagem da profissÃo e como aplicaÃÃo da teoria e de tÃcnicas de ensino, b) como feedback/avaliaÃÃo da prÃtica e c) como atividade final para conclusÃo do curso e como Ãltima etapa para certificaÃÃo. Sendo assim, as estagiÃrias, durante a disciplina, nÃo ressignificaram suas RS e, marcadas por essas RS, participaram das atividades da disciplina apenas para cumprirem aspectos burocrÃticos, sem refletirem significativamente sobre, por exemplo, o seu agir. Nesse sentido, o estÃgio de regÃncia pouco contribuiu para a ressignificaÃÃo das RS das estagiÃrias sobre as atividades e sobre as prÃticas do estÃgio de regÃncia, dado o carÃter transitÃrio da disciplina. Nossa pesquisa, entÃo, lega à reflexÃo dos responsÃveis pela formaÃÃo de novos professores resultados que devem inquietÃ-los: se professores em formaÃÃo inicial representam o espaÃo do estÃgio de regÃncia nÃo como o espaÃo propiciador de ressignificaÃÃes do fazer/ser docente, mas como o espaÃo de cumprimento de obrigaÃÃes burocrÃticas para efeito de obtenÃÃo de Diploma de Licenciatura, que docente estamos formando?
Increasingly, teachers have played a prominent role in the redefinition of teaching practices and language learning (L1). Within this context, continuing education programs and certification courses for first language teachers are being rethought. In this research, it is intended to identify and recognize the collective social representations (SR) achievements of eight student teachers in regards of Portuguese Teaching Practicum at UFC Language and Arts major. Through a discursive and ideological view of RS, we sought to delineate from the positions taken by the student teachers of the object of representation " student teaching practicumâ unfolds in their discourse during the interaction with their peers in focus groups of the meanings and values that they attach to student teaching practicum, before and during the discipline. For this, we rely on the theoretical and methodological frameworks of social representations theory(MOSCOVICI, 1961, 1978, 2009 ; JODELET, 1984, 2001, 2005; DOISE, 2001 )and socio-discursive interactionism ( BRONCKART , 2006, 2008, 2009). We also support the concepts of group and social ideology proposed by van Dijk (1999, 2003, 2009). As data collection procedures we adopted a questionnaire and two focus groups ( FG ), language -action situations by which the student-teachers engaged and mobilized their RS during the practicum experience. As for the analysis, we have adopted the modalizations, from which the actions taken by the group were identified and in face of the activities required for the course. Using a qualitative -interpretive lens, we found that the student teachers represent the practicum experience as: a) the learning of the profession and as the application of theory and of teaching techniques via practice, b ) as feedback[assessment]of their practice and, c ) as the final requirement for the undergraduate course completion or as a last step towards certification. Thus, the student teachers, during the course did not reformulate the RS. Marked by these RS, the student teachers participate in the activities of the course only to fulfill bureaucratic aspects without significantly reflecting on, for example, theirteaching actions.

The effects that various forms of bilingual education may have on children's reading development are of concern to parents and educators alike. In this thesis, I investigate the development of mother tongue and second language reading in two bilingual education contexts, and assess the effects of the language of initial formal reading instruction upon this development. This study examines children's reading within the home, classroom and community environments.
The research involved two Grade 1 classes mainly comparing the language of initial formal reading instruction. One site was a French immersion school offering a 50% English/50% French program in which initial formal reading instruction was in English. The second site was a French school, with a majority of anglophone students and initial formal reading instruction was in French. The participants in this study were 12 children from each class, their parents, and the classroom teachers.
Three main tools of inquiry were used: classroom observations were carried out in each of the two classes during the Grade 1 school year; samples of oral reading and retellings, in English and in French, were collected from the participating children for miscue analysis, and informal interviews were conducted with all the participants.
The analysis revealed that regardless of the language of initial formal reading instruction, the children's reading abilities developed in both languages. Children tended to feel more comfortable reading in the language in which they had been formally instructed but, despite this, meaning-construction was more effective in the mother tongue. Differences in reading abilities for both groups could be accounted for by limitations in knowledge of the second language rather than by language of initial instruction. Finally, children with initial formal reading instruction in the second language easily applied their reading abilities to reading in their mother tongue.
The conclusions drawn from this inquiry are that having supportive home and community environments, exemplary teachers and constructive classroom environments enables children to use their creative abilities and language resources to make sense of reading in two languages. It is the continuities and connections between these elements which enables children to transcend any difficulties arising from the fact that reading is being encountered in two languages.

This thesis is a study of language use in English language classrooms in primary schools in Hungary. The focus of the study is on the use of the target language (English) and the mother tongue (Hungarian) by the teachers and the learners. The teachers are all Hungarian native speakers, with varying levels of competence and previous experience in communicative language teaching, and this presents a challenge to the adoption of a communicative approach to the teaching of English. The National Core Curriculum endorses the communicative approach, with the expectation that the target language will be used as much as possible. However, in practice, the mother tongue is widely used in these classrooms, both by the teachers and by the students. There is therefore a conflict between policy and practice: the policy is that the target language should be used wherever possible, whereas the practice is that the use of the target language is limited to predictable and routine contexts. It is this conflict which constitutes the central question which is addressed in this thesis: how do teachers resolve the conflict between what they are expected to do, and what they feel capable of doing. Data from classrooms and interviews were collected and analysed, using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The focus of the analysis was on the amount and function of the use of the mother tongue by the teachers. Comparisons were drawn between teachers of Grade 4 pupils who started to learn English in Grade 1 and those who started in Grade 4. This analysis is complemented by evidence concerning the teachers‘ beliefs and understandings about the pressures and constraints which affect their teaching of English to young learners. The results suggest that the possibility of communicative language teaching in these classrooms is constrained by various factors, including the limitations in the children‘s cognitive capabilities and the proficiency level of the children, and the teachers‘ preference for using their previous methods which included grammar, translation and memorisation; also by curriculum requirements such as the use of the textbook, and the necessity to prepare the children for examinations. The implications of these findings for curriculum development in foreign language teaching in other comparable contexts are discussed.

A mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Magister Educationis (M Ed) at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012
This mini-dissertation describes the difficulties faced by educators who teach Natural Science in Grade 6 using isiXhosa mother tongue instruction. The researcher has investigated how educators dealt with Natural Science terminology when they were teaching Grade 6. The sample consisted of 10 educators from 10 schools in Gugulethu who were teaching Grade 6 Natural Science. The researcher used a focus group interview of 10 educators from 10 schools in Gugulethu. The researcher unpacked the issues of teaching Natural Science in mother tongue instruction, as it was the policy of the Western Cape Education Department (WCED). The researcher looked at the measures put in place by the WCED to pilot schools, such as resources and training of the educators. As a researcher I looked broadly and compared educational policies in other neighbouring countries, such as Mozambique and Swaziland, to South Africa. In a purposive sample, one was likely to get the opinions of one’s target population, but one was also likely to overweight subgroups in one’s population that were more readily accessible. Researcher also consulted some literature such as that of Baker, Alexander, Brock-Utne etc. In conclusion, the researcher used exploratory studies for hypothesis generation, and by researchers interested in obtaining ideas of the range of responses on ideas that people had. However, in this study the researcher used the qualitative methods, with a focus group interview, to gather data on the implementation of mother tongue instruction in a Grade 6 Natural Science classes. The findings of the study seem to indicate that learners understand better if they are taught Natural Science in isiXhosa mother tongue. Therefore, recommendations pose a number of challenges to those committed in the implementation of mother tongue instruction in the Western Cape schools.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation I report on an ethnographic survey study undertaken on bi-/multilingual education in ten primary schools in Uganda. The primary aim of this study was to explore how teachers understand and manage the process of transitioning from mother tongue (MT) education to English as a language of learning and teaching (LoLT). In this study I used a multi-method approach involving questionnaires, classroom observations, follow-up interviews and note taking. Data was analysed using a theme-based triangulation approach, one in which insights gleaned from different sources are checked against each other, so as to build a fuller, richer and more accurate account of the phenomenon under study. This data was gathered firstly from teachers and classes in the first three years of formal schooling (P1 to P3) in order to understand the nature of multilingualism in the initial years of primary schooling and how teachers use MT instruction in preparation for transition to English-medium education that occurs at the end of these three years. Secondly, data from P4 and P5 classes and teachers was gathered so as to examine the manner in which teachers handle transition from MT instruction in P4 and then shift into the use of English as LoLT in P5. The study has identified discrepancies between de jure and de facto language policy that exist at different levels: within schools, between government and private schools in implementing the language-in-education policy, and, ultimately, between the assumptions teachers have of the linguistic diversity of learners and the actual linguistic repertoires possessed by the learners upon school entry. Moreover, the study has revealed that it is unrealistic to expect that transfer of skills from MT to English can take place after only three years of teaching English and MT as subjects and using MT as LoLT. Against such a backdrop, teachers operate under circumstances that are not supportive of effective policy implementation. In addition, there is a big gap between teacher training and the demands placed on teachers in the classroom in terms of language practices. Moreover, teachers have mixed feelings about MT education, and some are unreservedly negative about it. Teachers’ indifference to MT education is partly caused by the fact that MTs are not examined at the end of primary school and that all examination papers are set in English. Furthermore, it has emerged that Uganda’s pre-primary education system complicates the successful implementation of the language-in-education policy, as it is not monitored by the government, is not compulsory nor available to all Ugandan children, and universally is offered only in English. The findings of this study inform helpful recommendations pertaining to the language-ineducation policy and the education system of Uganda. Firstly, there is a need to compile countrywide community and/or school linguistic profiles so as to come up with a wellinformed and practical language policy. Secondly, current language-in-education policy ought to be decentralised as there are urban schools which are not multilingual (as is assumed by the government) and thus are able to implement MT education. Thirdly, the MT education programme of Uganda ought to be changed from an early-exit to a late-exit model in order to afford a longer time for developing proficiency in English before English becomes the LoLT. Fourthly, government ought to make pre-primary schooling compulsory, and MT should be the LoLT at this level so that all Ugandan children have an opportunity to learn through their MTs. Finally, if the use of MT, both as a subject and as a LoLT, is to be enforced in schools, the language of examination and/or the examination of MTs will have to be reconsidered. In summary, several reasons have been identified for the mentioned discrepancies between de jure and de facto language-in-education policy in Uganda. This policy was implemented in an attempt to improve the low literacy levels of Ugandan learners. It therefore appears as if the policy and its implementation will need revision before this achievable aim can be realised as there is great difficulty on the teachers’ side not only in the understanding but also in managing the process of transitioning from MT education to English as LoLT.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif lewer ek verslag oor ‘n etnografiese opname van twee meertaligheid wat in 10 laerskole in Oeganda uitgevoer is. Die hoof doel van die studie was om vas te stel hoe onderwysers die oorgang van moedertaalonderrig na Engels as taal van onderrig en leer (TLO) verstaan en bestuur. Ek het ‘n veelvuldige metode-benadering in hierdie studie gevolg en gebruik gemaak van vraelyste, klaskamerwaarnemings, opvolgonderhoude en veldnotas. Data is geanaliseer deur gebruik te maak van ‘n tema-gebaseerde trianguleringsbenadering, een waarin insigte verkry uit verskillende bronne teen mekaar geverifieer is om sodoende ‘n voller, ryker en meer akkurate verklaring vir die studieverskynsel te gee. Hierdie data is eerstens onder onderwysers en leerders in die eerste drie jaar van formele skoolonderring (P1 tot P3) ingesamel om vas te stel (i) wat die aard van veeltaligheid in die beginjare van laerskool is en (ii) hoe onderwysers moedertaal (MT) gebruik om leerders voor te berei vir die oorgang na Engels-medium onderrig wat aan die einde van hierdie drie jaar geskied. Data is tweedens onder P4- en P5-onderwysers en in P4- en P5-klaskamers ingesamel om sodoede die wyse te ondersoek waarop onderwysers die oorgang van MT-onderrig in P4 en die skuif na die gebruik van Engels as TLO in P5 hanteer. Die studie het diskrepansies tussen de jure- en de facto-taalbeleid op verskeie vlakke geïdentifiseer: binne skole, tussen die regering en privaatskole in die implementering van die taal-in-onderwys-beleid, en ook tussen die aannames wat onderwysers oor die talige diversiteit van leerders het en die werklike talige repertoires waarmee hierdie leerders die skoolsisteem betree. Die studie het verder getoon dat dit onrealisties is om te verwag dat oordrag van vaardighede van MT na Engels kan plaasvind ná slegs drie jaar van (i) Engels en MT as vakke en (ii) gebruik van MT as TLO. Teen hierdie agtergrond werk onderwysers onder omstandighede wat nie effektiewe beleidsimplementering ondersteun nie. Daar is ook ‘n groot gaping tussen onderwyseropleiding en die eise wat aan onderwysers in die klaskamer gestel word in terme van taalpraktyke. Verder het onderwysers gemengde gevoelens oor MTonderrig, en sommiges is sonder voorbehoud negatief daaroor. Onderwysers se onverskilligheid teenoor MT-onderrig word gedeeltelik meegebring deur die feit dat MTe nie aan die einde van laerskool geëksamineer word nie en dat alle eksamenvraestelle in Engels opgestel word. Dit het ook geblyk dat Oeganda se voorskoolse onderwyssisteem die suksesvolle implementering van die taal-in-onderwys-beleid kompliseer, aangesien hierdie vlak van onderwysg nie deur die regering gemonitor word nie, nie verpligtend of toeganklik vir alle Oegandese kinders is nie en universeel in slegs Engels aangebied word. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie maak nuttige aanbevelings moontlik aangaande die taal-inonderwys- beleid en die onderwyssisteem in Oeganda. Eerstens is daar ‘n behoefte aan die opstel van ‘n landswye taalprofiel van gemeenskappe en skole sou ‘n goed-ingeligte en prakties uitvoerbare taalbeleid daargestel wou word. Tweedens behoort die huidige taal-inonderwys- beleid gesentraliseer te word, aangesien sommige stedelike skole (in teenstelling met wat deur die regering aangeneem word) nie veeltalig is nie en dus wel daartoe in staat is om MT-onderrig te implementeer. Derdens behoort die MT-onderrigprogram in Oeganda verander te word van een waarin leerders MT-onderrig vroeg verlaat tot een waarin hulle MT-onderrig laat verlaat, sodat daar meer tyd is vir die verwerwing van Engelse taalvaardighede voordat Engels die TLO word. Vierdens behoort die regering preprimêre onderwys verpligtend te maak en behoort MT die TLO op hierdie vlak te wees sodat alle Oegandese kinders die geleentheid het om deur middel van hul MTe te leer. Laastens, as die gebruik van MT (as ‘n vak sowel as as TLO) in skole verplig gaan word, behoort die taal van eksaminering herbesin te word en/of die eksaminering van MTe heroorweeg te word. Opsommenderwys: Daar is verskeie redes geïdentifiseer vir die genoemde diskrepansies tussen die de jure- en de facto- taal-in-onderwys beleid in Oeganda. Hierdie beleid is ingestel in ‘n poging om die lae geletterdheidsvlakke van Oegandese leerders aan te spreek. Dit blyk dat die beleid en die implementering daarvan hersien sal moet word voordat hierdie haalbare doelwit gerealiseer sal kan word, want onderwysers vind dit merkbaar moeilik nie net om die huidige beleid te verstaan nie maar ook om die proses van oorgang van MT-onderrig na Engels as TLO te bestuur.
Ekisengejje (Luganda) Mu kiwakano kino, njogera ku kunoonyereza okwesigamizibwa ku kwekaliriza ekibinja ky’abantu ab’awamu n’engeri gye bakwatamu ebyenjigiriza nnanniminnyingi mu masomero ga pulayimale kkumi mu Uganda. Ekigendererwa ky’okunoonyereza kuno ekikulu kyali okwekaliriza engeri abasomesa gye bategeeramu ne gye bakwatamu enseetuka y’okuva mu kusomera mu lulimi oluzaaliranwa okudda mu Lungereza. Mu kunoonyereza kuno, nakozesa enseetuka mpendannyingi omuli olukalala lw’ebibuuzo, okwekaliriza okw’omu kibiina, okubuuza ebibuuzo eby’akamwa n’okuwandiika ebyekalirizibwa. Ebiwe byakenenulirwa mu miramwa nga giggyibwa mu ebyo ebyakuηηaanyizibwa mu mpenda ez’enjawulo. Enkola eno yeeyambisa ebyakukuηηaanyizibwa mu mpenda ez’enjawulo nga buli kimu kikkuutiriza kinnaakyo ne kiba nti ekijjo ekinoonyeerezebwako omuntu akitebya mu ngeri enzijuvu era engagga obulungi. Okusooka, ebiwe byakuηηaanyizibwa okuva mu basomesa ne mu bibiina ebisookerwako ebisatu (P1 okutuuka ku P3) n’ekigendererwa ky’okutegeera ennimi eziri mu myaka egisooka egya pulayimale n’engeri abasomesa gye batandikamu okusomesereza mu nnimi enzaaliranwa nga bateekateeka abayizi okubazza mu kuyigira mu Lungereza. Okuyigira mu Lungereza kutandika okubaawo ng’emyaka esatu egisooka giweddeko. Ebibiina, P4 ne P5 nabyo byatunuulirwa n’ekigendererwa ky’okwekaliriza engeri abasomesa gye bakwatamu enseetuka y’okuggya abayizi mu kuyigira mu nnimi enzaaliranwa mu P4 okubazza mu kuyigira mu Lungereza mu P5. Okunoonyereza kuno kuzudde empungu wakati w’enteekera y’ebyennimi eragirwa n’ekozesebwa ku mitendera egy’enjawulo: Empungu esooka eri mu kussa mu nkola enteekera y’ebyennimi mu byenjigiriza wakati w’amasomero ga gavumenti n’ag’obwannannyini ate ne wakati w’ebyo abasomesa bye bakkiririzaamu ku nnimi abayizi ze boogera n’ennimi abayizi bo ze boogera nga tebannayingira masomero. Mu ngeri y’emu okunoonyereza kuno kukizudde nti si kya bwenkyanya okusuubira abayizi okuzza mu Lungereza ebyo bye bayigidde emyaka esatu mu nnini enzaaliranwa nga mu myaka gye gimu egyo Olungereza n’olulimi oluzaaliranwa babadde baziyiga ng’amasomo. Mu mbeera efaanana bw’etyo, abasomesa bakolera mu mbeera etabasobozesa kutuukiriza nteekera ya bya nnimi mu byenjigiriza. Mu ngeri y’emu, waliwo empungu nnene wakati w’obutendeke abasomesa bwe balina n’ebyo ebibasuubirwamu okukola mu kibiina nga beeyambisa olulimi. Si ekyo kyokka, abasomesa si batangaavu ku kusomeseza mu nnimi enzaaliranwa, era n’abamu boogera kaati nga bwe batawagira nkola eno. Endowooza y’abasomesa ku kusomeseza mu nnimi enzaaliranwa yeesigamiziddwa ku kuba nti ennimi enzaaliranwa tezibuuzibwa ku nkomerero ya pulayimale ate era n’okuba nti ebibuuzo byonna ku nkomerero ya pulayimale bibuuzibwa mu Lungereza. Ng’oggyeeko ekyo, kyeyolese mu kunoonyereza kuno nti okusoma kwa nnasale mu Uganda kukaluubiriza okussa mu nkola enteekera y’eby’ennimi mu byenjigiriza kubanga eddaala ly’okusoma lino terirondoolwa gavumenti, si lya buwaze ate era abaana bonna mu Uganda tebafuna mukisa kusoma nnasale, n’ekirala nti okutwaliza awamu ebisomesebwa ku ddaala lino biba mu Lungereza. Ebizuuliddwa mu kunoonyereza kuno bisonga ku bisembebwa ebiyinza okuyamba mu kutereeza enteekera y’eby’ennimi mu byenjigiriza ko n’omuyungiro gw’ebyenjigiriza gwonna mu Uganda. Okusooka, kyetaagisa okukuηηaanya ennimi ezoogerebwa mu bitundu ne/oba mu masomero ne kiyamba mu kussa mu nkola enteekera y’eby’ennimi mu ngeri entangaavu. Eky’okubiri, kisaana obuyinza bw’enteekera y’eby’ennimi mu byenjigiriza eriwo kati buzzibweko wansi kubanga waliwo amasomero g’omu bibuga agataliimu nnimi nnyingi (nga gavumenti yo bw’ekitwala) era nga bwe gatyo gasobola okussa mu nkola enteekera y’eby’ennimi mu byenjigiriza. Eky’okusatu, enteekateeka y’okusomeseza mu nnimi enzaaliranwa eya Uganda esaana eyongezebwe okuva ku myaka 3 etuuke ku myaka 6 okutuuka ku 8. Ebbanga eryo eggwanvu liyamba omuyizi okukaza Olungereza n’oluvannyuma asobole okuluyigiramu. Eky’okuna, gavumenti esaana efuule okusoma kwa nnasale okw’obuwaze era ennimi enzaaliranwa zisaana zibeere olulimi oluyigirwamu ku ddaala lino kibeere nti abaana bonna mu Uganda bafuna omukisa okuyigira mu nnimi zaabwe enzaaliranwa. N’ekisembayo, bwe kiba nti okukozesa ennimi enzaaliranwa mu masomero ng’olulimi oluyigirwamu ate era ng’essomo kinaagobererwa mu masomero, olulimi olubuulizibwamu ebibuuzo ne/oba okubuuzibwako ebibuuzo bisaana bifiibweko nate. Mu bufunze, ensonga nnyingiko ezinokoddwayo ng’ezireetawo empungu wakati w’enteekera y’eby’ennimi mu byenjigiriza n’ebyo ebikolebwa mu masomero mu Uganda. Enteekera eno yassibwa mu nkola n’ekigendererwa ky’okwongera ku mutindo gw’okuyiga okusoma n’okuwandiika mu bayizi b’omu Uganda. Wabula ate kifanana okuba nti enteekera eno n’engeri gy’essibwa mu nkola bijja kwetaaga okuddamu okufiibwako olwo ekigendererwa ekyabiteekerwa kiryoke kituukibweko. Kino kiri bwe kityo kubanga waliwo enkalubira ya maanyi mu basomesa mu kutegeera ne mu nkwajja y’okuteekateeka abayizi okubaseetula

This study applies Sperber and Wilson's relevance theory to the comprehension of figurative language in poetry. Students' understanding of metaphor as a linguistic category and comprehension of metaphorical texts are analysed in terms of the principle of relevance. Patterns of comprehension in English first language (Ll) and English second language (ESL) students' analyses of metaphorical texts are discussed and through an analysis of similarities and differences in these patterns of comprehension an attempt is made to develop a pedagogy around relevance theory. Relevance theory's particular emphasis on the role played by "context" in cognition is seen to have significance for the teaching of literature in South African universities. Relevance theory's account of cognition generates a range of educational principles which could be specifically applied to the teaching of metaphor. An appraisal of the strengths and difficulties students experience in expressing their understanding of metaphor in an academic context is included. This was done to further develop relevance theory into a pedagogical approach which takes into account the academic context in which writing occurs. The investigation of the particular difficulties that English metaphor poses for ESL students entailed acquiring a working knowledge of the ways in which metaphor is taught and assessed in DET schools. The interpretations of students of different linguistic, social and educational backgrounds reveal unifying elements that could be incorporated into a pedagogy based on relevance theory. Such a pedagogy would be appropriate to the multilingual/multicultural/multiracial nature of classes in South African universities and would be a more empowering approach to the teaching of English metaphor.

This qualitative study looks into some Kenyan school teachers strategies in the multilingual environment they work in. The school of this study uses a foreign language as the medium of instruction, instead of the mother tongue culturally spoken by both teachers and students. It presents some of the strategies observed and at the same time looks closely into the possible positive and negative outcomes it has on the students learning. It also looks into the reason for why the medium of instruction is another than mother tongue and the cultural effects of this. By observations and interviews data has been collected and presented aiming to show the teachers thoughts about their working situation, and also their thoughts about their role in the classroom.

This research examines the role of mother tongue use in the teaching of English as a foreign language within the context of Libyan Higher education. The present research aims to explore the extent of Arabic use, attitudes towards this use and reasons for it among Libyan teachers and students. Literature within the field indicates that there has been much controversy surrounding the use of the mother tongue in teaching English with shifting views over the centuries. However, recently there has been a swing towards a recognition of potential positive roles that the mother tongue could have in the language classroom. Yet, despite this recognition, the issue is far from resolved and despite research within the field, there are still substantial gaps in knowledge and understanding of teachers and students’ extent and reasons for L1 use, as well as attitudes towards this use. The ongoing debate surrounding this issue requires further empirical research as proposed by the present research, with a focus on the unexplored Libyan context, aiming to add new insights to current discussions. The present research investigates this issue through a mixed method approach, allowing for an elaborate understanding as well as offering greater confidence in conclusions reached. I carried out three studies, in which I employed questionnaires, interviews, and observational as data collection methods with each expanding and adding depth to findings. The results of the three studies indicate that various factors within the Libyan EFL classroom, including lack of teacher training, proficiency level in the TL and course content, lead with some exceptions, to an overall high use of L1 (Arabic) among teachers and students. I also found that attitudes of teachers are mostly positive, and those of students differed according to proficiency level. I reasoned that teachers’ practices could be constrained by many aspects and conditions both internal and external to the teacher. In this regard, I drew out insights to factors leading to teachers’ L1 use within the Libyan EFL classroom, raising awareness of their potential effect on the process of teaching and learning. This highlights the need for future policy change and improvement allowing for a more judicious and well-informed teacher use of L1 based on appropriate, practical, and effective teacher training and continuing professional development programs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the implication for learning for learners whose home language is different from the medium of instruction at school.The study is focused on a group of Afrikaans learners for whom English is not a foreign language. Rather, English is a language that they are in contact with on a daily level through the media, their peers and in the classroom. The study looked at why these learners find themselves in English classes when the language policy of the country makes provision for their specific home language in the classroom. It also tried to determine whether these learners experience problems in their learning as they shift from Afrikaans as a home language to an English medium of instruction in class.

The focus of this research is on implementing a professional development intervention aimed at improving the teaching practice of teachers teaching English as a subject at a rural high school in Lesotho. The study presents the way in which I as the principal researcher and my English teacher colleague facilitated learning, using innovative methods in our English classes in a way that promoted learner-centredness. In this study improvement of the teaching practice of teachers of English was intended to reduce the overuse of mother tongue in English classes to promote the teaching of English through English (Cook, 2005) and to improve learners’ proficiency in English as a subject. The study was conducted using an action research design. Action research was used as a professional development process with a view to improving educational practice; it enabled me as the facilitator of the professional development intervention and my colleague to rethink our approaches to facilitating learning of English in order to innovate our teaching. A mix of qualitative and quantitative approaches was used for collecting and analysing both qualitative and quantitative data in one study. These approaches were used to promote an in-depth understanding of the research problem under investigation. Open-ended interviews, observations, observation sheets, reflective journals and a questionnaire were used as data collection procedures that created a convergence of viewpoints, methods and conclusions. The conceptual and theoretical framework that guided the study emerged from the literature review. Findings of the study revealed that the innovative methods implemented in the English classes at a rural high school have contributed to the improvement in professional development and the teaching practice of teachers of English. Although learners preferred the use of both English and mother tongue in their English classes, findings of the study have revealed that there was an improvement in learners’ proficiency in English as a subject which was facilitated using English. The study recommends that the whole brain thinking model, multiple intelligences and action research as a constructivist approach be utilised daily in English classes and in all learning areas in Lesotho high schools as a basis for transformation and facilitation of learning that promotes learner-centredness.
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Humanities Education
MEd
Unrestricted

Throughout the history of English Language teaching, the pendulum of L1 use has shifted drastically depending on the method that had gained prominence during a particular period of time. Today, that pendulum has yet to settle and the use of a learner's first language during instruction in a second language classroom continues to be an issue of serious debate. This study aimed to examine the effect of L1 use in instruction on the performance of low proficiency level learners on a grammar task of the present and progressives tenses in an ESL/IEP environment. To determine its effect, the 24 Arabic speaking English learners participating in the study were divided into two groups, an English-Only instruction group and an English & Arabic instruction group and an instrument with three item types (items with adverbials, non-action verbs and context clues that determined tense use) was created. The participants were given the instrument as a pre-and post-test before and after instruction on present and progressive tense use in either English only or English and Arabic according to the group. After the post-test, the students took a survey intended to ascertain their perceptions of the instruction they received. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent and dependent t-tests to draw comparisons between the means of the performance scores of both groups and within each group over the pre- and post-tests. Additionally, the quantitative data from the survey underwent content analysis to discover themes for student preference for instructional language use in the classroom. The resultant findings showed that the participants in the English & Arabic Group performed better on the grammar task and had greater percent increases from the pre-test to the post-test than the English-Only Group. The means of the total performance score and of the question types exhibited these same increases. The surveys indicated that the participants in the English & Arabic Group understood their instruction better and a majority of the participants preferred the use of both English and Arabic during grammar instruction irrespective of language instructional group during the treatment. This study showed that the use of L1 in the classroom has measureable positive effects on the learning of the students. Moreover, it has contributed to the growing body of research in favor of L1 use in the classroom and has considerable implications for the field of second language teaching.

The main objective of this study is to increase knowledge of how mother tongue as a school subject is constructed, legitimized and positioned at the policy level. Based on the analysis of governmental policy documents, the thesis deals with mother tongue instruction (MTI) in the Swedish compulsory school, its historical development and status among other language subjects. The study draws on the curriculum theory, which means that the focus lies on the relationship between content of the curriculum and the historical, social and cultural context in which it was conducted. Regarding MTI, I argue that it is located at an intersection among immigration, education and language policies and must, therefore, be viewed in the light of them. With curriculum theory and discourse analysis as theoretical and methodological framework, I examine governmental policy documents from the 1960s to the current curriculum (Lgr11). The result shows that the introduction of MTI (named “home language”) in Swedish school in the 1970s was a part of an immigration policy directed towards immigrant children in order to compensate their special needs. It was argued that mother tongue was crucial for children's personal development and learning. The subject was aimed at all pupils with the home language other than Swedish and was seen as “almost mandatory”. However, the effects of MTI became questioned in the 1980-90s, which led to decreased access to MTI for students that did not belong to national minority groups. The status of the subject was weakened; in fact, it had no natural place in the school schedule. Under this period, the individual’s freedom of choice became valued more than the equality among students. The third period of the MTI history started in the late 1990s when the government articulated its willingness to raise the status of the subject. At present, the practice of MTI is regulated not only by the curriculum but also by the school law and the language law. MTI is currently a part of language policy, which is aimed at language pluralism. Indeed, the development of bilingualism has been stated as the goal of MTI in every curriculum since Lgr69. In the meantime, other language subjects do not aim at promoting bilingualism. This means that bilingualism is something that minority groups should strive for, but nothing majority students need. The current curriculum emphasizes the mother tongue’s significance for language acquisition and for learning in general. The focus still lies on the mother tongue’s importance for individuals but not for the society. Moreover, there are no connections mentioned between MTI and future studies and job opportunities, as the case is for other language subjects. By comparing syllabuses for other school languages I concluded that MTI is constructed as a kind of support subject, rather than as a regular language subject.

Tese apresentada à Universidade dos Açores para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de doutor em Educação, na especialidade de Metodologia do Ensino do Português, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Rui Vieira de Castro, Professor Catedrático do Departamento de Metodologias da Educação do Instituto de Educação e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho, e a co-orientação científica do Doutor Paulo Jorge Sousa Meneses, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Línguas e Literaturas Modernas da Universidade dos Açores.
As reformas educativas, ou apenas curriculares, decorrem sempre de um determinado quadro político, socioeconómico, científico, tecnológico e ético e constituem-se palco para processos de apropriação que se desenvolvem a diversos níveis (nas escolas, na sociedade civil, nos media, na comunidade científica…) e representam sucessivos ensaios de ‘leitura’ do discurso oficial que define os termos dessas reformas (documentos preparatórios, publicações governamentais diversas, quadro normativo…) e da sua transposição pedagógica. O processo tem na escola um dos seus cenários principais e nos professores (e nos alunos também) os protagonistas. Apresenta-se, pois, fundamental conhecer o(s) modo(s) como aqueles (re)interpretam o discurso oficial (como acompanham e participam nos movimentos de reforma, que transformações lhes reconhecem relativamente aos quadros curriculares antecedentes e como as avaliam, em face das suas expectativas, concepções e práticas prévias, dos seus valores, da relevância e adequação daquelas aos contextos…) e como procedem à sua transposição pedagógica (que objectivos, conteúdos, metodologias e recursos/materiais elegem). O nosso interesse particular pela área do Português, a sua centralidade e transversalidade curriculares e as significativas transformações que experimentou no quadro da Revisão Curricular do Ensino Secundário de 1999-2006 prefiguraram-na como campo privilegiado para a análise dos modos e processos de apropriação curricular desenvolvidos pelos professores que empreendemos neste estudo. Para o efeito elegemos um dispositivo de recolha e análise de dados complexo e diversificado, que compreendeu metodologias de investigação, tanto de natureza quantitativa como qualitativa (inquéritos por questionário e entrevista, estudo de caso, análise documental e a observação directa de práticas interaccionais), envolvendo populações-alvo, amostras populacionais e corpus diversificados (professores de Português B da ilha de S. Miguel, professores de Português do Arquipélago, alunos de Português A e B de S. Miguel, professores e alunos de Português de uma escola, em particular; relatórios, planificações e testes) e procedendo a recolhas em tempos e espaços diversos e complementares. O percurso de análise e reflexão que empreendemos ao longo deste trabalho permitiu-nos reconhecer no contexto em estudo, que conquanto as práticas prévias de ensino-aprendizagem do Português na escolaridade secundária representadas por professores e alunos configurassem a matriz literário-cultural da área, os professores atribuíam a esta sobretudo objectivos de natureza comunicacional, registando, por isso alargada receptividade às transformações naquela introduzidas no quadro da Revisão Curricular. O processo de (re)interpretação e recontextualização pedagógica dessas transformações aparece, contudo, atravessado por tensões e contradições, decorrentes, em larga medida, das práticas prévias e das concepções e valores dos professores, constituindo lugares de maior adesão a compreensão e produção das diversas tipologias textuais inscritas no programa, o reforço do trabalho em torno da expressão oral e escrita, a diversificação dos objectos, estratégias e instrumentos de avaliação, e lugares de maior resistência o tratamento dos conteúdos e conceitos linguísticos decorrentes TLEBS, o trabalho pedagógico em torno do texto literário, o desenvolvimento processual e a dimensão formativa da avaliação. O estudo permitiu, para além disso, reconstituir o alheamento generalizado dos professores relativamente aos processos de discussão pública e decisão curricular como reconhecer as dinâmicas de trabalho colaborativo empreendidas nas escolas em torno dos processos de (re)interpretação e recontextualização pedagógica das orientações curriculares da área. O estudo em presença configura um importante contributo para o alargamento do conhecimento sobre os processos de apropriação curricular desenvolvidos pelos professores, na área do Português, em concreto, e para além desta. Constitui, igualmente, uma possibilidade de aprofundamento da consciência e do conhecimento dos professores relativamente aos contextos em que actuam, e apresenta pistas para a avaliação das possibilidades de desenvolvimento e consecução das políticas educativas, para a construção de processos participados de transformação educacional, para o acompanhamento dos processos de inovação curricular como para a definição de políticas de formação inicial e contínua de professores.
ABSTRACT: Educational, or merely curricular, reforms are always inscribed in a specific political, socioeconomic, scientific and ethical framework and are prone to appropriation processes which take place at diverse levels (in schools, in society, in the media, among the scientific community) and represent multiple attempts to ‘read’ the official discourse which sets the patterns for both these reforms (preparatory documents, all kinds of government publications, rules and regulations…) and their pedagogical transposition. In this process, school is one of the main settings and teachers (as well as students) play a leading role in it. It is, therefore, crucial to get to know the way(s) in which they (re)interpret the official discourse (i.e. how they monitor and take part in reform movements, what transformations they attribute to them over the previous curricular frameworks, how they assess them, as regards their own expectations, previous knowledge, practices and values, as well as in terms of these reforms meaningfulness and their suitability to contexts…) and how they set about its pedagogical implementation (what objectives they set, what contents they choose, what methods and material aids they select). Our special interest in the Portuguese language, together with the fact that this is both a core and a transversal area in the curriculum, and the meaningful changes it suffered through the Secondary Education Curricular Restructuring that took place from 1999 to 2006 make it a privileged field for the analysis of the ways and processes of curricular appropriation developed by teachers which was the aim of our study. To fulfil this aim we selected a complex and diversified method of data collection and analysis, which encompassed both qualitative and quantitative research methods (questionnaires and interviews, case study documentation analysis and direct observation of interaction practices), involving target populations, population-sample and diverse corpora (Portuguese language B teachers from the island of S. Miguel, Portuguese language teachers from the Archipelago, Portuguese language A and B students from S. Miguel, Portuguese language A and B teachers and students from S. Miguel from a specific school; reports, lesson plans and tests). Samples were collected in diverse and complementary moments and places. The analysis and reflection path that we followed throughout this research process made it possible for us to recognise in the study context that although the previous Portuguese language teaching and learning practices in Secondary Education presented by teachers and students fitted the area literary and cultural matrix, teachers attributed to it mostly communicational aims, thus revealing wide receptivity to the changes introduced in the Curricular Revision framework. The process of pedagogical (re)interpreting and re-contextualizing of these changes is, however, characterized by tension and contradiction, resulting to a great extent from the previous practices, beliefs and thoughts and values of teachers. Comprehension and production of the various text types proposed by the syllabus, the increased emphasis on speaking and writing skills, as well as the diversification of evaluation targets, procedures and instruments emerged as major areas of acceptance, whereas linguistic concepts resulting from the TLEBS (the new Portuguese language linguistic terminology), the pedagogical work of the literary text, process approaches and the formative dimension of evaluation constituted areas of resistance. The study also allowed us to understand the teachers’ general lack of interest towards public discussion and curricular decision processes, as well as to recognise the dynamics of collaborative work developed in schools in the context of the pedagogical (re)interpreting and re-contextualizing processes of the curricular guidelines for this area. This study gives a meaningful contribution to the understanding of the curricula appropriation processes developed by teachers, not only in the Portuguese language but also beyond it. It is also an opportunity to widen teachers’ knowledge and awareness towards their work environments and it presents some suggestions for the evaluation of the possibilities of development and implementation of educational policies, for the establishment of shared processes of educational transformation, for the monitoring of curricular innovation processes and for the definition of initial and in-service teacher education policies.

This essay shows how teachers adjust the literature studies in the mother tongue subject to their different classes in upper secondary school.

The study is based on interviews with two teachers and an analysis of two different school-books. The conclusion is that the subject of literary education in the vocational programs is a pragmatic subject with focus on the pupils’ needs and skills, and the subject in the theoretical programs has more focus on mediation of a literary heritage.

Orientador: Maria Augusta Bastos de Mattos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Nosso trabalho de pesquisa em Lingüística Aplicada, especificamente na área de língua materna, busca investigar a oralidade concebida como objeto de ensino-aprendizagem, seja no nível básico ¿ fundamental e médio ¿, seja no superior. As preocupações nesse sentido surgiram a partir do questionamento sobre as relações entre o aprendizado dos estudantes de Letras na área de Lingüística e sua posterior atuação como professores de ensino fundamental e médio. Assim, em um primeiro momento, buscamos refletir sobre as conexões estabelecidas entre o conhecimento de determinadas teorias lingüísticas ¿ estruturalistas, gerativistas, discursivas, por exemplo ¿ e o ensino da língua portuguesa. Nessa trajetória, pensando-se na linguagem verbal, objeto de estudo da Lingüística, que envolve tanto as manifestações faladas quanto escritas da língua, chamou-nos atenção o fato de que, dentre as pesquisas e trabalhos relacionados ao tema, tenham predominado aqueles ocupados com o ensino da escrita, em detrimento da oralidade. Além disso, com a criação da nova Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional e a instituição dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Língua Portuguesa e das novas Diretrizes Nacionais para os Cursos de Graduação em Letras, observamos uma ênfase na inserção oficial do ensino de oralidade em todas as fases de formação dos estudantes. Esses aspectos nos levaram a tentar entender como as diferentes teorias lingüísticas apresentadas nos cursos de graduação em Letras podem contribuir para a produção de conhecimento necessário aos professores de língua materna no que se refere à oralidade na escola, como objeto de ensino-aprendizagem, bem como a propor algumas abordagens a partir da análise de programas radiofônicos
Abstract: The present study in Applied Linguistics, more specifically in mother tongue field, aims to investigate the conceived oralidade as teaching-learning object, either in basic level, either in graduation courses. The concerns have emerged from the questioning on the relations between the Linguistics learning of the students of Letters course and their subsequent performance as teachers. Thus, at first, we considered about the connections established between the knowledge of determined linguistic theories ¿ structuralists, gerativists, discoursives, as examples ¿ and Portuguese language teaching. Considering verbal language, the object of study of the Linguistics, that in such way involves both oral and written manifestations, a fact has called our attention: that among researches and works related to this theme, there is a predominance of studies concerning writing, in detriment of oralidade. Moreover, with the creation of the new Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional and the institution of the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais de Língua Portuguesa and the new Diretrizes Nacionais para os Cursos de Graduação em Letras, we have observed an emphasis for the official insertion of the education of oralidade in all stages of formation of the students. These aspects led us to try to understand how different linguistic theories presented in Letters course are able to contribute to the production of knowledge, necessary to mother tongue teachers, concerning oralidade at school, as object of the teaching-learning process, as well as to propose some approaches from radio programs analysis
Mestrado
Ensino-Aprendizagem de Lingua Materna
Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

O presente trabalho concentra-se em investigar como cursos de formação continuada, para professores de Língua Portuguesa do ensino fundamental II da rede pública municipal de São Paulo, formam ou transformam as concepções sobre o ensino de língua de professores atuantes e de que maneira esses profissionais lidam com os conhecimentos veiculados. Nosso objetivo foi discutir quais significados os cursos de formação trazem para o professor que participa desses eventos formativos. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisa documental e entrevistas com professoras da rede municipal que participaram de cursos de formação continuada cujos objetivos continham o estudo das Sequências Didáticas nos Cadernos de Apoio e Aprendizagem. Fizemos descrição do material, que foi motivo para as formações, bem como a análise de uma Sequência Didática nele contido e verificamos que veiculam novas representações de professor de Português. Para realizar um estudo dos temas abordados nas entrevistas, discutimos os conceitos de representação de Lefebvre (1983) e Moscovici (2012); utilizamos também a contribuição de Geraldi (2013) a respeito do ensino de Língua Portuguesa para refletir sobre o papel do professor, principalmente o de Português, no contexto atual; também valemo-nos das contribuições de Tardif (2005) a respeito dos saberes docentes. Pudemos constatar que os professores constroem significados somente com aquilo que conseguem relacionar em outros momentos e/ou lugares.
The present work focuses on investigating how ongoing education courses for teachers of Portuguese Language from secondary education of the public system from the city of São Paulo form or transform conceptions about the teaching of in service language teachers and how they deal with the knowledge conveyed. Our objective was to discuss which meanings the education training courses bring to the teacher who attended those education events. Therefore, we performed documental research and interviews with teachers from the city of SP who participated on ongoing education courses whose objectives contained the study of didactic sequences from the Support and Learning Books. We made a description of the material that was used for the education trainings, as well as the analysis of a didactic sequence within this material and we noticed that it conveys new representations of Portuguese teacher. To carry out a study of the themes discussed in the interviews, we discussed the concepts of representation of Lefebvre (1983) and Moscovici (2012). We also used the contribution of Geraldi (2013) about the teaching of Portuguese language to reflect on the role of the teacher, mainly in the Portuguese language teaching field in the current context. We also considered the contributions of Tardif (2005) about the teaching knowledges. We have seen that teachers only construct meanings with what they can relate in other moments and/or places.

The purpose of this study was to describe and analyze the perceptions of mother tongue teachers regarding the effectiveness of teaching and various factors that may affect the effectiveness based on a phenomenological approach. For this purpose, ten interviews with mother tongue teachers were conducted. The results show that teachers have clear perceptions of what effectiveness is and use different methods to make teaching more effective. Three extensive categories that affect positively effectiveness were identified: personalized education, teacher leadership and motivation. The findings suggest that there are also factors that negatively affect effectiveness. These factors are teaching time and inappropriate scheduling, difficulty in forming reasonably large and homogeneous groups, inappropriate teaching facilities and lack of collegial learning. The results correspond to the latest research in the field. Overall, the results suggest the variety of perceptions about effectiveness and factors that can affect it.

According to the Constitution of South Africa (1996), as well as the Schools Act of South Africa (1996), everyone has the right to education in the language of their choice. The advantage of being educated in one’s home language is a well-known and accepted as a demonstrated fact (Oosthuizen, Rossouw & De Wet, 2004:22). Unfortunately, Oosthuizen et al. (2004:22) remark that the biggest problem in education today, is that home language education cannot be given to everyone in South Africa. As a result many parents choose English as the Language of Learning and Teaching (LOLT) for their children, since they believe English is the language of empowerment. Although English Second Language (ESL) learners pose a challenge to educators in the class, they still have a right to quality education. Therefore, thorough planning is essential to ensure that these learners are taught according to their needs. The primary aim of this research study was to determine if primary school educators designed their lesson planning to accommodate ESL learners with a limited English proficiency. The primary aim could only be determined if the following sub-aims were successfully analysed: *To determine through a literature investigation which specific language barriers ESL learners, with limited English language proficiency, experience during a lesson. *To determine through a literature investigation why lesson planning is important; *To determine to what extent educators accommodate language barriers to learning of ESL learners, with a limited English language proficiency, in their lesson plans. *To determine how educators reflect on their lesson plan, in order to determine whether ESL learners, with limited English language proficiency, coped with the lesson. *To establish which modifications, if any, educators make after reflection to accommodate ESL learners with limited English language proficiency in the follow lesson planning? A Qualitative research method was followed during the study. Data was collected for the research study by doing a document analysis and semi-structured interviews with primary school educators who are currently in the teaching profession and have ESL learners in their class. A convenience sample was used, where the nearest parallel medium school was chosen with participants readily available. The following findings emerged from the study: According to the literature study, the most common specific language barriers which ESL learners with limited English proficiency experience in the classroom are: *Experience it difficult to express themselves in English; *Educators disparity in language between learners and educators; *a limited English vocabulary; and *struggling with comprehension of English. Findings of the empirical study showed that the participants do not plan for accommodations for ESL learners who may experience barriers to learning. They indicated that since English is the LOLT of the school and because they feel that the learners should be proficient in the language they do not need to plan for possible misunderstandings or communication problems that could occur because of a language barrier. However, they did acknowledge that a limited vocabulary and ways of expression can cause communication problems.
MEd, Learner Support, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Magister Educationis - MEd
Writing is an important aspect of language learning and a tool for assessment in Basic and Higher Education across the globe. Learners need to acquire proficient writing skills to learn and to demonstrate their knowledge and creativity. Given the importance of creative writing in expressing one’s thoughts, emotions and imagination, this study sought to investigate how creative writing was taught through the medium of English First Additional Language (FAL) to Grade 9 learners in one primary school in the Western Cape province. It also sought to observe and analyse the teaching strategies employed by teachers in creative writing to Grade 9 learners who were isiXhosa home language speakers, and who were taught all the subjects (except isiXhosa language) through the medium of English (FAL). Through the lens of Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism Theory, this study explored how the learners’ social context and language played a role in the teaching-learning process. The Social Constructivism theory assumes that the home environment is a primary factor in learning and it is concerned with how learning is facilitated in the classroom.

Orientador: Sylvia Bueno Terzi
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Há uma crescente discussão acerca do fracasso escolar brasileiro no que tange a formação de um cidadão que seja capaz de utilizar a escrita de forma eficiente. No entanto, pouco se tem investigado sobre os modelos de letramento que subsidiam essas práticas escolares e seus efeitos. Apoiada em Street (1984) e nos Novos Estudos do letramento, a análise aqui empreendida buscou investigar o(s) modelo(s) de letramento subjacente em um novo material docente produzido e distribuído, a partir de 2008, pela Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo para o ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Procurou-se também, por meio da análise, discutir em que medida as concepções de letramento, expressas ou implícitas, contribuem para o preparo dos alunos para o uso social da escrita. Nesse intuito, foi examinado tanto o material didático, constituído por caderno do aluno e do professor, quanto a proposta oficial que os suporta. A análise da proposta curricular revelou a não explicitação teórica sobre o modelo de letramento orientador. No entanto, foi possível a sua identificação por meio de conceitos tais como escola, professor, currículo, competência leitora/escritora, língua/linguagem, texto e nos objetivos de ensino. Já no material didático, foi analisado, por meio das atividades propostas e orientações ao professor para a execução delas, o(s) modelo(s) de letramento implícito nos conceitos de texto, leitura, ensino de leitura, de produção de texto e de gramática. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram uma grande oscilação de perspectivas, polarizando os modelos e separando o conhecimento escolar do não escolar, pois ora a escrita era apresentada como objeto social, ora como um simples exercício escolar. No entanto, conclui-se que o fato desse material docente utilizar muitas vezes a perspectiva social de letramento proporciona ao aprendiz despertar para a concepção de que os textos estão a serviço de propósitos sociais, não sendo meros veículos de comunicação ou transmissores de idéias. Porém, somente se terá resultados mais significativos quando se deixar de desassociar a escola e a vida social dos alunos
Abstract: The failure of the Brazilian teaching programs is increasingly being discussed with regard to the training of citizens able to express themselves by means an accurate writing. However, only few researches have been dedicated to investigate the models of lettering practices that support these programs and their effects. Based on Street (1984) and on the New Studies of the Lettering, this study aims to investigate the lettering models underlying in a new didactic document created and distributed by State Education Secretary of São Paulo for learning of Portuguese language from 2008. This study also seeks to analyze the extension of the contribution of the lettering notions, expressed and implicit, on the instructing of learners for the social application of the writing. To reach these purposes it was evaluated both the didactic material, constituted by textbook and exercise book, and the government official proposal that support them. The analysis of the government supporting proposal reveals that there is not a theoretical explicitness of the guiding lettering model. Nevertheless, it was possible to identify this model through the teaching purposes and through some concepts such as school, teacher, curriculum, reader/writer proficiency, idiom/language and text. Still, the lettering models implied in the concepts of text, reading, reading learning, text production and grammar was evaluated through proposal activities for teachers and from orientations given to them to execute these activities. Results showed a wide oscillation of perspectives that polarize the models and separate the scholar knowledge from that no-scholar. This is because the writing was represented sometimes as social object and other times as a single exercise of school. The conclusion is that the didactic material considered in this study many times utilize a social perspective of lettering that provide to the learner to wake to the notion of texts as instruments of the social purposes, instead of simples vehicles of communications and transmitters of ideas. Finally, significant results will be obtained only if the school and the social life of the learner no longer be disassociated
Mestrado
Lingua Materna
Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

The assumption underlying this study is that knowledge is constructed through interaction. Small teaching groups, or tutorials, are often regarded as a particularly effective context for learning in the setting of tertiary education in that they provide an environment for free interaction between students, and thus facilitate active learning. Factors which systematically affect the degree of participation of the individual in tutorIals -directly affect the learning experience of that individual and raise questions about the equality achieved in tutorials, in terms of opportunities for learning. This study focuses on one such type of factor: culturally acquired norms of interaction. The individual is seen as a composite of cultural identities, utilising norms acquired through socialisation and experience in appropriate contexts. Previous research has demonstrated that gendered norms of interaction and those associated with the individual's mother-tongue are particularly salient. In the educational context, norms acquired through previous experience of education are likely to be carried over to the new setting of the university. Thus these factors form the focus of this study. One flrst-year tutorial from each of five departments in the Faculties of Arts and Social Science at Rhodes University, Grahamstown, was video-recorded and the data thus obtained was analyzed for patterns of interaction in terms of gender, mother-tongue and educational background. A model of utterance types was developed to provide a structured description of the patterns found in the tutorials. Interviews and video-sessions with a sample of the tutorial members were conducted, which add a qualitative dimension to the investigation and allow for triangulation. The recorded tutorials and interviews reveal a marked awareness amongst students of the composition of tutorial groups in terms of gender and ethnicity and this composition appears to affect the relative participation of students, in that members of numerically dominant groups are more willing to participate. This is particularly clear in the case of female students. With regard to second-language (L2) speakers of English, a number of factors are highlighted which tend to decrease participation. Apart from problems with English as the medium of instruction, these students tend to be reluctant to participate due to cultural norms, according to which students, as subordinates, should not take the initiative in interaction, in order to show appropriate respect. Patterns of interaction by L2 students from racially integrated schools, however, do not conform to this set of norms as strongly. It is argued that sensitivity is required to address this situation and a number of options are presented.

This paper aims at finding out if code-switching is an asset or a problem in a multilingual classroom. The main goal of the study was to find out what impact code-switching into mother tongue has on L2 development and what learning/teaching situations induce the act of code-switching. Through classroom observation, interviews and a questionnaire data were collected and the main questions of the study answered.Previous research and the results from the present study show that code-switching is a natural phenomenon in L2 development and that code-switching has a positive impact on L2 development as it fulfils a significant number of functions in the classroom, including vocabulary and concept development, need for clarification and emphasis, provides a learning strategy for L2 acquisition, and generally helps students maintain and develop their L2.
Denna rapport syftar till att ta reda på om kodväxling är en tillgång eller ett problem i ett flerspråkigt klassrum. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på vilken effekt kodväxling till annat språk har på andraspråksutveckling och vilka lärande-/undervisningssituationer som framkallar kodväxling. Genom klassrumobservationer, intervjuer och ett frågeformulär samlades data in.Tidigare forskning och resultaten från denna studie visar att kodväxling är ett naturligt fenomen i andraspråksutveckling och att den har en positiv inverkan på språkutvecklingen, eftersom den fyller ett stort antal funktioner i klassrummet, inklusive ökning av ordförrådet och begreppsförståelsen, fungerar som hjälp när det som läraren säger behöver betonas eller förtydligas, lärandestrategi för andraspråksinlärning, och hjälper slutligen elever att underhålla och utveckla sitt andraspråk.

Thesis (MA. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
The study sought to investigate the challenges that the learners and educators encountered in learning and teaching when they use English as a medium of instruction. The study reveals that African languages, along with their culture are being dominated by English. Most of Pedis’ learners cannot speak Sepedi without mixing it with English, and most of African people usually read English books and neglecting the Indigenous books. In addition, the study shows that learners performed better when they were taught in Sepedi than in English. The educators’ responses showed that learners have difficulties in understanding English as the medium of instruction and that they code-switch from English to Sepedi to enhance understanding.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: At independence, Namibia chose English as its official language and therefore its language of learning and teaching (LOLT). Since then, government documents and other literature have revealed the poor performance of learners and falling of standards of teaching (Benjamin 2004:25). It seems that teachers are facing several challenges when using English as an LOLT in the classroom. This study therefore investigates the challenges faced by teachers in northern Namibia when using ELF as a LOLT, as well as how teachers overcome these challenges. In this regard, structured, one-on-one interviews were conducted with six Oshiwambo-speaking teachers at a specific homogenous secondary school in the Omusati region of northern Namibia. The findings of this study suggest that teachers believe that the learners’ sole advantage of using ELF as the LOLT is that it may benefit them if they further their studies abroad, as possessing knowledge of English would enable them to communicate with people from different countries. Another main finding, in terms of how teachers overcome the challenges posed by using ELF as the LOLT, is that teachers often resort to code-switching to ensure that their students understand the concepts they are being taught.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die onafhanklikheidswording het Namibië Engels as amptelike taal gekies en gevolglik ook as die taal van onderrig en leer (LOLT). Sedertdien het staatsdokumente en ander literatuur getoon hoe swak leerders presteer en dat daar ‘n daling in onderrigstandaarde is (Benjamin 2004: 25). Dit blyk dat onderwysers verskeie uitdagings met die gebruik van Engels as LOLT in die klaskamer in die gesig staar. Hierdie studie ondersoek dus hierdie uitdagings van onderwysers in die noorde van Namibië wanneer hulle Engels as ‘n lingua franca (ELF) as die LOLT moet gebruik, sowel as hoe onderwysers hierdie uitdagings oorkom. In hierdie opsig is gestrukureerde individuele onderhoude met ses Oshiwambosprekende onderwysers gevoer by ‘n spesifieke homogene sekondere skool in die Omusati omgewing in Noord-Namibië. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie dui aan dat onderwysers glo dat leerders wat ELF as LOLT gebruik net voordeel daaruit sal trek indien hulle hul studies in die buiteland sou voortsit omdat kennis van Engels hulle instaat sou stel om met mense van verskillende lande te kommunikeer. Nog ‘n belangrike bevinding is dat onderwysers heel dikwels van kodewisseling gebruikmaak om te verseker dat hulle studente die terme wat aangeleer word wel verstaan.

English is an international and global language that students, regardless of mother tongue, encounter in their everyday lives. In Sweden, students are introduced to English teaching in year 1, 2 or 3, and in some cases, year 4. English teaching can sometimes be problematic when the language of instruction often consists of Swedish, which for second language students becomes a challenge to acquire new skills in a week language. The study aims to examine, with a qualitative study, how pedagogues plan and implements English teaching in first grade with students whose mother tongue are other than Swedish. Further, the aim was to examine how pedagogues say they relate to the fact that second language pupils participating in English lessons and if they think it affects their English teaching. The conclusions is that the pedagogues has probably not been problematized the phenomenon examined and say they do not adapt their teaching. In the interviews reveals information about the teaching method which, in my opinion, indicates that, unconsciously, adapting their teaching when they have second language students. Furthermore, the study points out the importance of English as language of instruction when there is a more equal situation for all students regardless of language. Second langue students do not need to go through the Swedish language to be taught in English.

As the postmodern view on local perspectives and situated knowledge is becoming increasingly more important, educational issues regarding ethnic minority groups and multicultural aspects of learning are rapidly turning into a major focus throughout the international educational world. Distinct minority cultures and languages are rarely given enough attention within formal school settings. Instead national languages and curriculum are mandatory, leaving minority students confused and at a disadvantage. The Akha people of Northern Thailand find themselves sharing these minority struggles and this paper sets out to explore issues of continuity and change within Akha discourses from an educational perspective.

Eight semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with individuals from the Akha minority group in regards to their views on education. The aim was to analyze how their educational discourses were constructed and what perceptions they carried, primarily in relationship to knowledge and learning.

When analyzing the interview material it became evident that the informants’ discourses about education constructed two completely different worlds. Their descriptions of traditional Akha learning in a community setting was distinctly different from how they depicted the mandatory Thai schooling. Conflicts between continuity and change also emerged in the interview material. At the same time as a strong wish for continuity of traditional Akha culture was clearly visible, the interviewees also expressed the necessity to change and adapt to the outside world. This paper, therefore aims to discuss these conflicting discourses in relation to four different aspects of life where education seems to play an essential role for the informants in promoting and preventing changes and continuity: knowledge and learning, social structures, morals and ethics, and cultural identity. It will also be discussed how these discourses construct and impact reality, as well as how perceptions are constructed and reproduced. Furthermore, this paper will also consider how the different issues and conflicts mentioned above could be addressed by a formal Akha school setting.

O presente estudo apresenta uma pesquisa sobre a utilização do conhecimento sistemático da Língua Materna, como recurso e estratégia na aprendizagem da Língua Espanhola, por alunos de um Curso Superior, os quais se encontram no Nível B2, de acordo com o Marco Comum Europeu. O objetivo geral foi identificar as estratégias cognitivas utilizadas pelos alunos no aprendizado dessa Língua Estrangeira, e o objetivo específico foi investigar se o aluno utiliza o conhecimento sistemático da Língua Materna como recurso e estratégia na aprendizagem da Língua Estrangeira. Recorremos aos estudos de Vigotski, sobretudo aqueles relativos ao processo de ensino e aprendizagem de línguas. Para alcançarmos nossos objetivos, solicitamos aos alunos que respondessem a um questionário relativo às estratégias que utilizaram para aprender o emprego dos pronomes pessoais em Língua Espanhola, durante uma aula programada e ministrada pela pesquisadora. Constatamos que a maioria dos alunos recorre aos conhecimentos formais que possuem na Língua Materna para a aprendizagem do novo conteúdo de Língua Espanhola. Isto ratifica os postulados de Vigotski quanto à importância da Língua Materna para a aprendizagem de uma Língua Estrangeira.
This study presents a survey on the use of systematic knowledge of the mother tongue as a resource and strategy in learning the Spanish language, for students of an Advanced Course , which are at Level B2 according to the Common European Framework . The overall objective was to identify cognitive strategies used by students in learning this foreign language and specific objective was to investigate if the student uses systematic knowledge of the mother tongue as a resource and strategy in learning a foreign language. We appealed to the studies of Vygotsky, especially those relating to education and language learning process. To achieve our goals, we ask students to answer a questionnaire concerning the strategies they used to learn the use of personal pronouns in Spanish, during a scheduled class and taught by the researcher. We found that most students resort to formal knowledge they possess in the Mother Tongue for learning new content Spanish Language. This confirms the postulates of Vygotsky about the importance of mother tongue for learning a foreign language.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Os avanços tecnológicos observados na contemporaneidade modificaram as formas de interação, produção, configuração e interpretação de enunciados. Essas modificações atingem diferentes campos de atividade, como o didático-pedagógico, que, hoje, possui fronteiras além do espaço físico escolar. Neste cenário, esta pesquisa de mestrado coloca em foco “novas” modalidades de ensino/aprendizagem praticadas na internet, nas quais estão presentes gêneros discursivos incomuns na esfera didático-pedagógica. O corpus selecionado são posts com fins didáticos do blog do Cursinho Pré-Vestibular Descomplica. A análise é centralizada na presença de gêneros que produzem humor – em especial, o meme – nestas práticas de ensino/aprendizagem. Interessa-nos a presença do humor como recurso didático nas relações de ensino e as modificações possíveis desta presença pensando em um histórico sobre as relações em ambientes de ensino/aprendizagem. Neste contexto, outras discussões foram suscitadas, como o próprio entendimento do meme como gênero do discurso, como memórias discursivas do espaço escolar, da imagem de aluno e de professor e o “uso” de gêneros do discurso no ensino de língua materna. O que pôde ser percebido, por meio das análises, é que os materiais disponíveis e suas respectivas formas de apresentação dialogam com o que temos tido, nas últimas décadas, nas salas de aula dos cursinhos presenciais do país: docentes que utilizam piadas e outros recursos humorísticos em seus discursos. No blog esse discurso humorístico toma novos formatos, comuns em outros ambientes na internet, como os memes, que fazem referência direta ao universo dos jovens na atualidade. É por meio, a princípio, do meme – entre outros gêneros que produzem humor, como as gifs¬ – que se dá voz ao professor nestes enunciados na rede. As análises apontam, ainda, para sentidos ambivalentes produzidos pelo humor nas relações de ensino. Este trabalho tem como base teórico-metodológica escritos do Círculo de Bakhtin e seus desdobramentos na Análise Dialógica do Discurso, em especial estudos sobre gêneros do discurso, enunciados verbo-visuais e as relações entre humor e discurso. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa e a metodologia compreende o cotejamento de textos.
The technological advances observed in contemporaneity modified the ways of interaction, production, configuration and interpretation of utterances. These modifications reach different activity fields, like the didactic-pedagogical, which has boundaries beyond the physical school space. In this scenario, this research focuses on “new” modalities of teaching/learning practiced on the internet, in which are present discourse genres that are uncommon in the didactic-pedagogical sphere. The selected corpus are didactical posts from the vestibular preparation course Descomplica. The analysis is centered on the presence of humor generating genres, especially the meme, in these teaching/learning practices. It is of our interest the presence of humor as a didactical resource in the teaching relations and possible modifications of this presence when we think about the history of the relations in teaching/learning environments. In this context, other discussions were raised, like the own understanding of meme as a discourse genre; the discursive memory of school space, student and teacher; and the “use” of discourse genres in mother tongue teaching. What could be perceived, through the analysis, is that available resources, and their respective ways of presentation, dialogue with what we had, in the last few decades, in the face-to-face vestibular preparation courses in Brazil: teachers who use jokes and other humor resources in their discourse. In the blog, this humor discourse takes new formats, common in other environments in the internet, like memes, which make direct reference to the universe of contemporary youth. It is through, primarily, the meme (among other humor genres, as gifs) that it is given voice to the teacher in these online utterances. The analysis point to ambivalent senses produced by humor in teaching relations. This work has as theoretical and methodological base the production of Bakhtin Circle and its deployments in Dialogical Discourse Analysis, especially the studies about discourse genre, verb-visual utterances, and the relations between humor and discourse. This research is of qualitative nature and the adopted methodology consists on text collation.

Orientador: Marina Célia Mendonça
Banca: Luciane de Paula
Banca: Maria Isabel de Moura
Resumo: Os avanços tecnológicos observados na contemporaneidade modificaram as formas de interação, produção, configuração e interpretação de enunciados. Essas modificações atingem diferentes campos de atividade, como o didático-pedagógico, que, hoje, possui fronteiras além do espaço físico escolar. Neste cenário, esta pesquisa de mestrado coloca em foco "novas" modalidades de ensino/aprendizagem praticadas na internet, nas quais estão presentes gêneros discursivos incomuns na esfera didático-pedagógica. O corpus selecionado são posts com fins didáticos do blog do Cursinho Pré-Vestibular Descomplica. A análise é centralizada na presença de gêneros que produzem humor - em especial, o meme - nestas práticas de ensino/aprendizagem. Interessa-nos a presença do humor como recurso didático nas relações de ensino e as modificações possíveis desta presença pensando em um histórico sobre as relações em ambientes de ensino/aprendizagem. Neste contexto, outras discussões foram suscitadas, como o próprio entendimento do meme como gênero do discurso, como memórias discursivas do espaço escolar, da imagem de aluno e de professor e o "uso" de gêneros do discurso no ensino de língua materna. O que pôde ser percebido, por meio das análises, é que os materiais disponíveis e suas respectivas formas de apresentação dialogam com o que temos tido, nas últimas décadas, nas salas de aula dos cursinhos presenciais do país: docentes que utilizam piadas e outros recursos humorísticos em seus discursos. No blog... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The technological advances observed in contemporaneity modified the ways of interaction, production, configuration and interpretation of utterances. These modifications reach different activity fields, like the didactic-pedagogical, which has boundaries beyond the physical school space. In this scenario, this research focuses on "new" modalities of teaching/learning practiced on the internet, in which are present discourse genres that are uncommon in the didactic-pedagogical sphere. The selected corpus are didactical posts from the vestibular preparation course Descomplica. The analysis is centered on the presence of humor generating genres, especially the meme, in these teaching/learning practices. It is of our interest the presence of humor as a didactical resource in the teaching relations and possible modifications of this presence when we think about the history of the relations in teaching/learning environments. In this context, other discussions were raised, like the own understanding of meme as a discourse genre; the discursive memory of school space, student and teacher; and the "use" of discourse genres in mother tongue teaching. What could be perceived, through the analysis, is that available resources, and their respective ways of presentation, dialogue with what we had, in the last few decades, in the face-to-face vestibular preparation courses in Brazil: teachers who use jokes and other humor resources in their discourse. In the blog, this humor discourse takes ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

This dissertation focuses on the experiences of second language pupils which involve linguistic encounters. The overarching aim is to analyse second language pupils' encounters with Swedish as a Second Language and the Swedish school, using a “curriculum theory” and a ”life story” approach". The goal is achieved by examining two empirical contexts which can be described as expressed and experienced curricula. In the first context, an idea analysis is carried out of the contents of the syllabi and curricula for Swedish as a Second Language over a period of time. In the second context, a narrative analysis is carried out of the life stories given by second language pupils of their encounter with Swedish as a Second Language and the Swedish school. Trainee teachers with Swedish as a Second Language participate by telling their life stories. A framework for interpretation emerges by reasoning about language and the creation of meaning, as well as about culture, cultural capital, similarities/differences, compensating/completing and limited participation/full participation. The reasoning leads to the construction of a theoretical interpretation framework and prisms through which the offered and experienced learning can be studied. The analysis shows that what is on offer in the curricula and syllabi is mainly monocultural. It shows that a new subject has grown up based on the need to teach pupils about the Swedish cultural heritage and Swedish norms. Moreover, both changes in the expressed educational ideals over a period of time and contradictory educational ideals become evident. It is also clear that those providing the information felt both different and excluded. They were not monolingual, and did not have Swedish as their mother tongue. To make up for this lack of Swedishness, they were separated from the other classmates and offered special teaching in an attempt to compensate. They also received mother tongue tuition, which was not in Swedish, and this became a problem for those around them, who considered this was an easy option. The second language tuition they were offered focussed partly on their mistakes and shortcomings, and partly on the Swedish cultural heritage. Their earlier experience and skills were not used.

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This present work is going to show some results developed in the Master Degree research and the Post Graduation project in Language studies (PPgEL) at UFRN, under the orientation of Professor Maria da Penha Casado Alves. This research has questions showed by the Programa Nacional de Inclus?o de Jovens PROJOVEM. Concerned to methodology, the research is based on Applied Linguistics and it is qualitative and documental. The corpus of the research are the Manual de Orienta??es Gerais and the Guias de Estudo. The documents that were used for the research were Guide for general orientation and the Study Guides.The Manual de Orienta??es Gerais was chosen because is focused on the teacher and the Guias de Estudo was chosen because are focused on the students. The discussions and analysis were based on Bakhtin (1997; 2003), for his studies about the language in a dialogical point of view, Faraco (2001 and 2008) and Suassuna (2006) for their discussions about the Portuguese Language and Geraldi (1997; 2005 and 2006) and Antunes (2003) for their orientation and discussions about the teaching process of the written language. The analysis made in the Reference Topics point that however the program proposes a kind of rupture with the traditional way of teaching, it could not take this change to the Study Guides (Guias de Estudo). The result is a didactic material that reproduces activities based on a conception of a descriptive and prescriptive teaching. What is concerned about the proposals for the textual production, it is shown that it is given in an artificial way, without any expression and with no link to any communicative context and sometimes, with no relation to the topic it was supposed to be related to
O trabalho que ora apresento traz resultados oriundos dos estudos desenvolvidos na pesquisa de mestrado, junto ao Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Estudos da Linguagem PPgEL, vinculado ? Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN, sob a orienta??o da Professora Doutora Maria da Penha Casado Alves. Abordo nesta pesquisa quest?es concernentes ?s concep??es de linguagem e ensino de l?ngua escrita apresentadas pelo Programa Nacional de Inclus?o de Jovens PROJOVEM. No que se refere ? metodologia, a pesquisa est? situado no campo da Ling??stica Aplicada, ? de natureza qualitativa e documental e se constr?i por meio da an?lise de dois documentos que constituem o seu corpus, a saber: Manual de Orienta??es Gerais e os Guias de Estudo. Busco nesses documentos conhecer as orienta??es te?rico-metodol?gicas apontadas pelo Manual, documento que ? destinado aos professores e verificar como essas orienta??es se presentificam nos Guias de Estudo, documentos destinado aos alunos. O aporte sobre o qual ancoro as discuss?es e an?lises aponta para te?ricos como Bakhtin (1992; 2003), por seus postulados sobre o entendimento da linguagem numa perspectiva dial?gica, de sujeito situado historicamente e de compreens?o responsiva ativa, Faraco (2001 e 2008) e Suassuna (2006) pelas discuss?es sobre como se concebe o ensino de L?ngua Portuguesa e Geraldi (1997; 2005 e 2006) e Antunes (2003), pelas orienta??es e discuss?es referentes ?s abordagens sobre o ensino de l?ngua escrita. As an?lises feitas apontam que embora o programa proponha uma ruptura com o ensino tradicional, por consider?-lo excludente, n?o consegue transpor essa concep??o para os Guias de Estudo. Resultado disso: um material did?tico que reitera e reproduz atividades calcadas numa concep??o de ensino descritivo e/ou prescritivo. No que concerne ?s proposi??es para produ??es textuais, por exemplo, constato que esta se d? de forma artificial, inexpressiva e est? desvinculada de qualquer contexto comunicativo e, por vezes, do contexto do pr?prio t?pico no qual est?o inseridas