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1
Curtis, Edward S. Edward Sheriff Curtis: The North American Indian : exhibition in the Göttinger State and University Library. Göttingen: Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, 2004.
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2
Shannon, Lowry. Natives of the far North: Alaska's vanishing culture in the eye of Edward Sheriff Curtis. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994.
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3
1950-, Gura Philip F., ed. Buried from the world: Inside the Massachusetts State Prison, 1829-1831 : the memorandum books of the Rev. Jared Curtis. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 2001.
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4
Gurshtein, Ksenya, and Simonyi, eds. Experimental Cinemas in State Socialist Eastern Europe. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462982994.
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Was there experimental cinema behind the Iron Curtain? What forms did experiments with film take in state socialist Eastern Europe? Who conducted them, where, how, and why? These are the questions answered in this volume, the first of its kind in any language. Bringing together scholars from different disciplines, the book offers case studies from Bulgaria, Czech Republic, former East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and former Yugoslavia. Together, these contributions demonstrate the variety of makers, production contexts, and aesthetic approaches that shaped a surprisingly robust and diverse experimental film output in the region. The book maps out the terrain of our present-day knowledge of cinematic experimentalism in Eastern Europe, suggests directions for further research, and will be of interest to scholars of film and media, art historians, cultural historians of Eastern Europe, and anyone concerned with questions of how alternative cultures emerge and function under repressive political conditions.
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Commission, Monopolies and Mergers. Avenir Havas Media SAand Brunton Curtis Outdoor Advertising Ltd: A report on the acquisition by Avenir Havas Media SA of Brunton Curtis Outdoor Advertising Ltd : presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry by command of Her Majesty,November 1991. London: H.M.S.O., 1991.
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6
Dennison, A. L. Should state DOTs prefer bicycle lanes or wide curb lanes? Phoenix, Ariz: Arizona Dept. of Transportation, 2008.
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7
Dennison, A. L. Should state DOTs prefer bicycle lanes or wide curb lanes? Phoenix, Ariz: Arizona Dept. of Transportation, 2008.
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8
Sipari d'Italia: Memorie municipali e cronache risorgimentali nei teatri dell'Ottocento. Perugia: Futura Edizioni, 2012.
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9
space), Abattoirs (Exhibition. Pablo Picasso: Rideau de scène pour le Théâtre du Peuple, dit Rideau de scène pour Le Quatorze-juillet de Romain Rolland. La dépouille du Minotaure en costume d'arlequin. [Exposition Picasso, organisée par Les Abattoirs à l'occasion de son ouverture au public en octobre 1999]. Milan: Skira, 1998.
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10
California State University, Long Beach. University Art Museum. Framing four decades: The University Art Museum celebrates the collections 1949-1989 : August 25-October 29, 1989 : an exhibition presented on the occasion of the inauguration of the fourth president, Curtis L. McCray, and the fortieth anniversary of California State University, Long Beach. [Long Beach]: University Art Museum, 1989.
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11
1883-1949, Orozco José Clemente, and Instituto Cultural Cabañas (Guadalajara, Mexico), eds. J. C. Orozco, escenógrafo. Guadalajara, Jalisco: Instituto Cultural Cabañas, 2000.
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12
Eugenio Pacelli als Nuntius in Deutschland: Forschungsperspektiven und Ansätze zu einem internationalen Vergleich. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2012.
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13
The privatization of roads and highways: Human and economic factors. Auburn, Ala: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2009.
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14
Gałaszewska-Chilczuk, Dorota. "Wrogie uniwersytety'': Polityka państwa komunistycznego wobec Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego i Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej (1944-1969). Warszawa: Warszawska Firma Wydawnicza, 2013.
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15
Lahyane, Mustapha. Algbra for secure and reliable communication modeling: CIMPA Research School and Conference Algebra for Secure and Reliable Communication Modeling, October 1-13, 2012, Morelia, State of Michoaczn, Mexico. Edited by Martínez-Moro Edgar editor. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2015.
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16
Kreuzer, Gundula. Curtain, Gong, Steam. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520279681.001.0001.
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Exploring opera from the perspectives of media studies and technology studies, this pioneering book examines how composers since the late eighteenth century have increasingly integrated specific audiovisual details into their creative visions, thereby furthering the development of stage machineries as well as the means of their codification. In particular, composers fostered what the author calls “Wagnerian technologies”: multisensory devices intended to veil both the artificiality of illusionist stage representation and their own mechanicity. Building on Richard Wagner’s theories of the total work of art and exposing its reliance on technology, the book looks in detail at the uses and effects of curtains, the gong (or tam-tam), and steam. Designed to appeal directly to the audience’s sensorium like media interfaces, these technologies not only mediated between the sound and sight of a production but also smoothed over its heterogeneous materialities. Drawing on scores, performance documents, treatises, reviews, and cultural discourses, the book traces the practical, hermeneutic, and artistic implications of each titular technology in a wealth of European operatic works—both well known and obscure—by Wagner and the generations of composers around him. Each technology was temporarily absorbed into common notions of the relevant operas but gradually transformed in later productions, in its own mechanical evolution, and its resurgence across performance genres of the last half century. With its interdisciplinary angle on the history and materiality of staging, Curtain, Gong, Steam thus expands the concept of the operatic work.
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Il Teatro nelle Marche. Architettura, scenografia e spettacolo. Fiesole (Firenze): Nardini Editore - Fiesole (Firenze), 1997.
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18
Frédéric Gilles, Sourgens, Duggal Kabir, and Laird Ian A. Part III Presumptions and Inferences, 7 Iura Novit Curia and Proof of Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198753506.003.0007.
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This chapter examines one of the most underestimated areas of proof in investor-state arbitration—the proof of law. The first evidentiary principle governing proof of law is the maxim of iura novit curia, or the tribunal or court knows the law. The principle is fraught with difficulty when applied to investor-state arbitration. The practice of investor-state arbitration on its face disproves the assumption that tribunals know the law in a non-trivial sense. This difficulty does not mean, however, that iura novit curia is wholly inapplicable to investor-state arbitration. Rather, as the chapter shows, the principle must be carefully circumscribed in order to avoid potential annullable error.
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Williams, Sonja D. Rural Wanderings. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039874.003.0002.
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This chapter recounts Richard Durham's early years and education. Alternatively known as Isadore, Izzy, Vern, Dick, the young Durham explored as much of the land around his family's house, located on eighty acres of rural farmland just outside the town of Raymond in Hinds County, Mississippi. His father, Curtis George Durham, cultivated the farm's cotton crops and cornfields but also worked several odd jobs to supplement the family's income. Aside from helping her husband cultivate their farmland, Durham's mother, Chanie Tillman Durham, worked as a teacher in Hinds County's Negro schoolhouse and engaged in the hairstyling business. This chapter discusses the importance of education for the Durham children, the death of Isadore's younger sister Maudeline, the family's constant struggle to survive in their home state, and the Durhams' decision to relocate to Chicago during spring 1923, joining the great exodus of African Americans who left the bubbling heat and stifling racism of the Jim Crow South for the promise of opportunity and freedom in the North.
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Broome, Richard. Aboriginal Australians: Black Response to White Dominance 1788-1994 (Research Monograph / Curtin Indigenous Research Centre). 2nd ed. Allen & Unwin Pty., Limited (Australia), 1996.
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21
Frankart, Jennifer Alina. An examination of environmental factors affecting the sea cucumber Pseudocnus curatus in the San Juan archipelago of Washington State. 2000.
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22
Postma, Gertjan. Modelling transient states in language change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0006.
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Models of language change may include, apart from the initial and terminal state, an intermediate state T. Building further on Postma (2010), who observed that the dynamics of the transient state T (’failed change’) is algebraically related to the overall change A → B (the former is the first derivative of the latter), we present a generalized algebraic model that includes both the failed change A → B and the successful change A → B. We first generalize the two-state logistic function of A → B to a differential equation (DE) that represents the underlying processes. This DE has a bundle of time shifted logistic curves as its solution. This derives Kroch’s Constant Rate Effect. By modifying this DE, we describe the dynamics of the entire A → T → B process, i.e. we develop a model that includes both the successful and the failed change. The algebraic link between failed change and successful change turns out to be an approximation.
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Pouillaude, Frédéric. Spectacle, Ritual, Divertissement. Translated by Anna Pakes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199314645.003.0006.
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This chapter poses the question of the conditions under which dance is inscribed on the Western stage. From the point of view of general anthropology, the history of choreography as such extends only over a few pages. Choreographic history isolates a relatively recent—and probably distinctively Western—institution against a background murmur of millennia of festivals, trance, apotropical rituals, and cures for the possessed. Choreographic spectacle separates dances from their social or religious effects, depriving the participant of any real involvement with what they see. This Western invention is what this chapter aims to outline, in all the ambivalence of its origins—origins which can be identified as Greek.
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Stern, Tiffany. Early Modern Tragedy and Performance. Edited by Michael Neill and David Schalkwyk. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198724193.013.30.
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When early modern plays were staged with black curtains, ‘tragedy’ began the moment the audience entered a playhouse. ‘Tragedy’, then, did not always need to be part of a play’s content: it could be a look, an atmosphere, a theatrical mood. This chapter explores ‘tragedy’ as a kind of performance as well as a kind of drama. Considering ‘tragic’ staging, ‘tragic’ ways of walking (‘strutting’, ‘jetting’, and ‘stalking’), ‘tragic’ ways of speaking (‘ranting’ and ‘canting’ in a tragic ‘tone’ or ‘key’), and the presentation of tragic passions, the chapter argues that Shakespeare’s consciousness of staging dictates his choice of metaphor and symbol. Enacted tragedy, it suggests, helped form Shakespeare’s tragic sensibility.
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Menaka, Guruswamy. Part VII Rights—Substance and Content, Ch.46 Assembly and Association. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0046.
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This chapter examines the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution with respect to freedom of assembly and freedom of association. It begins with a historical background on the restrictions to the freedom to assemble peaceably in colonial India, as well as restrictions under the Criminal Procedure Code covering public meetings and the right of government employees to participate in demonstrations. It then considers the power of the State to curtail the freedom to assemble, the constitutionality of Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the right to strike, and what constitutes unlawful association. It also discusses the jurisprudence of the Indian Supreme Court with regard to the freedom of association.
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Suriano, Matthew. Writing and the Tomb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844738.003.0004.
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Hebrew funerary inscriptions began to appear in Judah during late Iron IIB. These inscriptions are relatively unique in that they are written on, or inside, tombs. But they also include amulets that adorned the body during burial. The funerary inscriptions emerged at a stage when the bench tomb had fully developed, and their writings reveal multiple concerns regarding the dead. The Hebrew inscriptions stress the imperative of safeguarding the dead inside the tomb on multiple levels. The interred are identified by name, and their place inside the tomb is described. All of these concerns relate to the existence of the dead and the preservation of their memory. These concerns are also consistent with blessings and curses that are often inscribed on the tomb, which indicate that Yahweh’s power could extend over the dead as well as the living.
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Stock, Kathleen. Intentionalist Strategies of Interpretation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0003.
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This chapter addresses the complaint that extreme intentionalism standardly forces the reader who engages in interpretation to posit private, or hidden, authorial intentions, for which she has little or no evidence. It is first argued that there are no automatic strategies of interpretation of fictional content: at every stage, whether or not a given interpretative strategy is to be appropriately applied depends on the presence of relevant authorial intention as a sanction. (This section includes a discussion, and rejection, of the views of David Lewis and Gregory Currie about fictional truth; a discussion of the relevance of genre to fictional content; and a consideration of the issue of unreliable narration for an intentionalist view.) The foregoing material on strategies of interpretation is then used to show that it is false to think of the extreme intentionalist as being committed to ‘hidden’ or ‘secret’ meanings in the ordinary case.
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Stanig, Piero. Considerations on the Method of Constructing Governance Indices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817062.003.0006.
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Seemingly technical decisions about estimation are highly consequential in terms of results and interpretation of composite indices of governance. This chapter argues that the choice of the aggregation rule defines an iso-governance curve or, alternatively, a governance production function. Iso-governance curves are loaded with substance. Hence, it might be desirable to pay attention to theory when designing methodology to arrive at a composite index of governance. The chapter also suggests that discrete methods of classification hold some promise for projects that aim at measuring governance. In this case, empirical exercises would isolate ‘syndromes of governance’ rather than rank countries from best to worst performer. The chapter concludes with some considerations about the role of governance indices in state-of-the-art political science and political economy.
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Садовников, Василий. Теория гетерогенного катализа. Теория хемосорбции. Publishing House Triumph, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32986/978-5-40-10-01-2001.
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This monograph is a continuation of the monograph by V.V. Sadovnikov. Lateral interaction. Moscow 2006. Publishing house "Anta-Eco", 2006. ISBN 5-9730-0017-6. In this work, the foundations of the theory of heterogeneous catalysis and the theory of chemisorption are more easily formulated. The book consists of two parts, closely related to each other. These are the theoretical foundations of heterogeneous catalysis and chemisorption. In the theory of heterogeneous catalysis, an experiment is described in detail, which must be carried out in order to isolate the stages of a catalytic reaction, to find the stoichiometry of each of the stages. This experiment is based on the need to obtain the exact value of the specific surface area of the catalyst, the number of centers at which the reaction proceeds, and the output curves of each of the reaction products. The procedures for obtaining this data are described in detail. Equations are proposed and solved that allow calculating the kinetic parameters of the nonequilibrium stage and the thermodynamic parameters of the equilibrium stage. The description of the quantitative theory of chemisorption is based on the description of the motion of an atom along a crystal face. The axioms on which this mathematics should be based are formulated, the mathematical apparatus of the theory is written and the most detailed instructions on how to use it are presented. The first axiom: an atom, moving along the surface, is present only in places with minima of potential energy. The second axiom: the face of an atom is divided into cells, and the position of the atom on the surface of the face is set by one parameter: the cell number. The third axiom: the atom interacts with the surrounding material bodies only at the points of minimum potential energy. The fourth axiom: the solution of the equations is a map of the arrangement of atoms on the surface. The fifth axiom: quantitative equations are based on the concept of a statistically independent particle. The formation energies of these particles and their concentration are calculated by the developed program. The program based on these axioms allows you to simulate and calculate the interaction energies of atoms on any crystal face. The monograph is intended for students, post-graduate students and researchers studying work and working in petrochemistry and oil refining.
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Tir, Jaroslav, and Johannes Karreth. Case Evidence: Conflict Trajectories in Indonesia, Ivory Coast, and Syria. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699512.003.0006.
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Two low-level armed conflicts, Indonesia’s East Timor and Ivory Coast’s post-2010 election crises, provide detailed qualitative evidence of highly structured intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) engaging in effective civil warpreventing activities in member-states. Highly structured IGOs threatened and sanctioned each of these states and offered (long-term) benefits conditional on successful crisis resolution. The governments were aware of and responded to these IGOs’ concerns, as did the rebels in these respective cases. The early stages of the conflict in Syria in 2011 provide a counterpoint. With Syria’s limited engagement in only few highly structured IGOs, the Syrian government ignored international calls for peace. And, without highly structured IGOs’ counterweight to curtail the government, the rebels saw little reason to stop their armed resistance. The result was a brutal and deadly civil war that continues today.
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Fulford, Michael. Procurators’ Business? Gallo-Roman Sigillata in Britain in the Second and Third Centuries AD. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790662.003.0010.
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The publication of the potters’ stamps on Gallo-Roman sigillata (Names on Terra Sigillata: An Index of Makers’ Stamps & Signatures on Gallo-Roman Terra Sigillata) offers an unparalleled opportunity for re-examining the movement of sigillata (samian) across the western provinces of the Empire between the first and third centuries AD from production centres in south, central, and eastern Gaul, and in Germany. The potters’ stamps provide a common means for quantitative analysis. This chapter examines examples where there is no decline in volume of supply of samian with distance from production centres, suggesting that this can be explained if the cost of transport was subsidized or met in full by the state, probably through the organization of the cursus publicus. Controlled supply raises further questions about the nature of luxury in the Roman world and, for Britain, of the role of London in the supply system.
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Sprouse, Adrienne. Toxins (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0010.
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This chapter describes the categories of 300+ environmental chemicals measured in the blood and urine of Americans by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and substitute for endogenous hormones in a variety of metabolic processes affecting sexual health, obesity, diabetes, and behavior. The Monotonic Dose-Response (linear dose-response) is inappropriate when evaluating the health consequences of EDCs. Nonmonotonic Dose-Response Curves are better for considering the affinity of the ligand for the receptor, receptor saturation, ligand specificity, and tissue specificity of the receptor distribution. These factors combine to explain why ambient levels of many environmental chemicals cause damage to tissues or development and why low-level exposures can create disease different from higher level exposures. Exposure during critical stages of fetal development may cause permanent changes not apparent until adulthood. Environmental chemicals that are not EDCs may harm by altering genetic material and causing apoptosis.
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Stevens, Craig W. Spinal opioid analgesia in the rat. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0020.
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It is hard to imagine a time when the world of science and medicine did not know that morphine or other opioids administered to the spinal cord produced analgesia. However, this was the current state of knowledge in the early 1970s before the studies of Yaksh and Rudy created one of the most important paradigm shifts in the treatment of pain. The landmark paper is a pharmacology paper describing the results of the first comprehensive study of spinal opioid analgesia in the rat. The study produced the first full dose-response curves for morphine, fentanyl, methadone, and meperidine and proved a spinal site of opioid action. Classic pharmacological analysis yielded a competitive interaction at a single site, the as-yet undiscovered opioid receptors. Most importantly, with this paper, Yaksh and colleagues began a lifetime of cutting-edge research that would reveals the complex nature of pain processing and numerous classes of analgesic agents.
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Kelz, Robert. Competing Germanies. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739859.001.0001.
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Following World War II, German antifascists and nationalists in Buenos Aires believed theater was crucial to their efforts at community-building, and each population devoted considerable resources to competing against its rival onstage. This book tracks the paths of several stage actors from European theaters to Buenos Aires and explores how two of Argentina's most influential immigrant groups, German nationalists and antifascists (Jewish and non-Jewish), clashed. Theatrical performances articulated strident Nazi, antifascist, and Zionist platforms. Meanwhile, as their thespian representatives grappled onstage for political leverage among emigrants and Argentines, behind the curtain, conflicts simmered within partisan institutions and among theatergoers. Publicly they projected unity, but offstage nationalist, antifascist, and Zionist populations were rife with infighting on issues of political allegiance, cultural identity and, especially, integration with their Argentine hosts. The book reveals interchange and even mimicry between antifascist and nationalist German cultural institutions. Furthermore, performances at both theaters also fit into contemporary invocations of diasporas, including taboos and postponements of return to the native country, connections among multiple communities, and forms of longing, memory, and (dis)identification. Sharply divergent at first glance, their shared condition as cultural institutions of emigrant populations caused the antifascist Free German Stage and the nationalist German Theater to adopt parallel tactics in community-building, intercultural relationships, and dramatic performance. Its cross-cultural, polyglot blend of German, Jewish, and Latin American studies gives the book a wide, interdisciplinary academic appeal and offers a novel intervention in Exile studies through the lens of theater, in which both victims of Nazism and its adherents remain in focus.
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Carson, Austin. Secret Wars. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181769.001.0001.
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This is the first book to systematically analyze the ways that powerful states covertly participate in foreign wars, showing a recurring pattern of such behavior stretching from World War I to U.S.-occupied Iraq. Investigating what governments keep secret during wars and why, the book argues that leaders maintain the secrecy of state involvement as a response to the persistent concern of limiting war. Keeping interventions “backstage” helps control escalation dynamics, insulating leaders from domestic pressures while communicating their interest in keeping a war contained. It shows that covert interventions can help control escalation, but they are almost always detected by other major powers. However, the shared value of limiting war can lead adversaries to keep secret the interventions they detect, as when American leaders concealed clashes with Soviet pilots during the Korean War. Escalation concerns can also cause leaders to ignore covert interventions that have become an open secret. From Nazi Germany's role in the Spanish Civil War to American covert operations during the Vietnam War, the book presents new insights about some of the most influential conflicts of the twentieth century. Parting the curtain on the secret side of modern war, the book provides important lessons about how rival state powers collude and compete, and the ways in which they avoid outright military confrontations.
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Lustig, Doreen. Veiled Power. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822097.001.0001.
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This book presents a historical study of the international law of the private business corporation. The literature on corporations and international law typically concentrates on the failure to regulate corporations. This book challenges this ‘failure’ narrative and presents an alternative historical reading: a history of its facilitative role in constituting an economic order. This study draws inspiration from scholarship on the history of international trade law, international investment law, the history of global governance, and political economic analysis of international law, and connects these specialized fields in a single lens: the corporate form. The point of departure for this history is the simultaneous emergence of international law as a modern legal discipline and the turn to free incorporation in corporate law during the last third of the nineteenth century. The book demonstrates how the sovereign veil of the state and the corporate veil of the company were applied in tandem to insulate corporations from responsibility. Nevertheless, less powerful states invoked the same prevailing conceptions of the corporation, the sovereign state, and the relation between them, to curtail corporate power in struggles associated with decolonization. Reacting to these early victories, capital exporting countries shifted to a vocabulary of human rights and protected companies under a new regime of international investment law, which entrenched the separation between market and politics.
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Deng, Gary, and Barrie Cassileth. Integrative oncology in palliative medicine. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0417.
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Patients under palliative care, facing poor prognoses and a heavy symptom burden, often seek health-care practices and agents outside of mainstream medicine. Collectively these modalities often are termed ‘complementary and alternative medicine’ (CAM), to describe a diverse group of therapies that range from unproved alternative ‘cures’ offering false hope, to adjunctive complementary therapies that provide legitimate supportive care and that comprise integrative oncology. Although complementary therapies and alternative approaches are sometimes discussed under the single umbrella of CAM, it is clinically and conceptually necessary to distinguish between complementary and ‘alternative’ because they are profoundly different, and because there are no viable ‘alternatives’ to mainstream cancer care. The acronym is an easy but incorrect and counterproductive conflation of two unrelated approaches. This chapter summarizes the state of integrative medicine and medical oncology in the current health-care system. It discusses helpful complementary therapies applicable to palliative medicine and also describes the unproven alternatives that are widely proffered to patients and families internationally.
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Rex, Ahdar, and Leigh Ian. Part III, 9 Medical Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606474.003.0009.
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This chapter examines several medico-legal issues insofar as they have a religious dimension or implicate the religious liberty of the persons seeking or refusing treatment. The chapter is organized as follows. Section II summarizes the law concerning medical treatment, contrasting the position of adults, adolescents or teenagers, and infants. Section III considers the underlying assumptions represented in the disputes between the law and certain religionists who spurn conventional medical treatment in favour of exclusive reliance upon prayer or other spiritual cures. The premises which form the central tenets of conventional or orthodox medicine — reliance upon rationality, insistence upon the scientific method, the need for empirical evidence — have recently been challenged, not only by some devout religionists, but by also a raft of ‘alternative’ health practitioners. Section IV discusses two examples of these broader themes. The chapter concludes with some observations on the extent to which a liberal state accommodates the wishes of believers when they seek to determine their own or their children's health.
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Tromly, Benjamin. Cold War Exiles and the CIA. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198840404.001.0001.
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During the height of the Cold War in the 1950s, the United States government unleashed covert operations intended to weaken the Soviet Union. As part of these efforts, the CIA undertook support of Russian exiles, populations uprooted either during World War II or by the Russian Revolution decades before. No one seemed better prepared to fight in the American secret war against communism than the uprooted Russians, whom the CIA directed to carry out propaganda, espionage, and subversion operations from their home base in West Germany. Yet the American engagement of Russian exiles had unpredictable outcomes. Drawing on recently declassified and previously untapped sources, Cold War Exiles and the CIA examines how the CIA’s Russian operations became entangled with the internal struggles of Russia abroad and also the espionage wars of the superpowers in divided Germany. What resulted was a transnational political sphere involving different groups of Russian exiles, American and German anti-communists, and spies operating on both sides of the Iron Curtain. Inadvertently, CIA’s patronage of Russian exiles forged a complex sub-front in the wider Cold War, demonstrating the ways in which the hostilities of the Cold War played out in ancillary conflicts involving proxies and non-state actors.
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Tuszewicki, Marek. A Frog Under the Tongue. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764982.001.0001.
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Jews have been active participants in shaping the healing practices of the communities of eastern Europe. Their approach largely combined the ideas of traditional Ashkenazi culture with the heritage of medieval and early modern medicine. Holy rabbis and faith healers, as well as Jewish barbers, innkeepers, and pedlars, all dispensed cures, purveyed folk remedies for different ailments, and gave hope to the sick and their families based on kabbalah, numerology, prayer, and magical Hebrew formulas. Nevertheless, as new sources of knowledge penetrated the traditional world, modern medical ideas gained widespread support. Jews became court physicians to the nobility, and when the universities were opened up to them many also qualified as doctors. At every stage, medicine proved an important field for cross-cultural contacts. Jewish historians and scholars of folk medicine alike will discover here fascinating sources never previously explored — manuscripts, printed publications, and memoirs in Yiddish and Hebrew but also in Polish, English, German, Russian, and Ukrainian. The author's careful study of these documents has teased out therapeutic advice, recipes, magical incantations, kabbalistic methods, and practical techniques, together with the ethical considerations that such approaches entailed. The research fills a gap in the study of folk medicine in eastern Europe, shedding light on little-known aspects of Ashkenazi culture, and on how the need to treat sickness brought Jews and their neighbours together.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. The End of Outrage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.001.0001.
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In 1856 Patrick McGlynn, a young schoolmaster in west Donegal, Ireland, turned informer on the Molly Maguires, a secret combination that, from the Great Famine of the late 1840s, had been responsible for a wave of violence and intimidation—offences that the state termed ‘outrage’. Here, a history of McGlynn’s informing, backlit by episodes over the previous two decades, sheds light on that wave of outrage, its origins and outcomes, the meaning and the memory of it. More specifically, it illuminates the end of outrage—the shifting objectives of those who engaged in it, and also how, after hunger faded and disease abated, tensions emerged in the Molly Maguires, when one element sought to curtail such activity, while another sought, unsuccessfully, to expand it. And in that contention, when the opportunities of post-Famine society were coming into view, one glimpses the end, or at least an ebbing, of outrage—in the everyday sense of moral indignation—at the fate of the rural poor. But, at heart, The End of Outrage is about contention among neighbours—a family that rose from the ashes of a mode of living, those consumed in the conflagration, and those who lost much but not all. Ultimately, the concern is how the poor themselves came to terms with their loss: how their own outrage at what had been done unto them and their forebears lost malignancy, and ended.
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Diamond, Arthur M. ,. Jr. Openness to Creative Destruction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190263669.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Openness to Creative Destruction: Sustaining Innovative Dynamism shows how life improves under the economic system often called “entrepreneurial capitalism” or “creative destruction,” but more accurately called “innovative dynamism.” The book describes how, in such a system, innovation occurs through the efforts of inventors and innovative entrepreneurs, how workers on balance benefit, and how good policies can encourage innovation. The inventors and innovative entrepreneurs are often cognitively diverse outsiders with the courage and perseverance to see and pursue serendipitous discoveries or slow hunches. Economies grow where innovative dynamism flourishes through leapfrog competition, as in the United States from roughly 1830 to 1930. Consumers vote with their feet for innovative new goods and for process innovations that reduce prices, benefiting ordinary citizens more than the privileged elites. Some labor-market fears are unjustified, since more and better new jobs are created than are destroyed; other fears can be mitigated by better policies. Since breakthrough inventions are costly and difficult, patents can be fair rewards for invention and can provide funding to enable future inventions. At the key early stage of most breakthrough innovations, when innovative ideas are hardest to communicate and most widely doubted, the innovations are largely self-funded. The steady growth in regulations, often defended on the basis of the precautionary principle, increases the costs of innovation for the entrepreneur. Secular (long-term) stagnation is due to bad policies, not to having picked the low-hanging fruit, as illustrated by innovative medical entrepreneurs who are constrained from bringing us quicker and better cures for cancer.
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Essential facts about Covid-19: the disease, the responses, and an uncertain future. For South African learners, teachers, and the general public. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2021/0072.
Full textAbstract:
The first cases of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) were identified toward the end of 2019 in Wuhan, China. Over the following months, this virus spread to everywhere in the world. By now no country has been spared the devastation from the loss of lives from the disease (Covid-19) and the economic and social impacts of responses to mitigate the impact of the virus. Our lives in South Africa have been turned upside down as we try to make the best of this bad situation. The 2020 school year was disrupted with closure and then reopening in a phased approach, as stipulated by the Department of Education. This booklet is a collective effort by academics who are Members of the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf) and other invited scholars to help you appreciate some of the basic scientific facts that you need to know in order to understand the present crisis and the various options available to respond to it. We emphasise that the threat of infectious diseases is not an entirely new phenomenon that has sprung onto the stage out of nowhere. Infectious diseases and pandemics have been with us for centuries, in fact much longer. Scientists have warned us for years of the need to prepare for the next pandemic. Progress in medicine in the course of the 20th century has been formidable. Childhood mortality has greatly decreased almost everywhere in the world, thanks mainly, but not only, to the many vaccines that have been developed. Effective drugs now exist for many deadly diseases for which there were once no cures. For many of us, this progress has generated a false sense of security. It has caused us to believe that the likes of the 1918 ‘Spanish flu’ pandemic, which caused some 50 million deaths around the world within a span of a few months, could not be repeated in some form in today’s modern world. The Covid-19 pandemic reminds us that as new cures for old diseases are discovered, new diseases come along for which we are unprepared. And every hundred or so years one of these diseases wreaks havoc on the world and interferes severely with our usual ways of going about our lives. Today’s world has become increasingly interconnected and interdependent, through trade, migrations, and rapid air travel. This globalisation makes it easier for epidemics to spread, somewhat offsetting the power of modern medicine. In this booklet we have endeavoured to provide an historical perspective, and to enrich your knowledge with some of the basics of medicine, viruses, and epidemiology. Beyond the immediate Covid-19 crisis, South Africa faces a number of other major health challenges: highly unequal access to quality healthcare, widespread tuberculosis, HIV infection causing AIDS, a high prevalence of mental illness, and a low life expectancy, compared to what is possible with today’s medicine. It is essential that you, as young people, also learn about the nature of these new challenges, so that you may contribute to finding future solutions.
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Kunst und Kirche im 20. Jahrhundert: Die Rezeption des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2008.
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