Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Curtis stage'

The goal of this Master’s thesis is to create the design of a low power condensing steam turbine. The turbine has a Curtis control stage and a reaction blading. The work also contains the calculation of gland labyrinth seals and the balancing piston, specification of a forces and losses at bearings. Finally, the gearbox and generator are selected and the efficiency at generator’s clamps is specified. The Master’s thesis includes the design drawing of a longitudinal turbine view.

This diploma thesis performs a calculation of a steam turbine to drive a feed pump. The research part deals with the basic classification of steam turbines focusing on mechanical drive steam turbines. The second part of the thesis is a controlled extraction pressure optimization for achieving the maximum possible thermic efficiency of the cycle. The last part of the thesis shows a detailed thermodynamic calculation of the mechanical drive turbine along with the basic geometric parameters of the flow canal.

Artificial reefs (ARs) have been deployed on the inner shelf of Paraná State, south Brazil, to recuperate marine biodiversity and as protection against destructive trawling activities. The purpose of this study was to offer a first characterization of the ichthyoplankton community associated with the ARs and the adjacent archipelago of Currais. Two sampling methodologies were used; 1) plankton net attached to an underwater scooter and; 2) light-traps. A hydrodynamic model was used to study dispersal trajectories to and from the study area. Sampling was conducted between 31.07.14 and 04.04.16. A total of 13 families and 11 species were identified, expanding the total species list of the study area with six species and four families; 63% of fish larvae caught on the ARs were of reef associated species; abundance and species richness was higher on the ARs compared to samples taken at a distance from the ARs. First occurrence of the invasive muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus was registered. The hydrodynamic model provided insight on dispersal trajectories and connectivity. The results of this study can be used to better define guidelines for sustainable use of the ARs and the Currais archipelago, a Marine National Park since 2013.
Recifes Artificiais (RA) foram implantados na plataforma interna do Paraná, sul do Brasil, para atuar como unidades anti-arrasto e para oferecer habitat e abrigo para a fauna local, na tentativa de recuperar a biodiversidade marinha ameaçada pelo pesca de arrasto. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi oferecer uma primeira caracterização da assembleia ictioplanctônica associada aos RAs e ao arquipélago de Currais. Coletas foram realizadas utilizando duas metodologias; 1) rede de plâncton acoplado a uma \"scooter\" subaquática e; 2) armadilhas de luz. Excursões amostrais foram realizadas entre 31.07.14 e 04.04.16. Um total de 13 famílias e 11 espécies de peixes representadas no ictioplâncton foram identificadas. Foi registrada a primeira ocorrência do blenídeo invasivo Omobranchus punctatus. A abundância de ictioplâncton foi maior em amostras dos RAs comparado às coletas em área-controle; 63% das larvas capturadas nos RAs foram de espécies recifais. Um modelo hidrodinâmico forneceu uma visão sobre as trajetórias de dispersão larval e conectividade ecológica na região. Os resultados deste estudo podem ser usados para melhor definir diretrizes para o uso sustentável dos RAs e do arquipélago de Currais, um Parque Nacional Marinho desde 2013.

Les séries temporelles de débit des rivières sont établies à l'aide de "courbes de tarage", qui sont des modèles avec les hauteurs d’eau en entrée et les débits en sortie. Malheureusement, de nombreuses stations hydrométriques ont une relation hauteur-débit instable, notamment à cause de l’évolution du lit de la rivière lors des crues. Ces "détarages" posent problème à la fois pour l'établissement des séries hydrologiques de long-terme (analyse rétrospective) et pour la fourniture de données en temps réel, par exemple pour la prévision des inondations, avec des incertitudes quantifiées et fiables. Les méthodes existantes pour la mise à jour de la courbe de tarage sont basées sur une analyse statistique des données de calibration (jaugeages) passées ou sur des règles empiriques. Cette thèse a permis de développer des méthodes originales pour la détection automatique des détarages et l'estimation de leur amplitude en rétrospectif et en temps réel : une méthode de segmentation des résidus entre les jaugeages et une courbe de référence, une analyse des récessions du limnigramme et une détection de détarages potentiels à partir d'un indicateur disponible en temps réel (par exemple, transport sédimentaire cumulé). L'approche probabiliste permet d'une part de prendre en compte l'incertitude des informations sur les détarages et d'autre part de quantifier les incertitudes sur les débits calculés. La combinaison des trois méthodes a été appliquée à la station de l’Ardèche à Meyras, en France, qui présente des détarages nets après chaque crue importante. Une bonne détection et estimation des détarages a été observée en rétrospectif et en temps réel. La méthode est générale et applicable en opérationnel à d’autres stations après validation. La méthode est générique et, après davantage de validation, applicable en opérationnel à d'autres sites
River discharge time series are established using "rating curves", which are models with stage as input and discharge as output. Unfortunately, many hydrometric stations have an unstable stage-discharge relation, particularly because of the change in the river bed during floods. These "rating shifts" pose a problem both for the establishment of long-term hydrological series (retrospective analysis) and for the delivery of real-time data, for example for flood forecasting, with quantified and reliable uncertainties. The existing methods for updating the rating curve are based on a statistical analysis of past calibration data (the gaugings) or on empirical rules. This thesis aims at developing some original methods for the automatic detection of rating shifts and the estimation of their magnitude in both retrospective and real time: a method of segmentation of the residuals between the gaugings and a base rating curve, an analysis of the stage recessions and a method for detecting potential shifts from an indicator available in real time (e.g. cumulative sediment transport). The probabilistic approach allows on the one hand to take into account the uncertainty of the information on the shift and on the other hand to quantify the uncertainties of the calculated streamflow. The combination of the three methods has been applied to the Ardèche at Meyras, France, which shows net shifts after each major flood. Good detection and estimation of the rating shift has been observed retrospectively and in real time. The method is generic and, after further validation, operationally applicable to other sites

This study is focused on developing a method to predict the dynamic behavior of mine tailings dams under earthquake loading. Tailings dams are a by-product of coal mining and processing activities. Mine tailings impoundments are prone to instability and failure under seismic loading as a result of the mechanical behavior of the tailings. Due to the existence of potential seismic sources in close proximity to the coal mining regions in the United States, it is necessary to assess the post-earthquake stability of these tailings dams. To develop the aforementioned methodology, 34 cyclic triaxial tests along with vane shear tests were performed on undisturbed mine tailings specimens from two impoundments in Kentucky. Therefore, the liquefaction resistance and the residual shear strength of the specimens were measured. The laboratory cyclic strength curves for the coal mine specimens were produced, and the relationship between plasticity, density, cyclic stress ratio, and number of cycles to liquefaction were identified. The samples from the Big Branch impoundment were generally loose samples, while the Abner Fork specimens were dense samples, older and slightly cemented. The data suggest that the number of loading cycles required to initiate liquefaction in mine tailings, NL, decreases with increasing CSR and with decreasing density. This trend is similar to what is typically observed in soil. For a number of selected specimens, using the results of a series of small-strain cyclic triaxial tests, the shear modulus reduction curves and damping ratio plots were created. The data obtained from laboratory experiments were correlated to the previously recorded geotechnical field data from the two impoundments. The field parameters including the SPT blow counts (N1)60, corrected CPT cone tip resistance (qt), and shear wave velocity (vs), were correlated to the laboratory measured cyclic resistance ratio (CRR). The results indicate that in general, the higher the (N1)60 and the tip resistance (qt), the higher the CSR was. Ultimately, practitioners will be able to use these correlations along with common state-of-practice geotechnical field methods to predict cyclic resistance in fine tailings to assess the liquefaction potential and post-earthquake stability of the impoundment structures.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este trabalho apresenta uma nova metodologia para a estimação de estados harmônicos em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica, a partir da modelagem de problemas de otimização, em uma abordagem estática. Assume-se que medições fasoriais sincronizadas são obtidas continuamente por um número reduzido de PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) estrategicamente alocadas no sistema. Correntes harmônicas passantes em todos os ramos da rede elétrica são variáveis de estado a serem estimadas em coordenadas retangulares. Valendo-se do uso de leis de Kirchhoff, outras grandezas elétricas são calculadas como fasores de tensão, potências ativa e reativa. Os problemas de otimização são modelados para cada ordem harmônica individualmente e para cada intervalo de tempo em que o algoritmo for executado, com o objetivo de estimar estados harmônicos ao longo do tempo, considerando curvas diárias de carga. A função objetivo é determinada a partir do método dos mínimos quadrados ponderados, almejando minimizar o somatório das diferenças quadráticas entre os valores medidos e os valores correspondentes estimados pelo método proposto. Para as barras não monitoradas por PMUs, potências ativa e reativa são consideradas como restrições de desigualdade com limites inferiores e superiores definidos por fatores percentuais, assumindo incertezas sobre as variações de carregamento e componentes harmônicas a serem estimadas em intervalos de tempo regulares. Os problemas de otimização são resolvidos usando o método de pontos interiores com barreira de segurança adaptado, em que a solução ótima é dada sem violação de restrições, através da introdução de um parâmetro de relaxamento que permite que os valores inferiores e superiores das restrições que atingirem seus respectivos valores limites sejam relaxados para que a solução ótima seja encontrada. Sistemas teste de distribuição de energia elétrica trifásicos, topologicamente radial são utilizados para validação da metodologia proposta. Análises de sensibilidade são consideradas para avaliar o tempo computacional, número de PMUs alocadas, geração distribuída, filtro harmônico e parâmetros usados pelo algoritmo proposto. Vantagens deste trabalho incluem número limitado de PMUs a ser instalado, identificação de múltiplas fontes harmônicas, estimação de curvas diárias de carga e componentes harmônicas ao longo do tempo, com erros de estimação reduzidos.
This work presents a novel methodology for harmonic state estimation in electric power distribution networks, based on optimization problems formulation, in a static approach. It is assumed that synchronized phasor measurements are continuously obtained using a reduced number of PMUs (Phasor Measurement Units) strategically allocated into the system. Harmonic branch currents passing through the branches of the network are the state variables to be estimated in rectangular coordinates. Based on Kirchhoff’s laws, other electrical quantities are calculated, such as voltage phasors, active and reactive powers. An optimization problem is modelled for each harmonic order individually and for each time interval in which the algorithm is executed, with the objective of estimating harmonic states along the time, considering daily load curves. The objective function is determined based on the weighted least squares method, aiming to minimize the sum of the quadratic difference between measured and estimated values by the proposed method. For the buses which are not monitored by PMUs, active and reactive powers are considered as inequality constraints, with lower and upper limits defined by percentage factors, assuming uncertainties over daily load curves and harmonic components to be estimated in regular time intervals. The optimization problems are solved using the modified safety barrier interior point method, in which the optimal solution is provided with no constraints violation, by the introduction of a relaxation parameter which allows the upper and lower bounds of the constraints which reached their corresponding limits to be relaxed in such a way that the optimal solution is obtained. Three-phase electrical distribution test systems, with radial topology are used for the validation of the proposed methodology. Sensitivity analysis are considered in order to evaluate computational time, distributed generation, harmonic filter and parameters used by the proposed algorithm. Advantages of this work include limited number of PMUs to be installed, multiple harmonic sources identification, estimation of daily load curves and harmonic components along the time, with reduced estimation errors.

Les voiles du Sacrifice d’Iphigénie de Timanthe et du Rideau de Parrhasios problématisent le regard antique et font naître un au-delà qui stratifie la représentation. Le silence qu’ils introduisent dans l’image génère une activité « phantastique » fondatrice d’une poéticité visuelle. La Pala di San Marco adapte à un espace pictural unifié la structure du Tabernacle des Linaioli déjà empruntée au Tabernacle mosaïque. Séparant des espaces de sacralité croissante qui font écho à la lecture exégétique en vigueur au Couvent, les voiles y épaississent l’espace et le sens de l’œuvre, exigeant à chaque étape une transformation du regard. L’exégèse identifiant Marie à l’Arca Dei, le XVe siècle développe autour d’elle diverses formules tabernaculaires susceptibles d’annexer l’espace profane du spectateur. Au fond des Annonciations du Quattrocento le voile révélait le thalamus virginis, ventre métonymique de la Vierge. Cette symbolique s’effrite quand la scénographie se charge de l’évocation du Mystère. Le voile prend des accents métapicturaux ou révèle le vulgaire, la vanité, l’intime, la chair. Il les sacralise alors comme il avait sacralisé l’Arca Dei ou la figure de l’empereur. Aléatoire, il ouvre les œuvres à de surprenantes transgressions, comme l’érotisation des Virgo lactans. Les métaphores visuelles se multipliant pour évoquer ce qui pose problème à la représentation, le voile finit par prendre en charge l’image de ce qu’il cache. L’émergence du caché s’assume comme projet de l’œuvre. Contournant le précepte albertien, ce commerce avec l’invisible relie le motif à l’antique approche, ravivée par La Pléiade, d’une poésie qui n’a d’autre raison que d’en-visager l’ineffable
Veils in Sacrifice of Iphigenia by Timanthes and Curtain by Parrhasius signify a problematisation of the Antiquity’s gaze and engender a hereafter which stratifies representation. The silence these works introduce within the image generates a phantastic activity, the founding basis of a visual poetry.Pala di San Marco adapts to a unified pictorial space the structure of Tabernacolo dei Linaioli already borrowed from the Tabernacle of Moses. Separating spaces of increased sacredness and in accordance with the exegetic reading, veils thicken the space and the meaning of the masterpiece, demanding at each stage a transformation of the viewers’ gaze.The exegesis identifying Marie to Arca Dei, the 15th century develops around her numerous forms which are epigones of the Tabernacle’s and become liable to encompass the viewer’s profane space. Deep within Annunciations of the Quattrocento, the veil revealed the thalamus virginis, metonymical belly of the Virgin Mary. This symbolism becomes eroded when the stage design evokes Mystery. The veil conveys metapictorial allusions or reveals vanity, intimacy, flesh. It « sacralizes » them as it did of Arca Dei or of the emperor. Unpredictably, all works become opened up to surprising transgressions, such as the eroticisation of Virgo lactans. Multiple visual metaphors alluding to what is problematic about representation, the veil supports the image of what it is hiding. The surfacing of the concealed becomes the artwork in itself. Skirting around Alberti’s precepts, this trade with the invisible connects the motif with the ancient concept, revived by La Pléiade, of a poetry whose motive is no other than to en-visage the ineffable

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a bridge in Most. It bridges the railway line and the river Bílina. Three possible variants have been proposed. One of the variants has been selected and further elaborated. The solved variant was an arc with a suspended pre-stressed bridge beam. The supporting element is a reinforced concrete backbone. The construction is built on a ring. Static analysis partly includes the effect of phased construction. The design was assessed according to EN.

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Esta investigación recorre por las interfaces de la integración que involucra a la sociedad, educación y la enseñanza en Administración, cultura, historia, geografía y memoria, específicamente, entre Brasil y Paraguay. Envuelve los cursos de Administración de la Universidad Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – UNIOESTE, campus de Foz de Iguazú y de la Universidad Nacional del Este – UNE – campus de Ciudad del Este y Sede en Santa Rita. La interdisciplinaridad aproxima los Cursos de Graduación en Administración de la Triple Frontera de Foz do Iguazú y Ciudad del Este como epistemología de distintas ciencias, con la meta de liberarla del condicionamiento teórico-práctico en que se ve insertado. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es realizar un análisis comparativo de Cursos de Administración en su esencia y misión educacional de esta frontera de Brasil y Paraguay. La investigación atraviesa por el método cualitativo, con foco en las aproximaciones de estos dos estados nacionales. Estudiar la propuesta de integración compete a un ejercicio constante de buscar mecanismos políticos, sociales y económicos y en todo momento tener nociones claras que la subjetividad lleva a la interdisciplinariedad, no solo en el campo de la enseñanza, más en las distintas esferas que llevan la misión, y construcción de las DCN‟s de cada Estado Nacional, es decir, Brasil y Paraguay
This research covers the interfaces of integration that involves society, education and teaching in Administration, culture, history, geography and memory, specifically between Brazil and Paraguai. Involves approaches the Graduate Programs in Administration in the Triple Frontier of Foz do Iguaçu and Ciudad del Este as epistemology of different sciences, in order to free it from the theoretical-practical conditioning in which it was inserted. The main objective of this research is to carry out a comparative analysis of the Administration Courses in its essence and educational mission in this border of Brazil and Paraguay. Applying the qualitative method the work focuses on the approximations of these two national states, in the international conurbation of: Foz do Iguaçu-Brazil, and the Paraguayan cities of Ciudad del Este. Rethinking the integration proposal is a constant exercise of seeking political, social and economic mechanisms and at all times have clear notions that in subjectivity leads to interdisciplinarity, not only in the field of education, but in the different spheres that lead the mission, and Construction of the DCNs of each National State, that is, Brazil and Paraguai.
Esta pesquisa percorre pelas interfaces da integração que envolve a sociedade, educação e o ensino em Administração, cultura, história, geografia e memória, especificamente, entre o Brasil e Paraguai. Envolve os cursos de Administração da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná – UNIOESTE, campus de Foz do Iguaçu e da Universidad Nacional del Este – UNE – campus de Ciudad del Este e extensão em Santa Rita. A integração aproxima os Cursos de Graduação em Administração na Tríplice Fronteira de Foz do Iguaçu e Ciudad del Este como epistemologia de distintas ciências, no intuito de libera-la do condicionamento teórico-prático em que se viu inserida. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é realizar uma análise comparativa dos Cursos de Administração em sua essência e missão educacional nesta fronteira do Brasil e Paraguai. A pesquisa perpassa pelo método qualitativo, com foco nas aproximações destes dois estados nacionais. Repensar a proposta de integração compete a um exercício constante de buscar mecanismos políticos, sociais e econômicos e a todo o momento ter noções claras que na subjetividade leva a interdisciplinaridade, não só no campo do ensino, mas nas distintas esferas que levam a missão, e construção das DCN‟s de cada Estado Nacional, nesta pesquisa, Brasil e Paraguai.

Cette étude s'intéresse aux performances des matériaux composites Carbone/Carbone 2,5D lors d'un freinage aéronautique de basse énergie. Durant la vie avion, l'état de surface des disques de frein évolue et les performances de freinage s'en trouvent modifiées. Les études expérimentales et les modélisations réalisées ont pour buts la maîtrise et la prédiction de l'évolution des propriétés de la surface, cela en fonction à la fois des conditions tribologiques mais également de la distance dans deux environnements d'étude: à sec et lubrifié. Un premier volet de ce travail consiste à caractériser finement le comportement mécanique en compression du composite Carbone/Carbone 2,5D, afin de comprendre les répercussions du frottement en sous-couche. Après la détermination des caractéristiques élastiques du matériau, le comportement élasto-endommageable en compression est relevé. Ces caractéristiques sont implémentées dans une simulation 1D et permettent de reproduire les courbes d'essais de compression cyclique à contrainte croissante. Parallèlement, une étude du comportement tribologique du C/C 2,5D à sec via des essais courts a permis de connaître les caractéristiques des coefficients de frottement de différents états de surface. Les coefficients de frottement moyens sont mis en relation avec le paramètre de rugosité Sk. Les essais tribologiques longue distance mis en oeuvre ont modifié l'état de surface des échantillons tant sur le plan topographique que sur le plan morphologique. Des fissures en sous-couche apparaissent, conséquence des efforts tribologiques subis. Ces observations ont menés à la détermination d'un mécanisme d'évolution d'état de surface des disques en environnement sec. Enfin, deux types d'essais en environnement lubrifié ont été proposés, afin de séparer le comportement ponctuel d'un état de surface du comportement tribologique avec la distance. Premièrement, une procédure d'essais tribologiques courts a été mise en place et s'affiche comme un moyen de caractérisation d'état de surface in-situ à part entière, avec des caractéristiques des courbes de Stribeck directement liées aux états morphologiques et topographiques. Ensuite, un plan d'expérience réunit les essais longs destinés à modifier l'état de surface d'éprouvettes pour plusieurs jeux de paramètres tribologiques. Les courbes de Stribeck de ces nouveaux états de surface sont analysées. Ainsi, les états de surface expérimentaux sont comparés à ceux des disques de frein industriels
This study focuses on the performance of 2.5D Carbon/Carbon composite materials for low energy aeronautical braking. During aircraft life, the surface condition of the brake discs evolves and the braking performances change. The experimental studies and the modelizations carried out aim in controlling and predicting the evolution of surface properties, both in terms of the tribological conditions but also of the distance in two study environments: dry and lubricated. For this purpose, a characterization of the mechanical behavior in compression of the 2.5D Carbon/Carbon composite is performed in order to understand the repercussions of friction underlayer. The elastic characteristics of the material and the elasto-damaging behavior in compression are identified. These characteristics are used in a 1D simulation, that allows reproducing the cyclic compression test curves with increasing stress. At the same time, a study of the tribological behavior of the dry 2.5D C/C composite via short tests made it possible to know the friction coefficient of different surface conditions. The average friction coefficients are related to the roughness. The long-range tribological tests used have modified the topographic and morphological surface conditions of the samples. Cracks appear at the underlayer, as a result of the tribological efforts. These observations led to the determination of a mechanism for the evolution of surface condition of discs in a dry environment. Finally, two types of lubricated environment tests have been proposed in order to separate the instantaneous behavior of a surface state from the tribological behavior with the distance. First, a short tribological test procedure is set up and is displayed as a means of in-situ surface condition characterization in its own right, with characteristics of the Stribeck curves directly related to the morphological and topographical states. Next, an experimental plan combines long tests to modify the surface condition of test pieces for several sets of tribological parameters. The Stribeck curves of these new surface states are analyzed. Experimental surface conditions are compared with those of industrial brake disks

The aim of this thesis is to model the dynamics of international term structure of interest rates taking into consideration several dependence channels.Thanks to a new international Treasury yield curve database, we observe that the explained variability decision criterion, suggested by the literature, is not able to select the best combination of factors characterizing the joint dynamics of yield curves. We propose a new methodology based on the maximisation of the likelihood function of a Gaussian state-space model with common and local factors. The associated identification problem is solved in an innovative way. By estimating several sets of countries, we select two global (and three local) factors which are also useful to forecast macroeconomic variables in each considered economy.In addition, our method allows us to detect hidden factors in the international bond returns. They are not visible through a classical principal component analysis of expected bond returns but they are helpful to forecast inflation and industrial production. Keywords: International treasury yield curves, common and local factors, state-space models, EM algorithm, International bond risk premia, principal components.

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The target of this present investigation consists of to analyze the expansion process of the Brazilian college, especially Law Courses, for the period of 1995-2002. In a strict sense, it studies the established collisions by the civil society and the State around the expansion of Law Courses and the control of the professional performance. To reach these targets, the proposals for Law education were analyzed, done by the main political subjects involved with this discussion: The Brazilian Lawyers Order Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB) , The Private Universities Association Associação das Universidades Privadas (Anup) , and The Maintainers of College Education Brazilian Association Associação Brasileira das Mantenedoras de Ensino Superior (Abmes) . A bibliography research was realized with the objective of grasping the meaning of the entities proposals and knowing the reform of the State s proposal, and the educational legislation of FHC Government. Available information from INEP/MEP subsidized the characterization of the college education expansion and of the law courses during this studied period of time. The research refers to the large concept of state by Gramsci (2000), which contributed to the comprehension of the relation between the State and the civil society of the end of 1990 s decade and the beginning of the 21st century. In this context, Law Courses presented a accelerated expansion, with concentration of supplies in private college institutions and non-universities courses. This moment was marked by a strong discussion about the Law courses expansion, their quality and the control of the professional performance executed by OAB.
O objetivo da presente investigação consiste em analisar o processo de expansão do ensino superior no Brasil, sobretudo dos cursos de Direito, no período 1995-2002. Estuda os embates estabelecidos na sociedade civil e no Estado, em sentido estrito, em torno da expansão dos cursos de Direito e do controle do exercício profissional. Para alcançar esses objetivos, foram analisadas as propostas para o ensino jurídico, dos principais sujeitos políticos envolvidos nesse debate: Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB), Associação das Universidades Privadas (Anup) e Associação Brasileira das Mantenedoras do Ensino Superior (Abmes). Foi realizada pesquisa bibliográfica e documental com o objetivo de apreender as proposições das entidades e conhecer a proposta de reforma do Estado e a legislação educacional do Governo FHC. Dados disponibilizados pelo INEP/MEC subsidiaram a caracterização da expansão do ensino superior e dos cursos de Direito no período estudado. A pesquisa teve como referencial o conceito ampliado de Estado de Gramsci (2000), que contribuiu para a apreensão da relação entre Estado e sociedade civil no final dos anos 1990 e início do século XXI. Nesse contexto, os cursos de Direito apresentaram uma expansão acelerada, com oferta concentrada em IES privadas e não-universitárias. O momento foi marcado por intenso debate acerca da expansão dos cursos de Direito, de sua qualidade e do controle do exercício profissional exercido pela OAB.

This report is the result of a conducted Minor Field Study (MFS), to the greatestextent funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(SIDA), in an attempt to design a system for evaluating smaller solar power systems indeveloping countries. The study was to the greater part conducted in Nairobi, Kenyain close collaboration with the University of Nairobi. The aim was to develop asystem that would use easily available components and keep the costs to a minimum,yet deliver adequate performance. The system would measure certain parameters of asolar power system and also relevant environmental data in order to evaluate theperformance of the system. Due to the specific competence of the collaboratinggroup at the University of Nairobi, a Kinetis Freescale K64-microcontroller with anARM-Cortex processor was selected as the core of the design. Components wereselected, schematics were drawn, a circuit board was designed and manufactured andsoftware was written. After 12 weeks a somewhat satisfying proof-of-concept wasreached at the end of the field study in Kenya. The project however proved howdifficult it is to go from first idea to a functional proof-of-concept during a limitedtimeframe, and also in an East-African country. The final proof-of-concept was testedat Mpala Research Centre in Kenya and despite containing some flaws proved that itwould indeed be possible to design a working system on the principles discussed inthis report. The system is open-source, so anyone may use and modify it.

Design theories and methodologies are guidelines to develop design solutions. Among many, the Axiomatic design theory (ADT) and Systematic design procedures (SDP) are two well-known approaches to design. For practical applications, the choice of the design methodology is difficult as there is no study to compare them. To close in such gap in literature, this thesis presents a study on comparison of these two design approaches. To facilitate the comparison, design of a solid state fermenter was taken as a vehicle. The fermenter chosen for this study is was used for detoxification of phorbol esters from Jatropha curcas. Jatopha curcas is a woody plant and is one of the major sources for the production of bio-diesel as it is readily available and has unique composition. Processing Jatopha curcas for biodiesel also yields protein rich Jatopha curcas seed cake. This can be used as animal feedstock, cattle fodder or live feed stock. It is however known that phorbol esters present in the seed cake hinder the utilization of the seed cake as live feed stock. Solid state fermentation by fungi is an effective process to denature phorbol esters, which has been demonstrated at the laboratory scale. Development of an industrial scale solid state fermenter (SSF) is necessary. This study applies SDP and ADT the same deign problem of SSF and compared based on the result of the design. It is noted that in ADT, the evaluation of design alternatives neither considers the cost of the system under design nor the delivery time of the system, but SDP does. To make the comparison on the same ground, an extension of ADT enabling it to consider the cost and delivery time (or time) was developed. Several conclusions can be drawn from this study and they are: (1) ADT and SDP are complementary to each other and the one that integrates both is more effective to design; (2) The essence of Axiom 2 of ADT is to evaluate design alternatives with all factors that lead to difficulty to realize the design, but unfortunately the information content in the current ADT literature only considers the functional or quality aspect; (3) Previous reports suggest the presence of zigzag process only in ADT, However in this study it is evident that SDP exercises the zigzag process as well; (4) the proposed formulation of information content by taking into consideration of the quality, cost, time aspects is more effective in design practice as quite often the cost and time are very important aspects to the customer. The contribution of this thesis study is of two-fold. First, the SSF designed in this study is a pilot one in the field of the biochemical process and it has potential to be implemented. Second, this study concludes several unique findings of ADT and SDP with their relationship, which have further resulted in an integrated ADT and SDP design approach and a more complete formulation of information content capable of evaluating design alternatives from all aspects rather than the functional aspect only.

Este trabalho aborda a questão dos Curdos no Estado turco desde uma perspectiva sócio e histórico-jurídica centrada na problemática do Estado como sujeito jurídico. O trabalho contextualiza, antes de mais, a situação dos Curdos enquanto povo, autónomo nas suas características mas enquandrado em conjuntos estaduais. A seguir, esclarece a questão central — a da relação entre o Estado turco e os Curdos. Por fim, são abordadas perspetivas de solução, baseadas na teoria do Estado. O trabalho levanta questões que, vindo do passado, como um aparente acumular de problemas, necessitam de ser analisadas à luz mais fria das normas internacionais aplicáveis: a autodeterminação, o direito das minorias, e a capacidade para viver de forma autónoma na matriz estadual. O trabalho quer ser um contributo modesta, que visa explanar os problemas e transmitir reflexões de cariz social e jurídico, mais do que dar uma resposta definitiva para um problema cuja resolução depende em grande parte do modo como é abordado.
This work addresses the issue of the Kurds in the Turkish State from a socio-historical and legal perspective centred on the issue of the State as legal subject. The work puts into its context, first of all, the situation of the Kurds as a people, autonomous in its features but located into the matrix of several States. It also explains the specificity of the Turkish state in its relationship with the Kurds. Finally, the work looks at possible solutions, derived from the theory of the State. Several issues are looked at in the work, that came from the past, as an apparent accumulation of problems, and that need to be analysed in the light of applicable international standards today: self-determination, minority rights, and the ability to live independently in the State framework. The work intends to be a modest contribution, which aims at explaining the problems and convey social and legal reflections, more than giving a definitive answer to a problem whose resolution depends largely on how it is approached.

This thesis examines the role of praying sacred curses as a means of exercising ecclesiastical discipline within the Christian church. Through a brief analysis of selected social issues challenging the church in the United States, Chapter One addresses the question concerning the appropriateness of punitive praying as a means of furthering the Gospel of Christ. The question, “Is it ever right to pray for the failure, destruction or harm of another person, especially when such prayer is made by Christians in the name of God?” guides the subject of this thesis from both theological and ethical perspectives. A word study on seven key Hebrew words used to designate a “curse” in the Old Testament is made in Chapter Two in an effort to provide the necessary background for the New Testament’s concepts and practices undergirding early Church discipline. The utilization of punitive prayers and the utterances of anathemas throughout the New Testament comprise Chapter Three and points to a significant dimension for church theology inside the community of faith. There is also evidence that such ‘killing prayers’ were used to check secular authorities hostile to the witness of the church. Perhaps the most interesting use of the sacred curse comes from the record of Jesus “cursing” a fig tree, which dies as a result. This tree seems to represent both the religious dimension of Israel and the authoritative rule of the state, each characterized by unbelief and a rejection of the message of Jesus. Chapter Four furthers the discussion concerning the ethical basis for a sacred curse, especially as reflected by the Ten Commandments, and more specifically, in the keeping of the Fourth Commandment, the Sabbath. In conjunction with this sense of discipline, the argument is made that the love of God is often exemplified through the exercise of the curse because persons so affected may be drawn to repentance and seek after God as a result. Chapter Five concludes this study with an indictment on modern theology’s seeming failure to address matters of truth in social issues presently impacting both iv church and state in the USA. This chapter calls for the use of the sacred curse on the basis of local church unity and cohesiveness, while recognizing that such unity may be impossible to achieve. Because there may be no consensus inside the church regarding the exercise of a sacred curse, there is most probably no possibility of realizing the power of such prayers as a means of correcting social issues at odds with perceived truths.
Systematic Theology & Theological Ethics
D.Th. (Theological Ethics)