Dissertations / Theses: 'Custom law'

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Moynihan, Sinéad. "Fictions of law and custom : passing narratives at the fins des siècles." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14442/.

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This dissertation examines narratives of passing of the nineteenth- and twentieth century fins de siècle. My central thesis is that passing narratives of the 1990s and beyond evidence symmetry between the tropes of passing that occur at plot level and passing strategies surrounding the production of the texts themselves. I argue that the connections between passing and authorship that emerge in contemporary stories invite us to reconsider extant interpretations of earlier passing stories, specifically those published at the turn of the twentieth century. The Introduction challenges the historiography of the passing narrative traced in existing studies of passing. It also suggests the ways in which authorship and passing are inextricably linked via the arbitrary standard of "authenticity," both authorial and racial. In Chapter One, I examine the relationship between the African American body-as-text and the African American author who produces a text in The Bondwoman's Narrative (date unknown), Philip Roth's The Human Stain (2000) and Percival Everett's Erasure (2001). Chapter Two takes the self-reflexive detective genre and traces the changing roles of the passing character within the conventions of the form, from femme fatale to hard-boiled detective. Here, I focus specifically on Pauline Hopkins's Hagar's Daughter (1901-1902), Walter Mosley's Devil in a Blue Dress (1990) and Robert Skinner's Wesley Farrell series (1997-2002). In Chapter Three, I examine texts whose protagonists' gender and/or racial ambiguity serve to destabilise analogously the religious categories under interrogation in those texts, namely Hopkins's Winona (1902) and Louise Erdrich's Tracks (1988) and The Last Report on the Miracles at Little No Horse (2001). Chapter Four examines tropes of passing in relation to three contemporary novels of adolescence, Paul Beatty's The White Boy Shuffle (1996), Danzy Senna's Caucasia (1998) and Jeffrey Eugenides's Middlesex (2002). Finally, the Conclusion discusses recent controversies of authorship and authenticity in the U.S., particularly as these pertain to the ambiguous literary category of "memoir."

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Chigara, Benedict Tendayi. "The process of custom and the legitimacy of norms of customary international law : a deconstructionist perspective." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267675.

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Okubuiro, J. C. "The counter-hegemonic potential of non-state actors as custom-makers in international law." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3006098/.

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Traditionally, customary international law is defined as comprising state practice and opinio juris. However, there is a current trend in legal argument by Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) that challenges these state practices arguably dominated by Western ideologies. Based on these challenges, the purpose of this research is not to discard these trends; rather it interrogates the basic principle of international law that sees only state practice and opinio juris as constituting customary international law. This research adds a novel perspective to the on-going debate by investigating the role of the practices and opinions of non-state actors as a counter-hegemonic tool for equal participation, self-determination and emancipation of the Third World peoples who are arguably the victims of Western domination. This thesis explores the above arguments through Nigerian example. It demonstrates the tension between the Western state model and indigenous systems in Nigeria. Such conflict necessitates an ‘inclusive system’ that involves the participation of state and non-state actors in the development of customary international law.

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Akpera, Jacob I. "Tiv levirate custom and the book of Ruth a comparative method /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.

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Tcaregorodskaia, Elena. "Правовой обычай: сущность и механизм действия". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140722_081444-06675.

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Disertacijos tyrimo objektas yra teisinis paprotys kaip socialinės ir teisinės realybės reiškinys. Darbo tikslas – įvairiapusis bendrų teorinių teisinio papročio problemų ištyrimas ir permąstymas. Įveikdama teisės moksle nusistovėjusią teisinio papročio kaip mažareikšmio teisinio fenomeno viziją, autorė siekė pasiūlyti naują teisinio papročio problemos sprendimo kelią, pavyzdžiui, jo santykio su įstatymu kontekste, parodyti jo neišsenkamą gyvybingumą. Atliekant tyrimą vadovautasi pliuralistiniu požiūriu, kuris remiasi metodologinių taisyklių, taikomų kartu, įvairove. Išskirtinis šioje eilėje yra dialektinis teisinio papročio kaip reiškinio tyrimo metodas pagal mokslinę G. V. F. Hėgelio interpretaciją. Tyrimo metodai ir noras išeiti už griežto dogmatizmo ribų sąlygojo ne tik teisės mokslo šaltinių, bet ir kitų mokslų (antropologijos, etnologijos, etnografijos, sociologijos) literatūros panaudojimą. Disertacijoje padarytos išvados dėl teisinio papročio dialektinio prieštaringumo, įdedančio į jį potencinę galimybę rastis įstatymui; dėl neigiamos teisinio papročio ir įstatymo vienybės. Tyrimo mokslinis naujumas yra šis: teisinis paprotys nagrinėjamas per esmės, turinio ir sąvokos kategorijų prizmę; teisinio papročio esmė dialektiškai interpretuojama kaip neigiama veiksmų ir įtikinimo jų būtinumu vienybė; teisinio papročio veikimo mechanizmas nagrinėjamas kaip autonominė sistema, sudaryta iš daugybės susijusių elementų; nustatoma, kad valstybėje teisinio papročio ir įstatymo esmė... [полный текст, см. далее] Disertacijos tyrimo objektas yra teisinis paprotys kaip socialinės ir teisinės realybės reiškinys. Darbo tikslas – įvairiapusis bendrų teorinių teisinio papročio problemų ištyrimas ir permąstymas. Įveikdama teisės moksle nusistovėjusią teisinio papročio kaip mažareikšmio teisinio fenomeno viziją, autorė siekė pasiūlyti naują teisinio papročio problemos sprendimo kelią, pavyzdžiui, jo santykio su įstatymu kontekste, parodyti jo neišsenkamą gyvybingumą. Atliekant tyrimą vadovautasi pliuralistiniu požiūriu, kuris remiasi metodologinių taisyklių, taikomų kartu, įvairove. Išskirtinis šioje eilėje yra dialektinis teisinio papročio kaip reiškinio tyrimo metodas pagal mokslinę G. V. F. Hėgelio interpretaciją. Tyrimo metodai ir noras išeiti už griežto dogmatizmo ribų sąlygojo ne tik teisės mokslo šaltinių, bet ir kitų mokslų (antropologijos, etnologijos, etnografijos, sociologijos) literatūros panaudojimą. Disertacijoje padarytos išvados dėl teisinio papročio dialektinio prieštaringumo, įdedančio į jį potencinę galimybę rastis įstatymui; dėl neigiamos teisinio papročio ir įstatymo vienybės. Tyrimo mokslinis naujumas yra šis: teisinis paprotys nagrinėjamas per esmės, turinio ir sąvokos kategorijų prizmę; teisinio papročio esmė dialektiškai interpretuojama kaip neigiama veiksmų ir įtikinimo jų būtinumu vienybė; teisinio papročio veikimo mechanizmas nagrinėjamas kaip autonominė sistema, sudaryta iš daugybės susijusių elementų; nustatoma, kad valstybėje teisinio papročio ir įstatymo esmė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] Disertacijos tyrimo objektas yra teisinis paprotys kaip socialinės ir teisinės realybės reiškinys. Darbo tikslas – įvairiapusis bendrų teorinių teisinio papročio problemų ištyrimas ir permąstymas. Įveikdama teisės moksle nusistovėjusią teisinio papročio kaip mažareikšmio teisinio fenomeno viziją, autorė siekė pasiūlyti naują teisinio papročio problemos sprendimo kelią, pavyzdžiui, jo santykio su įstatymu kontekste, parodyti jo neišsenkamą gyvybingumą. Atliekant tyrimą vadovautasi pliuralistiniu požiūriu, kuris remiasi metodologinių taisyklių, taikomų kartu, įvairove. Išskirtinis šioje eilėje yra dialektinis teisinio papročio kaip reiškinio tyrimo metodas pagal mokslinę G. V. F. Hėgelio interpretaciją. Tyrimo metodai ir noras išeiti už griežto dogmatizmo ribų sąlygojo ne tik teisės mokslo šaltinių, bet ir kitų mokslų (antropologijos, etnologijos, etnografijos, sociologijos) literatūros panaudojimą. Disertacijoje padarytos išvados dėl teisinio papročio dialektinio prieštaringumo, įdedančio į jį potencinę galimybę rastis įstatymui; dėl neigiamos teisinio papročio ir įstatymo vienybės. Tyrimo mokslinis naujumas yra šis: teisinis paprotys nagrinėjamas per esmės, turinio ir sąvokos kategorijų prizmę; teisinio papročio esmė dialektiškai interpretuojama kaip neigiama veiksmų ir įtikinimo jų būtinumu vienybė; teisinio papročio veikimo mechanizmas nagrinėjamas kaip autonominė sistema, sudaryta iš daugybės susijusių elementų; nustatoma, kad valstybėje teisinio papročio ir įstatymo esmė... [to full text]

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Moody, Shirley C. "By custom and by law black folklore and racial representation at the birth of Jim Crow /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/4186.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006. Thesis research directed by: English Language and Literature. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Aidis, Ruta. "By law and by custom factors affecting small- and medium-sized enterprises during the transition in Lithuania /." [Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Thela Thesis] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2003. http://dare.uva.nl/document/67520.

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Savara, Zbyněk. "Smysl obyčeje v mezinárodním právu." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76906.

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This Diploma Thesis deals with the importance of customary law in contemporary international law. The thesis provides description of sources of international law, focused on custom as a necessary source of international law. Further the history of international law is described. Finally a brief summary of cases settled by International Court of Justice where customary international law was applied is provided. The task of the work is to provide evidence that the custom is still useful and used source of international law. As a proof of this statement a range of ICJ decisions is mentioned and the process of international law codification and progressive development is described.

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Khoza, Phumlile Tina. "A study of the powers of the Swazi monarch in terms of Swazi law and custom past, present and the future." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004723.

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The thesis covers the branches of law known as Constitutional law and Customary law. It focuses on the powers of the Swazi monarch, which are based on a combination of the received Western law and Swazi custom. For the purposes of this study, therefore, Swazi law and custom shall be taken to include both the statutory law and the yet unwritten customary law. Swaziland is black Africa's only remaining traditional monarchy, ruled as it is by the Ngwenyama, an indigenous institution, whose origin is derived from custom. The resilience of this ancient system of government in a continent where modernisation and constitutional democracy among other factors have led to its extinction is phenomenal, particularly because some commentators have described traditionalism in modern Africa as an "embarrassing anachronism.' In Swaziland the monarchy continues to be a vibrant system and the nation is currently engaged in a process of not only codifying the customary law but also of drafting the constitution of the country. One of the key areas of concern is the question of the distribution of power between the monarch and the people under the proposed constitution. Traditionalists are of the view that the powers that the King currently exercises should remain intact as they are a reflection of the Swazi law and custom. Progressives, on the other hand, are of the view that the current position makes the King an absolute monarch and are thus proposing a change from an absolute to a constitutional monarch. In other words they want some kind of checks and balances in the envisaged system of government. The study will show that the constitutional evolution of Swaziland and the exigencies of synthesising modern and traditional systems of governance have over the years obscured the true nature of the powers of the monarch in terms of Swazi custom. Thus before we can consider whether the future of the monarchy in Swaziland depends on the harmonisation of modern and traditional systems of governance, it is necessary to revisit the past to determine the powers of the monarch in their embryonic form, for it is from this period that we can extrapolate the powers of the Ngwenyama in terms of Swazi custom. The thesis has been arranged as follows: The first chapter will review the precolonial political system of Swaziland with a view to establishing whether monarchical authority was founded on command or consensus. The various theories, which seek to explain the foundations of the monarchical system of government, will be outlined. The second chapter will focus on European influence on the Swazi traditional system of government. The third chapter will be an analysis of the powers of the monarch under the 1968 independence constitution. The fourth chapter will focus on the effect of the repeal of the 1968 independence constitution by the Monarch. The fifth chapter will focus on the constitutional reforms under the reign of king Mswati III. The sixth and last chapter focus on proposals for reform. The research method used was in the main, an analysis of relevant legal principles as contained in textbooks, legislation, journals, the scant case law that is available in this area of the law and other relevant materials. A comparative survey of ancient African kingdoms will be done, with emphasis on those Kingdoms, which later became British colonial possessions. It is hoped that this comparative analysis will help explain the evolution of these traditional structures alongside modern governmental institutions.

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Coetzee, Juana. "INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law : an analysis of the interplay between mercantile custom and substantive sales law with specific reference to the passing of risk." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5222.

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Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International sales contracts have very specific needs that stem from the multiplicity of legal systems which apply to such contracts. In addition to harmonised law, mercantile custom is able to address many of these needs. Mercantile custom represents usages which are clear, certain and efficient and are expected to be known and applied by merchants in a particular trade or region. To this extent mercantile custom fulfils an automatic harmonisation function. However, where a custom does not enjoy uniform application across all branches of trade, the harmonisation function of mercantile custom is limited, as is the case with trade terms. Trade terms reflect mercantile customs and usages which developed over a long time in order to simplify the trade in goods that are transported from one place to the other. They regulate the delivery obligations of the seller and buyer as well as associated obligations such as the passing of risk. Trade terms negate the need for elaborate contract clauses and appear in abbreviated form in contracts of sale. Although they provide a uniform expression of mercantile custom in a particular location or trade, the understanding of trade terms tend to differ from country to country, region to region or from one branch of trade to the next. The ICC INCOTERMS is an effort to standardise trade term definitions at the hand of the most consistent mercantile customs and practices. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law. For purposes of the investigation the focus is limited to the passing of risk. Although national laws usually have a default risk regime in place, merchants still prefer to regulate risk by means of trade terms. This study will investigate the legal position in the case of FOB, CIF and DDU terms. An analysis of the risk regimes of a few selected national systems will show that each has their own understanding of these trade terms. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not refer to trade terms, but many commentators have concluded that the CISG risk rule is consistent with INCOTERMS. The study will discuss this in more detail. To determine the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law, the study examines their characteristics, legal nature as well as their limited scope of regulation. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and INCOTERMS and the possibility of some form of interaction and collaboration between the two instruments. It is concluded that collaboration between INCOTERMS and the CISG adds value to the international law of sales by increasing the efficiency of an international business transaction and thereby facilitating international trade. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale koopkontrakte het spesifieke behoeftes wat voortspruit uit die veelvoudigheid van regstelsels van toepassing op so ‘n kontrak. Baie van hierdie behoeftes kan aangespreek word deur geharmoniseerde regsreëls in samehang met handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Handelsgewoontes verteenwoordig duidelike, seker en effektiewe gebruike. Daar word dus van handelaars wat in ‘n bepaalde bedryf of streek handel dryf, verwag om van hierdie gebruike kennis te neem en hulle toe te pas. In hierdie konteks vervul handelsgebruike ‘n outomatiese harmoniseringsfunksie. Waar ‘n gebruik nie eenvormig toegepas word oor alle bedrywe heen nie, is die harmoniseringsfunksie van handelsgebruike egter beperk. Handelsterme bied ‘n tipiese voorbeeld hiervan. Handelsterme verteenwoordig bepaalde handelsgewoontes en –gebruike wat oor ‘n geruime tyd ontwikkel het ten einde handel in goedere wat van een plek na die ander vervoer word, te vergemaklik. Hulle reguleer die leweringsverpligtinge van die verkoper en koper asook ander verpligtinge wat met lewering verband hou, soos byvoorbeeld die oorgang van risiko. Handelsterme doen weg met lang en omslagtige kontraksbedinge aangesien hulle in die vorm van afkortings in die kontrak figureer. Alhoewel handelsterme ‘n uniforme uitdrukking van gebruike in ‘n bepaalde gebied of bedryf verteenwoordig, is dit egter so dat die inhoud van handelsterme van land tot land, streek tot streek of van een tipe bedryf tot die ander verskil. INCOTERMS is ‘n poging om die inhoud van handelsterme te standaardiseer aan die hand van die mees eenvormige handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS as ‘n vorm van standaardisering in die internasionale koopreg te ondersoek. Vir doeleindes van die ondersoek word die fokus beperk tot die oorgang van risiko. Al het nasionale regstelsels gewoonlik ‘n verstek risiko-reël in plek, verkies handelaars steeds om risiko by wyse van handelsterme te reguleer. Die studie ondersoek die regsposisie in die geval van FOB-, CIF-, en DDU-terme. ‘n Analise van risiko-regulering in ‘n aantal nasionale sisteme toon dat elk hul eie betekenis heg aan die inhoud van hierdie terme. Alhoewel die Weense Koopkonvensie geensins na handelsterme verwys nie, voer verskeie kommentatore aan dat die Konvensie se risiko-bestel verenigbaar is met dié van INCOTERMS en sal hierdie aspek gevolglik in meer besonderhede in die studie aangespreek word. Ten einde die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS te bepaal, word daar ondersoek ingestel na hulle kenmerke, regsaard en beperkte aanwendingsgebied. Spesiale klem word gelê op die wisselwerking tussen die Weense Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS asook die moontlikheid van interaksie en samewerking tussen die twee instrumente. Die gevolgtrekking is dat interaksie tussen die Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS waarde toevoeg tot die internasionale koopreg deur die effektiwiteit van die internasionale besigheidstransaksie te verhoog en gevolglik internasionale handel te bevorder. Harry Crossley Fund NRF Thuthuka Fund

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Momoti, Ndyebo Kingsworth. "Law and culture in the new constitutional dispensation with specific reference to the custom of circumcision as practiced in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003200.

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This study examines the custom of circumcision in the context of culture, law and the Constitution. In Chapter 1 the writer considers the pervasive role of culture in the context of the current debate in relation to equality versus culture. In Chapter 2 the writer considers the origin, development and the legal significance of the custom of circumcision in the Eastern Cape. In Chapter 3 the writer traces the circumstances leading to the enactment of the Provincial statute governing circumcision of children. In this chapter the writer also poses the question whether an aspect of morality can effectively be regulated by law. Chapter 4 looks at the question of cultural rights in terms of the Constitution and the possible effect of the promulgation of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities Act 19 of 2000 on the approach of the courts in respect of constitutional challenges directed at some aspects of customary law. Chapter 5 looks at the custom of circumcision and the need for the protection of children. The writer raises the issue of the role of traditional leaders in the eradication of abuses associated with circumcision. The last Chapter comments on the reasons for the failure of the new Act governing circumcision in the Province.

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Goodwin, David Pell, and n/a. "Belonging knows no boundaries : persisting land tenure custom for Shona, Ndebele and Ngai Tahu." University of Otago. Department of Surveying, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080807.151921.

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Aspects of customary land tenure may survive even where formal rules in a society supersede custom. This thesis is about persisting custom for Maori Freehold land (MFL) in New Zealand, and the Communal Areas (CAs) of Zimbabwe. Three questions are addressed: what unwritten land tenure custom still persists for Ngai Tahu, Shona and Ndebele, what key historical processes and events in New Zealand and Zimbabwe shaped the relationship between people and land into the form it displays today, and how do we explain differences between surviving customary tenure practices in the two countries? The research was based on in-depth interviews. A key difference between the two countries was found to lie in the type and degree of security available over the years to Maori and Shona/Ndebele. Roots of security were found in the substance of the founding treaties and concessions, and thereafter in a variety of other factors including the help (or lack of it) offered by the law in redressing grievances, the level of intermarriage between settler and autochthon, the differing security of land rights offered in urban centres in the respective countries, demographic factors and the availability of state benefits. This research finds that greater security was offered to Maori than to Shona and Ndebele, and that this has reduced the centrality of customary practices with regard to land. The research found that, in Zimbabwe, tenure security in the CAs is still underwritten by communities and that significant investment is still made in both living and dead members of those communities. Another finding is that land custom has adapted dynamically to meet new challenges, such as urban land and CA land sales. In New Zealand, investment in groups that jointly hold rights in MFL has, to some extent been eclipsed by the payment of rates and the availability of services (e.g. state-maintained boundary records and law enforcement mechanisms) and of benefits (e.g. superannuation, disability and unemployment). Land and community are not as closely linked to survival as they were in the past and, for many, they have come to hold largely symbolic value and less practical significance. Overall, it is the pursuit of security and �belonging� that have been the greatest influences on customary land tenure practices in the long term.

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Byers, M. "Custom, power, and the power of rules : a study of the interaction of power and rules in the process of customary international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597202.

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The process of customary international law is the process whereby rules of customary international law are developed, maintained or changed. This thesis studies the role of power, in its most general sense, within that process. It seeks to do so from an interdisciplinary perspective, combining elements of international relations theory and methodology with aspects of the history, theory and practice of international law. Chapter One examines the various ways in which the discipline of international relations has, over its relatively brief history, dealt with international law, with a particular emphasis on recent efforts by some international relations scholars to reconsider the role of international law and incorporate it into their explanations of State behaviour. Chapter Two examines how the discipline of international law has dealt with the issue of power, and how most legal scholars remain unaccustomed to thinking about how applications of power can generate international law. Chapter Three reviews a number of theoretical problems associated with the process of customary international law, as well as some of the attempts that have been made to resolve them. It also suggests reasons why existing theories of customary international law remain unsatisfactory and sets out criteria for a new theory of customary international law. Chapter Four responds to the problems identified in Chapter Three by advancing an alternative theory of customary international law. This theory is based on the hypothesis that the process of customary international law involves the interaction of "State power" and "legal power", each of which affects the other in the development, maintenance and change of customary rules. Chapter Five situates this new theory of customary international law with respect to several important and related approaches to international legal theory.

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Sitoto, Tahir Fuzile T. "Custom ('Urf) as a marginal discourse in the formulation of Islamic law : myth or reality? : with special reference to Ibn 'Abidin's discourse on 'Urf." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7869.

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Bailly, Gaëtan. "Les usages traditionnels de l'eau à l'épreuve du droit de l'environnement." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3085/document.

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L’eau constitue un élément naturel fondamental dans la constitution des communautés humaines qui se sont regroupées autour d’elle. Ces sociétés de l’eau se sont organisées en fonction de la ressource qui fonde les liens juridiques entre leurs membres. L’on remarque alors l’existence d’une solidarité écologique qui lie les individus entre eux, et conduit à l’émergence de règles de droit en fonction des pratiques mises en œuvre au sein de ces communautés. Généralement qualifiées de coutumes, ces règles sont spontanées dans le sens où ses promoteurs en sont également les récepteurs, et sont transmises à l’échelle d’un groupement identifié qui assure leur pérennité. Les usages de l’eau désignent alors tant les utilisations qui sont faites de la ressource, que les règles de droit qu’elles induisent. La généralisation d’un droit commun à vocation uniformisatrice du système juridique français conduit à marginaliser l’existence de systèmes de droit traditionnels. Pour autant, certains territoires ruraux appliquent encore des règles spontanées et coutumières dans le cadre de l’exploitation de la ressource en eau, à des fins d’irrigation ou de pisciculture. S’opposent alors le droit coutumier et le droit commun qui s’appliquent à l’eau. Ces usages sont alors confrontés aux règles propres à la préservation de la propriété et à la protection de l’environnement. Bien que leurs finalités diffèrent radicalement, le droit spontané contribue à la réalisation des objectifs du droit de l’environnement dans la mesure où il participe à une gestion équilibrée et durable de la ressource en eau. Le renouvellement des formes juridiques des règles traditionnelles permet ainsi d’envisager la coexistence de ces deux ordres normatifs sur certains territoires ruraux dans la perspective de consacrer un pluralisme juridique Water is a fundamental natural element in the formation of human communities that have gathered around it. These water societies are organized according to the resource that bases the legal links between their members. We notice the existence of an ecological solidarity that binds people together and leads to the emergence of rules of law based on the practices implemented within these communities. Generally referred to as customs, these rules are spontaneous because their promoters are also the receivers, and are transmitted on the scale of an identified group that ensures their sustainability. The uses of water then designate both the uses that are made of the resource, and the rules of law they induce. The generalization of a common law with a unifying purpose of the French legal system leads to the marginalization of the existence of traditional systems of law. However, some rural areas still apply spontaneous and customary rules for the exploitation of water resources for irrigation or fish farming purposes. Customary law and the common law that applies to water seem to be opposed. These uses are then confronted with the rules dedicated to the protection of property rights and the environmental preservation. Although their purposes differ radically, the spontaneous right contributes to the achievement of the objectives of environmental law insofar as it contributes to a balanced and sustainable management of the water resource. The renewal of the legal forms of the traditional rules makes it possible to envisage the coexistence of these two normative orders on certain rural territories in the perspective of devoting a legal pluralism

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Åslund, Åsa. "Allemansrätten och marknyttjande : Studier av ett rättsinstitut." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Rätt och rättsfilosofi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12082.

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The topic studied in this thesis is the right of public access as a legal institution. In that connection, several questions which are different from each other are raised. The thesis focuses to a great extent on the interaction between questions of a practical-legal nature and those whose character is more connected to legal theory. The point of departure of the discussion in the thesis is that some of the legal norms that are incorporated in the institution of the right of public access are customary law. Thus, the concept customary law is particularly considered, and the question of in what way the customary law can be filled with content raises special interest. A hypothesis is put forward in the thesis, which is that the right of public access constitutes part of those regulations whose purpose is that land should be used appropriately - seen from the societal perspective that land is a limited natural resource which should be used expediently, for the husbanding of resources. What is advocated in this thesis, is that in both the jurisprudential discussion about the right of public access and in the argumentation that is conducted in the practical legal application, the three subjects, the Actual User, the Canalizer and the Actual User in the Collective and their different use of the land, are separated. Further, it is advocated that the discussion as to which activities are allowed by the right of public access should be based on a consciousness that the activities can concern “everyday use” or “recreation” and that, depending on whether the activities are considered to concern the one or the other, different conclusions regarding the permissibility of the activities will be drawn. Furthermore, it is shown in the thesis that in conflicts between different means of using land, the courts seem to presume that all land is covered by the right of public access - a presumption that does not hold if the land is a part of somebody’s zone of home privacy, is needed for certain business or constitute biologically sensitive land. I denna avhandling studeras allemansrätten som rättsinstitut. Därvid aktualiseras flera sinsemellan olikartade frågeställningar. Avhandlingen fokuserar i stor utsträckning på samspelet mellan frågor av praktisk-juridiskt slag och sådana av mer rättsteoretiskt slag. Diskussionen i avhandlingen utgår från att vissa av de i institutet allemansrätten ingående rättsliga normerna är sedvanerätt. Därför diskuteras sedvanerättsbegreppet särskilt, varvid frågan hur sedvanerätt kan fyllas med ett innehåll väcker särskilt intresse. I avhandlingen uppställs en hypotes om att allemansrätten är en del av en reglering syftande till lämplig markanvändning - sett ur den samhälleliga synvinkeln att mark är en begränsad naturresurs som bör nyttjas ändamålsenligt, för hushållning med resurser. I avhandlingen förespråkas att man i såväl den rättsvetenskapliga diskussionen om allemansrätten, som i den argumentation som förs i den praktiska rättstillämpningen, särskiljer de tre subjekten utövaren, kanalisatören och utövaren i kollektivet och deras skilda nyttjande. Vidare förespråkas att diskussionen, om vilka aktiviteter som är allemansrättsligt tillåtna, sker utifrån en medvetenhet om att aktiviteterna kan avse ”vardagsnytta” eller ”rekreation” och att, beroende av om aktiviteterna antas avse det ena eller det andra, olika slutsatser angående aktiviteternas tillåtlighet kommer att dras. Därtill visas i avhandlingen att domstolen, i konflikter mellan olika sätt att nyttja marken, tycks presumera att all mark är allemansrättsligt tillgänglig - en presumtion som bryts om marken ingår i någons hemfridszon, behövs för vissa näringar eller utgör biologiskt känslig mark.

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23

Daannaa, Henry Seidu. "The impact of state law on custom and leadership in a post-colonial state : a legal historical case study of centralised Wa and acephalous Chakali in northern Ghana." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2086/.

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This dissertation is based on my research into two different types of societies located in the Republic of Ghana in West Africa. These societies are: Wa, a centralised society of identifiable groups; and, Chakali, an acephalous society of autonomous village groupings. My eight part text covers the pre-colonial, colonial and postcolonial experiences of Wa and Chakali. I argue in the thesis that, in a post-colonial state, the machinery of State Law should control the customary institutions of leadership in the country. My reasons for saying this include: 1) that the customary institutions of authority in the post-colonial state are the remnants of indigenous institutions which were trimmed to suit the needs of the Colonial Administration during the colonial period, and which therefore, consequently lost part of their traditional validity; 2) in the thesis it is proven that these institutions for minority societies in the post-colonial state are often imposed practices only brought on them through colonial law and policy during the colonial period; 3) I conclude that in a post colonial state the state must, where national interests are at issue, intervene actively, by law, in all customary forms of leadership which bear the semblance of colonial legacies.

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Meshal, Reem A. "The state, the community and the individual : local custom and the construction of orthodoxy in the Sijills of Ottoman-Cairo, 1558-1646." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=108871.

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Through the evidence of the court records (sijills), this dissertation examines the interplay between Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), codified sultanic law (qanun) and customary law in the shari'a courts of Ottoman-Cairo in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The thesis forwarded suggests that custom was a declining source of law in these centuries as a result of two factors: the imposition of a codified qanun, and a redacted fiqh. En se basant sur des procès-verbaux authentiques provenant des tribunaux (sijills), cette thèse examine l'interaction entre la jurisprudence islamique (fiqh), la loi sultanique codifiée (qanun) et la loi coutumière des shari'a des cours de justice d'Ottoman-Caire aux seizième et dix-septième siècles. La théorie développée ici suggère que cette coutume fut une source de loi en déclin durant ces siècles à cause de deux éléments: l'abus d'un qanun codifié, et un fiqh rédigé.

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25

Ahmed, Laoura. "La construction d'un système juridique : la confrontation de la coutume et de la loi à Mayotte." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA022/document.

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A Mayotte, le droit privé régit la situation juridique civile des Mahorais fondant leur vie maritale sur les coutumes du mahr, la répudiation, la polygamie et le logement familial chez la femme mariée. Sa réforme insiste sur le réalisme dans la modernisation du droit régissant les rapports juridiques de ces derniers. Elle tend à focaliser ses sources sur une législation écrite qui respecte la lettre des dispositions du Code civil. Elle oriente le rapport de la coutume et de la loi sur leur concurrence et non leur complémentarité. Elle implique la primauté et l'établissement de l'exclusivité des sources écrites légiférées. Elle favorise une application ne distinguant pas les statuts civils d'appartenance des Mahorais. Elle aligne le statut civil établi par les coutumes sur le statut civil défini par les articles 75 et 34 de La Constitution en vigueur. Elle revient sur le maintien des droits coutumiers, rendant difficile, voire impossible leur exercice. Elle entraine des situations de non-droit et non-saisies par le droit. Le mariage de droit coutumier est rapproché du concubinage et non du mariage civil. L'intention matrimoniale des Mahorais n'est pas reconnue par le droit In Mayotte, the private law governs the civil legal situation of Mahorais basing their marital life on the customs of the mahr, the repudiation, the polygamy and the family housing at the married woman. Its reform emphasizes on the realism in the modernization of the law governing the legal reports of the latter. It tends to focus its sources on a written legislation which respects the letter of the clauses of the civil code. It directs the report of the custom and the law on their competition and not their complementarity. It involves the superiority and the establishment of the exclusivity of the legislated written sources. It promotes an application without distinguishing the civil statutes of membership of Mahorais. It aligns the civil statute established by the customs on the civil statute defined by articles 75 and 34 of the current Constitution. It returns on the preservation of the common laws, making difficult, even impossible their exercise. It entails situations of lawlessness and unapprised by the law. The marriage of common law is moved closer to the cohabitation and not to the civil wedding. The matrimonial intention of Mahorais is not recognized by the law

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Hoss, Ricardo Moacir. "Elementos fundamentais do direito internacional em Francisco Suárez (1548-1617)." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2007. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2026.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:01:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 10 Fundo Loyola de Apoio Acadêmico A presente dissertação expõe aspectos da filosofia jurídica e política de Francisco Suárez, notadamente no que se refere à lei natural e ao direito internacional. Quanto a este, é atribuída à filosofia suareziana a paternidade do mesmo como disciplina em contraposição aos méritos postos a Hugo Grócio. Na filosofia suareziana do direito internacional é destacado o papel fundamental que o costume exerce na regulação das relações internacionais, bem como o entendimento do filósofo acerca da constituição da comunidade política e do conceito de soberania. Esta é importante observar porque os Estados a preservam e são os membros da comunidade política internacional. Serão, portanto, aqueles que estabelecerão os costumes a serem observados nas próprias relações que houver entre si. Assim, os conceitos de autoridade civil e de origem e legitimidade do poder também ganham em importância. Já a concepção de lei natural em Francisco Suárez é deveras importante porque se trata da melhor manifestação do direito natural e o The following speech reveals aspects of the juridic philosophy and politics of Francisco Suárez. Notably, in wich reffers to the natural law and international right. To him is assigned the suarezian paternity, as a disciplin in oposite ways to the merits atributed to Hugo Grócio. In the suarezian philosophy of the intenational right, the main role of customs is enfasized as the basic rules of the international relationship, as well the understanding of the philosopher about the constitution ogf the politic comunity and the concept of sovereignty. This one is important to observe because the state preserve it and are members of the inernational politics comunity. It will be, however, those who stablish the customs that will be observed in the relationships itself. Then, the concepts of civil authority and the origin and legitimity of the power also grow in importance. Now, the conception of natural law in Francisco Suárez, is indeed, important because it deals with a better manifestation of natural right and i

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Soussan, Audrey. "Contribution à la théorie de la coutume internationale : à partir de l’identification de la coutume de droit international pénal." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100153.

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La coutume n’est pas uniquement la cumulation de ses deux éléments que sont la pratique et l’opinio juris, elle est en plus, et peut-être surtout, une opération. L’opération coutumière permet le passage de la pratique à la conviction du droit. Cette opération n’est possible qu’en ce que la pratique n’est pas uniquement la répétition de conduites, mais avant tout l’observation de cette répétition par les destinataires de l’obligation en formation. Dès lors, la coutume peut se définir comme une opération imprévisible par nature, identifiable toujours après coup, par la production de conduites, leur observation par les destinataires de l’obligation, puis par l’existence d’une conviction du droit de ces mêmes destinataires. La conviction en l’existence de l’obligation consiste finalement en une explication, pour les destinataires, de la répétition observée. Pourquoi une telle répétition existe, si ce n’est parce qu’il existe une obligation y contraignant. De ce point de vue, la coutume de droit international pénal, bien qu’identifiée abondamment par les juridictions internationales pénales, présente des difficultés d’identification inédites : les conduites pertinentes sont souvent cachées, elles ne sont pas observables, en particulier en temps de guerre et dans le cadre des hostilités, les destinataires sont les personnes physiques et, enfin, le droit international pénal s’est développé par l’intermédiaire de l’activité de juridictions ad hoc, ayant quasiment une obligation de résultat quant à leur compétence et l’existence de condamnations. Il en ressort une modalité d’identification des normes coutumières posant des questions inédites Custom is not only the accumulation of these two elements that are the practice and the opinio juris, it is additionally, and maybe mostly, an operation. The customary operation allows to pass from practice to the conviction of law. This operation is only possible in that practice is not only the repetition of conducts, but above all, the observation of this repetition by the addressee of the obligation in formation. Therefore, custom can be defined as an operation which is, in nature, unforeseeable, identifiable afterwards, by the production of conducts, and their observation by the obligation’s addresses. The conviction in the existence of the obligation actually consists in an explanation, to the addressees, of the observed repetition. Why would the repetition exist if not because of an obligation constraining it to be so. From this point of view, the custom of international criminal law, bears unprecedented identification difficulties. Indeed the pertinent conducts are often hidden and cannot be observed, particularly at times of war and in the context of hostilities. Furthermore, the addressees are natural persons. Lastly, international criminal law has developed through the activity of ad hoc jurisdiction that had practically an obligation of result concerning their jurisdiction and the existence of condemnations. From these difficulties emerges an identification method of customary rules bearing unprecedented issues

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Pierre-Louis, Josué. "La modernisation du droit haïtien, un défi pour l'avenir." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1026.

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Le droit haïtien appartient, de manière formelle, au système de droit écrit. Au lendemain de l'Indépendance, le droit Français va servir de modèle pour Haïti. Depuis lors, cet héritage de la codification n'a pas été repensé. Si en apparence, le droit haïtien succombe ainsi à une sorte de mimétisme juridique, l'existence d'un droit coutumier et informel supplée en fait à la transposition maladroite du modèle Français. Cette modernisation retardée constitue un handicap sérieux à l'avènement d'un État de droit indispensable au développement socio-économique du pays.Cette thèse, conçue comme une sorte de guide dédié à la construction d'un nouveau droit haïtien, vise à jeter les bases permettant d'adapter le « droit officiel », encore souvent imposé et trop fréquemment ineffectif, avec des pratiques sociales efficientes qui jouent un rôle indéniable de régulation de la société.La première partie révèle ainsi qu'en Haïti, la réception du droit Français est intervenue dans sa généralité, sans tenir compte de facteurs sociologiques cependant déterminants. La seconde partie démontre qu'en dépit de l'inadaptation et de l'application incomplète du modèle Français, se dessinent désormais les conditions d'un nouveau modèle juridique. Érigé sur les fondations léguées par l'Histoire, ce nouveau modèle, dont la thèse réunit les premiers linéaments, est le produit de l'association des enseignements de la tradition et des progrès récents de la législation française avec l'apport d'instruments juridiques internationaux ratifiés par Haïti, dans un contexte d'intégration régionale rendue chaque jour plus nécessaire face aux défis de la mondialisation du droit Haitian law belongs, formally, to the system of written law. In the aftermath of Independence, the French law will serve as a model for Haiti. Since then, the legacy of the coding has not been redesigned. If seemingly Haitian law succumbs to a kind of legal mimicry, the existence of customary and informal law compensates actually the clumsy transposition of the French model. This delayed modernization is a serious handicap to the advent of the rule of law which is critical to the socio-economic development of the country.This thesis, as a kind of guide dedicated to the construction of a new Haitian law, aims to lay the foundation allowing the adaptation of the "official law" and still often imposed and too often ineffective, with efficient social practices that play an undeniable regulation role in the society.The first part reveals that in Haiti, the reception of the French law has intervened in its generality, regardless of critical sociological factors, that are however important. The second part shows that despite the maladjustment and incomplete application of the French model, the conditions of a new legal model are now emerging. Built on the foundations left by history, this new model, which the thesis meets the first lineaments, is the outcome of the combination of the teachings of tradition and recent progress of the French legislation with the provision of international legal instruments ratified by Haiti in the context of regional integration rendered every day more necessary to considering the challenges of globalization of law

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Guerlain, Laëtitia Marie. "Droit et société au XIXe siècle : les leplaysiens et les sources du droit : (1881-1914)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40046/document.

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Les disciples de Frédéric Le Play (1806-1882) ont cherché, par la constitution d’écoles, àperpétuer l’oeuvre de leur maître. En matière juridique, ils tentent de refonder le droit sur l’espritsocial. Celui-ci, frontalement opposé à l’esprit classique des juristes, fait d’abstraction etd’idéalité, doit permettre de réinsuffler le social dans le droit, saturé par l’idéologie des Lumières.Cet objectif passe notamment par une réflexion méthodologique sur la science juridique, quidoit allier le classique procédé déductif à l’induction des sciences sociales. Une fois le droit assissur la neutralité du fait social, il peut enfin être assaini de l’idéologie rousseauiste qui l’imprègneet, somme toute, dépolitisé. Les leplaysiens en retrouvent in fine le fondement dans la tradition,mélange d’immanence et d’historicité. Les disciples de Le Play, qui entendent promouvoir desréformes en vue de l’avènement d’une société traditionnelle vectrice de paix sociale, utilisentalors les sources formelles du droit. Celles-ci apparaissent véritablement instrumentalisées : lesémules de l’ingénieur utilisent en effet, au gré de leurs besoins, tant la coutume et lajurisprudence que la loi pour faire aboutir leurs réformes. Il ressort de cette étude qu’ils ontsurtout exercé une influence méthodologique et intellectuelle sur la norme législative The followers of Frederic Le Play (1806-1882) sought by the establishment of schools, toperpetuate the work of their master. They indeed tried to reestablish social spirit as the true basisof legal science. The latter, frontally opposed to the classical spirit of Jurists, made of abstractionand ideality, must allow life to penetrate the field of legal science, saturated with the ideology ofthe Enlightenment. To achieve this objective, they develop a methodological reflection on legalscience, which must combine the classic deductive process to the induction of Social Sciences.Once seated on the neutrality of the social fact, legal science can finally be cleansed ofRousseau’s ideology and be, after all, depoliticized. The leplaysiens ultimately found the truebasis of law in tradition, defined as a mixture of immanence and historicity. The disciples of LePlay, who intend to promote reforms to the advent of a traditional society vector of social peace,then use formal sources of law. The latter appear truly manipulated : the followers of theengineer use indeed to suit their needs, both custom, jurisprudence and law to achieve theirreforms. It appears from this study that they have mostly influenced the Third Republiclegislation in a methodological and intellectual way

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Sahlin, Karlsson Rebecca. "Asylrättens innebörd i internationell rätt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-389658.

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En av de mest politiskt omdebatterade frågorna i världen idag är hur ett land ska ställa sig till de migranter och människor på flykt som söker skydd inom landets gränser. Även inom juridiken finns olika uppfattningar av vad rätten till asyl verkligen innebär. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera rätten till asyl i internationell rätt. Är rätten till asyl en territoriell rätt för stater att bevilja asyl? Är det en rätt för flyktingar att söka asyl? Eller en rätt för flyktingar att erhålla asyl? Huruvida rätten har statusen sedvanerätt diskuteras också. I en del av uppsatsen diskuteras de etiska övervägandena bakom rätten till asyl och de tillämpas sedan i en juridisk kontext, närmare bestämt i sedvanebedömningen. Slutsatsen är att rätten till asyl i internationell rätt inkluderar en rätt för stater att bevilja asyl, en rätt för individer att söka asyl och sannolikt också en rätt för flyktingar att erhålla asyl. Mycket talar för att alla dessa aspekter också har utvecklats till sedvanerätt. One of the most politically debated questions in the world today is how a country should respond to migrants and people who seek refugee within it’s borders. Also in the field of law there are different view about what the right of asylum really means. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the right of asylum in international law. Is the right of asylum a territorial right of states to grant asylum? Is it a right for refugees to seek asylum? Or a right for refugees to receive asylum? Wheater or not the right has the status of customary international law will also be discussed. In one part of the paper the ethical concerns behind the right of asylum will be examined and also applied in a legal context, in the determination of the customary status of the rigt. The conclusion is that the right of asylum in international law includes a territorial right for states to grant asylum, a right for individuals to seek asylum and probably also a right to obtain asylum. All these aspects of the right also seems to be part of customary international law.

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Sellin, Anna. "Lappland, "lapparnas" land? : En analys av samernas fastighetsrättsliga och folkrättsliga markanspråk i norra Sverige." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-416.

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Syftet med detta arbete är att, dels ur ett fastighetsrättsligt perspektiv, dels ett folkrättsligt perspektiv, utreda om Sveriges urbefolkning samerna kan sägas ha förvärvat en äganderätt till marken i Lappland enligt svensk rätt, eller om detta enbart handlar om en bruksrätt inkluderande renskötsel, jakt och fiske.Vad gäller det fastighetsrättsliga perspektivet har samerna haft en mycket stark fastighetsrättslig ställning på 1600- och 1700-talet. Då behandlades samernas lappskatteland som sådan skattejord, som skattebönderna sedermera genom lagstiftning automatiskt förvärvade full äganderätt till. Så skedde dock inte för samernas del. I stället trängdes de undan från stora delar av sina ursprungliga marker på grund av bl.a. kolonisation, exploateringsintressen, samt nedvärdering av nomadkulturen. Från att ha varit i stor majoritet blev de en minoritet på sina gamla marker. Dessa marker har sedermera kommit att betraktas som kronojord i statens ägo, vilket innebär en stor förskjutning av samernas fastighetsrättliga ställning inom loppet av fyra sekler.Gällande rätt garanterar inte samer som är medlemmar av en sameby någon starkare rätt än en bruksrätt, som till vissa delar är svagare än vad som gäller för andra bruksrättsinnehavare i Sverige. Praxis utesluter emellertid inte att renskötselrätten kan ha gett upphov till äganderätt, särskilt i nordligaste Sverige. Att samerna haft svårt att hävda sin äganderätt kan bero på att rättssystemet inte har haft en egentlig förståelse för rennäringens speciella förutsättningar, vilket gör att exempelvis beviskraven blir höga att nå upp till. Min slutsats är dock att övertygande bevis finns för att samerna har förvärvat en äganderätt, åtminstone till statlig kronomark i Lappland, oavsett om lagstiftningen för närvarande tillerkänner dem detta eller ej. Vad gäller vinterbetesmarker i Lappland föreligger inte lika starka bevis för att en äganderätt skulle ha uppstått, men däremot en bruksrätt som är starkare än dagens lagstiftning tillerkänner samerna.Vad gäller det folkrättsliga perspektivet ger de konventioner Sverige ingått inte uttryckligen stöd för att samernas markrättigheter skall erkännas, och svensk lagstiftning får sägas uppfylla de minimikrav de ställer. Sverige har dock fått internationell kritik för att inte ha funnit en lösning på och förbättrat rättssäkerheten angående samiska markrättigheter. Inte heller har Sverige ratificerat ILO-konvention nr. 169 om ursprungsfolk och stamfolk i självstyrande länder. Anledningen är just att bestämmelser som reglerar markrättigheter inte har ansetts förenliga med svenska rättsförhållanden. Man kan dock hoppas på att Sverige framöver kommer att ta intryck av den internationella utvecklingen vad gäller erkännande av urbefolkningars markanspråk. The aim of this thesis is to examine whether the Sami people, who is an indigenous people living in the north of Sweden, could have acquired ownership of land areas in Lapland according to Swedish law, or whether they only have a right to use the land that they traditionally occupy for reindeer breeding, hunting and fishing. The question is dealt with from a land law as well as an international law approach.Concerning the land law approach, the Sami people has had a very strong position close to ownership during the 17th and 18th centuries. At that time, the Samis paid tax for their lands, which meant that they were not considered to belong to the Crown, but were treated in the same way as the independent farmers’ lands. However, while the farmers through a declaration from the King in 1789 automatically achieved full ownership of their lands, the Sami people did not. Instead, the Samis were pressed back from large parts of their original territory because of colonisation, exploitation and depreciation of their nomadic way of living. Once a majority, they found themselves a minority in their own land and their territory had become the Crown’s property. Undoubtedly, there has been an extraordinary shifting of the Sami people’s land rights within four centuries.Current law does only guarantee the members of the Sami villages the right to use land for reindeer breeding, hunting and fishing, and this right is in some aspects even weaker than that of other Swedish citizens with similar rights. Still, case law does not exclude the possibility that reindeer breeding could have originated right of ownership, especially in Lapland. My findings on this area are that there is convincing evidence that the Sami people has acquired right of ownership on the lands which they traditionally occupy all year around. On the lands that they share with others, they have a strong right to use the land during the winter, probably stronger than the legislation provides for.What concerns the international law approach, Swedish legislation does fulfil the minimum demands according to the conventions the country has ratified. Still, Sweden has been criticized of not finding a balanced solution to and improving legal certainty on Sami land rights. Sweden has not ratified the ILO Convention no. 169 con-cerning indigenous and tribal peoples in independent countries. The reason for this is mainly the article which aims at strengthening the indigenous peoples’ land rights, which Sweden does not find compatible with national law. Still, one can hope that the ongoing international development on the area will show the way, and that Sweden will pay attention to it in future legislation.

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Abdul, Malek Normi. "Malaysian law of custody : a comparative study with Islamic, English and Scottish laws." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388285.

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Bideri, Diogène. "Les crimes sexuels face au droit international pénal : recherche sur l'établissement d'une infraction autonome en droit international pénal." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAA023/document.

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La violence sexuelle est aujourd’hui, comme par le passé, largement utilisée comme arme de guerre et moyen de nettoyage ethnique. L’analyse de la jurisprudence internationale pénale fait ressortir la difficulté d’appréhender le crime sexuel par rapport aux catégories juridiques existantes. Le contexte dans lequel le crime sexuel est commis n’absorbe pas tous les aspects de ce crime. La nature considérée des crimes sexuels n’est pas réductible à la qualification de génocide, de crimes contre l’humanité, ou de crimes de guerre. Le juge international a pu préciser la frontière entre les infractions sexuelles et les autres infractions, montrer leur champ, leur intensité pour les distinguer des autres crimes. Cette avancée jurisprudentielle annonce peu à peu un fondement et une légitimité qui définissent des éléments de l’autonomisation des crimes sexuels en droit international. La codification du droit international par un nouveau traité spécifique aux crimes sexuels, avec des dispositions définissant cette catégorie particulière d’infraction, son appréhension et ses obligations juridiques permettra une meilleure répression de ce crime Sexual violence today is, as in the past, widely used as a weapon of war and a means of ethnic cleansing. The analysis of international criminal jurisprudence highlights the difficulty of apprehending this new offense in relation to the existing legal categories. The nature of sexual crimes is not reducible to genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes. The international judge, through constant legal reasoning, was able to clarify the boundary between sexual offenses and other offenses, to show their scope and intensity to distinguish them from other crimes. This advance in jurisprudence gradually builds a foundation and legitimacy that define elements of the empowerment of sexual crimes under international law. The codification of international law through a new treaty specific to sexual crimes, with provisions defining this particular category of offense, its apprehension and its legal obligations will allow a better repression of this crime

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Jovanovich, Juan Martʹin. "Customs valuation and transfer pricing : is it possible to harmonize customs and tax rules?" Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31165.

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There is an overlap between the transfer pricing concepts that apply under tax and under customs regimes. This thesis aims to demonstrate (i) that customs and tax laws often share common principles in respect of related-party transactions; (ii) that transfer pricing as agreed to under one discipline should be recognized under the other; (iii) that the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines constitute a body of rules that is appropriate to supplement the related party provisions of the GATT/WTO Valuation Code ("GVC"); and (iv) that such guidelines are generally in accordance with the provisions of the GVC and its general principles and objectives. This thesis also analyzes the tax and customs value of imported goods, and identifies which additions to or deductions from customs value might have to be taken into account in comparing tax and customs results. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the circumstances and conditions under which the introduction of transfer pricing compensatory adjustments to transaction value would be consistent with Article 1 of the GVC.

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35

Garompolo, Devidal Mélinda. "Droit international public et action humanitaire : deux "acteurs" de la protection des droits de l'enfant." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOD002/document.

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En faisant un tour d’horizon des diverses règles de Droit International Public en vigueur, ce travail tentera de faire comprendre à son lecteur l’importance de la protection des droits de l’enfant dans le monde entier. Aujourd’hui encore trop d’enfants meurent chaque jour à cause de conflits, de maladies, de malnutrition…, beaucoup trop sont exploités et n’ont pas la possibilité de suivre des cours dans une école, voyant ainsi leur avenir leur échapper tous les jours un peu plus. C’est contre tous ces problèmes, trop récurrents, que les Etats se doivent d’intervenir en exerçant leur rôle de législateur, tant sur le plan international que sur le plan national. Mais ils doivent aussi assumer celui de sujet de droit en respectant les conventions internationales qu’ils se sont engagés à respecter de leur plein gré. Ce respect les oblige à protéger les enfants afin de leur offrir la possibilité de bénéficier des programmes d’aide mis en place sur le terrain par de nombreuses organisations humanitaires clamant haut et fort que tout le monde doit agir, d’une manière ou d’une autre, pour permettre le développement d’actions de plus en plus variées et de plus en plus efficaces malgré les difficultés By making a survey of the several rules of current public international law, this dissertation will try to make the reader undestand the importance of the protection of children's rights all over the world. Nowadays, children die every minute because of conflicts, diseases, malnutrition..., a lot of them are exploited and have no possibilities of going to school, seeing their future escaping them every day a little more. It is against all these too recurring problems that States have to intervene by exercising their legislator's role, both on the international level and on the national level. But they also have to take their role of subject of law by respecting the international conventions which they made a commitment to respect of their own free will. This respect requires them to protect the children by offering them the possibility of enjoying humanitarian aid set up by many organizations loudly proclaiming that everybody has to act, in one way or another, to allow the development of many and various actions in spite of difficulties

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Austen-Peters, A. O. "Custody of investments : law and practice /." Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/319230996.pdf.

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Austen-Peters, A. O. "Custody of investments : law and practice /." Oxford [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0610/00045293-d.html.

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38

Carda, Jeanelle. "Wiccan marriage and American marriage law Interactions /." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11192008-103902/.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2008. Title from file title page. Timothy Renick, committee chair ; Kathryn McClymond, Jonathan Herman, committee members. Electronic text (58 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Oct. 19, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-58).

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Haentjens, Matthias. "Harmonisation of securities law : custody and transfer of securities in European private law /." Alphen aan den Rijn : Kluwer Law International, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0803/2008270798.html.

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40

Drummond, Susan G. (Susan Gay) 1959. "Legal itineraries through Spanish Gitano family law : a comparative law ethnography." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38447.

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In the context of globalization, the idea of place is reputed to be losing its footing. This thesis explores the implications of these developments with respect to the way that place is constructed in law by focusing on tensions between the concept of jurisdiction and the ways that the contexts of law overspill it, threatening to engulf comparative analysis. Central to the idea that jurisdiction is losing its familiar moorings is the implication that other forms of thinking about legal normativity are emerging as more commonsensical alternatives to the state-based idea of jurisdiction that emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The thesis explores this hypothesis by bringing elements of the discipline of comparative law (conventionally state based) into play with elements of the discipline of legal anthropology (conventionally culture based). The focus for this theoretical intrigue is an Gitano population in the South of Spain that served as the fieldwork locale for seven months of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 1995. Investigations are centered on the theme of family law. Familiar notions of state and culture, and the legal sensibilities associated with each, are examined through exploring the interplay between local expressions of Gitanitude in Jerez de la Frontera and regional, national, international, and global forces that structure legal sensibilities in the area. The first chapter explores the interplay by focusing on the context surrounding Spain's reforms to family law in the 1980s. The familiar frontiers of the state are prodded through this analysis. The second chapter then explores the frontiers of culture through an examination of a variety of expressions of Gitanitude in Spain. The third chapter brings modified versions of state and culture together in a reconceptualisation of family law. As a whole, the thesis suggests a new way of approaching the problematic relationship between context and the disciplines of comparative law an

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Lau, Wing-kai Anthony. "Banquets and Bouquets : social and legal marriage in colonial Hong Kong 1841-1994 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18565360.

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42

Bonthuys, Elsje. "A feminist analysis of custody in South African law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621564.

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43

Lewis, Michael George. "A canonical response to common law unions or "faithful concubinage"." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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44

Aupetit, Sylvine. "Rapprocher le droit de l’environnement et la réalité en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Des leviers d’amélioration de l’effectivité des normes juridiques environnementales en Nouvelle-Calédonie en faveur de la pérennité du patrimoine naturel." Thesis, Antilles, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANTI0531.

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L’érosion de la biodiversité et le changement climatiques sont des menaces notoires pour l’avenir de l’humanité. Or, certaines réactions à ces deux mouvements convergents sont, justement, du ressort des sociétés humaines. Partant du postulat que les ambitions politiques sont favorables à la pérennité du patrimoine naturel, le droit, qui en accompagne la mise en œuvre, peut alors constituer un bouclier de ce patrimoine naturel. On attend en effet du droit qu’il canalise « effectivement » des comportements dans le sens plébiscité par une société. Il ne fait hélas pourtant pas toujours mouche en ce domaine. En particulier, la Nouvelle-Calédonie est un hotspot de biodiversité exposée à de lourds effets du réchauffement climatique. Elle dispose d’un statut sui generis au sein de la République française qui laisse une place des plus importantes aux institutions locales en matière environnementale. L’effectivité du droit de l’environnement y mérite une réflexion spécifique. En particulier, deux pistes pourraient être explorées pour permettre un meilleur ajustement des prescriptions juridiques et des comportements adoptés par leurs destinataires. La première consiste à adopter le droit de l’environnement dans des conditions qui favorisent non seulement la cohérence et la robustesse de son architecture mais aussi la pertinence de son contenu au regard des réalités locales. La seconde vise à assortir ces prescriptions de sanctions réalistes et stimulant leur respect par leurs destinataires Haste of biodiversity loss and climate change are notorious threat to mankind. Now, some reactions to both converging movements are a matter for human societies. We buy into the premise of politic aims in favor of the continuity of natural heritage. Law, that go with their implementation, can then be a shield for this natural heritage. Indeed, law is expected to actually channel people’s behaviour. Nevertheless, it does not always hits this target. New-Caledonia is a biodiversity hotspot where climate change can have huge impacts. It is also a very original status in the French Republic, that allows a local environmental legal system. Environmental law effectiveness is worth thinking about specifically in New-Caledonia. Two paths could lead to behaviours suiting closer to the law. First of them consists in adopting law in a way that eases its consistency and solidity, but also the harmonization of its contents with local reality. The second one aims to accompany the legal requirement with realistic sanctions, spurring on the people to respect them

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45

Siraj, M. "Child custody dispute resolution : the law and practice in Malaysia." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499502.

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46

Brophy, Julia Anne. "Law, state and the family : the politics of child custody." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1985. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1795/.

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Law State and the Family: the Politics of Child Custody is an examination of the development of law and legal practices in relation to mothers and the legal custody of children. It maps the history of statute law and re-reads legal practice focusing upon the way in which these practices reproduce and sustain the conditions of motherhood. The first section documents the construction of the infant as a legal subject and the emergence of mothers legal rights in relation to children under the nineteenth century Guardianship Acts. The second section examines debates regarding the role of the state in the area of children and divorce following the Second World War. This section also examines the influence of ideologies of welfare upon the legal treatment of different categories of children during this period. In addition, this section also analyses the limited role which the law plays in the majority of decisions concerning custody of children following divorce. The third section documents and analyses women's experiences of contesting custody of their children through an empirical study of a sample of lesbian mothers. The focus is upon both the courts and legal processes involving lawyers and divorce court welfare officers. This section reveals the influences of notions of good mothering and perceptions of female sexuality upon those legal processes. The final section is concerned with contemporary debates in the 1980s regarding the role of the state generally in the area of children and divorce and particularly, discussions of the role of law in constructing children's relationships with fathers. This section addresses the issues of 'joint custody' of children and conciliation schemes through a discussion of the implications of these practices in America. This section concludes with a discussion of the general trend away from 'law' and legal rules in this area, towards 'private ordering' in conciliations. Finally, it sets out the implications of that trend for feminist discussions of future policy in the area of children and divorce in Britain.

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47

Eriksson, M., and C. Schuster. "Customer loyalty in Internet banking." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Health and Society, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-4808.

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In the recent years the way to do banking has changed. Internet banking has grown and a lot of niche banks working mainly with the Internet as a medium has entered the Swedish bank market. How to keep the customer loyal online in a very competitive environment has become a main question for the banks. The aim of this dissertation is to test what factors impact bank customer loyalty in an online environment. A positivistic research philosophy, a deductive research approach, an explanatory purpose and a quantitative research method are adopted for the research. It was found that customer satisfaction, corporate image and brand reputation and generation are factors that impact bank customer loyalty online. Switching costs, perceived service value and commitment show tendencies to impact bank customer loyalty online. Since little research has been done on the topic bank customer loyalty, this dissertation may be of interest for researchers on customer loyalty and also for research on online loyalty for service companies. Moreover, the findings can be used as guidance for banks that want to develop their online banking and want to make sure they do everything possible to have loyal customers.

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Cren, Rozenn. "Poursuites et sanctions en droit pénal douanier." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020044/document.

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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des mécanismes de poursuites et de sanctions en droit pénal douanier afin d'en discerner les particularités et d'en comprendre les enjeux. Il s'agit de percevoir si ce droit demeure fondamentalement isolé au sein de la procédure pénale ou s'il tend à se normaliser. Dans une moindre mesure, il s'agit également de le resituer au sein des contentieux fiscaux que le législateur ne cesse de faire évoluer. La répression des infractions douanières est marquée par un fort particularisme, qui s'explique par l'histoire mais surtout par la spécificité de cette délinquance menaçant les intérêts financiers de l'État et de l'Union européenne et difficile à saisir en raison des moyens frauduleux utilisés. Elle a nécessité un renforcement considérable des pouvoirs de l'administration, tant au niveau de la recherche de l'infraction douanière, que de sa poursuite et de sa sanction. Aujourd'hui, le droit douanier est contraint d'évoluer dans un double mouvement : il doit répondre de ses différences avec la procédure pénale et de son caractère singulier au regard de la procédure fiscale. Il ne peut plus être exclusif des autres droits. La matière douanière se judiciarise et se constitutionnalise considérablement. Les deux juridictions européenne et nationale jouent chacune un rôle capital dans la mise en conformité du droit douanier. Les prérogatives particulières accordées à la douane sont en déclin. Pour autant, elles restent présentes dans les domaines où la marque de l'histoire est la plus prégnante. Le droit pénal douanier demeure original dans ses pouvoirs de constatation, singulier dans ses mécanismes de poursuites et dérogatoire dans ses sanctions This thesis is devoted to the study of the prosecution and punishment mechanismsin criminal customs law, in order both to identify the derogatory nature of the criminal and enforcement law, and to understand the subsequent issues. The issue is also to determine if this law remains fundamentally a part from criminal procedure or if it tends to return to normal. To a lesser extent, it is also to put customs law into context of tax litigation, which constantly benefited from legislative developments in recent years.The repression of customs offences is thus characterized by a strong particularism which may be explained by History, but mainly by the specificity of this delinquency that threatens the financial interests of the State and of the European Union and that is also difficult to grasp regarding the diversity of the fraudulent means implemented. It required a considerable strengthening of the powers of the administration, relating to the research of customs offences, and to the subsequent proceedings and penalties. Nowadays, customs law has to evoluate according to a double trend. Its differences with criminal procedure, like its specific character regarding tax procedure, have to be justified. Customs law cannot be anymore exclusive of other laws. The customs criminal matter is subjected to a strong movement of judicialization and constitutionalism. Both Courts, the national one and the European one, play a decisive role in the compliance of customs law. The specific powers granted to customs are declining. However, they are still implemented in the areas marked by History. Criminal customs law remains original in its derogatory penalties, but also in its finding powers which are singular in their mechanisms of prosecution

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Mwambene, Lea. "Divorce in matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi: a comparative analysis with the patrilineal customary law marriage in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This research aimed to undertake an investigation into the question of whether after divorce, in the matrilineal customary law marriage in Malawi, women's rights are severely violated. The study showed causes of divorce, how proceedings are done, how issues of property are handled, how the issue of custody of children and maintenance are also handled. All this was weighed against the constitutional provisions and international law.

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Rudy, Leslie A. "Custody and expert opinion as factors in sexual abuse cases." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1302108969.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Custom law'

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