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Journal articles on the topic 'Customary law – Yugoslavia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

SALGADO, ELENA MARTÍN. "The Judgement of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in the Vasiljević Case." Leiden Journal of International Law 16, no. 2 (2003): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215650300116x.

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This case note focuses on two key aspects of the Vasiljević Judgement. The first one is the accused's acquittal of the charge of ‘violence to life and person’ under common Article 3 for the reason that the trial chamber was not satisfied that it constituted a crime under customary international law. The second aspect is the trial chamber's analysis of state practice to identify the definition under customary law of extermination as a crime against humanity.

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2

Bogdan, Attila. "Individual Criminal Responsibility in the Execution of a "Joint Criminal Enterprise" in the Jurisprudence of the ad hoc International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia." International Criminal Law Review 6, no. 1 (2006): 63–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181206777066727.

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AbstractThis article explores the development of "joint criminal enterprise" form of responsibility in the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (hereinafter "Yugoslav Tribunal"). Although "joint criminal enterprise" does not appear in the Yugoslav Tribunal Statute, this form of responsibility was read into the Statute by the tribunal judges and is repeatedly relied on in finding individuals guilty in cases before the tribunal. In particular, ever since the Appeals Chamber in Prosecutor v. Tadic held that "joint criminal enterprise", as a form of accomp

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GALAND, ALEXANDRE SKANDER. "Approaching Custom Identification as a Conflict Avoidance Technique:TadićandKupreškićRevisited." Leiden Journal of International Law 31, no. 2 (2018): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156518000055.

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AbstractInternational human rights law (IHRL), international humanitarian law (IHL) and international criminal law (ICL) have trouble staying faithful to the two pillars of customary international law – state practice andopinio juris. In ICL, theTadićInterlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction and theKupreškićTrial Judgement have even gone as far as enunciating new models to identify customs. In this article, I show that the approaches to customs’ identification postulated in these two cases were conflict-avoidance techniques used by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY

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Doran, Kate. "Provisional Release in International Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 4 (2011): 707–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x587175.

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AbstractThis article is a review of the jurisprudence on provisional release and an analysis of how such a mechanism operates under the Statute of the International Criminal Court. It examines how pretrial release is dealt with in international human rights law while focusing on the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. It goes on to evaluate the position of the ad hoc tribunals regarding the issue of pre-trial release and seeks to articulate how and why the ad hoc tribunals have moved away from customary international law. It also seeks to evaluate the actual reach of the presumpti

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Wauters, Jasper M. "Case Analysis: Torture and Related Crimes – A Discussion of the Crimes Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia." Leiden Journal of International Law 11, no. 1 (1998): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156598000132.

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The Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia lists certain offences that might constitute a war crime or a crime against humanity. It does not, however, define any of these offences, among which are torture, inhuman treatment and wilfully causing great suffering or serious bodily harm. Although their meaning is clear in plain language, their legal definition is not. This article attempts to find the customary international law definition of these crimes.

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Díaz Galán, Elena C., and Harold Bertot Triana. "La protección de los derechos humanos en la justicia penal internacional: el caso particular del Tribunal Penal Internacional para la ex-Yugoslavia en relación con el derecho consuetudinario y el principio de legalidad = The protection of human rights in international Criminal Justice: the particular case of the international criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in relation to customary law and the principle of legality." UNIVERSITAS. Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política, no. 29 (December 13, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/universitas.2019.4510.

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RESUMEN: La labor del Tribunal Penal Internacional para la Ex-Yugoslavia tuvo un momento importante en la compresión del principio de legalidad, como principio básico en la garantía de los derechos humanos, al enfrentar no sólo el derecho consuetudinario como fuente de derecho sino también diferentes modos o enfoques en la identificación de este derecho consuetudinario. Esta relación debe ser analizada a la luz de las limitaciones que tiene el derecho internacional y, sobre todo, de los procedimientos de creación de normas. No resulta fácil exigir responsabilidad en el cumplimiento del derecho

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Ćosić Dedović, Jasmina, and Sedin Idrizović. "The First Element of Command Responsibility - The Existence of the Relationship of Superior - Subordinate In the International Customary Law." Kriminalističke teme, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.51235/kt.2021.21.1.37.

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Proper understanding of the constitutive elements of the command responsibility is the key to its proper application in practice, and the relationship between superior and subordinate as well as effective control is certainly one of the more complex issues that is insufficiently elaborated in the professional public and the public at large. The constitutive elements of the superior's command responsibility have their roots in the customary international law. One of these elements, without which there is no command responsibility of the superior, is the existence of a superior-subordinate relat

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Jia, Bing Bing. "The Doctrine of Command Responsibility: Current Problems." Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 3 (December 2000): 131–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1389135900000611.

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This article follows on an earlier study of the topic of command responsibility. When that previous analysis was made, the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and Rwanda (ICTR) in this area was nascent. A number of issues have since been considered and decided upon by the two Tribunals in several judgements, which have already attracted some scholarly attention. It is proposed to examine herein the doctrine of command responsibility in the light of the evolving case law of the Tribunals and other evidence of practice outside these judicial for

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Ranieri, Stephen. "Extended Joint Criminal Enterprise in International Criminal Law." Journal of Criminal Law 80, no. 6 (2016): 436–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018316675551.

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This article examines the doctrine of extended joint criminal enterprise (‘JCE’) as a mode of liability within international criminal law (‘ICL’). The article first provides an overview of extended JCE based on its current expression in international customary law by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in the Tadić case. Consideration will then turn to the problems associated with the application of extended JCE. In particular, recent developments in the United Kingdom in the case of R v Jogee will be discussed, and the implications for the future of extended JCE in I

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Krug, Peter. "The Emerging Mental Incapacity Defense in International Criminal Law: Some Initial Questions of Implementation." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 2 (2000): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555295.

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The norms and mechanisms for international prosecution of humanitarian law and mass human rights violations have been refined in the 1990s to include affirmation of the principle that separate (or “affirmative”) defenses to individual liability are admissible in international criminal law. Explicit recognition of the availability and nature of separate defenses is found in the statute of the international criminal court (ICC). Indirect application is found to a very limited extent in the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but not in the Statute of

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Oxman, Bernard H., Juliane Kokott, and Frank Hoffmeister. "A. Racke GmbH & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Mainz." American Journal of International Law 93, no. 1 (1999): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997963.

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A. Racke GMBH & Co. v. Hauptzollamt Mainz. Case C-l 62/96.Court of Justice of the European Communities, June 16, 1998.The German Bundesfinanzhof (Federal Finance Court) asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities whether an EEC Council regulation suspending the trade concessions provided for by the 1980 Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was valid. The Court answered in the affirmative, holding that, in adopting the regulation, the Council had not acted contrary to the rules of customary international la

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Mejía-Lemos, Diego. "The Concept of ‘Essence’ and Its Uses in the Identification and Application of Customary International Law by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals." International Criminal Law Review 21, no. 6 (2021): 1064–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-bja10101.

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Abstract This paper seeks to provide an analysis of the uses of the concept of ‘essence’ by international criminal courts and tribunals. In particular, it is based on a survey of decisions of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty), whose Trial and Appeals chambers have used the concept on multiple occasions and with consequences which have been overlooked in the literature. By providing an analysis of the concept’s uses in connection with the icty’s identification and application of customary international law, the paper addresses some of the general international

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Morris, P. Sean. "Economic Genocide Under International Law." Journal of Criminal Law 82, no. 1 (2018): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018317749698.

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The status of genocide in international law is well developed and forms part of customary international law and also treaty law. International tribunals such as the International Criminal Court and specialised chambers such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have addressed and made a number of convictions regarding genocide. This relative success in the international criminal justice system regarding genocide has given the appearance that perpetrators responsible for genocide will be brought to justice. Yet, there

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KILLEAN, RACHEL, EITHNE DOWDS, and AMANDA KRAMER. "Soldiers as Victims at the ECCC: Exploring the Concept of ‘Civilian’ in Crimes against Humanity." Leiden Journal of International Law 30, no. 3 (2017): 685–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156517000048.

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AbstractThe inspiration for this article came from a call for amicus curiae briefs issued in April 2016 by the Office of the Co-Investigating Judges in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). The call sought guidance on: whether, under customary international law applicable between 1975 and 1979, an attack by a state or organization against members of its own armed forces may amount to an attack directed against a civilian population for the purpose of constituting a crime against humanity under Article 5 of the ECCC Law. We argue that customary international law justifies

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Ponti, Christian. "The Crime of Indiscriminate Attack and Unlawful Conventional Weapons: The Legacy of the icty Jurisprudence." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 6, no. 1 (2015): 118–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00601007.

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The prohibition of indiscriminate attacks, which encompasses either ‘indiscriminate attacks’ stricto sensu and the so-called ‘disproportionate attacks’, is at the heart of the law governing the conduct of hostilities, as it aims to implement two cardinal principles of international humanitarian law (ihl), distinction and proportionality. This contribution examines the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (icty) establishing the individual criminal responsibility for indiscriminate attack. The author considers the possible rationale to illustrate why th

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Momtaz, Djamchid. "« L'intervention d'humanité » de l'OTAN au Kosovo et la règle du non-recours à la force." International Review of the Red Cross 82, no. 837 (2000): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500075416.

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After a careful analysis of the law regarding the use of force in international relations and the practice of States since 1945, the author concludes that the United Nations Charter leaves no room for a “humanitarian intervention” in the internal affairs of a State. In his opinion NATO's armed intervention in the Balkans in the spring of 1999 therefore has no legal basis under the UN Charter. He goes on to say, however, that the question whether NATO's action against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia may not be justified by an existing or an emerging rule of customary law should be examined.

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Currie, John. "NATO’s Humanitarian Intervention in Kosovo: Making or Breaking International Law?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 36 (1999): 303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800006949.

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SummaryNATO’s seventy-nine-day campaign of air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia has sparked a wide-ranging debate as to the legality of such military action. NATO has consistently justified its intervention on humanitarian grounds, thus clearly resorting to the controversial doctrine of “humanitarian intervention.” The author argues that while a conventional analysis of the purported right of unilateral humanitarian intervention under international law and of NATO’s acts on the Kosovo issue might lead some individuals to the conclusion that such acts were illegal (or, at best

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Tachou-Sipowo, Alain-Guy. "Does International Criminal Law Create Humanitarian Law Obligations? The Case of Exclusively Non-State Armed Conflict under the Rome Statute." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 51 (2014): 289–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800011115.

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SummaryThis article argues that since the Tadić case before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, a new category of armed conflict has migrated from international criminal law to international humanitarian law: that of armed groups fighting each other within the borders of a state without the intervention of the armed forces of the latter. However, the extent to which the rules of this category of conflict cover issues that may arise in such a conflict has not been comprehensively examined. One may infer, from the war crimes that the Rome Statute of the International C

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Dimitrijevic, Dusko. "The succession of international treaties in contemporary practice." Medjunarodni problemi 64, no. 2 (2012): 144–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1202144d.

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Succession of states is a process of substitution of state subjects concerning responsibility of international legal relations of the territory to which the succession relates to. No general rules and unwillingness of states to apply particular rules on succession often caused extreme difficulties in the past in analyzing the succession of treaty rights and obligations. As a totally incomplete system that would serve to regulate all problems caused by the change of the state territorial sovereignty in time the law of succession has manifested a tendency towards ?adjustment? of customary rules

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Hussein, Hamzah Najar Bashi Mahdi Khaghani Esfahani Soodabeh Rezvani. "Criminal Liability for Violation of Rules Protecting Cultural Property in Iraqi and Comparative Law." Multicultural Education 7, no. 10 (2021): 672. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5598537.

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<em>The evolution of modern armed conflicts methods and acceleration pace of their occurrence has led to the violation of many provisions of international humanitarian law and customary Convention, not persons neither properties away were away from such abuses where the cultural properties </em>،<em>real estate or moveable, Faced many breaches, So it had to make legal rules concerned with providing protection for this heritage, because of its great intrinsic value to the international community. Thus, the efforts concluded to the Hague Convention of 1954 which is the first international docume

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KRESS, CLAUS. "On the Outer Limits of Crimes against Humanity: The Concept of Organization within the Policy Requirement: Some Reflections on the March 2010 ICC Kenya Decision." Leiden Journal of International Law 23, no. 4 (2010): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156510000415.

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AbstractAt the beginning of the renaissance of international criminal law in the 1990s, the law on crimes against humanity was in a fragile state. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) decisively contributed to the consolidation of customary international law on crimes against humanity and paved the way for its first comprehensive codification in Article 7 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). At the same time, the ICTY in its early decisions already showed a certain inclination to broaden the scope of the application of the crime by downgradi

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Sharma, Dhruv. "Specific Direction: An Unspecific Threshold." Groningen Journal of International Law 6, no. 2 (2019): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/5bf3ea247dfc8.

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Aiding and abetting has been recognised as a form of individual criminal responsibility since the 1940’s when the first international tribunals were created. The form of responsibility had a relatively simplistic history of application until it faced an unprecedented upheaval through the introduction of the threshold of specific direction in the Perišić appeals judgment. The judgment has since been rejected by the Special Court of Sierra Leone (SCSL) in the Charles Taylor judgment and by the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in Sainović, Popović and Stanišić an

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Karnaukh, Bohdan. "Subjective Side (Mens Rea) of Aiding and Abetting War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Context of the Alien Tort Statute." Problems of legality, no. 162 (September 29, 2023): 279–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.162.283690.

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The American Alien Tort Statute (ATS) is a landmark instrument on a global scale, since, based on its provisions, plaintiffs in American courts have sought compensation for human rights violations committed on other continents. Many of these cases involved war crimes and crimes against humanity. And since such large-scale crimes are almost never committed by a single perpetrator, one of the key issues before the courts in these cases was the question of establishing standards of liability for aiding and abetting such crimes. In considering these cases, the American courts based their decisions

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Karnaukh, Bohdan P. "Subjective Side (Mens Rea) of Aiding and Abetting War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity in the Context of the Alien Tort Statute." Problems of legality 162 (2023) (September 29, 2023): 279–96. https://doi.org/10.21564/2414-990X.162.283690.

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The American Alien Tort Statute (ATS) is a landmark instrument on a global scale, since, based on its provisions, plaintiffs in American courts have sought compensation for human rights violations committed on other continents. Many of these cases involved war crimes and crimes against humanity. And since such large-scale crimes are almost never committed by a single perpetrator, one of the key issues before the courts in these cases was the question of establishing standards of liability for aiding and abetting such crimes. In considering these cases, the American courts based their decisions

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Nkamisa, Abongile, and Jane Borman. "Accountability for aiding and abetting the Rwandan genocide: The obligation on South Africa to investigate and prosecute Willem ‘Ters’ Ehlers." African Yearbook on International Humanitarian Law 2023 (2023): 78–98. https://doi.org/10.47348/ayih/2023/a4.

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Genocide is often prosecuted at the level of direct perpetrators, yet those who facilitate or enable mass atrocity—such as private arms dealers—remain largely unaccountable. This article investigates the case of Willem Petrus Jacobus ‘Ters’ Ehlers, a South African arms broker who supplied weapons to the Forces Armées Rwandaises during the final months of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, in violation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 918. Using a doctrinal and casestudy methodology, this article maps the evolution of the aiding and abetting doctrine in international criminal law—from Nure

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Kretzmer, David, Aviad Ben-Yehuda, and Meirav Furth. "‘Thou Shall Not Kill’: The Use of Lethal Force in Non-International Armed Conflicts." Israel Law Review 47, no. 2 (2014): 191–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223714000065.

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The assumption of this article is that when a state is involved in an international armed conflict it may employ lethal force against combatants of the enemy unless they arehors de combat. Hence, even when it would be feasible to do so, it has no duty to apprehend enemy combatants rather than use force against them. Does this same norm apply in non-international armed conflicts occurring in the territory of a single state (internal conflicts)? The writers argue that the answer is in the negative. Despite the attempt in recent years to narrow the differences between the norms that apply in non-

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Kwon, Namhee. "The Implications of Cultural Property Destruction in Armed Conflict: A Critical Analysis of International Criminal Responsibility." European Constitutional Law Association 43 (December 31, 2023): 109–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21592/eucj.2023.43.109.

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Since the 1990s, situations in which culturally significant heritage sites serve as symbolic targets for intentional attacks, leading to the 'destruction of enemy communities,' have frequently occurred. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), established to prosecute serious violations of international humanitarian law within the former Yugoslav territories, addresses prominent cases of intentional attacks and destruction of cultural property during the armed conflict, specifically targeting the annihilation of ethnic identity. This article examines the implicatio

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Szpak, Agnieszka. "The Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission and Customary International Humanitarian Law." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 4, no. 2 (2013): 296–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18781527-00402004.

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The aim of the article is to highlight several issues concerning the customary international law status of a number of international humanitarian law (IHL) treaty provisions that arose during the proceedings of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. Specifically, two key issues will be analyzed, namely the Commission's findings that the Geneva Conventions and some provisions of Additional Protocol I reflected customary international law and that international landmine conventions create only treaty obligations and do not yet reflect customary international law. Also, some more detailed conclu

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Šturma, Pavel. "Mezinárodní právo na prahu 21. století (dosažený stav, neúspěchy a perspektivy)." AUC IURIDICA 44, no. 3 (2020): 9–38. https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2025.264.

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The study deal with selected problems of international law at the time of change of the 20th and 21st centuries. Such a milestone gives an opportunity to review the achieved state and trends in this system of law. Of course, not only progressive developments but also some failures and defeats are immanent to international law. The only difference between the international law and any other field of human activities is that the consequences of all changes, positive or negative, may be of greater importance. Constant features, changes, contemporary problems and developments are to be analysed in

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"The Dynamics of International Criminal Tribunals." Nordic Journal of International Law 67, no. 2 (1998): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718109820295534.

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AbstractWaging war appears to be a constant feature of human behaviour. Until World War II, violations of the Law of War were generally punishable before national tribunals; this practice, however, proved unsatisfactory. The Nuremberg and Tokyo International War Crimes Tribunals appeared as the first successful attempts to delocalise proceedings related thereto, bearing in mind the absolute primacy of inflicting exemplary punishment on the guilty. The International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda upheld an extended definition of punishable crimes under Conventional and/

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"CIVIL LAW CODIFICATION PROCESS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA." Law and World 10, no. 1 (2024): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36475/10.1.2.

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Civil Law as a branch of the private law is very important because of the regulation of the relations between two natural or legal persons in the field of property law, family law or law on obligations. The Republic of North Macedonia had a different story on its codification of civil law since it was part of the Former Yugoslavia, and its initiative started in 2009 with the process of drafting the civil code. This process continues due to the change of the Macedonian Government in 2016, which prolonged the work on the civil law codification for a couple of years. Now more than ever, the Repub

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Глотова, Светлана, та Svetlana Glotova. "СRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: GENESIS AND MODERN GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW". Journal of Foreign Legislation and Comparative Law, 4 липня 2016, 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/20583.

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The origin of the concept “Crimes against Humanity” (СaH) — one of most serious crimes of international concern — can be found in 1915 Allied Joint Declaration and Martens Clause. CaH were first defined in Art. 6(c) of the Nuremberg IMT Statute. CaH are included in the jurisdiction of International criminal tribunal for former Yugoslavia, Rwanda Tribunal, Special Court for Sierra Leone, Extraordinary Chambers in the courts of Cambodia, Special Panels for serious crimes in East Timor. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (Art. 7) contains a broad definition of this crime that re

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Novakovic, Brane. "Regulations and standards for quality and food safety." ОДРЖИВИ РАЗВОЈ И УПРАВЉАЊЕ ПРИРОДНИМ РЕСУРСИМА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ 2, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/eoru2002029n.

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Food products placed on the market must be safe to eat and have adequate quality. Food safety and quality are governed by the laws that each country brings to its market. In addition, legislation that has been adopted at regional and world level has a very important role in the international trade in food products. Nowadays, it is not possible to imagine international food trade without the existence of standards for particular product categories. Standards related to food products are a kind of limit for consumers regarding the quality, safety and authenticity of the food they eat. Efforts to

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