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Nygren, Anders. "Reference Customers : an Important Step towards Successful Business." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-9224.
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Aim: The first customer is important because that it’s in many cases the only objective evidence that your product or service works in real life and that someone is willing to pay for it. The first customer is your first reference. The aim of this study is to: Investigate how 7 start-up companies in the ICT-business developed reference. Establishing recommendations on what to focus on when creating reference customers. Present complementary recommendations for start-up companies regarding important factors, besides those investigated against the theory, which have been discovered to be important when building a successful company. Method: The method in this study is a combination of a case study and cross-sectional study with qualitative data. The questions in the interviews were predefined and complemented with open ended questions according to the answers on the pre-defined questions. The data collected, the answers, were written down, summarized and analyzed regarding whether they did or did not support the theoretical statements investigated. A theoretical statement could be supported or not supported, partially or strongly Result & Conclusions: The access to a professional network and good social skills are most important when establishing the first reference. Business skills can be developed during the process but the recommendation is to acquire or secure them as soon as possible. How to achieve the desired states has also been concluded. Suggestions for future research: The largest limitation is the sample size of the data. Less than 10 companies were interviewed and some of the suggested statements can’t be significantly either confirmed or deferred. The study was also limited to one round of interviews. A study, with two rounds of interviews and a larger set of companies interviewed is suggested for further research. An extended study could also cover companies that didn’t survive the IT crash of 2000 and investigate if the suggested parameters and strategies were present and deployed or implemented. Contribution of the thesis: The investigation has verified the importance of networks, customer type (brand name) and social capital when establishing a reference. It has also showed that the skills needed to develop a business doesn’t need to be present when company is established since it can be acquired and secured during the development of the first reference. It has also contributed with a set of recommendation for entrepreneurs in general not only regarding the establishment of reference customers where the most important recommendation is to build and maintain the personal and professional networks.
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Pereira, Lídia Maria dos Santos. "CRM na relação com o munícipe: estudo de caso." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Ciências Empresariais, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/17775.
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Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau
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Mestre em Sistemas de Informação OrganizacionaisA constante expectativa de satisfação das necessidades dos munícipes enquanto cidadãos locais nas mais variadas vertentes da vida social de um concelho conduz á necessidade de ter uma visão 360º sobre o municipe, conhecer as motivações que o levam ao contacto com a autarquia, qual o grau de satisfação ou insatisfação, quais os seus gostos preferenciais, de forma a proceder à Gestão do Conhecimento do Cliente. O objetivo geral deste estudo de caso é o de encontrar a solução que responda às questões em apreço através da implementação de ferramentas de Customer Relationship Management, que centralizem as informações dos clientes, automatizem interações de Marketing Autárquico para promoção de serviços ao cidadão, forneçam inteligência de negócio e facilitem as comunicações para aumentar a produtividade, integrando ferramentas de multicanal. O Customer Relationship Management rastreia oportunidades de negócio, permite que se faça análise de dados e ajuda a fornecer respostas ao municipe num melhor serviço prestado. A metodologia adotada é o método de investigação, onde se refere a literatura, as soluções adotadas por outros municípios, efetuada análise a propostas de fornecedores, avaliado o enquadramento distrital através do grupo “Setúbal Península Digital” da Associação de Municípios do Distrito de Setúbal, concebidas e aprovadas 2 candidaturas ao Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional, analisada documentação do Curso “Gestão Pública na Administração Local”. As principais conclusões centram-se nas vantagens da adoção de uma solução de atendimento ao munícipe com base no Customer Relationship Management, orquestrado com o Biztalk e com o Sharepoint para a integração das bases de dados dos Enterprise Resource Planning em uso no município, integração de um canal de voz com a configuração de um Call Center, integração de um Gateway de Short Message Service, parametrização de uma solução de Helpdesk para utilizadores de Backoffice e de Frontoffice, integração do Email institucional com o Customer Relationship Management e integração de uma plataforma de Serviços Online. A informação constante do Customer Relationship Management, permite caracterizar estatisticamente todas as interações entre a autarquia e os munícipes.
The constant expectation of meeting the needs of citizens as local citizens in various aspects of the social life of a municipality leads to the need to have a vision 360 on the citizens, to know the motivations that lead it to contact with the local authority, the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction, which are their preferential tastes in order to proceed to Customer Knowledge Management. The overall objective of this case study is to find the solution that answers the issues at hand through the implementation of Customer Relationship Management tools, which centralize customer information, automate Municipal Marketing interactions to promote citizen services, provide business intelligence and facilitate communications to increase productivity by integrating multichannel tools. Customer Relationship Management tracks business opportunities, allows data analysis, and helps provide responses to the city in better service. The methodology adopted is the method of research, which refers to literature, the solutions adopted by other municipalities analyzed, proposals from vendors evaluated, the district framework through Setúbal Digital Peninsula Association of Municipalities of the District of Setúbal, the applications submitted to the National Strategic Reference Framework, examined documentation of the course "Public Management in Local Government". The main findings focus on the advantages of adopting a citizen customer service solution based on Customer Relationship Management, orchestrated with Biztalk and Sharepoint for the Integration of the Enterprise Resource Planning databases in use in the city, integration of a channel voice with setting up a call center, integration of a Gateway Short Message Service, parameterization of a Helpdesk solution for system users, institutional Email integration with the Customer Relationship Management and integration of Online Services Platform. The information Customer Relationship Management allows statistically characterize all interactions between the Local Authority and Munícipes.
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Martin, Neill C. "Ritual dialogue in marriage custom, with special reference to Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21396.
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The study examines the form and function of ritual dialogue in marriage customs. Particular attention is paid to Scotland, and more precisely the betrothal ceremony or reiteach in Gaelic tradition. Analogues from Brittany and Wales are also examined in detail. The examples from the Celtic tradition are prefaced by a general survey of comparable models from Indo- and non Indo-European tradition. Various elements of the dialogues, and the ritual dramas of which many form a part, are shown to be linked to concepts of the evil eye and to the motif of the 'false' or 'former' bride familiar to European folklorists. Their connection with 'life-cycle' dramas is also explored. Using the concept of one and two-way thresholds, the dialogues are also shown to be related in structure to other dialogic threshold rituals in Celtic society including seasonal and territorial rites and those connected to the bardic order. The role of the mediating figure of the matchmaker/bard is examined, as is the recurring motif of the mock abduction of the bride.
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Norman, Charlotte Ann. "Aspects of calendric customs in Derbyshire with special reference to well dressing." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421123.
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Roberts-Lombard, Mornay. "The influence of the marketing concept on company performance with specific reference to customer services within the travel agency industry in the Western Cape." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1701.
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Thesis (MTech (Marketing))--Peninsula Technikon, 2001Companies operating in the service industry must take note of three important marketing tasks. The first of these tasks is that companies should realise that they must provide the market with a variety of products. Businesses should therefore furnish the market with a diversified product range. Secondly, customers expect from the business sector to provide them with a quality service that even exceeds their own expectations. Thirdly, to ensure its survival in a competitive environment, the company should improve the productivity of its employees e.g. by improving the level of customer service provided to customers. Kotler (1997: 488) argues that such an improvement in productivity levels of employees can be achieved through employees working more skillfully, increasing the quantity of service by surrendering some quality, industrialising the service, inventing new-product solutions, designing more effective services, presenting customers with the incentive to substitute their own labour for company labour, or using technology to save time and money. Keeping these facts in mind and taking into consideration that tourists have been arriving in South Africa from all over the world for decades, it is of great importance for visitors to South Africa to receive customer service of the highest quality. A tourist travelling in the Republic of South Africa will most probably make use of a local travel agency if they should be in need of any further travel related services. A travel agent representing a particular travel agency, will not be engaged in the sale of travel related services only to tourists, but also to any other consumer interested in making use of the Travel Agencies' services. The Association of Travel Agents' (ASATA) code of conduct stresses that "ach travel agent engaged in the sale of travel-related services direct to consumers shall maintain the highest standard of service possible, complying with all statutory requirements, including those applicable to travel agents and with all provisions of this code" (Business Practices Committee Consumer Code For Travel Agencies, 1994: 5). This thesis is an analysis of the "marketing concept", with specific reference to customer service. It focuses on the top management in the travel agency industry and will be concerned with the degree to which top management is marketing orientated and the influence their marketing-orientated outlook will have on the performance of the travel agency. With marketing being defined as: "the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational goals", it must be emphasized that marketing can be seen as, amongst others, the anticipation and satisfaction of customer needs (Boshoff & Terblanche, 2000: 4). This research study would also include a study of the travel agency's level of customer service, which will have a direct reflection on top management's marketing outlook as well as the travel agency's level of performance.
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Rodrigues, Lucas, and Daniel Karlsson. "Why Do We Hate Brands? : A qualitative study of how the dark side of branding is influenced by group identification." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111206.
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Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to gain a better understanding of the relatively new concept of Brand Hate. More specifically, how Brand Hate can occur in people with no to little experience with certain brands, so called non-customers. We want to believe that humans are a rational being that takes decisions based on all the available information and does not jump to conclusions before all options have been exhausted. But upon closer examination theoretical concepts such as brand love can be found. A concept that argues that users of a brand utilize the brand itself in order to internally identify values he or she holds, as well as showcasing those values and personality traits externally to others. With this theory as a basis the relatively new concept of Brand Hate was born. The new concept, posits that there has to be another side of the brand love, where people actually hate or dislike the brand. Up to this point very little research has been done within the area, and that is where the authors of this thesis saw an opportunity to fill a research gap. There has been no previous research attempting to understand WHY these negative feelings comes to present themselves within people. But as soon as the work on the thesis had started another opportunity presented itself, it seemed as though people hate or dislike brands that they themselves does not even use. As a result non-customers became the focal point of investigation of this thesis. The research itself included three different focus groups, with in total nineteen respondents that discussed a wide variety of topics. During the sessions the discussions touched upon what brands they disliked, why they disliked them and how the respondents identified with other groups of people. This gave the authors the ability to gain a deeper understanding of the psychological reasoning behind why certain brands the respondents did not use were severely hated or disliked. The findings from the research seem to point in one very specific direction, group identification is an integral reason why non-customers started to hate or dislike brands. No matter how good companies are creating an appealing brand, that same brand will always risk to become distorted, as a result of the different targeted user groups. This research shows that people let their emotions and prejudices come between what they perceive a brand to be, and what companies want them to be. The result is people prematurely judging brands based upon the customers of that brand. If the respondents did not like the user group of a certain brand, that same brand would be inscribed with all the negative connotations with the user groups, thereby distorting the public brand image far from what the companies might intend them to be.
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Mashalaba, Siyabulela Welcome. "Discrimination against women under customary law in South Africa with reference to inheritance and succession." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/505.
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In South Africa, it is evident that women are uniformed of their essential human rights, especially their inheritance and succession rights, including protection of such rights. Human rights are international norms that protect individuals everywhere from the states’ political, legal and social abuse. Human rights are entitlements which human beings have in order to enhance their human condition. They are the fundamental entitlements or minimum standards to be met for individual so that they live with dignity. This study focused on discrimination of women under customary law in South Africa with reference to inheritance and succession. The study validated the findings of other researchers on the impact of cultural practices on women’s rights to inheritance and succession. In addition the findings revealed that efforts t eliminate traditional practices, should foremost come from men and from communities that hold such destructive attitudes towards women. The outcomes and recommendations of this study would assist the government and other institutions to adopt effective measures to empower women and especially educate them so that they can assert and defend their human rights
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Ntsikeni, Zukiswa. "An analysis of how to improve customer relations in local government with particular reference to the Buffalo City Municipality in East London." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/76.
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The research was conducted to address the low service levels offered by Buffalo City Municipality. In the past Council has received numerous customer complaints to this effect, via correspondence and verbal communication to council delegates and officials. The executive head of the municipality has requested a turn around of this appalling situation. The aim of this research was to gain insight and meaning to the existing problem in an attempt to correct it. This was accomplished by identifying the problem, and then by introducing sub-problems to the main problem for practical and relevant solutions. The research was extended to cover the East London and King Williams Town Local Councils. This was undertaken through personal interviews with the Buffalo City Municipality staff, management, Salga officials and non-profit organisations that were involved in community research on service levels and delivery in local government for this region. Literature was reviewed on methods of improving customer relations in both the public and private sectors. Local and international best practices were analysed to benchmark against successful practices worldwide. Information relevant to Buffalo City’s scenario has been presented in this study, from the identification of effective customer relation practices, followed by the roles and skills required by management. In addition to the personal interviews conducted, a two-page questionnaire was compiled based on integrated information from literature reviewed on best practices, and staff and management input. The questionnaire formed part of the empirical study. Results of the study were critically analysed and revealed three main areas of urgent importance. These are: effective communication, the establishment of a customer care policy and procedures together with training and development. These are effectively achievable after the placement of staff. The study was concluded with a practical and applicable detailed programme of intervention.
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Ndlovu, Herbert. "African customs and values that can enhance seventh-day adventists missions to South Africans with specific reference to the Zulu cultural heritage." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/66644.
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This study was carried out in KwaZulu Natal Free State Conference (KNFC) which is under the umbrella of South African Union (SAU) in South Africa. The objective was to determine how African customs and values consistent with biblical principles can enhance Seventh- day Adventist missions among the indigenous South Africans with reference to the Zulu heritage. The study also sought to investigate how embracing African customs and values consistent with biblical principles in mission endeavors has positive effects on indigenous South Africans’ perceptions of the Seventh-day Adventist church and appreciation of AdventismThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
University of Pretoria
Science of Religion and Missiology
PhD
Unrestricted
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Queiroz, Vanessa Oliveira de. "As normas referentes às crianças-soldado no Direito Internacional." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2014. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7943.
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Este trabalho trata da normatização internacional relativa às crianças-soldado e aborda, sobretudo, a utilização de defesas baseadas em alegações de violação aos princípios da legalidade e em ocorrência de erro de proibição por réus de processos penais do Tribunal Especial para Serra Leoa e do Tribunal Penal Internacional. Diante disso, investiga se a proibição geral ao envolvimento infantil em conflitos armados e as infrações a essa vedação particularmente as condutas de recrutar, alistar e utilizar crianças como soldados integram o Direito Internacional Costumeiro e, em caso positivo, em que momento teria ocorrido a inserção nesse campo. Analisa, igualmente, se o argumento da boa-fé pode ser um elemento de defesa válido naqueles processos, com fundamento no relativismo cultural. Pretende, com isso, esclarecer o processo de criminalização daquelas condutas, além de identificar a posição hierárquica ocupada pelas normas em questão. Para tanto, recorre à verificação da prática estatal e da opinio juris relativas ao tema. Com isso, conclui que o regramento possui natureza costumeira e pertence ao domínio do jus cogens.This work deals with the international rules concerning child soldiers, and addresses, in particular, the use of defenses based on allegations of violation of the principles of legality and mistake of law by defendants in criminal proceedings of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and of the International Criminal Court. Moreover, it investigates if the general prohibition to child involvement in armed conflicts and the infractions to this seal particularly the ducts of recruit, enlist and using children as soldiers are part of the customary international law and, if so, since when they have been integrated to this field. It also analyzes if the argument of good faith can be a valid element of defense in those processes, on the basis of cultural relativism. The main purpose its to clarify the process of criminalization of those acts, and identify the hierarchical position occupied by the rules in question. In this regard, the state practice and the opinio juris concerning the theme are investigated. In result, it is concluded that those norms have a customary nature and they already belong to the domain of jus cogens.
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Mwambene, Lea. "The impact of the Bill of Rights on African customary family laws : a study of the rights of women in Malawi with some reference to tevelopments in South Africa /." Online Access, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_8528_1271625878.pdf.
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Msokera, Chisomo Harvey. "Appropriate dispute resolution for women married under customary law in Malawi, with special reference to marital violence." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25482.
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As a dispute resolution service provider, the justice system ought to provide effective legal remedies to address the justice needs of people. Apart from having the capacity to provide the legal remedies, the system has to be accessible as well. In marital violence disputes, one of the general interests of both the State and the affected individual spouses is to prevent further abuse. Courts offer this remedy, among others, by imposing restraining orders, which are backed up by punitive threats. On the other hand, facilitative mechanisms of dispute resolution such as mediation do not have the power to impose punishment on contemptuous parties. However, facilitative dispute resolution processes encourage joint problem solving, which is desirable in maintaining a workable relationship between spouses. This research argues that in order to ensure optimum access to justice in marital violence disputes there is a need for a dispute resolution system that offers facilitative and advisory mechanisms of dispute resolution alongside court processes. However, in Malawi, rural citizens face the barriers of language and use of English law-orientated procedures when accessing courts. Furthermore, some customary law practices and statutory law provisions encourage the view that mediation in marital violence disputes precludes concurrent access to court remedies. This research explores the challenges which this current approach to marriage dispute resolution poses to women married under customary law. It answers the question whether the justice system, with its English law-orientated procedures and the tenet of mandatory mediation or reconciliation, offers appropriate and effective mechanisms of resolving marital violence disputes to women married under customary law.
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Eng, Teck Y. "Business to business marketing : an empirical investigation into strategic management theories with reference to a portfolio of customer relationships in the services sector." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488174.
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The development of business-to-business marketing from the early interaction approach to the network approach is now a growing body of literature where establishing and managing longer term relationships with customers are critical to organisational success. An important managerial aspect of this development is the strategic management of a company's relationships with its customers, which is concerned with a portfolio of customer relationships. However, from a review of the literature, existing customer portfolio models are mostly conceptual and little empirical work has explored the customer portfolio concept in a service business. For example, previous empirical studies have mainly ignored countervailing customer portfolio dimensions, focused on suppliers of manufactured goods and limited to the study of a single company. Also, while past customer portfolio theories have introduced numerous portfolio dimensions, they have largely neglected or focused very narrowly on issues concerning their conceptual adequacy as for strategy development. Yet strategic choices and resource allocation decisions are based upon the theory underlying a customer portfolio dimension. The thesis draws on the theory of strategy, arguing that current product, business and customer portfolio models are predominantly inclined towards the industrial organisational (10) approach to strategy formulation - without much attention paid to the alternative theory of strategy, the resource-based view (RBV). In response to these gaps in the literature, this study attempts to investigate the validity of some of the numerous existing customer portfolio dimensions by trying to apply them in real organisational settings, namely in the context of two financial services and one IT systems and services companies in the U. K. Using the case study method, the customer portfolio dimensions specified in this study were applied in three companies. The research data were primarily derived through in-depth interviews with senior executives. These qualitative data were supported by multiple sources of research evidence: strategic documents, customer account reports and database, and internal market research surveys. Quantitative data from the ratings of the variables studied were also elicited. Each of the three case studies was analysed singly and the results of each case were compared with those predicted by each customer portfolio model. The results from the three cases were then cross-analysed in an attempt to identify threats to validity and, to help establish converging lines of inquiry. The study observes that there are limits to the extent of the generalisability of the theories investigated in the context of a service business. The findings identified the implications of the normative customer portfolio theories for practice, indicating that an individual dimension of a particular theory cannot be treated in isolation to other portfolio dimensions. In this instance, existing customer portfolio theories which suggest different portfolio dimensions for the analysis of customers whilst neglecting other theories could result in a potentially narrow view of strategic management of supplier-customer relationships. The strategic variables applied for competitive positioning of customers from existing customer portfolio theories have been shown to be inadequate and could be better accounted for together with the resource-based perspective. The research therefore proposed by means of both theoretical reasoning and empirical evidence -a three dimensional analysis as the appropriate model for strategic choices and advice on improving customer portfolio management.
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Chavan, Dr Balasaheb [Verfasser]. "A Comparative Study of Rural and Urban Customers of Life Insurance Products. With Special Reference to Latur District / Dr. Balasaheb Chavan." München : GRIN Verlag, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220573183/34.
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Nxoko, Lloyd Chumani. "The significance of Nguni cattle with reference to traditional value in agriculture." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10243.
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In the Xhosa culture, Nguni cattle have always been valued due to cultural rituals purpose but were not viewed from a development perspective. In fact, traditionally, in Xhosa society, cattle were used not only as primary sources of food such as milk, meat and other related secondary products, but in the performance of rituals. From milk one can get sour milk (amasi) which is a staple diet for both young ones and adults. Furthermore, butter, which was traditionally used for cosmetics purposes, is also derived from milk. Thus, the focus of this study is on the paradigm shift, as well as the role played by cattle in Xhosa cultural rituals and agriculture.
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Mahada, Livhuwani Paul. "Ethical dilemmas of circumcision school with reference to the Venda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49950.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.Full text to be digitised and attached to bibliographic record.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Morbidity and mortality are national problems that affect a vast number of children and young adults each year in Circumcision Schools. The number of children who either get sick or die of traditional circumcision school is probably high. "In one study of penile mutilation practice (in 1990) of the Xhosa tribe of Southern Africa, 9 % of mutilated boys died: 52 % lost all or most of their penile shaft skin: 14 % developed severe infectious lesions: 10% lost their glans penis; and 5 % lost their entire penis. This represents only those boys who made it to the hospital," (Denniston and Milos, 1997: v). The problem is still the same and this could mean that the true complication statistics is likely to be much higher if the entire South Africa is taken into consideration. Although traditional circumcision was well intended, the recent spate of death puts it under threat. Besides, there are many other controversial acts that are taking place within the school itself. There are many illegal schools instituted by inexperienced traditional surgeons. The plight is further worsened by the commercialisation of the traditional institution. It is painful to note that the camps which were normally held in winter for children to heal faster are now also held in summer. The outmoded system of administration in this institution and the health hazards experienced, confronts parents, children and the entire community with a dilemma - a dilemma that warrants ethical reflection. The dilemma poses a serious challenge to the cultures that practice the traditional ritual of circumcision. Many of the advisers of this thesis agree (the likes of Prof. C.S. van der Waal, Prof G. Tangwa, Chief T.l Ramovha, Traditional healer Mashudu Dima and Dr D. Sidler) that we don't have to do away with the school as such, but that there is a need to either change and improve certain things in this school. Social change and medical awareness seem very important in this regard. The hurdle created by this dilemma, though daunting, can be overcome. We need education, cooperation, dialogue, rationality and true reflection on our culture to work this problem out. Until our children are safe from the threat of morbidity and mortality, no one is safe. I therefore think that many human errors could paint an unfavourable picture on the traditional Circumcision School, whereby creating ethical dilemmas. The ethical dilemma could be a starting point for critical reflection on culture and tradition with the hope for change and future progress. It is such a challenge that Circumcision Schools should face and which they urgently need.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ernstige beserings en 'n hoë dodetal in besnyding-skool is 'n nasionale probleem wat elke jaar talle kinders en jong volwassenes affekteer. Die getal kinders waarvan die gesondheid aangetas word of wat selfs sterf in dié tradisionele besnyding-skole is waarskynlik haag. "In one study of penile mutilation practice (in J 990) of the Xhosa tribe of Southern Africa, 9% of mutilated boys died: 52% lost all or most of their penile shaft skin: J4% died developed serious infectious lesions: J0% lost their glans penis; and 5% lost their entire penis. This represents only the boys who made it to hospital" (Denniston and Milos, 1997:v). Dié probleem bestaan voort, en dit mag beteken dat die ware ongevalle syfer veel hoër mag wees, sou die hele Suid Afrika in berekening gebring word. Alhoewel besnyding tradisioneel welbedoeld is, word dié praktyk nou bedreig deur die onlangse vlaag van sterftes. Daarbenewens is daar vele ander kontroversïele praktyke wat in dié skole self bedryf word. 'n Groot aantal van die skole is onwettig en word deur onervare tradisionele sjirurge bedryf. Dié problem word verder vererger deur die kommersialisering van dié tradisionele institusie. Dit is ook kommerwekkend om daarop te let dat waar dit gebruiklik was om dié kampe in die winter te hou - vir die sneller herstel van die kinders - hulle nou ook in die somer beslag neem. Die verouderde sisteem waarmee dié institusie se administrasie bedryf word, sowel as die gesondheids-gevare wat daarmee gepaard gaan, stelouers, kinders en die gemeenskap as geheel voor 'n dilemma - 'n dilemma wat etiese nadenke verg. Dié dilemma bied 'n ernstige uitdaging tot die kulture wat steeds die instelling van besnyding huldig. Soveel as sekere van die bydraes binne die vervolgende verhandeling (bv. Dié van Proff. c.S. De Waal, G. Tangwa, Hoofman T.J. Ramovha, Tradisionele heler Mashudu Dima en Dr. D. Sidler) saamstem dat daar nie ingeheel van die skole afgesien hoef te word nie, is daar wel 'n nood om sekere aspekte daarvan te hersien en verbeter. Sosiale verandering en 'n mediese perspektief is van groot belang hiertoe. Die struikelblok wat deur hierdie dilemma veroorsaak word - hoewel intimiderend - kán weloorkom word. Daar is 'n nood vir opvoeding, samewerking, dialoog, redelikheid en 'n ware nadenke oor ons kultuur om hierdie probleem die hoof te bied. Tot tyd en wylons kinders veilig staan van die dubbele gevare van besering en dood, is niemand veilig nie. Ek dink dus dat, terwyl verskeie etiese dilemma's ongunstige beeld skep van menslike foute, hulle ook vra om insigte rondom die menslike kultuur, en om hoop vir toekomstige vooruitgang. Dit is wat tradisionele besnyding-skole benodig.
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Mwambene, Lea. "The Impact of the Bill of Rights on African Customary Family Laws: A Study of the Rights of Women in Malawi with some Reference to Developments in South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1656_1271625896.
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On the assumption that the Bill of Rights in the Malawi Constitution has brought change in the enjoyment of rights by women married under customary family laws, this research study examines its impact on African customary family laws that are discriminatory against women in Malawi. The main focus is on customary family laws governing marriage, divorce, children after divorce, and inheritance in both patrilineal and matrilineal systems of marriages. The extent to which this has been reflected in practice is assessed in the light of women&rsquo
s rights law reforms and courts&rsquo
adjudication of customary family law issues.
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MAGGIONI, ISABELLA. "Fedeltà nella grande distribuzione moderna: il ruolo degli effetti di multiple reference e dell'identificazione cliente-distributore." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/2912.
Full textAbstract:
Nonostante la costante attenzione dedicata al tema della fedeltà del consumatore, la letteratura di marketing non è stata in grado di fornire una definizione condivisa e chiara del costrutto. Questo si è tradotto in una scarsa integrazione del tema della customer loyalty negli studi di consumer behaviour. L’analisi della fedeltà del cliente diviene più complessa nei contesti distributivi e in particolare per quanto concerne la grande distribuzione moderna. Questa tesi di dottorato presenta e testa un framework concettuale che descrive il processo psicologico alla base dello sviluppo di fedeltà nei confronti della grande distribuzione moderna. Il modello si fonda sul reference-based paradigm e si snoda in due fasi. Nella fase cognitiva vengono valutati gli effetti degli stimoli provenienti dallo store environment sulla formazione delle valutazioni dei consumatori in merito a functional congruity, self-congruity e attrattività delle alternative presenti sul mercato. Nella seconda fase vengono analizzati gli effetti di queste tre variabili sulla fedeltà del consumatore. Viene inoltre evidenziato come l’identificazione tra retailer e consumatore risulti essere di primaria importanza per la customer loyalty. Inoltre il modello include e testa l’impatto di fattori quali struttura del mercato, livello di conoscenza del consumatore e time pressure sul processo di sviluppo di customer loyalty.Although researchers have wondered about the meaning of true customer loyalty for decades, literature still lacks a clear and shared conceptualization. This has also resulted in a poor integration of the concept of customer loyalty in consumer behaviour theory. The general debate on customer loyalty is even more complex when referring to the particular case of retail establishments, in which absolute consumer loyalty is not realistic and most shoppers purchase on a portfolio basis. In order to contribute to the understanding of customer loyalty, this thesis proposes and empirically tests a comprehensive conceptual framework aimed at analysing the psychological process underlying the development of customer loyalty in retail settings. Based on the reference-based paradigm and structured in two stages, the model considers three reference effects, i.e. functional congruity, alternative attractiveness and self-congruity and their role in the relationship between store environment and customer loyalty in grocery retail. The thesis acknowledges the pivotal role of self-congruity in the relationship between store environment and customer loyalty due to its interplay with the other reference effects. It also proves that market structure, shopping expertise and time pressure are of prime importance when analysing customer loyalty.
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Mansoor, Younus Ahmed. "A critical analysis of the reference pricing tool used by SARS to address undervaluation of imported clothing." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020755.
Full textAbstract:
The South African Revenue Service has since 2009 introduced “reference pricing” as a tool to detect undervaluation of customs values of imported clothing and textiles. The term “reference pricing” is not defined in the Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 which is the legislation that governs the importation of goods into the Republic of South Africa. The mandate of the South African Revenue Service, amongst others, is to facilitate legitimate trade. By applying the reference pricing guidelines the South African Revenue Service will target all importers who declare customs values which are less than the reference price for a targeted tariff heading associated with an item of clothing or textile. The Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 is clear in that the transaction value which is the price paid or payable for the imported goods shall be the value used for customs duty purposes. The Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 also requires that the interpretation of the sections 65, 66 and 67 of the said Act shall be subject to the Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Valuation Agreement). Part I of the Valuation Agreement deals with the rules for customs valuation. Article 17 of part 1 allows for customs administrations to satisfy themselves as to the truth or accuracy of any statement, document or declaration presented for customs valuation purposes. The Technical Committee on Customs Valuation of the World Trade Organisation decided the following in so far as Article 17 of the aforesaid agreement is concerned: “1. When a declaration has been presented and where the customs administration has reason to doubt the truth or accuracy of the particulars or of documents produced in support of this declaration, the customs administration may ask the importer to provide further explanation, including documents or other evidence, that the declared value represents the total amount actually paid or payable for the imported goods, ....” It would appear that the South African Revenue Service is using reference prices as a tool to support its reason for doubting the truth or accuracy of the declared customs values. The indiscriminate use of reference pricing, it is submitted, affects legitimate trade adversely. This treatise provides an understanding of how the customs value should be determined in terms of the Customs and Excise Act No.91 of 1964 and the Valuation Agreement. It then provides a background to reference pricing and how reference pricing will be used to detect undervalued imports of clothing and textiles, the advantages and disadvantages of using reference pricing and a comparative analysis of the approach adopted by the Mexican Tax Administration Service in so far as the use of reference pricing is concerned. It was established that the reference price cannot replace the customs value of an imported clothing item as the customs value is based on the price actually paid or payable for it and not on some arbitrary or fictitious value. The reference price can only be used as a tool to identify importers that are possibly undervaluing the customs values. The disadvantages far outweigh the advantages of using reference pricing. The treatise further provides a background to the use of a valuation database as a risk assessment tool and compares this to the use of reference pricing. The use of reference pricing and its impact on trade facilitation is then discussed as well as whether the use of reference pricing is consistent with the risk management principles as discussed in the World Customs Organisation Risk Management Guide. It was established that the South African Revenue Service has not disclosed the basis of arriving at the reference price per tariff heading that it targets and the use of reference pricing is not sanctioned by any international guideline or agreement. It was also established that the use of reference pricing targets compliant importers unnecessarily and this practice goes against the principles of trade facilitation. The use of reference pricing can be used as a tool to detect undervalued imports of clothing but should not be used as a basis to stop every consignment of clothing simply because the customs value declared is less than the reference price. It should not be used as a stand-alone tool but rather enhanced further with the recommendations provided. In the final analysis, recommendations are provided which seek to enhance the reference pricing mechanism and to further identify and exclude compliant importers and limit the use of reference pricing to target non-compliant importers who undervalue the customs value of imported clothing and textile items.
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Unal, M. "A comparative study of funeral customs in Turkey and Azerbaijan with particular reference to pre-Islamic Turkic aspects." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497863.
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Kumar, Karunambika. "Cultural factors in housing : building a conceptual model for reference in the Indian context." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1033632.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents a conceptual framework of important cultural values, activity patterns and environmental patterns in the home environment of a typical middle-income family in Madras a South Indian City. The position of this paper is that cultural variables should play an important part in determining the form of housing; they should be explicitly accounted for and values should be related to the different components of the built environment. This framework is intended to serve as a guide suggesting programmatic criteria for design of culturally-responsive housing. As it relates abstract values to components of the built environment, and design patterns, the framework includes descriptive graphics and images.The main body of the framework is a summary of societal and activity patterns, and elements of design. A descriptive analysis of societal and family patterns looks at the interactions between society, family and the individual. Activity patterns in and around the home with their symbolic associations are examined in detail. Implications for the home environment are drawn from the observations made in these sections. This is followed by a look at the elements of design that have been manipulated in existing house forms to create culturally appropriate environments.The concluding part of the framework presents a way in which the earlier observations can be assimilated into the design process. A sample set of environmental patterns are presented using images, with their cultural purpose, design descriptions and variants. This is followed by a matrix where family types, individual roles and activities are related to the environmental qualities and in some cases to sample environmental patterns.The research involved anthropological studies for an understanding of the cultural elements like family and kinship structure, myths and beliefs, values and priorities, etc., in the Indian context. Analysis of changing house forms in response to social and cultural changes in history, and designs of culture sensitive architects, helped to identify the environmental components that relate to specific values. Christopher Alexander's idea of `patterns' was used as a tool to translate abstract cultural criteria into recognizable environmental settings.Department of Architecture
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Kloppers, Pieter. "Competition policy enforcement: ideas for regional enforcement in developing countries, with particular reference to the Southern African Customs Union." Bern : World Trade Institute (WTI), 2003. http://www.wti.org/images/stories/MILE/MILE%20Theses/Competition%20Policy%20Enforcement.pdf.
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Williams, Nerys Wendon. "The Welsh Calvinistic Methodist mission in Assam, 1930-1950, with special reference to missionary attitudes to local society, customs and religion." Thesis, University of London, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409614.
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Salim, Wan Noraini Binti Mohd. "Problems in the administration and distribution of intestate estates in Malaysia with reference to its foundations in customary law, Islamic law and English law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419178.
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Momoti, Ndyebo Kingsworth. "Law and culture in the new constitutional dispensation with specific reference to the custom of circumcision as practiced in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003200.
Full textAbstract:
This study examines the custom of circumcision in the context of culture, law and the Constitution. In Chapter 1 the writer considers the pervasive role of culture in the context of the current debate in relation to equality versus culture. In Chapter 2 the writer considers the origin, development and the legal significance of the custom of circumcision in the Eastern Cape. In Chapter 3 the writer traces the circumstances leading to the enactment of the Provincial statute governing circumcision of children. In this chapter the writer also poses the question whether an aspect of morality can effectively be regulated by law. Chapter 4 looks at the question of cultural rights in terms of the Constitution and the possible effect of the promulgation of the Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities Act 19 of 2000 on the approach of the courts in respect of constitutional challenges directed at some aspects of customary law. Chapter 5 looks at the custom of circumcision and the need for the protection of children. The writer raises the issue of the role of traditional leaders in the eradication of abuses associated with circumcision. The last Chapter comments on the reasons for the failure of the new Act governing circumcision in the Province.
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Mulaudzi, N. (Nkhumiseni). "Ancestral consultation : a comparative study of Ancient Near Eastern and African religious practices with reference to 1 Samuel 28:3-25." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41370.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the African and the
Ancient Near Eastern tradition with regard to the ancestral consultation. 1 Samuel 28:3-25 was used
as a point of departure. This text was used because it is the only text in the Hebrew Bible that shows
the act of consulting the dead except those texts explicitly condemning the act.
The study was divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 focused on the introduction and the research
problem. Chapter 2 focused on the study of 1 Samuel 28:3-25 and this was done via and intratextual
and intertextual analysis. The intratextual analysis of 1 Samuel 28:3-25 focused on the
interrelatedness of the text on its literally level. This was done by means of a morphological,
syntactical and structural analysis. The intertextual analysis focused on 1 Samuel 28:3-25 in relation
with other texts in the Hebrew Bible, especially with reference to the practice of ancestral
consultation.
In Chapter 3 the main focus was on the Ancient Near Eastern tradition with regard to ancestral
consultation and thus focused upon extratextual material. In this chapter, Mesopotamian and
Israelite cultural practices were mainly considered. Customs relating to the act of consulting the
dead were studied. It included funerary customs, death and mourning rites, the place and role of the
dead in society. The study concluded that the act of ancestral consultation in the Ancient Near East
was part of their religion. In Ancient Israel, however, it was prohibited by Yahwistic religion.
Chapter 4 focused on ancestral consultation in African tradition. In this chapter, personal
knowledge and experience were also important. Ancestral consultation in Africa is still a living
tradition. The role of the ancestors was studied and also the role that the living have in relation to
their ancestors. In this chapter the role of Christianity in Africa played pivotal role because
Christianity shaped African religion of today. It is clear from the study that African Christianity still
pays tribute to their dead relatives as they are believed to be closer to God. Both Christians and
those who practice traditional religion agree on the role of the ancestors.
In Chapter 5 the researcher brought together the information in Chapters 1 to 4. In that sense it can
be regarded as the climax of the investigation into ancestral consultation as an ancient and modern
cultural and religious practice. This chapter contains a comparison between African and Ancient
Near Eastern tradition regarding ancestral consultation. The chapter indicates that there is a lot to
compare between the two traditions, but one needs to consider the differences in time, religious
perceptions, geography, economic and political background of the two traditions. This should
especially be considered in evaluating the Ancient Near Eastern tradition because it is in the
“archive”; we can only read and learn about it with reference to available sources, while African
tradition is an existing one.
In Chapter 6 the researcher summarised the main findings of the study with special reference to the
research problem as discussed in the first chapter.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Ancient Languages
unrestricted
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Sitoto, Tahir Fuzile T. "Custom ('Urf) as a marginal discourse in the formulation of Islamic law : myth or reality? : with special reference to Ibn 'Abidin's discourse on 'Urf." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/7869.
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Wallis, Lucy. "An exploration of the work of David Bintley, a very 'English' choreographer, with particular reference to his use of English Morris dance in Still Life at the Penguin Café and the process of translating 'genuine' English Morris dance to a theatrical environment." Thesis, City, University of London, 2010. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17616/.
Full textAbstract:
The study explores the work of the English choreographer and Director of the Birmingham Royal Ballet, David Bintley. Particular reference is made to Bintley’s ballet Still Life at the Penguin Café (1988) and the extent to which he has drawn from English Cotswold Morris dance in the Humboldt’s Hog-nosed Skunk Flea section of the ballet. The comparison between Bintley’s selection of movements and their traditional Morris dance counterparts is based on findings from extensive fieldwork conducted with Morris dance teams and in particular the Ravensbourne Morris Men of Keston in Kent, as well as a study of Bintley’s creative practice. The research draws from ethnographic modes of study including participant observation, embodiment and notions of reflexivity. Following an analysis of the results from the creation and performance of a more authentically ‘Morris’ version of Bintley’s dance for eight female dancers, entitled Still Life at the Folk Café, the study offers a series of recommendations for the translation of English Morris into a theatrical setting. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first explores the methods involved in the development of the analytical model for the study, including those of the Hungarian scholars György Martin and Erno Pesovár during their folk dance research in the Upper-Tisza region of Hungry, and the categorisation of the various aspects of Morris dance using Morris dancer Lionel Bacon's motif catalogue, A handbook of Morris dances. It also reviews the work of folk dance theorists such as John Forrest and Chris Bearman. The second chapter discusses the concept of Englishness to define the importance of the English ballet tradition as advocated from 1926 by the founder of the Royal Ballet, Dame Ninette De Valois. It looks at Bintley's influences, ideological inheritance, creative process and place as a protector of the English ballet tradition. Chapter three focuses on the fieldwork conducted with the Ravensbourne Morris Men, and compares Bintley’s movements in Humboldt’s Hog-nosed Skunk Flea dance with their counterparts from the Cotswold Morris tradition. Chapter four details the practice based element of the research and analyses the findings from a series of Morris dance workshops in which the eight female dancers representing the field of professional dance were introduced to the Morris dance form. It also investigates the results from the creation and performance of Still Life at the Folk Café. Chapter five discusses the benefits of conducting a workshop with the Ravensbourne Morris dance team and some of the dancers involved in the performance process. Finally chapter six explores the conclusions drawn from the research and explains how choreographers or dancers wishing to work with Morris dance should immerse themselves in the source language of its practitioners, and draw from aspects of the tradition in rehearsals and performances in order to extend their choreological and physical vocabulary and attain the stylistic and social qualities associated with the dance form. These aspects include working with live musical accompaniment, using the performance space informally to maintain close interaction with the audience and challenging the dancer’s personal response to their own movement style.
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Leuschel, Roland. "Toleranzmanagement in der Produktentwicklung am Beispiel der Karosserie im Automobilbau." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-68799.
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Es wurde eine programmunterstützte Methode für die Umsetzung des Toleranzmanagements entwickelt, welche die Bereiche Entwicklung, Technologie und Qualität in gemeinsame Verantwortung bringt. Dabei galt es, den Iterationsprozess der Lösungsfindung in verschiedenen Detaillierungsstufen mit wenigen Schleifen und im Streben nach kurzen Entwicklungszeiten, geringen Toleranzkosten, Qualitätsverlusten und Blindleistungen zu durchlaufen.
Ein stimmiges Toleranzkonzept überzeugt durch toleranzgerechte Aufbaufolgen, robuste und funktionsnahe Referenzierungen, kompensatorische Verfahren sowie toleranzunempfindliche Beeinträchtigungen und Auswirkungen. Die Auslegung aller toleranzrelevanten Produktanforderungen und Prozessgegebenheiten wird in Form von Toleranzketten und Maßkatalogen automatisiert dokumentiert und mündet schließlich in bestätigten Kunden-Lieferanten-Vereinbarungen.
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Malila, Ikanyeng Stonto. "A comparative study of normative aspects of the (criminal) trial process in customary and magistrate courts in Botswana, with specific reference to the structure of discretion of judges in sentencing matters." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24890.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is a comparative study of outcomes of the criminal process in customary and magistrate courts in Botswana with specific reference to sentencing outcomes. The main objective of the study was to determine whether differences in the structure of the sentencing discretion of judges of customary and magistrate courts as regards the types and combinations of punishments they may impose in respect of any offence triable in either type of court resulted in the imposition of unjustifiably dissimilar punishments for similar offences. Accordingly, the study examined and compared disposals and sentencing patterns of the customary and magistrate courts more generally, and more specifically the use and severity of multiple punishment(s) awarded by the two courts in respect of similar offences in the period 1991-2001. The primary hypothesis was substantially, if only partially supported, in so far as it assumed that differences in the use and severity of multiple punishments could be explained primarily in terms of differences in the discretion of the judges as regards combinations of punishments they may employ against any particular triable-either-way offence. The study found that, though some of the differences in types and combinations of multiple punishments deployed by the two courts could be attributed to differences in the structure of the discretion as to combination of punishments as postulated, some could not be explained in those terms despite the apparent exclusive use by one type of court as against the other of particular combinations of multiple punishments. Nevertheless, the study found that when customary courts employed multiple punishments, they tended to punish more severely than magistrate courts did similar offences. This was evident from the following general patterns: (a) the variety of punishment combinations deployed by customary courts exceeded those employed by magistrate courts, sometimes by a very wide margin (b) it was not unusual for the average number of multiple punishments used to punish a single offence in customary courts to exceed three whereas those deployed by magistrate courts rarely exceeded two (c)customary courts registered the highest severity scores across all offence groups considered (d) the severity score differentials ranged from large to very large. Taken together, these differences amounted to unjustifiable disparities between the sentencing outcomes of the two courts.
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Roberts-Lombard, Mornay. "Verhoudingsbemarking by reisagentskappe in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie / Mornay Roberts-Lombard." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1731.
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Coetzee, Juana. "INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law : an analysis of the interplay between mercantile custom and substantive sales law with specific reference to the passing of risk." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5222.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (LLD (Mercantile Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International sales contracts have very specific needs that stem from the multiplicity of legal systems which apply to such contracts. In addition to harmonised law, mercantile custom is able to address many of these needs. Mercantile custom represents usages which are clear, certain and efficient and are expected to be known and applied by merchants in a particular trade or region. To this extent mercantile custom fulfils an automatic harmonisation function. However, where a custom does not enjoy uniform application across all branches of trade, the harmonisation function of mercantile custom is limited, as is the case with trade terms. Trade terms reflect mercantile customs and usages which developed over a long time in order to simplify the trade in goods that are transported from one place to the other. They regulate the delivery obligations of the seller and buyer as well as associated obligations such as the passing of risk. Trade terms negate the need for elaborate contract clauses and appear in abbreviated form in contracts of sale. Although they provide a uniform expression of mercantile custom in a particular location or trade, the understanding of trade terms tend to differ from country to country, region to region or from one branch of trade to the next. The ICC INCOTERMS is an effort to standardise trade term definitions at the hand of the most consistent mercantile customs and practices. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law. For purposes of the investigation the focus is limited to the passing of risk. Although national laws usually have a default risk regime in place, merchants still prefer to regulate risk by means of trade terms. This study will investigate the legal position in the case of FOB, CIF and DDU terms. An analysis of the risk regimes of a few selected national systems will show that each has their own understanding of these trade terms. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) does not refer to trade terms, but many commentators have concluded that the CISG risk rule is consistent with INCOTERMS. The study will discuss this in more detail. To determine the efficiency of INCOTERMS as a form of standardisation in international sales law, the study examines their characteristics, legal nature as well as their limited scope of regulation. Specific emphasis is placed on the interplay between the CISG and INCOTERMS and the possibility of some form of interaction and collaboration between the two instruments. It is concluded that collaboration between INCOTERMS and the CISG adds value to the international law of sales by increasing the efficiency of an international business transaction and thereby facilitating international trade.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale koopkontrakte het spesifieke behoeftes wat voortspruit uit die veelvoudigheid van regstelsels van toepassing op so ‘n kontrak. Baie van hierdie behoeftes kan aangespreek word deur geharmoniseerde regsreëls in samehang met handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Handelsgewoontes verteenwoordig duidelike, seker en effektiewe gebruike. Daar word dus van handelaars wat in ‘n bepaalde bedryf of streek handel dryf, verwag om van hierdie gebruike kennis te neem en hulle toe te pas. In hierdie konteks vervul handelsgebruike ‘n outomatiese harmoniseringsfunksie. Waar ‘n gebruik nie eenvormig toegepas word oor alle bedrywe heen nie, is die harmoniseringsfunksie van handelsgebruike egter beperk. Handelsterme bied ‘n tipiese voorbeeld hiervan. Handelsterme verteenwoordig bepaalde handelsgewoontes en –gebruike wat oor ‘n geruime tyd ontwikkel het ten einde handel in goedere wat van een plek na die ander vervoer word, te vergemaklik. Hulle reguleer die leweringsverpligtinge van die verkoper en koper asook ander verpligtinge wat met lewering verband hou, soos byvoorbeeld die oorgang van risiko. Handelsterme doen weg met lang en omslagtige kontraksbedinge aangesien hulle in die vorm van afkortings in die kontrak figureer. Alhoewel handelsterme ‘n uniforme uitdrukking van gebruike in ‘n bepaalde gebied of bedryf verteenwoordig, is dit egter so dat die inhoud van handelsterme van land tot land, streek tot streek of van een tipe bedryf tot die ander verskil. INCOTERMS is ‘n poging om die inhoud van handelsterme te standaardiseer aan die hand van die mees eenvormige handelsgewoontes en –gebruike. Die doel van hierdie studie is om die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS as ‘n vorm van standaardisering in die internasionale koopreg te ondersoek. Vir doeleindes van die ondersoek word die fokus beperk tot die oorgang van risiko. Al het nasionale regstelsels gewoonlik ‘n verstek risiko-reël in plek, verkies handelaars steeds om risiko by wyse van handelsterme te reguleer. Die studie ondersoek die regsposisie in die geval van FOB-, CIF-, en DDU-terme. ‘n Analise van risiko-regulering in ‘n aantal nasionale sisteme toon dat elk hul eie betekenis heg aan die inhoud van hierdie terme. Alhoewel die Weense Koopkonvensie geensins na handelsterme verwys nie, voer verskeie kommentatore aan dat die Konvensie se risiko-bestel verenigbaar is met dié van INCOTERMS en sal hierdie aspek gevolglik in meer besonderhede in die studie aangespreek word. Ten einde die effektiwiteit van INCOTERMS te bepaal, word daar ondersoek ingestel na hulle kenmerke, regsaard en beperkte aanwendingsgebied. Spesiale klem word gelê op die wisselwerking tussen die Weense Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS asook die moontlikheid van interaksie en samewerking tussen die twee instrumente. Die gevolgtrekking is dat interaksie tussen die Koopkonvensie en INCOTERMS waarde toevoeg tot die internasionale koopreg deur die effektiwiteit van die internasionale besigheidstransaksie te verhoog en gevolglik internasionale handel te bevorder.
Harry Crossley Fund
NRF Thuthuka Fund
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Moudrý, Tomáš. "Intrastat a následná kontrola vykazování údajů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-112945.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this thesis is to familiarize readers with the terms and conditions relating to Intrastat and Ex Post Control of Data. The first part deals with obligations under the data collection. There are defined terms such as Intrastat, information provider, reference period, obligation to information provider and competence of government.The text is supplemented by examples that help better understand the topic. This section ends with an example that shows the overall procedure for reporting and transmission of data Intrastat. In the second part of the thesis I deal with Ex Post Control of Data which are carried out by the Customs Administration of the Czech republic. Both parts are supplemented by a number of interesting facts as information provider, number of reported data or inspections. In conclusion I am trying to identify errors and deficiencies in data collection and Ex Post Control of Data and to propose some measures that will lead to improvements in processes relating to Intrastat.
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PETŘÍKOVÁ, Lucie. "Komparace metody SERVQUAL a on-line referencí ve sledování spokojenosti hotelového hosta." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-187614.
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This thesis deals with the comparison of SERVQUAL method and on-line references in the monitoring of hotel guest satisfaction. In the chosen hotel is conducted research of online references and the questionnaire research of SERVQUAL method. Implementation of these researches aims for designing appropriate recommendations to improve of provided services and improve the relationships with customers.
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Morgado, André Telmo Pires de Vilares. "The role of reference marketing in capital buying decisions: evidence from the Portugueses electric power industry." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14916.
Full textAbstract:
Doutoramento em GestãoIn marketing reference processes, existing customers act as advocates for firms. With their enthusiasm, they provide testimonials, receive visits from potential customers, and contribute information on adopted solutions and their performance. This activity is highly valuable for firms insofar as it helps them to acquire strategic assets that allow for profitable marketing action, either by increasing credibility and reputation or by reducing the perceived risks associated with the purchasing of services or products from a particular supplier. In this study, I suggest that the literature on organizational buying behaviour lacks the empirical input necessary for a theory of customer referencing. In particular, I argue that studies of customer referencing practice do not give sufficient attention to the potential customer’s point of view. Instead, empirical research has favoured the supplier as its unit of analysis and has ignored the other two constituents of the reference triad: the reference customer and the potential customer. Empirical work featuring the potential customer as its unit of observation is therefore a promising area of research for those who wish to gain a deeper understanding of customer referencing and its influence on the buying behaviour of industrial firms. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap by considering the following question: “How does reference marketing influence capital buying decisions?” I respond to this question by collecting data from firms in the Portuguese energy industry, with a view to creating a multiple case study. This empirical work, which adopts a critical realist approach, grounds a new theoretical model for describing the causal mechanism that connects reference marketing to its outcomes. By identifying this causal mechanism, I aim to deepen our understanding of the role played by customer referencing in capital equipment buying decisions. In addition, this research identifies a new form of reference practice and two new referencing effects not yet described in the literature on referencing.
No marketing de referências, os clientes de uma empresa agem como seus embaixadores. Com o seu entusiasmo, fornecem depoimentos e testemunhos, recebem visitas de potenciais clientes e contribuem com informações sobre as características das soluções adoptadas e do seu desempenho. Esta actividade é muito valiosa para as empresas, pois ajuda-as a adquirir activos estratégicos que permitem uma acção de marketing rentável, quer através do aumento da credibilidade e reputação, como reduzindo os riscos associados à compra de produtos ou serviços de um fornecedor. Neste estudo sugiro que a literatura sobre o comportamento de compra organizacional tem falta do input empírico necessário para uma teoria de referenciação de clientes. Em particular, argumento que os estudos da prática da gestão de referenciação de clientes não dão a devida atenção ao ponto de vista que versa o potencial cliente. Em vez disso, a pesquisa empírica tem favorecido o fornecedor como a sua unidade de análise e ignorado os outros dois componentes da tríade: o cliente de referência e o potencial cliente. O trabalho empírico que contempla o potencial cliente como sua unidade de observação é, portanto, uma área de pesquisa promissora para aqueles que desejam obter uma compreensão mais profunda da referenciação de clientes e da sua influência sobre o comportamento de compra de empresas industriais. Este estudo pretende contribuir para o preenchimento desta lacuna, considerando a seguinte pergunta: "Como é que o marketing de referências de clientes influencia as decisões de compra de bens de capital?" Eu procuro responder a esta pergunta através da recolha de dados de empresas que estão presentes na indústria Portuguesa de energia, com vista à criação de um caso de estudo múltiplo. Este trabalho empírico, que adopta uma abordagem assente no realismo crítico, fundamenta um novo modelo teórico para descrever o mecanismo causal entre o marketing de referências de clientes e os seus resultados. A identificação deste mecanismo causal aprofunda a compreensão do papel desempenhado pela referenciação de clientes nas decisões de compra de bens de capital. Além disso, esta pesquisa identifica uma nova prática de referenciação de clientes e dois novos efeitos da referenciação de clientes que ainda não foram descritos na literatura sobre referenciação de clientes.
N/A
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Chang, Chun-Jung, and 張俊榮. "The Study of Customer Relationship Management Reference Model." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99592209018971331589.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
商業自動化與管理研究所
89
In accordance with 80/20 rule, the 80 percent revenue of business originate from 20 percent customer, so how to know customer needs, discover customer value, develop customer strategies becomes a hot topics for business competition. The customer relationship lifecycle is the key factor of business strategy, and business goal have to involve customer retention and advance customer value. In addition to new customer, business also properly manages the interaction between business and customer and administer one to one customer relationship information to provide personal service by internet, intranet and datawarehousing technology. Consequently, customer relationship management（CRM） is very important and ungent for business implementing customer relationship marketing; It will be anticipatively the new focus in e-era.Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to propose a CRM reference model. In this research, we first study literature review to understand the content, develop and application situation of CRM, and find out four basic constitutions which are: business strategy, organization design, customer centric process and IT integrate. Then, we combine the basic constitutions, the functions and lifecycle of CRM to construct the conceptual model and implementation process, and use ARchitecture of integrated Information Systems（ARIS） method to show process, resources, and information environment to serve as the reference model of introducing CRM for practitioners. Finally, flow chart analysis and system program, PASTA(Process and Artifact State Transition Abstraction), are used to accomplish a CRM prototype displaying CRM action scenario.
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Pham, Huong, and 范氏香. "Effects of Reference Pricing on Customer Purchasing Intention." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y3bre7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立虎尾科技大學
企業管理系經營管理碩士班
104
This study attempts to investigate the effectiveness of internal (memory-based) and external (stimulus-based) reference pricing on consumer purchasing intentions. Numerous studies in existing reference pricing literature have recognized the influence that the reference price has on customers, when evaluating their purchasing decisions. This study proposes to investigate the effect of different reference pricing factors on consumer purchasing intentions in Vietnam and Taiwan, and the relation of both internal and external reference pricing with consumer purchasing intentions. Three hundred and eighty five (N = 385) respondents from Taiwan and Vietnam were selected and invited to participate in this study. Response surface regression analysis was utilized to examine the eleven proposed research hypotheses. This was done through a questionnaire designed on the Likert five point scale. The results indicate that seven of the eleven hypotheses were supported and internal and external reference pricing has shown significantly, positively influence consumer purchasing intention. Finally, the study is summarized with a conclusion and suggestions for practitioners.
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Yen, Ming Shyang, and 顏明祥. "A Reference Structure for Integrated Customer Service Information System." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33099157692514651948.
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Bogatsu, Letta Mokate. "A critical evaluation of customer care in the pharmaceutical industry with reference to retail pharmacies / Letta Mokate Bogatsu." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11279.
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The study set out to investigate Customer Care in the . Pharmaceutical Industry with
reference to Retail Pharmacies in the Mafikeng area. This will be achieved through the
following:
Highlighting any inadequacy of customer care process at retail pharmacies, determine
if the current customer care tools utilised are optimal or not, determine the extent at
which such tools are utilised and to determine where accountability lies for customer
care within the organisation.
Six out of eight pharmacies participated in the study (75%, Four of which are leaders
in the market as they are big stable companies and some are franchises. The measuring
instruments utilised was a questionnaire because of the descriptive nature of the study.
The questionnaire was in a structured format which consisted of two parts, namely,
demographics and general questions evaluating the competency of staff and the quality
of service.120 respondents participated in filling in the questionnaire over a period of
two weeks. Every pharmacy had twenty respondents respectively.
The findings revealed that most respondents were satisfied with the service provided ,
with only a few who were unhappy about certain elements of the questionnaire.
However, the overall responses were satisfactorily and unexpected since patients tend
to complain about services.
The researcher recommends that staff need to be trained on the following, how to be
friendly to customers and greet them with a smile. Greet them by name if possible, as
it will impress the patient to notice that staff members know him/her by name. To be
polite and pleasant when talking to clients. To be trained on product knowledge as it
improves competency and confidence of client in a person. Adequate training of staff is important as it ensures provision of quality service to the
patients, thus reducing complaints. Even though the results of the study were
satisfactorily, it is important for the management of the organisation to concentrate on
Few patients who are not happy about the service so as to improve and satisfy as many
customers as possible.(MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003
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Wu, Yueh-sung, and 吳岳松. "Development of Technology for Customer Requirement-based Reference Design Retrieval." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12492071946574509427.
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碩士國立成功大學
製造工程研究所碩博士班
92
Engineering Design is a knowledge intensive process, including conceptual design, detailed design, engineering analysis, assembly design, process design, and performance evaluation. Each of these tasks involves various aspects of knowledge and experience. Whether this knowledge and experience can be effectively shared is a key factor for increasing product development capability and quality, and also for reducing development cycle time and cost. Consequently, offering engineering designers various query models for retrieving engineering knowledge is one of the most important tasks in engineering knowledge management. Meanwhile, the query models for retrieving engineering knowledge include customer requirement-based knowledge retrieval, functional requirement-based knowledge retrieval, functional feature-based knowledge retrieval, and engineering specification-based knowledge retrieval. The objective of the research is to develop a technology for customer requirement-based reference design retrieval to provide engineering designers with easy access to relevant design and other knowledge based on the description of customer requirements. The results of this study will enable product information and engineering knowledge sharing in engineering design and subsequently reduce development cycle time and ultimately increase design efficiency.
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Wen, Chu Yi, and 朱逸雯. "A Study of Customer Service With Reference to Telecommunication Equipment Industry." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64905582346353408773.
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碩士國立臺灣海洋大學
航運管理學系
100
In the end of 20th century, business management emphasizes customer satisfaction, i. e., to meet customer’s requirements and make them happy. In the 21st century, enterprises need not only to pursue customer’s satisfaction and profitability but to foresee the future opportunity. Consequently, customer value management (CVM) becomes critical to win. CVM requires continually keeping customer satisfaction. Therefore, excellent services become one of the best measures for making enterprises successful. This study focuses on investigating customer services; it uses case study to explore the customer service dimensions of the telecommunication equipment operator-Huawei; it also investigates the company’s unique customer service strategy and key success factor. This research summarizes the key success factors for Huawei are as follows: (1) to persevere in taking internationalization strategy, (2) the major company’s development strategies are market orientation and customer-centric, (3) to produce competitive and high value core products, and (4) to cautiously operate business with strong execution. Regarding the customer services, Huawei has got three items with high performance and importance: problem handling and technical support, product quality, and pre-transaction services; the Company urgently needs to improve the following customer services: to handle breakdown successfully in first time, to provide chargeable customer services, and sufficient parts support.
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Chen, Fang-lian, and 陳芳蓮. "How Packing Affects the Product References of Customers in Soft Drink." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62299339846692757787.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
管理學院MBA
102
The major points established in this thesis are: this study is a response to the insight for a better understanding of consumer behavior which, as viewed from the RFT perspec-tive that enhances those of other disciplines. The study can be of help to those in mar-keting who has an interest in particular marketing strategies adapted to consumer be-havior. Color design of soft drink packaging is a widely used marketing strategy, but little is known about the customer characteristics that effect its effectiveness. The current re-search contributes to the color literature by investigating the impact of regulatory focus on the perceived attractiveness of packaging color design. It is often claimed that product benefits (e.g., hedonic versus utilitarian) affects consumption behavior. However, just how good is the evidence in support of this claim, and what are the underlying product benefits principle of approaching? In two studies, we hypothesize and find support for the view that promotion fo-cused individuals perceive warm colors and hedonic benefit to be more attractive than prevention focused individuals, who are more likely to put relatively more emphasis on cool colors and hedonic benefit to performance and outcome. These findings support that self-regulatory focus effects in relation between customer choice and their buying intention preference, which in turn results in significant differences in attitudes emerged (e.g., individuals' goal orientation) toward colors and product benefits.
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Kisten, Melissa. "An exploratory investigation into the perceptions of consumers based on the quality of customer service received with specific reference to Ola Milky Lane - Midlands Liberty Mall." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/314.
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Due to the growth of our economy and our rising standards of living, customers of today have a larger variety of products to choose from than in the past. This causes an increase in competition which has raised customer expectations on the quality of goods and services they receive (Palmer, 2001 p26). Along with this, the modern customer has become sophisticated, educated, confident and well informed. Hence, they have raised their expectations of the service they intend on receiving. This has placed enormous pressure on service organization's to improve the way they do business with these customers. This "customer transformation" has placed an increasing emphasis on customer service as a means of gaining a competitive advantage. As a consequence of competition becoming global and more intense, many organizations have come to the realization that they cannot compete on price alone. Hence, the level of customer service has a direct impact on an organization's market share, as it determines not only whether consumers will become customers but also whether existing customers will become loyal ones. If service quality is to become the cornerstone of an organisation's marketing strategy, marketers should have the means to measure it. Although research in this field exists, the researcher proposed the need for further research specifically in the area of customer perceptions toward the quality of service they receive. The issues addressed in this study will be of importance to both service managers and future researchers as a customer's evaluation of service quality and, the resulting level of satisfaction is thought to determine the likelihood of a repurchase and ultimately the success of the business. This dissertation is based on the perceptions of customers of Ola Milky Lane and the level of quality customer service they receive. Looking at the business from the customer's viewpoint will help the researcher investigate how current customers feel about the organization as well as their attitude toward the business. The expectations of these customers together with their levels of satisfaction, which shape their perceptions of the customer service, serve as the foundation on which service quality will be evaluated. Moreover, the research study hopes to assist the participating organisation establish whether gaps in service delivery exist, the reasons for their presence and identify possible solutions which can be implemented to close or prevent those gaps from further widening. This will benefit the organization as it can be used as a tool to understand customer perceptions, which can equip them to gauge the effectiveness and efficiency of their relationship programmes. With this motivation in mind, the research study takes a strategic look at the importance of customer service as perceived by customers by means of determining whether the organisation is or is not meeting their expectations.Thesis (M.Comm.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
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Matanga, Alec. "An investigation into the impact of customer service quality on customer satisfaction with particular reference to the carbonated soft drink industry in South Africa." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3143.
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Final draft report presented to the Graduate School of Business Leadership, University of South AfricaThe main purpose of this study is to ascertain the major service quality variables that determine customer satisfaction for the Carbonated Soft Drink market which is dynamic and is also part of the highly competitive impulse beverage industry in South Africa. Amalgamated Beverages Industry (aka Coca Cola) still holds the lion’s share of the market although its share has fallen in the last 5 years presumably due to the growth in the consumption of substitutes such as bottled water, 100% fruit juices, energy drinks and dairy juice blends. The proliferation of “diet conscious” consumers has exacerbated the situation. These alternatives are the primary growth areas in the impulse beverage market. This has obviously threatened the viability and profitability of major players in this industry. To date the performance of Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSDs) has been less than satisfactory. There are other key players which have penetrated this market namely Pepsi, trading as Pioneer Foods, Royal, Pioneer Foods, California Cola, Pick ‘n Pay and Quality Beverages. For purposes of this study the three key players were chosen namely ABI, Pepsi and Quality Beverages. These key players have made huge investments in this industry at the level of production and distribution. In addition heavy investments go towards advertising and promotional campaigns. This research is exploratory in nature and makes way for further research in order to reach a more logical conclusion. This study is conducted within the confines of Gauteng region and more specifically Johannesburg North and Central. These two regions were chosen because the researcher resides close to these regions and wanted to minimize the costs involved in this study. The researcher also assumed the findings are a true representation of the broader picture of the South African scenario. Before collecting information the researcher initially consulted recent articles, books, magazines, company reports and even the internet in order to develop a clear understanding of the industry. This also helped the researcher to make logical decisions in the course` of undertaking the research. To that effect the researcher adopted the service quality SERVQUAL and the Gaps models in coming up with a measurement instrument for the research. The CSD companies have two broad categories of customers namely the trader and the end user or consumer. The trader purchases the product for purposes of research whilst the end user buys for consumption. This research focused on the trade customer. According to research experts a sample of more than 5% of the total population does not compromise validity. However the researcher opted for more than 10% of the total population in order to increase reliability of the results. Thus from the population size of 965 trade outlets the researcher arrived at a sample of 100. The traders were classified into four major categories namely retail outlets, wholesalers, restaurants and service stations. Information was collected from these 100 traders using personal interviews. The researcher is the one who conducted all the interviews. Information was gathered from buyers, managers and owners. The researcher took advantage of the Statistical Package for Social Scientists in order to make a meaningful analysis of the data collected. Many service oriented recommendations have been promulgated by this research. They are neither exhaustive nor prescriptive given the time constraint within which this research was conducted.
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Chiu, Shin-Fu, and 邱信富. "A Study on Restaurant’s Customer Service Satisfaction with reference to a Case in Taoyuan County." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36122500657240982247.
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碩士開南大學
物流與航運管理系
96
Taiwan has been a developed country; its lifestyle also has been transformed from the agricultural society to the industrial society. Although the competition between different restaurants has been highly intensive in Taiwan, there is still huge market for restaurants to run their businesses in the future. Some studies point out that four items will help restaurant to improve their operation, which are: quality, service, cleanness, and value. Among those four intems, service has become more important that the others. This study, therefore, focuses on investigating the restaurant’s customer services. According to empirical data collected from the questionnaire, customers considered more important service attributes are belonging to those factors classified as “Accessibility & Flexibility, Tangibility, and Reliability”. Customers considered less important service elements are belonging to those factors classified as “Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy”. The most important 10 service attributes are as the following: 1. Fresh food, 2. Good taste of food, 3. Billing accurancy, 4. Having large parking space, 5. Menu shows the uniqueness, 6. Cleanness of the restaurant, 7. Enough food for customer, 8. Serving correct ordered dishes, 9. Customers feel confortable to eat, and 10. Dishes served with aesthetics. By conducting analysis of variance, thw study discovers that customers with different sex and residential area show no significance on service attributes provided by restaurant. Nevertheless, consumers with different consumption frequency, education degree and monthly revenue reveal significant diffenence on some service elements provided by restaurant.
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Tseng, Jui-Chih, and 曾瑞智. "A Hybrid Data Mining Approach to Construct the Target Customers Choice Reference Model." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26022623832684281818.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大同大學
資訊經營學系(所)
101
Marketing, the prevailing commercial activity of enterprises, is an important strategy to increase customer loyalty and potential customer for more profit. To maximize profit with limited resources, it would be more profitable for enterprises to choose the right target customers. Therefore, it is necessary to build up an efficient, objective and accurate target customer choice model. Using data mining techniques to find the target customers is a traditional way. However, researches in the past mainly focused on finding the high accuracy classifier, but different classifiers perform differently in varied situations. So this study is to propose an integrated choice of target customer model, integrating support vector machine, neural network and K-Means algorithm into a two-phase analysis model. This model is expected to enhance classification accuracy and reduce Type I and Type II errors at the same time. The research results indicate that the integrated model is effective in simultaneously enhancing classification accuracy and reducing Type I and Type II errors.
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Wen, Chang Chien Nai, and 張簡乃文. "The Analysis of General Principles of International Customs Law-With Reference to Cross-Strait Customs Cooperation Agreement." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/4k7zd5.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
102
International trade is the most common economic form of modern nations and almost all countries take part of it. Due to its impact on economy, nations often implement different customs laws and policies to achieve their ultimate economic goals. Accordingly, these policies often result in various types of trade barriers, which in return greatly distort global trade as a whole. Similarly, other forms of non-tariff barriers also impede the normal trading activities. Thus, a sound international customs system is considered essential by the international community, which constituted the very motive to establish the World Trade Organization. Through WTO customs framework, we expect to remove the trade barriers so that the trading costs can be minimized. All efforts on tariff concession of WTO were all for one very purpose-paving way for free trade. Apart from the various agreements of WTO, other international and regional trade agreements related to customs have also been enacted by different international economic organizations. As for Taiwan, in view of the impediment to developing normal trade with China on account of cross-strait political disagreement and conflicts of regulations, Taiwan had endeavored to normalize the mutual economic relations, particularly on tariff concession over the past few years. A big breakthrough was achieved in 2010 and the birth of an agreement called ECFA was signed by both sides. The normalization of economy between Taiwan and China is expected to facilitate the mutual trading activities. All customs related issues such as customs procedures and facilitations and negotiation of tariff rates and many others can all be regulated under the agreement and more benefits are anticipated by both sides.
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MeiHsuan-wu and 吳美萱. "The effect of internal reference price between online and traditional channel: In light of customer perceived value." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98301261469411157451.
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碩士中國文化大學
國際貿易學系碩士班
97
This study is based on media credibility and perceive overhead cost in online commerce to discuss whether the consumer’s belief of perceived quality, brand image, brand trust and overhead cost is different from pure physical brand products when consumer meet a pure online brand products. And further explores the effects of perceived quality, brand image, brand trust and perceive online overhead cost with internal reference price. A total of 151volunteers were recruited in the Study1 experiment. Result showed when meeting the pure online brand, consumer’s perceived quality, brand image, brand trust and perceive online overhead cost is significantly lower than pure physical brand. Perceived quality, brand image and brand trust are positively influence perceive value, and perceive value is positively influence internal reference price. Moreover, A total of 150 volunteers were recruited in the Study2. Consumer’s perceive overhead cost in online commerce is also significantly lower than offline commerce, and positively influence internal reference price.
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Ferreira, H. M. S. "Audit and control of the teleprocessing monitor with specific reference to IBM's customer information control system (CICS)." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8978.
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"An integrated model of reference prices based on fairness, regret, and disconfirmation, and their influence on customer satisfaction." Thesis, 2008. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074698.
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This thesis examines whether the influence of reference price discrepancy on consumer post-purchase satisfaction depends on the type of price discrepancy. Based on Bolton, Warlop, and Alba's (2003) transaction space framework, this thesis proposes that the influence of reference price discrepancy on satisfaction can be classified into three types: across-time price discrepancy, across-consumer price discrepancy, and across-firm price discrepancy. The thesis proposes and tests a satisfaction model that incorporates types of reference price discrepancy, based on perceived fairness, retrospective regret, and disappointment in six experiments. Experiment 1 identifies a negative relationship between perceived fairness of a situation and retrospective regret, independent of the outcomes of comparable others. The findings in experiment 1 are replicated in another context in experiment 2. The findings are generalized beyond price as an attribute into performance in experiment 3. The findings suggest that self-blame mediates the negative relationship between fairness and regret, supporting a just-world explanation. Experiment 4 demonstrates that the influences of reference price discrepancies on perceived fairness, retrospective regret, and disappointment are type-dependent. Experiment 5 provides explanations to as why the influences of reference price discrepancy on fairness, regret, and disappointment are type-dependent. The finding suggests that satisfaction models examining only one antecedent of satisfaction and models without considering retrospective regret have reduced goodness of fit indices and have inflated estimators than the proposed and other alternative models. Finally, experiment 6 demonstrates how mixed reference price information can be separated into its components. This method allows future research to incorporate multidimensional reference price information in research following a generalized utility model. The findings of this thesis have implications for satisfaction modeling, reference price typology, and differential pricing practice. This thesis sends a simple and direct message to marketing practitioners that fairness is the most important antecedent of satisfaction.Tang, Tzu Lung Felix.
Adviser: Jian-min Jamie Jia.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2148.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-154).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest dissertations and theses, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.