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Howard, Philippa L., and Felicity Sedgewick. "‘Anything but the phone!’: Communication mode preferences in the autism community." Autism 25, no. 8 (June 25, 2021): 2265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613211014995.
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The communication skills and styles of autistic people have been the focus of much research, but little work has explored the communication preferences of autistic adults themselves. This study examined how autistic adults prefer to communicate in multiple scenarios. Two hundred and forty-five autistic adults completed a novel questionnaire that required six communication modes to be ranked in order of preference across seven different scenarios. Participants also provided qualitative responses to further explain their rankings, and completed the Autism Quotient, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale and the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire. Quantitative data indicated that email ranked highly when accessing services, seeking customer support and communicating about research. When communicating with family, friends, in employment and in education, both face-to-face and written modes (email or text message) were preferred. In the qualitative data, four main themes were identified: Not the Phone, Written Communication, Masking versus Autistic Communication and Avoiding Communication. There is a clear message that mode of communication can be either enabling or disabling for autistic people. A reliance on phone calls can create barriers to access, yet the option to adopt written forms of communication can improve accessibility. For known connections, the preference for face-to-face communication is dependent upon how close and accepting the relationship is. Lay abstract What is already known about the topic? There has been a lot of research into things like how autistic people’s communication styles are different to those of non-autistic people, especially among children. This has tended to focus on parent reports and experiments, rather than asking autistic people about their own experiences and preferences regarding communication. What does this article add? This article is the first to ask autistic adults how they prefer to communicate in different scenarios. We asked whether they preferred to use a range of methods, such email, phone calls, letters and live messaging, in scenarios from education to customer services to friends and family. When contacting unknown people or organisations, we found that generally email was preferred, and phone calls were very unpopular. However, for friends, family and people they felt comfortable with, they preferred both face-to-face and written forms of communication (e.g. email and text message). Implications for practice, research or policy The findings suggest that services should move away from a reliance on phone calls for communication. They should make sure that access to support is not dependent on the phone, and instead offer written options such as email and live messaging which are more accessible. Future research should investigate the impact of COVID-19 on autistic people’s communication preferences, as video calling has become much more commonly used and potentially combines benefits and challenges of other modes discussed in this article.
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Özkan, Ahmet Hakan. "Weaknesses of Servqual whıch Resources from Cognıtıve Dıfferences." International Journal of Business and Social Research 6, no. 11 (December 17, 2016): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v6i11.1004.
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<p>The quality standards of service industry are strictly customer-centric. Their expectations shape the service designs and their satisfaction shapes the competititon. SERVQUAL measures the service quality and it is one of the most important factors that shapes the service industry. SERVQUAL focuses on the perceptions of the customers, and if the perceptions of the customers are rational, it provides reliable results. But the cognitive differences may cause irrationality or perceptional differences, because of personality disorders or cultural differences. Thus, some common cognitive differences are the weaknesses of SERVQUAL. These weaknesses are elaborated with this study.</p>
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Chung, Man Cheung, Louise Jenner, and Lisa Chamberlain. "Communication Skill and Behaviour Disorder." Perceptual and Motor Skills 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1996): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.83.3f.1183.
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The aim was to identify changes in communication skills and behaviour disorder of 15 clients with learning difficulties 6 mo. and 1 yr. after they moved from large- to small-scale accommodations. Clients were allocated into a group of 6 with profound multiple learning difficulties, a preverbal group of 5, and a verbal group of 4. Communication skills were measured using the Preverbal Communication Schedule, and behavioural disorder was measured using the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist. Analysis showed that from the baseline to one year follow-up, there was a significant increase from baseline in social withdrawal by the clients with multiple difficulties but that there were improvements in communication skills of both preverbal and verbal clients. No control group was involved.
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Melia, Monia, Maria Colurcio, and Angela Caridà. "In-Store Communication to Improve the Customer Experience." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 3, no. 4 (October 2014): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2014100104.
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The article focuses on in-store communication and investigates how retailers attempt to influence the customer shopping experience through the management of three store dimensions: physical, social and sensorial. This work deals with the in-store communication activities in the Italian pharmaceutical retailing. Results showed as the in-store communication helps retailer to create unique customer experiences. The management of the physical environment, the creation of trustfully relationships and the stimulation of the senses in the store can contribute to create an experience in consumers by affecting their cognitive, affective, emotional, social and physical responses to retailer.
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Ferdous, Ahmed Shahriar, Michael Polonsky, and David Hugh Blore Bednall. "Internal communication and the development of customer-oriented behavior among frontline employees." European Journal of Marketing 55, no. 8 (May 6, 2021): 2344–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-10-2019-0750.
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Purpose Frontline employees (FLEs) are a key source of competitive advantage for organizations and have a significant impact on the quality of customer–firm interactions. This study aims to use the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) model as a theoretical lens to examine whether internal communication (IC) (stimulus) evokes FLEs’ organizational identification (emotional) and job satisfaction (cognitive), and whether these in turn shape FLE customer-oriented behavior (response). The study also tested whether these mediated relationships are moderated by perceived communication formalization. Design/methodology/approach The hypothesized mediated and moderated effects were tested using data collected from a cross-sectional survey of 293 full-time salespeople working for a large general insurance company. Findings Both organizational identification and job satisfaction simultaneously mediate the relationship between IC and customer-oriented behavior. Perceived communication formalization was found to weaken the mediated relationship between IC and customer-oriented behavior, but only when this is via job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications This study has shown that where IC is positively viewed by FLEs, it can be leveraged as a key driver by organizations to evoke simultaneous positive emotional and cognitive reactions, leading to increased customer-oriented behavior. Practical implications This study informs both theory and practice related to effective IC among customer-contact FLEs. Originality/value The study shows how IC can simultaneously produce two simultaneous emotional and cognitive reactions leading to FLE customer-oriented behavior and how these mediated relationships can be moderated by perceived communication formalization. The study used the S-O-R model as the theoretical lens to test these relationships.
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Kang, Doo Syen. "Turning inside out: perceived internal branding in customer-firm relationship building." Journal of Services Marketing 30, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 462–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-07-2015-0229.
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Purpose This paper aims to examine the strategic importance of perceived internal branding in building symbolic and behavioral relationships with a corporate in the service sector. Research on internal branding has been confined only to how internal staff understand brand values. Despite the importance of alignment between internal and external communication, little emphasis has been placed on consumers’ perception of how internal staff understand brand values. Even before experiencing service, consumers can shape their overall evaluation on service based on external communication about internal training and its congruence with brand values. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical model of cognitive, affective and behavioral responses is empirically tested using the structural equation modeling approach with a sample of 258 adults. Multiple group comparison is also conducted to identify the difference between user and non-user groups. Findings The findings indicate that perception of employees’ training and its congruence with external communication enables consumers to shape their cognitive and affective response toward a corporate, which is a source of future purchase intention. How consumers think about internal branding forms their attitudes and images of business and social conduct and enhances their behavioral intention. Practical implications The results imply that internal branding should not be limited to organizational communications but should be stretched into a critical topic for external communications. In particular, notable differences between user and non-user groups determined in the model provide further implications for corporate communication. Originality/value This paper stretches the concept of internal branding into the area of public interest. Theoretically, it tests a dual process model that suggests cognitive and affective antecedents in predicting consumer intention. Practically, it provides new ground for viewing internal affairs as part of a continuum of external communication and not a separate element of a corporation. The results are conducive to robust customer-firm relationship building in the service sector.
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McCarty, Janet. "Policy Analysis: Autism and Cognitive Communication Codes Don't Go Together." ASHA Leader 18, no. 2 (February 2013): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.pa2.18022013.22.
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Kuljic, Blagoje. "Cognitive-behavioral therapy of conversion aphonia." Vojnosanitetski pregled 61, no. 6 (2004): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp0406695k.
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Although a common disease, conversion disorder still calls attention in the clinical practice. A case of conversion disorder, diagnosed as a psychogenic aphonia that persisted for a week, was reported in this paper. A 21-year-old woman developed symptoms after breaking off a long-lasting relationship with her boy-friend. History revealed that she was introvert with high neuroticism and communication problems. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was used. After the positive reinforcement in the therapy of her aphonia, assertion training for the development of communication skills was performed. In the end, cognitive restructuring was used to prevent relapse in regard to her actual life situation of being a refugee preparing for immigration to Australia.
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Hewetson, Ronelle, Petrea Cornwell, and David Shum. "Cognitive-communication disorder following right hemisphere stroke: exploring rehabilitation access and outcomes." Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (February 20, 2017): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2017.1289622.
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Hewetson, Ronelle, Petrea Cornwell, and David Shum. "Social participation following right hemisphere stroke: influence of a cognitive-communication disorder." Aphasiology 32, no. 2 (April 26, 2017): 164–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2017.1315045.
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Costa, Tito Mendes da, Jorge Brantes Ferreira, Angilberto Sabino de Freitas, Juliana Werneck Rodrigues, and Fernanda Leão Ramos. "Intenção de uso dos serviços de autoatendimento em telefonia celular." Revista de Administração da UFSM 12, no. 3 (July 30, 2019): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465922122.
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The aim of this study is to propose a model to evaluate consumers’ intention of adopting a new type customer service technology, self-service customer services (SSCS), analyzing the effects that consumers’ cognitive and affective perceptions about technology along with their communication with peers in social media have on their intention to adopt services of this nature. An online questionnaire was made available over the Internet to a base of 830,000 customers of a large mobile telecom carrier, with 5,262 valid questionnaires being obtained in response. Through structural equation modeling, the assumptions of the model were tested and the results show evidence of the influence of cognitive, emotional and social aspects on the consumer intention to adopt self-service customer service technologies.
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Delpechitre, Duleep, Brian Nicholas Rutherford, and Lucette B. Comer. "The importance of customer’s perception of salesperson’s empathy in selling." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 34, no. 2 (March 4, 2019): 374–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-03-2017-0073.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of salesperson empathy, both cognitive and affective, on business-to-business buyer-salesperson relational outcomes. Specifically, the direct impact of empathy is examined in relation to both the salesperson’s communication ability and customer-oriented behavior. The impact of empathy is then examined as a direct and indirect influencer of satisfaction with the salesperson and commitment to the salesperson. Design/methodology/approach To attain the objective of this research, an empirical study was conducted using 248 business-to-business purchasing agents. Findings The study found that cognitive empathy and affective empathy had a positive relationship with customer-oriented behaviors, information communication ability and commitment to the salesperson. However, only cognitive empathy was found to have a positive relationship with customer’s satisfaction with the salesperson. Originality/value Although empathy has found to have a positive effect on sales, sales research has yet to provide conclusive evidence on whether cognitive empathy and affective empathy would have a similar effect on a salesperson-customer relationship. This study provides evidence that not all facets of empathy influence relational outcomes the same way and differ in magnitude. This provides strong support for the importance of studying the impact of empathy from a faceted viewpoint rather than a uni-dimensional perspective when examining the influence on buyer-seller relational outcomes.
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Akroush, Mamoun N., and Bushra K. Mahadin. "An intervariable approach to customer satisfaction and loyalty in the internet service market." Internet Research 29, no. 4 (August 5, 2019): 772–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-12-2017-0514.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine a multidimensional model of customer perceived value (CPV), customer satisfaction (CS) and loyalty from internet subscribers’ perspectives. Design/methodology/approach In total, 1,297 out of 2,000 online surveys were valid for the analysis. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to assess the research constructs’ unidimensionality, validity and composite reliability. Structural path analysis was used to test the hypothesized relationships of the research model. Findings CPV positively affects functional and technical satisfaction as well as cognitive loyalty. Functional satisfaction positively affects technical satisfaction and attitudinal loyalty. Attitudinal loyalty positively affects cognitive and behavioral loyalty, and the latter positively affects cognitive loyalty. In total, 53 percent of variation in cognitive loyalty was caused by behavioral, attitudinal loyalty and perceived value path. Research limitations/implications Future research could investigate other outcomes of CS dimensions, such as customer lifetime value, customer retention, profitability, return on investment and market share, and their effects on customer loyalty (CL). Future research can also examine the effect of other dimensions of perceived customer value on CS and loyalty dimensions simultaneously. Other future research areas are also outlined. Practical implications CPV acts as a cornerstone to developing a successful multidimensional program of CL through functional and technical satisfactions. Marketing directors need to focus on building CL schemes and strategies that should take into consideration the long-term and short-term loyalty. Originality/value Theoretically, using an intervariable perspective, this paper has responded to important calls for conducting research on the chain of perceived value, CS and loyalty chain. Practically, this paper is the first empirical research devoted to developing an intervariable approach to the chain of perceived value, CS and loyalty in the internet service market.
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Ben-Itzchak, Esther, and Ditza A. Zachor. "Toddlers to teenagers: Long-term follow-up study of outcomes in autism spectrum disorder." Autism 24, no. 1 (May 6, 2019): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361319840226.
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This prospective study examined the developmental changes over time of adolescents diagnosed in toddlerhood with autism spectrum disorder and searched for child characteristics at toddlerhood that predict outcome at adolescence. The study included 65 participants who were divided into low cognitive (developmental quotient < 85; N = 41) and high cognitive (developmental quotient ⩾ 85; N = 21) groups in adolescence. Participants underwent a comprehensive assessment of cognitive ability, adaptive skills, and autism severity. Significant differences in the current clinical phenotypes and in developmental changes over time were found between the two cognitive groups. At baseline, the high cognitive group had significantly less severe social communication deficits. Only the high cognitive group showed a decrease in social communication deficits over time. Although the two groups did not differ in their adaptive skills at the time of diagnosis, the high cognitive group had better adaptive skills at adolescence. Better adaptive communication skills in toddlerhood were associated with better outcome at adolescence in cognitive ability, adaptive skills, and fewer autism symptoms. Less impaired baseline social affect and better cognitive ability predicted higher cognitive level and adaptive skills at adolescence. Cognitive potential of individuals with autism spectrum disorder plays an important role in long-term outcome and comprehensive evaluations at toddlerhood have strong prognostic value in adolescence.
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Aly, R. "Remote Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Egypt: A Randomized Trial." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1992.
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IntroductionRecently, cognitive behavior therapy has gone from being a promising new treatment to the most well established psychological treatment. In several hundreds of randomized controlled trials, it has shown effectiveness in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition, CBT is thus a highly promising treatment from a societal cost-effectiveness perspective.ObjectivesSeveral forms of CBT have been developed using remote communication methods, the general idea is that CBT delivered through the Internet or using telephone communication reflects the content of conventional CBT, but is administered as a form of therapist-guided treatment protocol.AimsEstimation of applicability and efficacy of remote cognitive behavior therapy for treating patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder in Egypt.MethodsA group of patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder was randomized into two groups; one received CBT as usual and the intervention group received CBT using telephone and/or the Internet. Both groups were assessed pre– and post treatment using the Yale Brown Scale for OCD symptom severity and Beck depression inventory for symptoms of associated depression. The quality of life scale was also applied to all patients participating in the study.ResultsPre– and post-study measures indicated a statistical and clinically relevant change in patients of two groups.ConclusionsDelivering CBT for patients suffering from OCD in Egypt using remote communication methods appears to be effective in alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life. Yet some adaptations to the standardized treatment protocol are mandated to render the protocol applicable through remote communication and enhancing cultural reception.
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McKnight-Lizotte, Michelle. "Work-Related Communication Barriers for Individuals with Autism: A Pilot Qualitative Study." Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 24, no. 1 (July 2018): 12–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jrc.2018.4.
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This study identified situations where communication was a barrier to employment for adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Informant interviewees were six college graduates with ASD who have been employed for one year. Following the qualitative inductive analysis, five communication-related themes emerged: (1) job interviewing success, (2) negotiating co-worker interactions, (3) supervisory interactions, instruction, and feedback, (4) handling customer intercommunication, and (5) communication-oriented coping strategies. Participants were relatively more successful in communication coping strategies and supervisory interaction compared to difficulties with job interviewing and co-worker interactions. Vocational rehabilitation counsellors assisting clients with ASD should prioritize job interview communication skills and social skill education specific to appropriate interactions with co-workers and supervisors utilizing role play, social skill training, and job coaching.
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Docherty, Nancy M. "Cognitive Impairments and Disordered Speech in Schizophrenia: Thought Disorder, Disorganization, and Communication Failure Perspectives." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 114, no. 2 (May 2005): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.114.2.269.
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Kallail, K. James, Julie Scherz, David W. Downs, Donna Sweet, and Rosalee E. Zackula. "Speech-Language and Cognitive Findings in Patients with HIV/AIDS." Kansas Journal of Medicine 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2015): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.v8i3.11527.
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BACKGROUND: Few adult patients with HIV/AIDS are screened regularly for speech-language and cognitive disorders even though they may manifest communication difficulties. No comprehensive studies assessing the broad range of speech-language and cognitive disorders of adults with HIV/AIDS appear in the literature. As such, clinicians may be unfamiliar with the types of communication disorders that may be manifested. This study assessed the prevalence of speech-language and cognitive disorders in adults with HIV/AIDS using a broad inventory of speech, language, and cognitive skills. METHODS: A cross-sectional design was used to investigate communication disorders in a convenience sample of patients living with HIV/AIDS. Adult patients from a general internal medicine clinic in Wichita, Kansas were recruited as they presented for medical appointments. Each participant received a speech-language and cognitive test battery consisting of 10 assessments. RESULTS: The primary outcomes were: (1) presence of any speech-language or cognitive disorder, and (2) degree of communication disorder, as measured by the number of positive results. Eighty-two adults with HIV/AIDS were evaluated for communication disorders. Prevalence was 95%; 78 out of 82 participants manifested abnormal findings on at least one assessment in the test battery. Test results revealed a variety of cognitive and language issues, mostly related to integrating information on the picture description task (45%), timed word generation (44%), and memory-related story retelling (35%). Two participants revealed abnormal results on all ten assessments. CONCLUSION: Speech-language and cognition deficits are common in adult patients with HIV/AIDS. Every patient with HIV/AIDS should be assessed to determine the impact of these communication deficits on their daily living skills.
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Senouci, Mayada. "Autism spectrum as a communication disorder: A case study." African Educational Research Journal 9, no. 3 (July 15, 2021): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/aerj.93.21.104.
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Communication is a vital social phenomenon; therefore, its study must be related to theories of social structure, social behavior, and human interaction. Successful communication is substantially crucial for better social life in all contexts. Unfortunately, the process of communication in medical settings and healthcare is challenging, especially when communicating with patients who are affected by cognitive communicative disorders including people with Autism Spectrum Disorders. This paper aims to address the difficulties and the different encumbrances related to autism and communication in the Algerian context. It attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of communication interventions in children with ASD, and look for reliable methods to help families promote their children's communication abilities. The current research is a case study of a six-year-old child with ASD, in addition to the participants involved; his caregivers, parents, escorts, and the speech therapist. The study shows that the child suffers from language impairments that are typical of autistic children's verbal repertoire: lexical, grammatical, morphological, and syntactic impairments that lead to a failure in the communicative task. The analysis of the data indicates that patients with ASD suffer also from different extra-linguistic problems which can be diminished through successful social interaction and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Xiao, Jinming, Huafu Chen, Xiaolong Shan, Changchun He, Ya Li, Xiaonan Guo, Heng Chen, Wei Liao, Lucina Q. Uddin, and Xujun Duan. "Linked Social–Communication Dimensions and Connectivity in Functional Brain Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder." Cerebral Cortex 31, no. 8 (April 1, 2021): 3899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab057.
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Abstract Much recent attention has been directed toward elucidating the structure of social interaction–communication dimensions and whether and how these symptom dimensions coalesce with each other in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the underlying neurobiological basis of these symptom dimensions is unknown, especially the association of social interaction and communication dimensions with brain networks. Here, we proposed a method of whole-brain network-based regression to identify the functional networks linked to these symptom dimensions in a large sample of children with ASD. Connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) was established to explore neurobiological evidence that supports the merging of communication and social interaction deficits into one symptom dimension (social/communication deficits). Results showed that the default mode network plays a core role in communication and social interaction dimensions. A primary sensory perceptual network mainly contributed to communication deficits, and high-level cognitive networks mainly contributed to social interaction deficits. CPM revealed that the functional networks associated with these symptom dimensions can predict the merged dimension of social/communication deficits. These findings delineate a link between brain functional networks and symptom dimensions for social interaction and communication and further provide neurobiological evidence supporting the merging of communication and social interaction deficits into one symptom dimension.
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Duncan, Amie, Leanne Tamm, Allison M. Birnschein, and Stephen P. Becker. "Clinical correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 6 (November 14, 2018): 1354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318811329.
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Adolescents with autism spectrum disorder frequently experience social communication difficulties, executive functioning deficits, and anxiety and depressive symptoms, which are similar to the symptoms and correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo. Although sluggish cognitive tempo is related to, but distinct from, the inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder that commonly co-occur with autism spectrum disorder, few studies have examined sluggish cognitive tempo in autism spectrum disorder. We examined whether sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were differentially associated with autism symptomatology, daily life executive functioning, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in 51 adolescents (ages 13–18 years) with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability. Regression analyses controlling for age and IQ showed that sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms, but not attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, were associated with increased autism symptomatology and internalizing symptoms. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, but not sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms, were associated with increased externalizing behaviors and behavior regulation deficits. Both sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder were independently associated with increased metacognitive deficits. This study provides preliminary evidence that sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms are elevated in autism spectrum disorder and associated with key clinical correlates, with implications for the assessment and treatment in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
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Ren, Xingyao, Lan Xia, and Jiangang Du. "Delivering warmth by hand: customer responses to different formats of written communication." Journal of Services Marketing 32, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-04-2017-0133.
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Purpose The effect of different formats of message delivery has received little theoretical and empirical examination. This research focuses on the effect of written relational communication formats used by service providers. This study aims to answer three questions: Do different formats of written communications (i.e. handwriting and print) influence customer perceptions (i.e. feelings of warmth) of service firms? What are the mediators of these influences (i.e. perceived effort and psychological closeness)? And under what conditions do they occur (i.e. what is the contextual factor)? Design/methodology/approach One field study and three laboratory studies were conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of format in written communication. Findings Handwritten messages are more effective than print messages in building relationships in a service context because they elicit stronger feelings of warmth because of both the perception of greater effort and feelings of greater psychological closeness to the service provider. However, the presence of handwriting fails to deliver feelings of warmth when the quality of core services is low. Practical implications Service providers can effectively use handwritten communication to signal effort and create psychological closeness for relationship building with their key customers only when the quality of core services meets customer expectations. Originality/value First, the research differentiates the formats of written relational communication (handwritten vs print), and links communication formats with feelings of warmth, which is an important factor for impression and relationship formation in the practice of services marketing. Second, based on cognitive-experiential self-theory, this research demonstrates the dual mediators underlying the effect of handwriting (vs print) on warmth: perceived effort and psychological closeness. Third, it identifies the quality of core service as a boundary condition for the effect of handwritten communication.
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Wang, Xiaopan, Junpeng Guo, Yi Wu, and Na Liu. "Emotion as signal of product quality." Internet Research 30, no. 2 (October 22, 2019): 463–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/intr-09-2018-0415.
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Purpose Information asymmetry is an inevitable issue in e-commerce and largely hampers the development of online shopping. The purpose of this paper is to propose a model to investigate the emotional content of online customer reviews, which are considered an efficient way to reduce information asymmetry, as a potential signal of product quality. The moderating effects of perceived empathy and cognitive effort are also explored on the basis of signaling theory. Design/methodology/approach A laboratory experiment with 120 subjects was used to empirically test the proposed research hypotheses. The subjects were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, with 60 subjects in each group. ANOVA, linear regression and binary logistic regression were used. Findings The emotional content of online customer reviews positively influences perceived product quality, which subsequently and positively affects purchase decisions. The emotional content of online customer reviews greatly influences perceived product quality when perceived empathy or cognitive effort is high. Originality/value This study is the first to extend extrinsic cues to emotional content on the basis of signaling theory and reveals the important role of emotional content of reviews. Moreover, the mediating effect of perceived product quality and the moderating effect of perceived empathy and cognitive effort illustrate the mechanism of the influence of emotional content on purchase decision. Findings demonstrate the positive signal of emotional content and provide important practical implications for sellers and customers.
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Jain, D., M. J. Cohen, and A. Fredrick-Keniston. "Diagnosing Social Communication Disorder (SCD) in Multicultural Individuals: A Case Study." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 34, no. 7 (August 30, 2019): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz029.55.
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Abstract Objective Explore the impact of culture, developmental stage, and cognitive functioning in a possible diagnosis of SCD. Case Description A 12-year-old South Asian, bilingual/bicultural adolescent male (X) presented with concerns regarding his executive and social functioning skills. His medical history was notable for craniosynostosis - successfully treated with craniofacial surgery at age 1 - and a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), combined presentation. Diagnostic Impressions and Outcomes X demonstrated superior intellectual performance with some inefficiencies in cognitive processing. Challenges with social interaction were not observed over the course of testing but his mother reported difficulties understanding pragmatic aspects of communication (sexual innuendos in double entendres) and recognizing when conversation had moved to a different topic. He kept a small social circle and preferred the company of older children. Discussion In conceptualizing X’s difficulties with social pragmatics, we must keep in mind the socio-cultural context in which he is growing up. He is the son of immigrant parents with South Asian roots. He is at an adolescent developmental stage where he is beginning to explore his individual identity while navigating the differing mores between his South Asian home culture and his American host culture. Therefore, responding to sexual innuendos may be a decision that is fraught with cultural angst over what is appropriate in one context but not the other. His gifted abilities and ADHD may make it difficult for him to remain engaged in the classroom or with similar-aged peers who don’t challenge his intellectual proclivities. His ADHD may also explain his difficulty in recognizing when the topic of conversation has changed. In deciding whether to assign a diagnosis of SCD, it is important to remember these cultural and developmental factors which could explain his difficulties in a normalizing way. These factors should also inform potential therapeutic recommendations.
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González SLP, Javiera, Sandra Olivares, Claudio Soto, and Daniel Muñoz. "No. 90 Influence of Cognitive-Communication Disorder on Dysphagia Prognosis in Patients With Brain Injury." PM&R 6, no. 8 (August 2014): S113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.08.223.
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Volden, Joanne, R. F. Mulcahy, and G. Holdgrafer. "Pragmatic language disorder and perspective taking in autistic speakers." Applied Psycholinguistics 18, no. 2 (April 1997): 181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400009966.
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ABSTRACTThe relationship between pragmatic referential communication skill and the cognitive ability to assess and assume another person's conceptual viewpoint was investigated in the autistic population. Ten high functioning autistic adolescents and young adults were matched for age and sex to normally developing controls and given referential communication and perspectivetaking tasks that had been previously demonstrated to be of comparable complexity. The groups were selected to be similar in terms of language skill.But despite their intact, elementary perspective-taking skills, the autistic subjects displayed significant communicative dysfunction. This suggests that factors other than a deficiency in the development of a “theory of mind” are significant contributors to the social communicative disorder associated with autism.
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Isetti, Derek. "Disclosure of a communication disorder during a job interview: A theoretical model." Journal of Communication Disorders 87 (September 2020): 106038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106038.
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de Sousa, Paulo, William Sellwood, Martin Griffiths, and Richard P. Bentall. "Disorganisation, thought disorder and socio-cognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders." British Journal of Psychiatry 214, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.160.
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BackgroundPoor social cognition is prevalent in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Some authors argue that these effects are symptom-specific and that socio-cognitive difficulties (e.g. theory of mind) are strongly associated with thought disorder and symptoms of disorganisation.AimsThe current review tests the strength of this association.MethodWe meta-analysed studies published between 1980 and 2016 that tested the association between social cognition and these symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.ResultsOur search (PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science) identified 123 studies (N = 9107). Overall effect size as r = −0.313, indicating a moderate association between symptoms and social cognition. Subanalyses yielded a moderate association between symptoms and theory of mind (r = −0.349) and emotion recognition (r = −0.334), but smaller effect sizes for social perception (r = −0.188), emotion regulation (r = −0.169) and attributional biases (r = −0.143).ConclusionsThe association is interpreted within models of communication that highlight the importance of mentalisation and processing of partner-specific cues in conversational alignment and grounding.Declaration of interestsNone.
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Mussey, Joanna L., Nicole C. Ginn, and Laura G. Klinger. "Are males and females with autism spectrum disorder more similar than we thought?" Autism 21, no. 6 (February 13, 2017): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316682621.
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Differences in behavioral and cognitive profiles have been suggested to potentially impact the presentation of social and communication symptoms in females with autism spectrum disorder. This study examined gender differences in age of diagnosis, cognitive profiles, social communication symptomatology, and autism spectrum disorder symptom severity in a community-based sample of 566 males and 113 females with autism spectrum disorder ranging in age from 1 year, 9 months to 56 years, 4 months. Results suggest either very small or no gender differences in age at diagnosis, intelligence quotient, cognitive profiles, or autism spectrum disorder symptom severity. This is a departure from clinical lore that females with autism spectrum disorder are more likely to have lower intelligence quotient and more severe impairments. There is a slight difference in symptom severity with females having higher average total Childhood Autism Rating Scale scores, but this difference is likely of minimal clinical significance. In contrast, on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic, females were found to receive lower scores than males particularly on modules 2 and 3. Across males and females, individuals with stronger verbal problem-solving skills were found to receive lower Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule–Generic module 3 scores. Given the language demands of this module, additional attention may be warranted when evaluating older children and adolescents for autism spectrum disorder.
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TAGER-FLUSBERG, HELEN. "Cognitive neuroscience of autism." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 14, no. 6 (October 27, 2008): 917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617708081423.
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The past decade has witnessed an exponential growth in research on autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social, language, communication, and behavioral development. This growth is fuelled by many factors, including rising prevalence rates; increased media attention and public awareness; the creation of new parent-based research foundations; and targeted federal funding opportunities. Researchers have taken advantage of new theoretical frameworks and exciting scientific technologies that are now being employed to address key questions about the underlying causes and pathophysiology of autism. Advances in developmental neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience, including the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, have had a particularly significant impact in providing insights into the neurobiology of autism. Several of these key advances, which are closely tied to changes in the way the developmental phenotype of autism has been conceptualized, are highlighted in the papers comprising this Symposium issue.
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Dirkse, Dale, Heather D. Hadjistavropoulos, Hugo Hesser, and Azy Barak. "Linguistic Analysis of Communication in Therapist-Assisted Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder." Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 44, no. 1 (September 22, 2014): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16506073.2014.952773.
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Ting, Joanna Hie Ping, and Kee Jiar Yeo. "Parents’ Perceptions on Social Skills Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Preliminary Study." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i4.261.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is defined as a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social communication, social interaction and sensory sensitivities. Social skills are one of the common deficits displayed by children with ASD. However, the level of impairment exerted by children with ASD relies on the disorder severity. Social skills are critical to successful social-emotional, communication and cognitive development. Specific social skills deficits include difficulties in initiating interactions, maintaining social reciprocity, sharing attention, taking another person’s perspective, and inferring the interests of others. In this study, social skills consist of social awareness, social cognition, social communication, social motivation and autism mannerism. This study aimed to uncover the conceptualization of social skills from the parents’ perspective, thus providing an indication of education on the topic of ASD.
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LeBlanc, Jocelyn J., and Michela Fagiolini. "Autism: A “Critical Period” Disorder?" Neural Plasticity 2011 (2011): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/921680.
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Cortical circuits in the brain are refined by experience during critical periods early in postnatal life. Critical periods are regulated by the balance of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) neurotransmission in the brain during development. There is now increasing evidence of E/I imbalance in autism, a complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed by abnormal socialization, impaired communication, and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. The underlying cause is still largely unknown and there is no fully effective treatment or cure. We propose that alteration of the expression and/or timing of critical period circuit refinement in primary sensory brain areas may significantly contribute to autistic phenotypes, including cognitive and behavioral impairments. Dissection of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing well-established critical periods represents a powerful tool to identify new potential therapeutic targets to restore normal plasticity and function in affected neuronal circuits.
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Polityńska, B., O. Pokorska, A. Łukaszyk-Spryszak, and A. Kowalewicz. "Altered communication in Parkinson’s disease, its role in stigmatisation of the condition and effect on social relationships." Progress in Health Sciences 1 (June 11, 2019): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3706.
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</br>Communication difficulties in Parkinson’s disease (PD) arise not only as the result of the motor symptoms of the disorder, but also as a consequence of cognitive and affective impairments which are recognised as being part of the disease process. These changes are thought to account for much of the stigma associated with the condition, thereby complicating the ability of patients to inter-relate with others, including their closest family. This inevitably affects quality of life for both the patient and those family members involved in his/her care. <br/>The present paper presents an analysis of how the deficits in motor and cognitive function associated with PD in the form of reduced facial expressivity, altered language skills, motor and cognitive slowness and disturbances in the pragmatic aspects of language affect the communication abilities of patients with the disorder and give rise to stigmatisation, which in turn impacts the disability seen in PD.
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Bradshaw, Jessica, Ami Klin, Lindsey Evans, Cheryl Klaiman, Celine Saulnier, and Courtney McCracken. "Development of attention from birth to 5 months in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorder." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000233.
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AbstractSocial-communication skills emerge within the context of rich social interactions, facilitated by an infant's capacity to attend to people and objects in the environment. Disruption in this early neurobehavioral process may decrease the frequency and quality of social interactions and learning opportunities, potentially leading to downstream deleterious effects on social development. This study examined early attention in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are at risk for social and communication delays. Visual and auditory attention was mapped from age 1 week to 5 months in infants at familial risk for ASD (high risk; N = 41) and low-risk typically developing infants (low risk; N = 39). At 12 months, a subset of participants (N = 40) was administered assessments of social communication and nonverbal cognitive skills. Results revealed that high-risk infants performed lower on attention tasks at 2 and 3 months of age compared to low-risk infants. A significant association between overall attention at 3 months and developmental outcome at 12 months was observed for both groups. These results provide evidence for early vulnerabilities in visual attention for infants at risk for ASD during a period of important neurodevelopmental transition (between 2 and 3 months) when attention has significant implications for social communication and cognitive development.
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Manchanda, M., and P. Mclaren. "Cognitive behaviour therapy via interactive video." Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 4, no. 1_suppl (March 1998): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/1357633981931452.
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Interactive video has been identified as a potential delivery medium for psychotherapy. Interactive video may restrict the range of both verbal and non-verbal communication and consequently impede the development of a therapeutic relationship, thus influencing the process and outcome of therapy. A single case study explored the feasibility of the provision of cognitive behaviour therapy using interactive video with a client diagnosed a shaving mixed anxiety and depressive disorder. A range of outcome measures were included together with an independent psychiatric assessment prior to, and on completion of, therapy. Different levels of outcome were also examined: clinical, social, user views and administration. Outcome measures indicated a reduction in psychopathology and some modification of dysfunctional attitudes, with no apparent impairment of the working alliance.
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Mohapatra, Bijoyaa. "The contribution of cognition to the rehabilitation of language and communication deficits." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 27, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2019.0098.
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Background/Aims There is growing evidence to suggest that cognitive processes, in particular working memory and executive functions, are related to language functions such as syntactic processing, reading comprehension, narration and conversational discourse. This article offers rehabilitation considerations for speech-language pathologists to include cognitive assessment and treatment in their clinical practice. The information presented will also be useful in promoting multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Methods A critical review of the literature on the interaction between cognitive processes and linguistic functions in communication disorders was undertaken. Specific key terms including but not limited to executive functioning, working memory, language, assessment, intervention and communication disorders were searched on the Google Scholar database. Relevant literature from the last three decades pertaining to cognitive behavior, assessment and intervention in communication disorders of all age groups and severities is included in the review. Results The review presents analyses of the multidimensional and dynamic interaction of language and cognition in children (specific language impairment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, stuttering) and adults (traumatic brain injury, stroke, dementia) with communication disorders. The article elaborates on the speech-language pathologist's scope of practice in cognitive assessment and intervention that are consistent with the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. Conclusions By documenting cognitive-communication behaviour, speech-language pathologists are able to effectively contribute to the clinical assessment and management of cognitive deficits. However, future research efforts are required to develop clinically reliable tests of cognitive functioning in communication disorders and promote evidence-based cognitive treatment practices.
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Krägeloh, Christian U., Sheree Briggs, Hye Jeong Hannah An, Erica Hinckson, James G. Phillips, and Bruce J. Tonge. "How Apps are Used by and with Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder." International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 6, no. 2 (April 2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2016040101.
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The number of smartphone- and tablet-applications, or apps, for health and wellbeing continues to grow at a rapid pace. This scoping study identified articles reporting on the use of apps by and with individuals with autism. Professionals and parents of children with autism also completed a questionnaire as part of stakeholder consultation. Of the 40 studies identified, 28 reported on the use of apps specifically designed for autism, with clearly the most frequently being the communication support app Proloquo2Go. Other uses include assistance in the teaching and maintenance of social and life skills as well as faciliation in the delivery of behavioral interventions. Stakeholders confirmed the importance of apps to assist communication. While empirical data are available on the effectiveness of apps for augmentative and alternative communication, areas for further research include the functionality and effectiveness of apps for delivery of behavioral interventions and educational games for individuals with autism.
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Falloon, Ian R. H., and John H. Coverdale. "Cognitive-Behavioural Family Interventions for Major Mental Disorders." Behaviour Change 11, no. 4 (December 1994): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900004484.
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Cognitive-behavioural family interventions for major mental disorder have undergone significant refinement over recent years. This paper reviews the current techniques for assessing mental disorder in the family. The initial task of the therapist is to undertake a comprehensive family assessment, including an assessment of their stress management. Specific information must be obtained about each family member's view of the presenting problems, interaction within the family system, and function in settings outside the family, as well as the family's effectiveness in problem solving and quality of life. Key goals of cognitive-behavioural family therapy are personal goal setting, education, and communication training that enhance the efficiency of family problem solving. The efficiency of cognitive-behavioural therapies in treating major mental disorders is also reviewed in relation to the family's ability to achieve specific goals in therapy and to modify the outcome of major mental illness. Particular attention is given to the strengths and weaknesses of the research, and to possible future research directions. Cognitive-behavioural family interventions are found to be effective in reducing clinical, social, and family morbidity.
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Dong, Debo, Mingjun Duan, Yulin Wang, Xingxing Zhang, Xiaoyan Jia, Yingjia Li, Fei Xin, Dezhong Yao, and Cheng Luo. "Reconfiguration of Dynamic Functional Connectivity in Sensory and Perceptual System in Schizophrenia." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 8 (October 1, 2018): 3577–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy232.
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Abstract Schizophrenia is thought as a self-disorder with dysfunctional brain connectivity. This self-disorder is often attributed to high-order cognitive impairment. Yet due to the frequent report of sensorial and perceptual deficits, it has been hypothesized that self-disorder in schizophrenia is dysfunctional communication between sensory and cognitive processes. To further verify this assumption, the present study comprehensively examined dynamic reconfigurations of resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) in schizophrenia at voxel level, region level, and network levels (102 patients vs. 124 controls). We found patients who show consistently increased rsFC variability in sensory and perceptual system, including visual network, sensorimotor network, attention network, and thalamus at all the three levels. However, decreased variability in high-order networks, such as default mode network and frontal–parietal network were only consistently observed at region and network levels. Taken together, these findings highlighted the rudimentary role of elevated instability of information communication in sensory and perceptual system and attenuated whole-brain integration of high-order network in schizophrenia, which provided novel neural evidence to support the hypothesis of disrupted perceptual and cognitive function in schizophrenia. The foci of effects also highlighted that targeting perceptual deficits can be regarded as the key to enhance our understanding of pathophysiology in schizophrenia and promote new treatment intervention.
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Steel, Joanne, Alison Ferguson, Elizabeth Spencer, and Leanne Togher. "Language and cognitive communication disorder during post-traumatic amnesia: Profiles of recovery after TBI from three cases." Brain Injury 31, no. 13-14 (September 25, 2017): 1889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1373200.
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Capobianco, Micaela, and Luca Cerniglia. "Communicative, cognitive and emotional issues in selective mutism." Interaction Studies 19, no. 3 (December 31, 2018): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.17018.cap.
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Abstract Selective mutism (SM) is a developmental disorder characterized by a child’s inability to speak in certain contexts and/or in the presence of unfamiliar interlocutors. This work proposes a critical discussion of the most recent studies on SM, with respect to clinical and diagnostic features, as well as the etiology and treatment of this disorder. At present, all research work supports the hypothesis that SM is a complex anxiety disorder with multifactorial etiology (interaction among biological and environmental causes). The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) places SM mutism among “Anxiety Disorders”, and no longer among “Other Childhood, Infant and Adolescent Disorders” (as in DSM-IV). Other important aspects relate to cognitive biases and emotional states at the base of SM, which partly explain the disorder’s persistence and represent an important objective of intervention work. No data in the literature point to a total remission of SM, but good results are achieved with cognitive behavior intervention and multimodal therapy (MMT) involving a variety of child interaction contexts.
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Howard, Philippa L., Li Zhang, and Valerie Benson. "What Can Eye Movements Tell Us about Subtle Cognitive Processing Differences in Autism?" Vision 3, no. 2 (May 24, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020022.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is neurodevelopmental condition principally characterised by impairments in social interaction and communication, and repetitive behaviours and interests. This article reviews the eye movement studies designed to investigate the underlying sampling or processing differences that might account for the principal characteristics of autism. Following a brief summary of a previous review chapter by one of the authors of the current paper, a detailed review of eye movement studies investigating various aspects of processing in autism over the last decade will be presented. The literature will be organised into sections covering different cognitive components, including language and social communication and interaction studies. The aim of the review will be to show how eye movement studies provide a very useful on-line processing measure, allowing us to account for observed differences in behavioural data (accuracy and reaction times). The subtle processing differences that eye movement data reveal in both language and social processing have the potential to impact in the everyday communication domain in autism.
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Engelstad, Anne-Michelle, Calliope Holingue, and Rebecca J. Landa. "Early Achievements for Education Settings: An Embedded Teacher-Implemented Social Communication Intervention for Preschoolers With Autism Spectrum Disorder." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 582–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-19-00155.
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Purpose Early Achievements for Education Settings (EA-ES) is a teacher-implemented naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention for preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) targeting core social communication impairments. The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) was to examine promise of efficacy of this iteratively developed intervention when implemented in authentic education settings. We examined (1a) whether a high level of implementation fidelity was attained by EA-ES trained teachers and (1b) whether their fidelity attainment differed from that of untrained teachers; and (2) whether the EA-ES intervention showed promise of improving child social, communication, and cognitive outcomes as determined by within- and between-group comparisons of children in EA-ES classrooms and children in classrooms randomized to the business as usual condition. Method Participants included six preschool teachers and 43 eligible preschoolers with ASD. Classrooms were randomized to EA-ES or business as usual. Analyses of intervention effects using baseline and postintervention data were conducted on teachers' fidelity of EA-ES implementation and children's performance on a proximal measure of social and communication behavior and on a distal standardized measure of verbal and nonverbal functioning. Results Teachers trained to implement EA-ES attained a high level of implementation fidelity, with significantly greater gains compared to untrained teachers. Children receiving EA-ES showed significantly greater gain from baseline to postintervention in frequency of produced initiation of joint attention and nonverbal cognitive functioning compared to children in business-as-usual classrooms. A trend toward significance for Group × Time effects was detected for frequency of spontaneous verbalizations produced, favoring the EA-ES group. Conclusions EA-ES shows promise of feasibility for teacher implementation in group contexts and for improving social communication and cognitive skills in preschoolers with ASD. Implications of results for future research and speech-language pathologist–teacher collaboration to increase language intervention dosage are discussed.
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Hetzroni, Orit E., and Einav Israel. "iPads for Teaching Graphic Symbols to People With Autism Spectrum Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology 18, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 89–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1945-8959.18.2.89.
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Individuals with low functioning autism spectrum disorders (LFASD) who demonstrate significant cognitive and communication needs benefit from using technology for learning graphic symbols for enhancing participation. This study investigated if an iPad application would increase identification of graphic symbols by children and adults with LFASD. Adults and children with LFASD used an application to learn 15 graphic symbols. Participants were able to focus for the duration of the activity and use the educational software for learning graphic symbols. By the end to the study, 50% of the participants in both groups recognized the meaning of more symbols after intervention. iPad use enabled control of the stimulus by reducing communication barriers, which increased participants' ability to learn symbols. Even participants with little ability to focus were able to complete the whole activity. Technology enabled learning of most of the symbols though the specially created application.
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Bradshaw, Jessica, Scott Gillespie, Cheryl Klaiman, Ami Klin, and Celine Saulnier. "Early emergence of discrepancy in adaptive behavior and cognitive skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 6 (December 7, 2018): 1485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318815662.
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Individuals with autism spectrum disorder and average IQ exhibit a widening discrepancy between lagging adaptive skills relative to their cognitive potential, but it is unknown when this discrepancy emerges in development. To address this important question, we measured adaptive and cognitive skills longitudinally, from 12–36 months, in 96 low-risk typically developing infants and 69 high-risk siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder who at 36 months were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder ( N = 21), the broader autism phenotype ( N = 19), or showed no concerns (unaffected; N = 29). Results indicate that both cognitive and adaptive communication skills remained stable over time for all four groups, but toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and the broader autism phenotype failed to keep pace with unaffected and typically developing toddlers with regard to adaptive socialization skills and, to a lesser extent, daily living skills. The odds of having a discrepant developmental profile, with average cognitive skills and below average adaptive skills, was significantly greater for socialization and daily living skills in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder or the broader autism phenotype and increased over time from 12 to 36 months. The discrepancy between adaptive skills and cognition emerges early and widens over time for infants with autism spectrum disorder symptomology, supporting early assessment and intervention of adaptive socialization and daily living skills.
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So, Kevin Kam Fung, Laurie Wu, Lina Xiong, and Ceridwyn King. "Brand Management in the Era of Social Media: Social Visibility of Consumption and Customer Brand Identification." Journal of Travel Research 57, no. 6 (July 13, 2017): 727–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287517718354.
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Despite consumers’ increasing use of social media channels to make their travel experiences more visible to people within their social networks, brand management research in the tourism literature lacks a clear understanding of how social visibility of consumption affects consumer perceptions of their relationships with the brand. Drawing upon social identity theory and the theory of conspicuous consumption, this study extends the current brand management literature by investigating the role of consumption’s social visibility in the formation of customer brand identification in the era of social media. Using the airline industry as the study context, this study suggests that social visibility of consumption leads to cognitive, affective, and evaluative identifications. The results also indicate that the three components of customer brand identification interact with each other in realizing positive word of mouth communication. The findings highlight the significant benefits of making customers’ travel experiences socially visible to people around them.
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Hong, Seok-Jun, Sofie L. Valk, Adriana Di Martino, Michael P. Milham, and Boris C. Bernhardt. "Multidimensional Neuroanatomical Subtyping of Autism Spectrum Disorder." Cerebral Cortex 28, no. 10 (September 14, 2017): 3578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhx229.
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Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with multiple biological etiologies and highly variable symptoms. Using a novel analytical framework that integrates cortex-wide MRI markers of vertical (i.e., thickness, tissue contrast) and horizontal (i.e., surface area, geodesic distance) cortical organization, we could show that a large multi-centric cohort of individuals with ASD falls into 3 distinctive anatomical subtypes (ASD-I: cortical thickening, increased surface area, tissue blurring; ASD-II: cortical thinning, decreased distance; ASD-III: increased distance). Bootstrap analysis indicated a high consistency of these biotypes across thousands of simulations, while analysis of behavioral phenotypes and resting-state fMRI showed differential symptom load (i.e., Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; ADOS) and instrinsic connectivity anomalies in communication and social-cognition networks. Notably, subtyping improved supervised learning approaches predicting ADOS score in single subjects, with significantly increased performance compared to a subtype-blind approach. The existence of different subtypes may reconcile previous results so far not converging on a consistent pattern of anatomical anomalies in autism, and possibly relate the presence of diverging corticogenic and maturational anomalies. The high accuracy for symptom severity prediction indicates benefits of MRI biotyping for personalized diagnostics and may guide the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Hill, Elisabeth L., and Uta Frith. "Understanding autism: insights from mind and brain." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1430 (February 28, 2003): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1209.
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Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviours and restricted interests. The consequences of this disorder for everyday life adaptation are extremely variable. The general public is now more aware of the high prevalence of this lifelong disorder, with ca . 0.6% of the population being affected. However, the signs and symptoms of autism are still puzzling. Since a biological basis of autism was accepted, approaches from developmental cognitive neuroscience have been applied to further our understanding of the autism spectrum. The study of the behavioural and underlying cognitive deficits in autism has advanced ahead of the study of the underlying brain abnormalities and of the putative genetic mechanisms. However, advances in these fields are expected as methodological difficulties are overcome. In this paper, recent developments in the field of autism are outlined. In particular, we review the findings of the three main neuro–cognitive theories of autism: theory–of–mind deficit, weak central coherence and executive dysfunction.
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Jones, N. P., H. W. Chase, and J. C. Fournier. "Brain mechanisms of anxiety's effects on cognitive control in major depressive disorder." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 11 (June 13, 2016): 2397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001185.
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BackgroundAdults with major depressive disorder (MDD) demonstrate increased susceptibility to interfering effects of anxiety on cognitive control; although under certain conditions adults with MDD are able to compensate for these effects. The brain mechanisms that may facilitate the ability to compensate for anxiety either via the recruitment of additional cognitive resources or via the regulation of interference from anxiety remain largely unknown. To clarify these mechanisms, we examined the effects of anxiety on brain activity and amygdala–prefrontal functional connectivity in adults diagnosed with MDD.MethodA total of 22 unmedicated adults with MDD and 18 healthy controls (HCs) performed the Tower of London task under conditions designed to induce anxiety, while undergoing a functional magnetic resonance imaging assessment.ResultsDuring the easy condition, the MDD group demonstrated equivalent planning accuracy, longer planning times, elevated amygdala activity and left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) hyperactivity relative to HCs. Anxiety mediated observed group differences in planning times, as well as differences in amygdala activation, which subsequently mediated observed differences in RLPFC activation. During the easy condition, the MDD group also demonstrated increased negative amygdala–dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) connectivity which correlated with improved planning accuracy. During the hard condition, HCs demonstrated greater DLPFC activation and stronger negative amygdala–DLPFC connectivity, which was unrelated to planning accuracy.ConclusionsOur results suggest that persons with MDD compensate for anxiety-related limbic activation during low-load cognitive tasks by recruiting additional RLPFC activation and through increased inhibitory amygdala–DLPFC communication. Targeting these neural mechanisms directly may improve cognitive functioning in MDD.